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Vol. 29 No. 3 | Winter 2021
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health
Professional Publication of the World Association for Infant Mental Health
Contents
Presidential Address: The Rights of
Children,
C. Paul.......................................................................1
WAIMH Executive Director Corner,
K. Puura....................................................................6
From the Editors,
M. Foley, P. O’Rourke, J. Todd Manly, A.
AbuAli, S. Maharaj, C. Kulkarni and M. Sorsa
....................................................................................7
The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in
Infant Mental Health: 1993-2021,
Presidential Address: The Rights
of Children
M. Foley, M. Sorsa, N. Aalto and D. J.
Weatherston .........................................................8
Improving infant mental health
outcomes in early learning settings By Campbell Paul, Melbourne, Australia
for children who have experienced
trauma, Associate Professor, President of WAIMH
A.-J. O’Donnell ...................................................15
My best wishes to all WAIMH members and those working to support infants and young
“Les maux des enfants” (20.11.2021) children and their families in all nations. The current and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
Entretien avec Antoine Guedeney, has presented immense problems for families, communities, governments, and health
M. Foley and A. Guedeney ...................20 services all around the world. Our Board of Directors of WAIMH, and our membership
in general, have come together to see what we can do collectively to understand the
urgent needs of infants and families and importantly for to support the rights of infants
Running an Infant Mental Health
for an optimal life. We are aware that an inordinate preponderance of infant mental
organisation: Models of working
health research, and clinical resources are directed to families who are relatively better
Wisdom and experience of our off than those in many communities facing the additional stresses poverty, isolation, and
Affiliate organisations, language and cultural diversity.
J. Barlow, A. Huber and N. Paradis.....21
As in previous years, there have been a number of our professional meetings where
we have joined with other organisations to share our concerns, ideas, and culturally
WAIMH Office News, appropriate interventions. There were shared symposia at the World Congress of
M. Sorsa and N. Aalto..................................23 Psychiatry congresses in Lisbon and planned for Bangkok but delivered virtually in March
this year. Our World Congress in Brisbane in June delivered several important symposia
addressing the issue of cultural diversity addressing inequalities within Australia, Asia
Perspectives Flyer, and other countries and aimed at overcoming racism and stigma through collaboration
............................................................................24 between nations and cultures. Members of the WAIMH Board also contributed to the
IACAPAP Congress, which was originally to be in Singapore, but was transferred to
the online format. We also joined our colleagues for the 2021 Zero to Three Annual
Dublin Congress Advert, Conference for an inter-organisational symposium called “Holding the World’s Youngest
........................................................................25 Children in Mind: New Models of Support and Reflection for Those on the Humanitarian
Frontlines Providing Early Childhood Psychosocial Services”.
The editor of the Infant Mental Health Journal, Holly Brophy-Herb, has taken a strong lead
in supporting the development and publication of research across cultures, language
groups, and world regions in our Journal, and introducing measures to tackle the serious
impact of racism in academia.
WAIMH Central Office
Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Arvo-building, 33520 Tampere, Finland
Tel: + 358 50 4627379, E-mail: office@waimh.org, Web: www.waimh.org
The 20th WPA World Congress of Psychiatry 10th to 13 March 2021
Editorial Staff
was held online with participants for an international audience,
and appropriately the theme of the Congress was Psychiatry in
a Troubled World. (March 2021. https://2020.wcp-congress.com/
scientific-program/) I was privileged on behalf of WAIMH to join
the WPA Congress inter-organisational symposium, the Human
Editor
Rights of Infants, Children and Adolescents, chaired by Sam Tyano,
Maree Foley, Switzerland Israel & WPA, with presentations from Daniel Fung, Singapore,
President of IACAPAP and Myron Belfer, IACAPAP USA. Myron
Belfer’s presentation was titled ‘’Child and adolescent human
Associate Editors rights: A global absence” and that of Daniel Fung was titled “Child
and adolescent rights and responsibilities: An international mental
Azhar Abu-Ali, United Arab Emirates health perspective.”
Chaya Kulkarni, Canada
My presentation was titled: The rights of infants: Do infants
Patricia O’Rourke, Australia have human rights in addition to those afforded to children
and adolescents?
Jody Todd Manly, United States
I would like to acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land
from which I’m talking to you today. The First Nations people
Intern Editor of Australia have cared for this land with a continuous culture
over 60,000 years caring for land, seas, and waterways, flora and
Salisha Maharaj, South Africa
fauna and continue to do so. I am talking to you from my home in
Melbourne, which is the land of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin
Nation, and I pay my respects to First Nations elders past, present
Production Editors and emerging.
Minna Sorsa, Finland
I acknowledge that the Aboriginal peoples of Australia have
Neea-Leena Aalto, Finland suffered much in the process of colonisation over the last 259
years. Infants and young children suffered much through various
policies of “assimilation” which saw Aboriginal children forcibly
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health is a quarterly removed from their families at the tender age and beyond. There
publication of the World Association for Infant Mental is an awesome legacy of extensive intergenerational trauma, and I
Health. ISSN 2323-4822. All opinions expressed in acknowledge the amazing strength, resilience and creativity of our
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health are those of the First Nations peoples.
authors, not necessarily those of WAIMH’s. Permission to This inhumane and tragic process of infant and child removal
reprint materials from Perspectives in Infant Mental Health has occurred in many countries, where there has been invasion
is granted, provided appropriate citation for source is and colonisation, including in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and
noted. Suggested format: Perspectives in Infant Mental beyond.
Health 2021, Vol 29 (3).
I think this symposium is particularly pertinent given the theme of
the Congress, Psychiatry in a Troubled World. Indeed, the world is
Submission guidelines beset with troubles now with huge chaos, illness and death from
the COVID-19 pandemic with its associated economic and social
APA 7th Edition. catastrophes.
12-point font. There is much civil strife with the health and welfare and basic
rights of whole communities and cultural groups being threatened
1.5 or double spaced. and disrupted. Communities in many countries across all
Maximum 3000 words, including references. continents are subject to civil strife and war, and the persecution
of minorities and cultural groups.
All in-text citations, references, tables, and figures to be in
APA 7th edition format. According to UNICEF, the war in Syria has been one of the most
brutal in recent history with more than 8 ½ million Syrian children
Papers with tables and figures: Please submit the paper as
displaced from their homes becoming dependent upon assistance
a wordformat document with separate files attached for
each table and/or figure. inside Syria and in neighbouring countries.
We welcome photos of babies and families. All photos Natural disasters such as floods, fires and famines which still beset
need to be sent in a separate file with a resolution of us, have been intensified by the impact of global warming which is
at least 72 pixels/inch. All photos need to include a an imminent, and dangerous threat to worldwide safety, stability,
permission statement from the author for WAIMH to and indeed human survival.
publish the photo in Perspectives and also on WAIMH
online social media platforms. Despite the efforts of many governments, international
organisations, such as the United Nations, and other relief
To inquire about Perspectives in Infant Mental Health or to organisations, it is often children who are the ones who suffer
submit articles, please contact: Maree Foley (PhD) (Editor- most.
in-Chief )
Young children certainly deserve a voice in response to these
Email: perspectives@waimh.org
crises.
2 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
I am here with you today as the their psychological, emotional and and his gaze avoidant, he would
representative and President of the social development is crucial. not drink and was wasting away. He
World Association for Infant Mental
We have a mental health diagnostic presented the picture of an infant
Health. WAIMH is an organisation with
members across the world, and some and classification system for mental with severe kwashiorkor (protein-
63 affiliates organisations across all health disorders for infants and young calorie malnutrition). But this was
continents were. children aged 0 to 5, thanks to the work
in a situation in detention where he
of many with the Zero-to-Three, which
developed the Diagnostic Classification should have been receiving plenty
Why infant mental health? of Mental Health and Development of food and adequate nutrition.
For many people, the initial response to Disorders of Infancy and Early Both of his parents were perpetually
this question is: “how can babies have Childhood, DC:0–5™. despairing, feeling that they would
mental health problems? How can they
The process of assessing, diagnosing, never leave the island where they
have mental health disorders? That’s
and classifying infant mental health were placed.
crazy.”
difficulties is of course culturally
The next response is likely to be: “well, it dependent and influenced, Jay’s evacuation with his family
must be just the parents. Parents could although the pain and disruption to mainland Australia for medical
certainly have mental health problems to development, experienced by
investigation of his severe failure to
but not the baby’s, not the toddlers. If babies and toddlers, manifests
you have not got words, how can you across all cultures and communities thrive was meant to be temporary
have mental health … What sort of (see Kai von Klitzing, 7.11.2017 and that he would return to
mental processes can babies have?” in Perspectives in Infant Mental detention. However, it was clear that
Health, 2017_3-4_29thDecember_
The ground-breaking research of his severe mental health disorder,
Perspectives_IMH.pdf (waimh.org).
pioneers such as Ed Tronick, Colwyn However, it remains difficult for people profound infant depression and
Trevarthen, Daniel Stern and Berry to understand that the preverbal child state of severe psych- soma collapse,
Brazelton has demonstrated the may experience mental health disorder. would persist if he and his family
capacity of even the newborn
baby to initiate conversation and were returned to their indefinite
Vignette: island perceived imprisonment.
interaction using gaze, voice, and
body movements. Trevarthen clearly Jay was born on a Pacific Island in
described the baby’s capacity for The hospital maintained that Jay
an inhumane place of detention.
proto-conversational movements using was suffering a serious medical
hands and feet as the beginnings of Jay’s parents fled their home country
and psychological disorder from
communication; the roots of speech. in the Middle East where they
which he would not recover if
Babies and toddlers reach out too, with were subject to discrimination and
their gaze, which is a powerful way of returned to detention and that
threat to life. His father was about
communicating with us; drawing us into his parents persistent, profound
creative and respectful interaction. to be arrested or executed before
depression and despair would
they managed to flee, in absolute
As Trevarthen says: infants “engage in lead to the continuation of his
desperation, across countries
intimate and seductive precision with pervasive depressive disorder. Jay,
other persons movements, sensing their through Southeast Asia and crossed
as a 7-month-old infant met the
purposes and feelings and this gives treacherous seas in a crowded small
criteria for a formal diagnosis of
evidence that the baby arrives in the boat before approaching Australian
world with powerful intersubjective a depressive disorder of early
territory when they were then taken
mental capacities” (Trevarthen, 2011). childhood and severe disruption
to indefinite offshore detention.
of attachment. He and his parents
What is the practical Jay’s mother was profoundly were able to stay in Australia,
significance of this frame of depressed, feeling permanently although they still live somewhat
mind, the baby’s capacity dislocated from her family. Her in a state of limbo without having
to engage with others from mother died while the family were received authority to stay long-term
in island detention. N the postnatal in the country.
the outset?
period she attempted suicide
The baby’s capacity for intersubjectivity, In this case, I believe the formal
on several occasions, and was
for seeing that there is another infant mental health assessment
person seeing them, is frequently eventually, along with Jay and her
of Jay, acknowledging the
not acknowledged, or understood. husband, medically evacuated to
psychological and psychiatric
Consequently, infants and very young Australia.
children are overlooked when we are impact of his detention and the
considering the impact of trauma, Jay was 6 months old when he impact of his parents’ despair upon
violence, community crises, and even reached Australia and he too was his development was crucial in
family crises. A deeper understanding of profoundly depressed. It was difficult professionals strongly and publicly
the infant and very young child and
to engage him, his eyes were empty advocating on his behalf such that
3 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
the family was not returned to island years in temporary, and too often, • The WAIMH Board with then WAIMH
detention. dehumanising refugee camps. President, Prof Kai von Klitzing,
(Leipzig, Germany) met with one of
This raises an important question, John Bowlby was asked by the World the 18 committee members on the
perhaps a paradoxical one: Health Organisation to investigate UN Committee on The Rights of The
the impact of the Second World War, Child at a Board meeting in Berlin in
Do infants have the right to be specifically, the death and displacement a very fruitful discussion: we learnt
acknowledged to have disorders of parents and family attachment about the way that the Convention
relationships, upon children. Bowlby on the Rights of the Child can be
of mental health?
recognised the impact of war on used to influence government
I think this is a crucial question. family disruption and its impact on the policy and service delivery (OHCHR
essential process of infant-caregiver | Committee on the Rights of the
We need to be careful about how attachment. It is crucial that we follow Child).
we arrive at a formal diagnosis his investigation into the impact of
disrupted attachment on the emotional The essential process requires someone
and make sure that we consider from the member states/nations of the
development of the individual. Serious
the infant as a person within their disruption of attachment affects infants UN, a member of the government, or an
family, relationships, and culture, who are refugees, infants and toddlers individual to present to the committee
reaching out to understand their facing homelessness, and those itself and report on how the convention
exposed to family violence as well as which most nations around the world
inner world and acknowledge their
those infants traumatized by significant have signed, is being implemented or
voice. serious medical illness, or disability. adhered to.
But if we do this, the process of Interestingly, last year, postponed
diagnosing, of understanding the A Human Rights by the COVID-19 pandemic, the
problem facing the baby, and or the approach informs how we UN Committee on the Rights of the
toddler is crucial. We do this by entering Child (CRC) had prepared a detailed
the inner psychic world of the infant support the welfare and
discussion on the impact of alternative
and how it affects their mood, their development of infants. care upon children. They had invited
cognitive development, and their several presenters, including some
relationships. This is our task. We have for all children the landmark
children and young people who had left
achievement: the United Nations
care to present to the committee. They
Diagnosis is of course not just Convention on the Rights of the Child
seemed genuinely interested in hearing
“labelling”, but if we take Hippocrates (1989), (UNCRC) (United Nations General
the voice of children and adolescents in
meaning of the word diagnosis: a way Assembly, 1989), the UN convention to
understanding the impact on children
through of knowing, of understanding. which almost all nations are signatories.
of various forms of alternative care.
For further information: https://ohchr.
Classification of mental health problems The committee will investigate how
org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/
allows us to communicate about how the various practices of placing infants
crc.pdf ) See also the UN Convention on
we understand the problems that a and children in alternative care impacts
the Rights of People with Disabilities
very young child might be having, their overall emotional and social
(CRDP) Convention on the Rights of
the problems they are having in development and their relationship
Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | United
relationships and development, and with their family.
Nations Enable
communicating this to colleagues,
The WAIMH position paper highlights
parents, and sometimes government In the light of this, a group of senior
7 basic principles of infants’ rights,
agencies who need to act to protect the clinicians from the World Association for
and importantly that these rights
welfare of young children. Infant Mental Health (WAIMH), aware of
complement and go along with the
the particular difficulties facing infants
Many people over time have been rights of children enumerators under
and very young children, felt there
strong advocates for protecting the Convention on the Rights of the
was a need to produce a document to
the welfare, emotional, and social Child (1989).
complement the Convention on the
development of infants and very young Rights of the Child to highlight the 1. The infant needs special safeguards
children. particular human rights and essential and care by reason of their absolute
René Spitz working in Vienna between needs of infants. dependence, physical and mental
the First and Second World Wars saw immaturity.
• Prof Miri Keren (Tel Aviv, Israel), the
the horrendous impact of war upon late Emeritus Professor Bob Emde 2. The right to have primary caregiver
infants, young children, and adolescents (Denver, USA), Prof Astrid Berg, relations recognised and
following the death of parents and the (Cape Town, South Africa), and understood and supported.
disruption of families and the intense many others from the WAIMH Board
poverty, conflict, and hatred, which are 3. The infant is a vital member of the
worked on the development of
intrinsic components of war. family and should be registered
the Position Paper on the Rights of
as a citizen with equal value for life
We know that in modern technological Infants, this was formally adopted at
regardless of gender or characteristics
warfare, the victims of war who suffer the Edinburgh Congress, 2014, and
such as disability.
the most, both directly and indirectly, revised by WAIMH in 2016 (WAIMH,
are women and children. Mass 2016) WAIMH Position Paper on the 4. The right to be given nurturance love,
displacement of whole communities Rights of Infants - Perspectives physical and emotional safety,
occurs, and people spend many nutrition, and sleep.
4 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
5. The right to be protected from neglect, potential” (Nurturing Care Framework (CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1). Retrieved
physical, sexual, and emotional for Early Childhood Development March 21, 2012, from http://
abuse. - HOME (nurturing-care.org). This www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/
framework is a partnership with many crc/docs/AdvanceVersions/
6. The right to access informed
agencies and has the potential to GeneralComment7Rev1.pdf
professional help when exposed
influence the emotional development [Context Link]
to traumatic events directly or
of infants and very young children in
indirectly. Keren, M., Abdallah, G., & Tyano, S.
extreme situations.
(2019). WAIMH position paper:
7. Infants with life-limiting conditions
WAIMH has also developed a Position Infants’ rights in wartime. Infant
need access to good medical care
Paper on Infants’ Rights in Wartime. mental health journal, 40(6),
and palliative services, to the same
It was written by Miri Keren, Ghasson 763–767. https://doi.org/10.1002/
standard as older children.
Abdullah, and Sam Tyano, and imhj.21813
The WAIMH document goes on to published in the Infant Mental Health Trevarthen, C. (2011). What is it like to
list specific recommendations as to Journal in 2019. Given the lack of be a person who knows nothing?
how social and health policy must be attention to the impact of traumatic Defining the active intersubjective
informed by these principles. consequences upon the individual mind of a newborn human being.
child and family of modern warfare, the Infant and Child Development, 20(1),
The preamble of the Convention on the
authors cogently recommend greater 119-135.
Rights of the Child, and throughout the
attention to the psychological needs
document, emphasises “the family, as United Nations General Assembly
of infants in war zones, and those who
the fundamental group of society, (1989). Convention on the Rights of
are refugees as a result of war. The voice
and the natural environment for the Child https://www.ohchr.org/
of infants is often not heard as services
the growth and well-being of all its Documents/ProfessionalInterest/
struggle to respond to all children and
members particularly children.” crc.pdf
adolescents trapped in invidious and
Clearly, there are many children in horrific circumstances. WAIMH (2016). WAIMH Position Paper
out-of-home care around the world, on the Rights of Infants. WAIMH
I think it is incumbent upon all of us
and still, there are some very large Perspectives in Infant Mental health,
as mental health professionals to take
institutions where infants and young (Winter-Spring), 24 (1-2), 3-5.
note of the important rights of infants
children are placed. The convention
and young children as well as those World Health Organization, United
recommends phasing out large
of adolescents and their parents, in Nations Children’s Fund, & World
institutional care for infants.
our day-to-day clinical work, and our Bank Group. (2018). Nurturing care
The Committee on the Rights of the ordinary lives, as citizens in the world. for early childhood development:
Child endeavours to ensure that the A framework for helping children
Infants and their parents have a right
Convention is a living document and survive and thrive to transform
to a thorough assessment, a thorough
that there is an ongoing process of health and human potential.
understanding from as mental health
collaboration and recommendations Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
professionals so that we can advocate
as to how the principles can be Organization.
for them, we can provide appropriate
applied in practice. For example,
therapeutic interventions and support
“General Comment Number 7”
those working in other agencies,
(GC:7), “Implementing Rights in Early
professional and voluntary, to provide
Childhood” (Committee on the Rights
day-to-day care to promote the infant
of the Child, 2006), emphasises how
and young child mental health.
the rights enshrined in the convention
apply equally to early childhood As Donald Winnicott, paediatrician and
and emphasise the importance of psychoanalyst notably said, “there is
very-young children needing special no such thing as a baby, only a baby
protection. caregiver set up.” So, we must also be
ensuring the mental health of parents,
Conventions and there is no infant mental health without
statements about the parent mental health. And I think this is
where the World Psychiatric Association
Rights of Infants, or has been able to play such a powerful
Children are well and good, role. Bringing together adult mental
health clinicians and policymakers,
but how can we make sure child, adolescent and youth clinicians
that they are helpful in the and policymakers and those of us from
the field of infant mental health.
real world?
The Convention on the Rights of the
Child has influenced the development References
of the important WHO Nurturing
Committee on the Rights of the Child,
Care Framework, “a framework for
United Nations. (2005). General
helping children survive and thrive
Comment No. 7 Implementing
and transform health and human
child rights in early childhood
5 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
WAIMH Executive Director Corner
Dear colleagues and friends, The preparations for the 18th WAIMH
World Congress 15–19th July, 2023 in
The year 2021 is nearing its end and maybe Dublin, Ireland have also started and
it is a good time to reflect back on what are progressing at full speed. The Office
happened during the year, and also to look staff is working together with the Local
at the future. For us working with young Organizing Committee Chairs Catherine
children and families the year meant Maguire and Audrey Lonergan and
continuing coping with the Covid-19 the professional congress organizer
pandemic. Vaccinations against the virus InConference concerning the practicalities
helped ease restrictions in countries where and management of the World Congress.
mass vaccinations were possible, but the At the same time the Program Committee
situation globally is not satisfactory. Our with Dr Elisabeth Hoehn is preparing the
university allowed us teachers to lecture in scientific content of the Congress. We do
person this autumn for the first time in 1½ hope that we will be able to have a full
years. I lectured to the first-year medical in-person congress in Dublin, but at the
students about early development of the same time we are also preparing an online
brain and mind in infancy, and one of the part of the Congress. Naturally we will be
things the students asked was whether able to change the Congress to a full online
infants’ social interaction development event if needs be. We have learned a lot in
is affected when they mostly see adult these past few years!
faces covered with masks. It was nice
to be able to tell them that WAIMH had As the holiday season is nearing, I do
addressed this issue in Perspectives and hope you will all find at least some time
encouraged all parents to engage in for relaxing and being with your near and
face-to-face interaction with their young dear ones. For meeting relatives, friends
children without masks at home and and colleagues from afar I can recommend
outdoors. Since the appearance of the new using online connections. I am planning to
omicron variant many countries have now “have friends over” for a zoom chat during
re-introduced restrictions on where and the holidays and, even if it is not exactly
how people can see each other. With the the same as being together in person, it
continuing pandemic and increased worry helps to keep in touch.
concerning climate change, it looks like we
will need to keep on encouraging parents
even during the coming year. Keeping up With warm wishes to you all,
hope and relieving parents’ anxiety when
and wherever we can is a worthy task for Kaija
us all.
Despite all calamities and difficulties many
things in WAIMH are progressing well. The
webinar series LAYING THE PATH FOR
LIFELONG WELLNESS — INFANT AND
EARLY MENTAL HEALTH LECTURE SERIES
in collaboration with Sick Kids Toronto,
WAIMH and Tampere University with its 15
webinars is starting on January 15th, 2022.
The speakers include some of the pioneers
of and experts in infant and early mental
health practices, such as Dr. Jack Shonkoff,
Dr. Alicia Lieberman, Dr. Charles Zeanah,
Dr. Arietta Slade, Dr. Hiram Fitzgerald, Dr.
Joy Osofsky, Dr. Diane Phillip and Dr. Sheri
Madigan and many more. We are all really
excited about the opportunity the webinar
series provides us to reach people all over
the world, and naturally WAIMH members
will get a discount. We will be posting more
information soon on our WAIMH website
and our social media channels.
6 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
From the Editors
By Maree Foley (Switzerland) and the
WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental
Health editorial team
Welcome to this Winter (2021) edition of publication as it for example gradually Infant Mental Health Flyer, and the current
WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental Health. developed from a member paper and post flyer for WAIMH Congress in Dublin, 2023.
Since the last issue, COVID-19 remains a newsletter to a fully digital WAIMH open-
constant for many of us across the globe. source publication. As a reminder, Perspectives papers can
The impact has been and continues to be accessed online, with past issues
be harshly indiscriminate, especially for Our issue then turns its focus to early child- dating back to 1993 currently available by
families with infants, toddlers, and young care consultation. Alma-Jane O’Donnell, following this link: https://perspectives.
children. (Goodstart Early Learning), Australia in her waimh.org/perspectives-archive/. Also,
paper “Improving infant mental health past articles are available online in text
We acknowledge every baby across the outcomes in early learning settings for format, which in turn can be shared:
children who have experienced trauma” https://perspectives.waimh.org/.
globe and strengthen our resolve to be
writes about the early learner, Intensive
actively engaged in ensuring that every Emotional Support Plans (IESP), developed May you and your families and friends, stay
baby is seen, protected, and provided by Goodstart Early Learning (Goodstart) safe and well and our warmest wishes to
that aim to foster inclusion of children who you all.
with nurturing care, along with their
families and their communities. We have experienced, and are experiencing The WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental
significant childhood trauma. To Illustrate Health editorial team
acknowledge all infant and early
the practice implications of the IESP,
childhood mental health professionals O’Donnell provides a case study.
who are working relentlessly with, and
O’Donnell’s paper is followed by a
on behalf of babies and their families contribution that focuses on a recent
amidst this COVID-19 pandemic. podcast with Past WAIMH President
Antoine Guedeney (professor of child
This issue begins with From the Desk of
and adolescent psychiatry (Service de
the WAIMH President; a paper on Infant
pédopsychiatrie Policlinique Ney Jenny
Rights by Campbell Paul (President of
Aubry, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire
WAIMH), based on his recent symposium
AP-HP. Nord Université de Paris et Université
presentation at the World Psychiatric
de Paris, France). Prof Guedeney was
Association Congress, Psychiatry in a
interviewed on Radio Television Suisse
Troubled World. This paper is followed by
(RTS) to celebrate the International Day
WAIMH Executive Director Corner, where
of The Rights of Children. The recording is
Kaija Puura (WAIMH Executive Director)
in French and RTS have generously given
provides us with her current reflections as
WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental
we come to the close of an extraordinary
health permission to share this recording
year and an extraordinary mid-year hybrid
with our francophone members and
WAIMH congress.
allied global community. In addition, this
Next, is a WAIMH paper by Maree Foley, podcast highlights The Alarm Distress BaBy
Minna Sorsa, Neea Aalto, and Deborah (ADBB) scale (Guedeney & Fermanian,
J Weatherston, which summarizes 2001) and provides information on how
the history of The Signal and WAIMH to access further information about the
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health ADBB, including recently published paper
(2012-current). The Signal began as a (Egmose et al., 2021) (see page 20 for
WAIMH publication in 1993 and in 2012 references).
the publication became known as WAIMH
The issue closes with news from the
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health.
WAIMH Office by Minna Sorsa and Neea-
This paper details the incremental steps
Leena Aalto, the WAIMH Perspectives
that were taken on the journey of the
7 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in Infant
Mental Health: 1993-2021
By Maree Foley (Switzerland), Minna
Sorsa (Finland), Neea Aalto (Finland) and
Deborah J Weatherston (USA)
In 1992, the World Association for Infant
Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (WAIPAD)
(originally established in 1980, in the
USA) and the International Association
for Infant Mental Health (IAIMH) (created
by the Michigan Association for Infant
Mental Health in the USA) merged into
one organisation: the World Association for
Infant Mental Health (WAIMH).
In 1993, WAIMH produced its first
Picture: Miguel Hoffman, Charles Zeanah, Kathryn Barnard, Justin Call, Robert Emde,
newsletter, called WAIMH’s News (Volume
Sonya Bemporad, Hiram Fitzgerald, David Lonie, Hisako Watanabe, Jo Sawyer, Maria
1, Number 1, March 1993).
Cordeiro, Peter de Chateau, Yvon Gauthier, Eleanor Galenson, Serge Lebovici, Joy
A photo of the WAIMH Board and Executive Osofsky and Michel Soule. Source: The Signal (Vol. 1, No. 1, March 1993).
Committee was featured and includes the
first Editor-in-Chief of WAIMH’s newsletter;
Charles Zeanah. receive a free subscription for the Name the Newsletter Winner
At this time, the ethos of the new 1994 Infant Mental Health Journal.
Emily Fenichel of the National
publication had been established and was Send your nominations to the WAIMH
clearly outlined below in the inaugural Center for Clinical lnfant Programs in
Executive Office, 2 Paolucci Building,
Welcome to WAIMH’s World address, by Washington, D. C. has won the “Name
Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Hiram E Fitzgerald (WAIMH Executive the Newsletter” contest with her entry:
Director 1993-2008). In this address, MI USA 48824-1110. Second, we
The Signal! Actually, Emily submitted
the stage was set for this publication need articles. Use your newsletter to
to be member-led, and for members to so many possibilities that it was almost
communicate with other infant mental
experience ownership of the publication. destined that one would be selected by
health specialists around the world.
Furthermore, in keeping with this the committee. A signal is a sign, an act,
participatory approach, in this first edition Ever want to be a reporter? This is your
behavior, occurrence, that intends to
newsletter, a call was made to all members opportunity to report on scientific,
communicate. Thus a signal is a basic
to be part of considering a name for the clinical, and outreach issues related
newsletter. act of communication. All aspects of
to infant mental health. Send your
human discourse involve the emission
WELCOME TO WAIMH’S WORLD contributions to the editor. So, in the
and interpretation of signals, just as all
meantime, sit back, relax, and enjoy
Welcome to the first edition of the infant mental health work involves the
reading our first edition!
WAIMH Newsletter! Under the capable emission and interpretation of signals.
and dynamic editorship of Charley Hiram E. Fitzgerald, Executive Director, The baby’s cry communicates hunger,
Zeanah, the WAIMH Newsletter will 1993 pain, or general distress. Parents either
bring you regular features, clinical differentiate these cries and respond
As a result of this open call out for a name,
case studies, letters to the Editor, WAIMH’s World was named “The Signal”. appropriately, or they fail to understand
news and views about infant mental WAIMH’s newsletter was published under the meaning conveyed by different
the new name “The Signal” in Volume 1, cries and respond inappropriately. The
health, worldwide training and
Number 3, July -September 1993. The
educational opportunities, and the infant’s smile or gaze communicates
name is credited to Emily Fenichel, who
latest happenings among WAIMH’s won the WAIMH newsletter naming pleasure or attentiveness. Parental
worldwide Affiliate Associations. competition. At the time Emily was vocal behavior modulates in order to
Associate Director of Zero to Three and was simplify the information that the baby
We want this to be your newsletter.
also the Editor of the Zero to Three Journal must process, and the infant seems
Please help! First, we need a name. from 1992 – 2006. The rationale for her
So, participate in the NAME THE winning suggestion was published in the predisposed to lock onto maternal
NEWSLETTER CONTEST! Rules: Deadline same issue as per below. vocalizations shortly after birth, if not
for receipt of suggested names: before. All human communication
SEPTEMBER 1, 1993. The winner will
8 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
involves the emission, transmission, The Signal, Michigan State current Editor-in-Chief is, Holly Brophy-
and interpretation of signals. Herb. The Editorial Board is made up
University and Michigan of distinguished WAIMH and MI-AIMH
The major reason d’etre for the Association for Infant members from around the world. The
IMHJ is published bi-monthly by Wiley
WAIMH newsletter is communication; Mental Health and can be accessed here: Infant Mental
worldwide networking for individuals
The WAIMH Signal was supported by an Health Journal - Wiley Online Library.
from many disciplines and many office at the Michigan State University, It is the official peer-reviewed journal
cultures who share a concern for the by Associate Provost Hiram Fitzgerald publication of WAIMH and, by special
optimal development of infants and and the University Outreach and agreement with MI-AIMH, members
Engagement. This close connection of WAIMH can subscribe to the IMHJ
their families. Thus, it seemed quite
between WAIMH and the Michigan and receive a reduced WAIMH member
appropriate to name the WAIMH subscription rate with access to the
Association for Infant Mental Health
newsletter, THE SIGNAL. The title has (MI-AIMH) (Michigan Association for Wiley database of the electronic journal.
the added advantage of being nearly Infant Mental Health (mi-aimh.org)) has
the same in several different languages. endured across the past three decades. WAIMH Office from its base
Thanks Emily for the recommendation. at Michigan State University
The Infant Mental Health
For your good work, WAIMH is happy (USA) to Pirkanmaa
Journal (IMHJ), Michigan
to provide you with a complimentary Hospital District (Child
membership and subscription to the Association for Infant
Psychiatry) and Tampere
Infant Mental Health Journal for Mental Health, and WAIMH
1994 (The Signal, 1993, Vol 1, No. 1).
University (Finland)
While The Signal began as a WAIMH
newsletter, the Infant Mental Health In 2008, the WAIMH Central office
The Signal, as a paper and post newsletter
Journal (IMHJ) was created by the moved from Michigan (USA), where
was published quarterly, each year.
Michigan Association for Infant Mental WAIMH had been hosted by Michigan
Throughout this time, papers were
Health (MI-AIMH), published in 1980 State University, to Tampere (Finland),
published on a wide array of infant
as a peer-reviewed, quarterly journal, where it has been, and continues
mental health-related topics such as the
and copyrighted by the Michigan to be hosted by Pirkanmaa Hospital
relationship between parents and infants,
Association for Infant Mental Health. At District (Child Psychiatry) and Tampere
caregiving relationships, and service
the time, it was the first journal with an University (Faculty of Medicine and
development within infant mental health.
interdisciplinary research and clinical Life Sciences until 2019, and then form
focus on infancy, parenthood, and 2020 onwards by Innovation Services
infant mental health. Jack Stack, MD, an and Partnerships). These two generous
MI-AIMH member, was the first Editor- and supportive institutions have been
in-Chief, followed by Hiram Fitzgerald, pivotal in the growth and development
Joy Osofsky, and Paul Spicer. The of The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in
Infant Mental Health.
Picture. The Signal logo from 1993 to 2010.
9 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)
Picture. The Signal new logo from 2010 - 2012.
Beginning to move from Box 1. The Signal is renamed WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental Health.
a print to a digital online
publication By Deborah Weatherston and Hiram E. Fitzgerald, Editors, Michigan, USA
In July 2010, with the evolving
technology and digital communications Dear colleagues:
development, WAIMH became a
coloured publication with a new layout,
During the past 50 years infant mental health has emerged as a significant
that was oriented to both print and approach to the promotion of social and emotional wellbeing in infancy, as
online readers. Minna Sorsa and the well as a preventive-intervention approach to treatment when significant
WAIMH Central Office together with risks to the infant or young child, the parent and the relationship are
Executive Director Palvi Kaukonen
identified. Within this same time frame, the infant mental health movement
were instrumental in implementing
this change together with graphic has expanded to a global network of professionals from many disciplines,
designer Adina Huda at Michigan State research faculty, and policy advocates, all of whom share the common
University and later the digital version goal of enhancing the quality of relationships that infants and young
together with Santeri Niemi at Differo children have with their parents and other caregivers. The global reach of
corporation.
infant mental health demands attention to the cultural context in which a
The Signal is renamed child and family lives, as well as critical attention to issues that affect child
WAIMH Perspectives in development, child health, child mental health, parental mental health and
early relationship development.
Infant Mental Health
In 2012, with leadership from Deborah We invite all members of the World Association for Infant Mental Health
J Weatherston as Editor-in-Chief, and and all members of its 50 international Affiliates to contribute to WAIMH’s
Hiram E Fitzgerald as Co-Editor, The international publication, newly named by the WAIMH Board, “Perspectives
Signal became known as WAIMH in Infant Mental Health” where views about infant mental health can be
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health
shared, discussed, and indeed, even debated. We welcome your articles,
(Volume 20, No. 3-4, July -December
2012). The underpinning rationale for brief commentaries, case studies, program descriptions, and descriptions of
this name change can be read in Box evidence-based practices.
1 and includes the recognition of and
headlining of infant mental health Articles will be reviewed by the editors and members of the Editorial Board,
as a global practice and research all of whom are committed to identifying authors from around the world and
network and community. The rationale assisting them to best prepare their papers for publication.
also captures the global reach of
perspectives in infant mental health In the spirit of sharing new perspectives, we welcome your manuscripts.
across cultures and contexts, shifting
the primary function of the publication Source: Perspectives in Infant Mental Health (Volume 20, No. 3-4, July
from a newsletter toward a global -December 2012).
community of practice-oriented journal.
The Signal and Perspectives
in Infant Mental Health
Editorial Teams
From 1993 to the current day, The Signal
and WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental
Health have experienced notably stable
and long-standing service from each
10 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)Editor and their many Co-Editors and WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental such as infant-mental health services,
Assistant Editors. For a full list of editors, Health the caregiving context, and parent-
Neea Aalto in the WAIMH Office has infant interaction.
compiled a list of all editors from 1993 Maree Foley (2019 – current) (New
to 2021 and access to this list can be Zealand and Switzerland) WAIMH Perspectives in
located at the following link: https://
perspectives.waimh.org/editorial-staff/ The Signal and WAIMH Infant Mental Health
Perspectives in Infant becomes an online
Production Editors publication
Mental Health: Content
Central to The Signal and WAIMH analysis 2007 - 2017 With ongoing leadership from Deborah
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health has J Weatherston as Editor-in-Chief, in
been and continues to be the WAIMH In 2017, all materials between 2007 2017 the publication went completely
support staff, the Production Editors: and 2017 were digitized and published digital. Building on the collective work
as text, alongside the original PDF of previous editors and editorial teams,
Melanie Smith (1/1993 - 3/2000) (USA) versions. Therefore, at this time, the and in conjunction with advances in
Tina Houghton (4/2000 - 3/2008) (USA) Signal and the Perspectives in Infant digital technology, the publication was
Mental Health archive included all texts launched into the digital arena.
Minna Sorsa (1-2/2007 - current) from 2007, which in turn could be easily
(Finland) shared on all social media channels. This development was part of a wider
Neea-Leena Aalto (3/2021-)(Finland) See: Perspectives Archive - Perspectives WAIMH initiative that had been in
(waimh.org) process between 2014 and 2017. During
Editors-in-Chief of The Signal and the time, a thorough social media
Minna Sorsa (Production Editor, strategy, coordinated by the WAIMH
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health Administrative Assistant) and Anna Central office (led by Minna Sorsa in
Hemmi (Administrative Assistant) in collaboration with Differo social media
The Signal
the WAIMH Central Office, analysed all company), was developed together
Charles Zeanah (1993-2000) (USA) of The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives with the Board of Directors of WAIMH
in Infant Mental Health texts that had and consultation with WAIMH members.
Paul Barrows (2001-2006) (UK) been published between 2007 and This process included reviewing and
Tina Houghton, Dolores Fitzgerald, and 2017. The total number of papers developing the design of a WAIMH
Carla Hills 2006 (3-4/2006) (USA) was 334. The authors represented 28 social media presence, including its
countries, including from the United communication with members and its
Miri Keren (2007 – 2011) (Israel) States (n=102), Finland (n=36), Israel overall global outreach.
(n=42), France (n=26), Switzerland
The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in (n=20), New Zealand (n=17), Canada The changes constituted the increased
Infant Mental Health (n=16) and South Africa (n=16). Figure use of photos within all WAIMH
Deborah J Weatherston (2012-2018) 1 below, represents overall content communications and including WAIMH
(USA) themes between 2007 and 2017, Perspectives in Infant Mental Health
highlighting high-frequency themes publications that were now shared via
Figure 1. Subject categories in The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental Health (2007-2017).
11 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)Figure 2. Example of google analytics of reader online activity with The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives Infant Mental Health
published papers from 1993 to 2021.
the WAIMH website, and for example, (1993 - 2011) could be accessed online. which upon further analysis indicates
on Facebook and Twitter, with the The Signal 1993 to 2006 is available there is high reader interest in original
introduction of a new hashtag for social in PDF format. The Signal papers peer-reviewed articles. The google
media: #PerspectivesIMH, with #WAIMH from 2007 and all issues of WAIMH analytics analysis helps the publication
and #IMH utilized alongside. Perspectives in Infant Mental Health to as much as possible to publish
(2012 – current) were now also available different types and content-based
Full online access to as PDF and text. In addition, using the material that endeavours to meet
categories as stated above, to date the changing and evolving needs of
all current and past all articles across all the issues from the readers; an ethos that has been
publications 2006 were now tagged to help readers present from the outset. It also shows
quickly and easily locate articles by readership growth over time (See Figure
As of 2020, there was ongoing
theme. The next step is to tag all papers 3).
development and refinement of
from 1993.
the WAIMH Perspectives in Infant The number of readers has constantly
Mental Health website, led by Minna risen, year-on-year, and in 2020, WAIMH
Sorsa (Senior Administrator) and Sari
Google analytics and Perspectives in Infant Mental Health
Miettinen (Administrative Assistant) readers interests had 37,700 page views.
in the WAIMH office. For example, all
From April 2017 onwards, with the Between April 2017 and December
full issues of The Signal and WAIMH
benefit of google analytics, it became 2020, WAIMH Perspectives in Infant
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health
possible to see what readers are Mental Health had 49,880 visitors, with
were archived. Past issues of The Signal
reading. For example, see Figure 2,
Figure 3. Google analytics of reader frequency online activity with The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives Infant Mental Health published
papers from 1993 to 2020 since the publication has been available in digital form (April 2017-December 2020).
12 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)93,275 page views. Readers are most
frequently in the age group 25-35
years (33.5%), and secondly in the
age group 18-24 years (27.5%). These
analytics reflect the importance of
the publication, and its social media
platforms for new and emerging infant
mental health professionals, both
as WAIMH members and within the
global infant mental health community
of practice and research, inclusive
of families with young children. Of
note, most readers in 2020 come from
western countries: the United States
(44%), Australia (10%), Great Britain
(5%), Canada (4%) and Finland (3%).
Extending the reach, accessibility, and
applicability is an ongoing goal of the
publication.
The most popular papers in Signal/
Perspectives IMH since April 2017
– December 2020 are the peer-
reviewed papers: Child of Hope:
Sexual trauma in Infancy, by Astrid
Berg (published 05/15/2008) with
3,332 reads; Introducing the Piklerian
developmental approach: History
and principles by Anna Tardos
(published 12/15/2010) with 2,745
reads; and Emotional Availability and
Emotional Availability Zones (EA-Z):
From assessment to intervention
and universal prevention by Hannah
Saunders et al. (published 04/21/2017)
with 2,277 reads. Also, the WAIMH Paper
on the Rights of Infants has indicated
that this is an important area of
Pictures. Pictures presenting some most popular articles online in Perspectives in Infant
enquiry for readers as the text has been
Mental Health.
accessed over 2,533 times.
As we now move into a new cycle of
data analytics, at the time of writing,
issues a year to balance the online and outreach goals but also supports new
we can report that the paper within The
regular publishing process between full members getting to know each other
Voices of COVID-19 WAIMH Perspectives
issues. through sharing in the work of WAIMH.
in Infant Mental Health (Special issue),
Shared Pleasure in times of COVID 19: In 2019 the publication also introduced Continuing to build the relationship
The Importance of the Shared Smile the intern editor program, with Salisha across WAIMH Perspectives in Infant
for Babies in a World of Masked Faces, Maharaj from South Africa as our Mental Health and the Infant Mental
by Anusha Lachmann (published inaugural intern editor. The internship Health Journal, in 2020, a joint initiative
01/22/2020) has recorded 3,330 reads. program is specifically for people who was established that involves featuring
are currently engaged in an infant IMHJ articles that especially draw
Recent developments mental health training programme attention to themes in practice with
within the publication and who are new to the field. The very young children/families. The
over-arching goal is to leverage WAIMH IMHJ editor selects published papers,
The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives Perspectives in Infant Mental Health as engages with Wiley for publication
in Infant Mental Health continues to a base from which to: get to know new permission and invites authors to
evolve. members; provide opportunities to consider if they would be like to be
engage with the wider IMH community part of this initiative. The first paper
Further recent developments include beyond one’s local area, and also learn featured in this new initiative was by
a formal blind peer-review process and understand from new members Rachel Ransley, Michelle Sleed, Tess
for selected papers. This was first about what they are seeing and Baradon and Peter Fonagy (UK): “‘What
implemented, with 2 papers in the Fall/ noticing in our field. The aim is to grow support would you find helpful?’
Winter issue 2019. There has also been a this initiative so that interns at any one The relationship between treatment
shift from four issues a year to three time represent different regions across expectations, therapeutic engagement,
the globe. This not only reflects WAIMH’s and clinical outcomes in parent–infant
psychotherapy”
13 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)COVID-19 response project team is being led by Miri Keren Life Sciences 2008-2019 and from
and includes Deborah J Weatherston, 2020, the Innovation Services and
In response to COVID-19, the WAIMH Maree Foley, Kaija Puura, and Patricia
Partnerships),
Perspectives in Infant Mental Health O’Rourke.
team collaborated with the IMHJ Editor- To every reader of The Signal as a
in-Chief Holly Brophy-Herb, and WAIMH Free open access to all paper and post-publication, and
Board member and Associate Editor
Jane Barlow, in a shared initiative: Infant
publications since 1993 the more recent
and Early Childhood Mental Health in The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in
the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. WAIMH Perspectives in Infant
Infant Mental Health is a free and open
The goal of the initiative was to capture access online publication. While the Mental Health readers,
and share, as quickly as possible, the publication is free and open-source,
experiences of infants, toddlers, young there is a short member-only access Thank you.
children, families, and practitioners time access to each new publication
around the globe. In disseminating before the material becomes open
these papers, the aim has been to source.
provide a platform of infant mental
health informed research to inform All publications since 1993, are now
and guide additional research and archived on the WAIMH website on the
applied practices and services, such as WAIMH Perspectives in Infant Mental
telehealth and telemedicine in infant Health page.
and early childhood mental health
The link is here: https://perspectives.
contexts.
waimh.org/perspectives-archive/.
As a result, WAIMH Perspectives in
In addition, past articles are also
Infant Mental Health published a special
available online in text format (from
issue in December 2020, The Voices
2007), which in turn can be shared:
of COVID-19 WAIMH Perspectives in
https://perspectives.waimh.org/
Infant Mental Health, which included
a series of thirteen papers, captured
the reflections and early research
Moving forward
endeavours of scholars from Australia, The Signal and WAIMH Perspectives in
Chile, Portugal, South Africa, and the Infant Mental Health both represent a
United States. The papers featured team within WAIMH that aims to build
case studies and qualitative studies, and sustain connections within the
bringing into view, the voices and lived WAIMH community, and from which has
experiences of infants, young children, evolved, and continues to evolve full
families, and practitioners, during the issue publications, special issues, and
early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. a growing social media presence, all
The second part of this initiative has oriented towards the aims and mission
resulted in a forthcoming special issue of WAIMH.
of the Infant Mental Health Journal,
due for publication in early 2022. This Moving forward and continuing to grow
special issue includes fourteen papers from its roots in The Signal, WAIMH
representing scholars and research from Perspectives in Infant Mental Health
Chile, Brazil, Canada, and the United welcomes submissions from colleagues
States. across our diverse field that challenge
the way we think about infants, families,
Furthermore, and in conjunction with culture, and community, and offer fresh
the Perspectives team, Sari Miettinen, perspectives on policy, research, and
from the WAIMH office was instrumental
practice.
in setting up the COVID-19 WAIMH web
page. On behalf of WAIMH,
The Signal and WAIMH To every baby and family and
Perspectives in Infant community who have shared their
Mental Health E-book journey with us,
project To every editor and contributor,
Throughout 2020-2022 an ebook To the host institutions of
project has been in motion to celebrate
30 years of this publication. The ebook Michigan State University and
will contain thematic summaries Pirkanmaa Hospital District (Child
of published material across both Psychiatry) and Tampere University
publications from 1993-2021. This (Faculty of Medicine and
14 PERSPECTIVES IN INFANT MENTAL HEALTH WINTER 2021
World Association for Infant Mental Health Vol 29 (3)You can also read
