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ARCHIV IDRC-237e
KATEGI
63011
Pasture Improvement
Research in Eastern
and Southern Africa
Proceedings of a workshop
held in Harare, Zimbabwe,
17-21 September 1984
Proceedings SeriesThe International Development Research Centre is a
public corporation created by the Parliament of
Canada in 1970 to support research designed to
adapt science and technology to the needs of devel-
oping countries. The Centre's activity is concen-
trated in five sectors: agriculture, food and
nutrition sciences, health sciences, information
sciences, and communications. IDRC is financed
solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies,
however, are set by an international Board of
Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in
Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in
Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
©International Development Research Centre 1985
Postal Address: Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9
Head Office: 60 Queen Street, Ottawa, Canada
Kategile, J.A.
IDRC-237e
Pasture Improvement Research in Eastern and
Southern Africa : proceedings of a workshop held in
Harare, Zimbabwe, 17-21 Sept. 1984. Ottawa, Ont.,
IDRC, 1985. 508 p. : ill.
/Pastures/, /agricultural research/, /genetic
improvement/, /forage crops/, /nutritional value/,
/East Africa/, /Southern Africa/ -
/ productivity/ ,
/research methods/, /research and development/,
/information network/, /conference report/, /list of
participants/.
UDC: 633.2.001.5(67:68) ISBN: 0-88936-439-7
Microfiche edition available
Il existe également une édition française de cette
publicationIDRC-237e
Pasture Improvement
Research in Eastern
and Southern Africa
Proceedings of a workshop
held in Harare, Zimbabwe,
17-21 September 1984
Editor: Jackson A. Kategile
Cosponsored by the
Southern African Development Coordination Committee, Gaborone, Botswana,
and the
International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, CanadaAbstract: The proceedings contains reviews by national scientiste
on pasture research done primarily in Eastern and Southern Africa
(Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzanie, Burundi, Zambie, Zimbabwe, Swaziland,
Lesotho, Botswana, Mozambique, and Madagascar). The application of the
results obtained and lessons learned are highlighted and used in set-
ting of national priorities for research areas for the future. Critical
reviews on current pasture research methodologies are included in the
proceedings. The research methods discussed are germ-plasm collection,
storage, and dissemination; and germ-plasm introduction and evaluation,
nutritive evaluation of pastures, grazing experiments, and range moni-
toring. Specific guidelines on methodologies are outlined and these are
useful to pasture agronomists, animal nutritionists, and range-manage-
ment scientists.
Two case studies of pasture-research regional networks in Asia and
Latin America were presented and discussed. A strategy for future pas-
ture research coordinated through a regional Pastures Network for East-
ern and Southern Africa (PANESA) was discussed and agreed upon.
Résumé: Dans les actes ci-joints, des scientifiques de divers pays
analysent la recherche entreprise sur les pâturages en Afrique orient-
ale et australe (Éthiopie, Kenya, Tanzanie, Burundi, Zambie, Zimbabwe,
Lesotho, Botswana, Mozambique et Madagascar). L'utilisation des résul-
tats obtenus et les connaissances acquises sont mises en lumière, puis
utilisées établir les priorités nationales en matière de recher-
pour
che. Les actes comportent une analysecritique des méthodes de recher-
che actuelles sur les pâturages rassemblement, entreposage et
:
diffusion du matériel génétique; mise à l'essai et évaluation de ce
matériel; expériences de pâturage; évaluation nutritive des pâturages
et exploitation rationnelle de ceux-ci. On présente des lignes direc-
trices précises sur les méthodes à suivre, qui seront utilies aux
agronomes en charge des pâturages, aux spécialistes de la nutrition
animale et aux scientifiques responsables de la gestion des pâturages.
Deux études de cas ont fait l'objet d'une présentation suivie
d'une discussion : il s'agit des réseaux régionaux de recherche sur les
pâturages en Asie et en Amérique latine. Après discussion, on a convenu
d'une stratégie de la recherche sur les pâturages, dans les années à
venir; la coordination de cette stratégie sera assurée par une section
régionale du Pastures Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (PANESA).
Resunen: En las actes se recogen ponencias presentadas por cienti-
ficos de diferentes paises sobre las investigaciones en pastos que se
han realizado principalmente en et Africa oriental y meridional
(Etiopia, Kenia, Tanzanie, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Suazilandia,
Lesotho, Botswana, Mozambique y Madagascar). Se destaca la aplicaci6n
de los resultados y experiencias obtenidos, muy Gtiles para determinar
las prioridades de las investigaciones futures en las diferentes
naciones. En las actes se recogen también ponencias criticas sobre las
metodologias empleadas actualmente en las investigaciones sobre
pastos. Se analizan los siguientes métodos de investigaci6n: recogida,
almacenamiento, diseminaci6n, introducci6n y evaluaci6n de germoplasma;
evaluaci6n del valor nutricional de los pastos; experimentos de
pastoreo; y control de dehesas. Se resumen directrices y metodologias
especificas de gran utilidad para agronomos especializados en pastos,
expertos en nutrition animal y cientificos especializados en gestion de
dehesas.
Se presentan y analizan dos estudios de casos de las redes region-
ales de investigaci6n en Asia y Latinoamérica. Se discuti6 y aprob6 une
estrategia para realizar investigaciones sobre pastos en et futuro que
seran coordinadas por la Red de Investigaciones sobre Pastos para
Africa Oriental y Meridional (RIPAOM).
2CONTENTS
Foreword 7
Participants 9
Keynote Address 15
Session I State of Research Work in Eastern
and Southern Africa 23
Pasture Research in Zimbabwe: 1964-84
J.N. Clatworthy 25
Highlights of Pasture Research in Malawi: 1975-84
B.H. Dzowela 59
Pasture Research and Development in Ethiopia
Lulseged Gebrehiwot and Alemu Tadesse 77
Pasture Research in Burundi
Gaboryaheze Astère 92
Survey of Pasture Research in Madagascar
J.H. Rasambainarivo, R. Razafindratsita,
and M. Rabehanitriniony 102
Review of Range and Pasture Research in Botswana
D.R. Chandler 115
Review of the Use of Improved Pasture Species
in Mozambique
Jonathan Timberlake and Antônio Catalâo
Dionisio 43
3Pastures in Lesotho
C.J. Goebel, B. Motsarnai, and V. Ramakhula 153
Pasture Research and Development in Zambia
J. Kulich and E.M. Kaluba 163
Past and Current Trends of Pasture Research in
Kenya
Abdullah N. Said 180
Pasture Research in Tanzania
A.B. Lwoga, M.M.S. Lugenja, and A.R. Kajuni 210
Forage Legumes in Agropastoral Production
Systems within the Subhumid Zone of Nigeria
M.A. Mohamed Saleem 222
Session II Pasture Research Methodologies
and Regional Networks 245
Collection and Preliminary Forage Evaluation of
Sonie Ethiopian Trifolium Species
J. Kahurananga, L. Akundabweni, and S. Jutzi 247
Theory and Practice in Forage Germ-Plasm
Collection
J.R. Lazier 260
Germ-Plasm Storage and Dissemination
Adolf Krauss 296
Tropical Pasture Germ-Plasm Evaluation: Strategy
and Experimental Designs
A.B. Lwoga 312
Introduction and Evaluation of Large Germ-Plasm
Collections 334
D.G. Cameron
Methods of Pasture Establishment
P.J. Grant and J.N. Clatworthy 349
4Animal Experiments as a Measurement of Pasture
Productivity
P.T. Spear 368
Commercial Seed Increase of New Pasture
Cultivars: Organization and Practice
D.S. Loch 392
Evaluation of the Nutritive Value of Forages
Kassu Yilala and Abdullah N. Said 425
Range Monitoring Methodologies
Moses O. Olang 452
Australian-Southeast Asian and Pacific
Forage Research Network
T.R. Evans 465
Network Approach in Pasture Research: Tropical
American Experience
J.M. Toledo, H.H. Li Pun, and E.A. Pizarro 475
Discussion Summary and Recommendations 499
Research Priorities and Future Strategies on
Germ-Plasm Collection (Multiplication, Storage,
and Dissemination) 499
Selection and Evaluation Methodologies 502
Establishment and Management 504
Research for Small-Scale/Small Producers Pasture
Improvements 506
Organizational Aspects 507
5SURVEY OF PASTURE RESEARCH IN MADAGASCAR
J.H. Rasambainarivo, R. Razafindratsita, and
M. Rabehanitriniony
Département de Recherches Zootechniques et
Vétérinaires, P.O. Box 4, Antananarivo 101,
Madagascar
Abstract Malagasy are among the heaviest beef
consumers in Africa. The major livestock are zebu cattle
growing on native pasture and improved dairy cattle in
the highlands. Seventy-two pasture species have been
introduced; four extensively cultivated. Establishment
of these pastures seems to be easier in pure stands
than in mixtures. Trials show that animal production is
high on grass pastures during the rainy season and on
legume-based pastures as well in the first part of the
dry season. Future areas of research will emphasize
dairy small-scale farms and the pasture management of
female and young zebu cattle.
The annual beef consumption in Madagascar is
14.65 kg per capita (MDRRA 1980). This means that on
the one hand the Malagasy are among the heaviest beef
consumers in Africa; on the other hand, this shows the
importance of cattle raising based on the abundant
native pasture, although it présents some prejudicial
characteristics on the development of cattle breeding.
Research has been carried out over the past 20 years
to improve the ruminant fodders. This paper provides a
survey of the results of experiments and suggests
future research priority areas.
Madagascar is an island situated between 11° and
25° S latitude. Its total surface is about 587,000 km2.
The main beef-cattle-raising areas are in the western
and southern parts of the island including the High-
lands.
102There are two climatic seasons: the rainy season,
beginning in November, is followed by the dry season,
which begins between April and June and lasts for 6-8
months. The annual rainfall ranges from 400 to 2,000
mm. Vegetation is dominated by grassland dotted with
forests.
The major livestock in Madagascar is zebu cattle,
which are estimated at 10, 281, 000 head. There are
about 1,730,000 goats and 795,000 sheep (MPARA
1982). These animais are mostly meant to produce meat,
apart from their important social role. There are 60,000
head of European-like dairy cattle in the Highlands and
in the middle-western regions.
Malagasy natural grasslands are characterized by
their wide surfaces. They can be divided into four dif-
ferent communities: (a) In the far-west grassland, the
principal species are Hyparrhenia rufa, Heteropogon
contortus, and Chrysopogon serrulatus. (b) Down south
the communities are dominated by H. contortus and
Cenchrus ciliaris. (c) In the region commonly called the
middle-west, the typical species are H. rufa and H.
contortus. (d) The Highland grasslands are dominated
by Aristida rufescens, Ctenium concinnum, and Loudetia
simplex.
The annual liveweight gain for zebu catle on
natural vegetation for grazing is around 40-70 kg
(Granier et al. 1968; de Reviers 1970). The growing
period coincides with the rainy season. The liveweight
gain may reach 50-120 kg/head, but during the dry
season, Tosses amount to about 20-60 kg/head and the
young cattle are likely to die (de Reviers 1970).
Improved pastures are concentrated in the
Highlands and the middle-west where dairy cattle are
raised; milk production in these pastures varies from
1,300 to 3 , 500 L/lactation (Robert 1979).
PLANT INTRODUCTION
In the last 20 years, 72 pasture species have been
introduced, 32 grasses, 32 legumes, and 8 cactus and
browse species. These various species were tested in
the four major pasture areas in Madagascar. Ten
103species or so proved to be the most adapted and produc-
tive. Tall grasses like maize, Pennisetum purpureum
and Tripsacum laxum produce 18-22 t dry matter (DM)
per hectare. Smaller grasses yield from 7 to 16.4 t
DM/ha. It is worth noticing that native pastures may
produce 13 t DM/ha (Rasambainarivo et al. 1983).
The highest yielding legume is Stylosanthes
guianensis (6 t DM/ha). More recently, Stylosanthes
hamata has been introduced, which is regarded as one
of the most promising legumes in many ecological areas
of the Island. For the dry south, Stylosanthes humilis
was tested and proved to be well adapted; on fresh,
dry-season highlands, Desmodium species are more
recommended.
Four plants are used extensively, three grasses
and one legume. The grasses are P. purpureum, T.
laxum, and Chloris gayana; the legume is S. guianen-
sis.
ESTABLISHMENT
Generally speaking, from the experiments con-
ducted to date, establishing grasses is easier than
establishing legumes, but the research work consisted
mainly in determining the most efficient and quickest
way of establishing legumes. This led to the study of
the factors involved in the improvement of the germina-
tion rate of seeds first and then those involved in land
preparation.
Improvement of Seed Germination
In our studies, the germination rates of S.
guianensis and S. humilis seeds are low (Rasambainarivo
and Razafindratsita 1976), so chemical and mechanical
treatments of seeds were tried. The results indicate
that these treatments are quite profitable and the ger-
mination rate can be increased, e.g., the germination of
untreated seed of S. guianensis is about 20%, but after
treatment it is up to 80%.
Land Preparation
Comparison of two methods of land preparation was
made in three different regions (Rasambainarivo and
104Razafindratsita 1980). One involved the introduction of
legumes in native pasture by the sod seeding tech-
nique. The other involved the fully cultivated seed bed
using ploughing and disking. The results indicate that
the introduction of legumes in the native pasture in this
manner is bound to fail 3 or 4 years later, due essen-
tially to competition between the existing vegetation and
the legume seedlings. This competition may last 3 or 4
years and the legume yields decrease from year to
year.
However, in the case of a fully prepared seed
bed, the legume production is high even in the lst year
(S. guianensis: 4-6 t DM/ha) and it remains so more
than 5 years after depending on the grazing manage-
ment. We have only used fertilizer during the establish-
ment period just before sowing. We also tested the
pasture persistence under these conditions when there
was no more fertilizer applied in the following years.
Research on seed pelleting with Rhizobium is not
yet well documented and, in most cases, we worked
with species whose Rhizobium belong to the "cowpea"
group. In future, it will be necessary to try inocula-
tion, because after a trial conducted in the western
part of the island, we noticed that the growing rates of
legumes were much higher when they are sown on a
formerly groundnut field.
Grass establishment is easier by sowing or in a
vegetative way. When comparing the plant density of
maize we do not find any significant differences between
71,400 and 128,500 plants/ha (Rasambainarivo and
Razafindratisita 1979). In the middle west region asso-
ciations were tried. No differences were found on dry
matter yields of grass alone (Chloris or Setaria) or
their association with Stylosanthes and Siratro (Rasam-
bainarivo and Razafindratsita 1978). The legume-grass
ratio dry matter basis is growing from the rainy season
to the dry season.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS
Chemical analyses were performed to assess the
quality of species. The main conclusions can be summar-
ized as follows with clipped samples (Bigot and
Razafindratsita 1975; Rasambainarivo et al. 1983).
105Crude Protein gilOWg DM
Fig. 1. Crude protein contents of pasture grasses and
legumes.
Crude Protein (Fig. 1)
The crude protein content of the pastures de-
creases from January to September, after this it begins
to rise. For grass species, the crude protein percen-
tage is below the 7% level early in May for native
pasture and 1 month later for C. gayana. It ranges
from 10% in January to 2.4% in September for H. rufa.
As for the legume species, their content does not show
any important deficiency even in the dry season. Maxi-
mum percentage is reached in January at 16.8% with
Siratro.
Phosphorus (Fig. 2)
For all the species, phosphorus content is less
than 2% year round except for some samples of Siratro
in the rainy season.
106fe
St santhes grionaxis
a rufc
Phosphorus g11000g DM n 0,Nrhu
CMorts rnasoba
Slro ro
2
1,5
1
0,5
D
J F M A M J A D
Fig. 2. Phosphorus contents of pasture grasses and
legumes.
Calcium g11000g DM
t-:
0--4 H rrlxrvo rural
mercropaKpn h0ortus
Ch or1s rmsaba
p- q Siratro
15J
10J
J
ffffff
M A M J J A
""'
O- D
Fig. 3. Calcium contents of pasture grasses and
legumes.
107Calcium (Fig. 3)
The calcium amounts were considered sufficient to
meet the animal requirements in the rainy and dry sea-
sons. This content is usually constant at 2.8% for
native species.
GRAZING MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION
The major cattle nutrition problem in Madagascar is
experienced in the dry season. Pasture evaluation trials
and traditional beef management practices indicate that
the rainy season pasture is sufficient and has an ade-
quate nutritive value for growth.
Experiments were undertaken to assess beef cattle
production on pasture with different stocking rates.
Usually, different fixed stocking rates were compared
using the continuous grazing method. Six trials were
conducted in three areas (Table 1). The main conclu-
sions are that legume-based pasture may be stocked
with from 1 to 11 animals/ha. The liveweight gains
range from 0.136 to 0.430 kg/day (equivalent to 40 to
280 kg liveweight gains/ha). The main factors affecting
animal production are stocking rates and the experimen-
tal season. So, by increasing the stocking rate we
increased the animal output (Fig. 4). With 2 animals/ha,
the gain is about 50 kg/ha but with 11 animals/ha the
gain reached 200 kg/ha, -even if the individual daily
gain decreases from 0.220 to 0.180 kg. Trials, however,
conducted in the western region show a very high
liveweight gain on a grazed sorghum pasture. Daily
individual gain reaches 0.688 kg and the liveweight gain
per hectare is about 603 kg when stocked with 12 ani-
mals/ha (Fig. 5).
We have also tried the use of maize silage for zebu
cattle fattening. The daily liveweight gain rose to 0.720
kg but the silage must be supplemented with 1 kg cot-
ton seed-cake/animal/day (Rasambainarivo et al. 1978).
Each hectare sown with maize forage permits a gain of
about 1,100 kg liveweight.
All these results indicate that legume-based
pastures are very promising during the rainy season
and the first part of the dry season (until Septem-
108Table 1. Liveweight gains from Zebu cattle grazing artificial pastures in Madagascar.
Stocking Duration of Results
Pastures Experimental rates experiments Daily mean Gain/ha
(cultivated areas) management (animais/ha) (days) gain (kg) (kg) References
Chloris gayana +
Melinis minutiflora +
Centrosema pubescens +
glycine + "Put and take" 4 286 Razakabaona (1969)
Stylosanthes guianensis
(1 ha)
Stylosanthes guianensis Continuons grazing 2 0.430 61 Rasambainarivo and
+ Chloris gayana 2 71 (May-Jul) 0.275 39 Rakotozandrindrainy
(6 ha) 4 0.331 94 (1977)
4 0.165 47
Stylosanthes guianensis Continuous grazing 0.9 137 (Mar-Aug) 0.350 43 Rasambainarivo et al.
+ Siratro 1.8 82 (Mar-Jun) 0.266 39 (1983)
(8 ha) 2.8 61 (Mar-May) 0.328 57
Stylosanthes guianensis Continuous grazing 3 125 (Feb-Jun) 0.245 81 Rasambainarivo et al.
+ Siratro 6 0.136 100 (1983)
9 0.174 197
Stylosanthes guianensis Continuous grazing 4 125 (Feb-Jun) 0.180 78 Rasambainarivo et al.
+ Siratro 7 0.202 177 (1983)
+ Pennisetum purpureum 11 0.204 282
Sorghum sp. Continuous grazing 2.8 0.658 103 Rasambainarivo et al.
(7.5 ha) 5.2 70 (Sep-Nov) 0.631 210 (1983)
9.0 0.522 286
12.5 0.688 603Sorghum lowlantl pasture = A y 4.192+6;033
: 0.7y
Grass - legume pasture = B f yT
: - 14 .27:+3 0 3,49
. - 0.67
Native pasture C ! Y = 4,a3 -+ 9. 64
- 0,93
Average daily IiveweigN gain (kg)
Sbckeq rote (animal/ ha)
Fig. 4. The relationship between average daily live-
weight gain and stocking rate for three pastures in the
western region of Madagascar.
Sorghum lowlantl pasture = A 0,02:S0,
2
99
Grass - legume pasture = 6 4y
C r
° 15.12
0,96
e. 1.61
Native pasture
f y r -1.31 a,74
T: -0.64
Liveweigh( gain i kg)ha) 'A
600,
400
200
1 2 3 4 5678910111213
(mina) S(ocking rate (ha )
Fig. 5. The relationship between stocking rate and
liveweight gain for three pastures in the western region
of Madagascar.
110ber). They permit some appreciable gains for zebu cat-
tle, and the tall grass pasture, fresh or silage, may be
used for beef fattening.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The main purpose of a pasture is to provide food
for grazing animais. Therefore, the final value of a
pasture is to be expressed in terms of animal produc-
tion. Our research methodology is then determined by
this objective and the various local conditions. Because
of a lack of qualified staff, a pasture research team was
only formed after 1970.
The history of pasture research in Madagascar can
be divided into three periods: from 1960 to 1973, stu-
dies were focused on native pastures, the way to
improve them by management and plant introduction;
from 1974 to 1977, plant introduction was carried on
with establishment trials; and, finally, since 1978, we
have undertaken some small regional screening trials
along with the evaluation of pasture and silage through
animal performance, measuring mainly liveweight gains.
Ail these studies were performed in experimental sta-
tions and centres, and plant introduction is the resuit
of interinstitution exchanges.
For clipping trials, the plot areas range from 24 to
50 m2, where, as with grazing experiments, cultivated
areas can reach 10 ha. In this case, management is in
the form of continuous grazing with fixed stocking
rates. The starting weight for zebu cattle is about 250
kg and experiments last 2-4 months.
FUTURE RESEARCH PRIORITIES
We have now some information on native pasture
productivity and its limits and some data about intro-
duced species that are well adapted. In the future,
emphasis will be put on two areas: a better understand-
ing of pastures and their management techniques for
the dairy smallholdings, and the establishment and
management of pastures to increase the female concep-
tion rate and encourage a more regular growth of young
zebu cattle.
111Research will be conducted in expérimental stations
and centres, but we are fully aware of the importance
of on-farm trials. Sectorial and multidisciplinary
research will be necessary at both the national and the
international levels.
REFERENCES
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sition chimique de Stylosanthes guyanensis. Rap-
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Granier, P. 1970. Productivité du pâturage naturel de
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Granier, P., Lahore, J., and Dubois, P. 1968. Etude
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MDRRA (Ministère du Développement Rural et de la
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MPARA (Ministère de la Production Agricole et de la
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Rasambainarivo, J.H., Rakotoarivelo, J., and Rakoto-
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112Rasambainarivo, J.H., Rakotozandrindrainy, R., and
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1983).
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bovines sur les pâturages à Sorgho des baibobo
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