PANDEMIC OF COVID-19 IN INDONESIA: SOCIAL POLITICS PERSPECTIVE
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ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya ISSN: 2252-9144 (Cetak)
Volume 10, Nomor 1, Februari 2021: 36 - 52 ISSN: 2355-360X (Online)
10.33772/etnoreflika.v10i1.915
PANDEMIC OF COVID-19 IN INDONESIA:
SOCIAL POLITICS PERSPECTIVE
PANDEMI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA:
PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL POLITIK
Shindy Diah Ayu Lestari
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Email korespondensi: 2017891001@student.unpar.ac.id
Diterima: 11 Agustus 2020; Direvisi: 26 Januari 2021; Disetujui: 6 Februari 2021
Copyright © 2021 The Author
This is an open access article
under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
How to cite (APA): Lestari, S. D. A. (2021). Pandemic of covid-19 in Indonesia: social politics
perspective. ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, 10(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.33772/
etnoreflika.v10i1.915
ABSTRACT
In the second half of the twentieth century, global security issues have quickly transformed
into what is defined nowadays as non-traditional security issues and the latest of such non-
traditional security problem has emerged recently as the recent Covid-19 pandemic impacted
the whole world on an unprecedented scale. Indonesia, as the fourth most populated country
with 267 million people, face an extraordinary challenge and therefore it is interesting to see
and to learn how the situation developed, what the Government of Indonesia did, included
what the Government should do, not only from the healthcare point of view, but also from
other perspectives such as social and political. Using the problems arising during the
pandemic in Indonesia as a non-traditional security issue, the present work aims to assess the
difficulties faced by the country in order to establish a set of short and longterm plans that
should be addressed in order to improve the preparedness and to correct the current flaws
generating difficulties to develop an optimal response. Governmental decisions and
communication should be clear and follow a solid strategy to ensure population awareness.
Law enforcement should strictly emphasize on the dangerousness of Covid-19. Coordination
between central and local governments should be efficient and involve experts and respected
figures. Not only healthcare but also economic, social and political issues need to be planned
and projected during and after pandemic and the lessons taken during this pandemic should
be used to build solid and better foundations for future development of the Republic of
Indonesia.
Keywords: covid-19, pandemic, non-traditional security issue, social economy, Indonesia
ABSTRAK
Pada paruh kedua abad ke-20, isu keamanan global dengan cepat berubah menjadi apa
yang saat ini didefinisikan sebagai isu keamanan non-tradisional dan yang terbaru saat ini
adalah pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda seluruh dunia dengan skala fantastis. Indonesia
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sebagai negara terpadat ke empat dengan 267 juta penduduk menghadapi tantangan yang
luar biasa serta menarik untuk disimak, dimulai dari apa yang telah dilakukan hingga apa
yang harus dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia, tidak hanya dari sudut pandang
kesehatan, melainkan juga perspektif lain seperti sosial dan politik. Dengan menyimak
berbagai dinamika yang muncul selama pandemi di Indonesia sebagai isu keamanan non-
tradisional, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui tantangan yang dihadapi oleh negara
untuk menetapkan serangkaian rencana baik jangka pendek maupun panjang. Dalam hal ini
komunikasi dan kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah harus jelas dan menghasilkan
strategi yang kuat terutama untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat. Selain itu untuk
menekan bahaya Covid-19, penegakan hukum di lapangan harus dilakukan dengan tegas
disamping koordinasi yang efisien antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah dengan melibatkan
para ahli dan tokoh. Pada akhirnya, isu kesehatan, ekonomi, sosial dan politik perlu
mendapatkan perhatian khusus dan terencana baik selama maupun setelah pandemi
berlangsung, sehingga pandemi ini dapat memberikan pelajaran bagi Indonesia untuk
membangun masa depan yang lebih baik.
Kata kunci: Covid-19, pandemi, isu keamanan non-tradisional, sosial ekonomi, Indonesia
INTRODUCTION prayers in holy mosques of Mecca and
At the end of 2019, the world was Medina”, 2020.). Also similarly for
shaken by the appearance of Covid-19, a Vatican, released by their news agency,
new virus suspected to originate from Vatican News, St. Peter’s Basilica and
wild animals and first appearing in Square remain closed to tourists as well
Wuhan, a city in Hubei Province, China. as guided tours starting from 10th March
This new virus caused a very serious 2020 until April 2020 due to the spread
disease potentially life-threatening with of Covid-19 (“Covid-19: Vatican closes
symptoms almost similar to normal flu St. Peter’s Basilica to tourists”, 2020).
such as fever, sore throat, shortness of Another big world event such as Olympic
breath and diarrhea. While this article is Games, Soccer Leagues, International
being written, the pandemic is still Seminar or Workshop were also
causing serious concerns and spreading cancelled. It was implemented to slow
all over the world. The World Health down the virus spreading, because WHO
Organization (WHO) keeps updating declared that many cases of Covid-19
news about the virus, since there was no appeared when people are closed one to
idea about what is it while the virus another. This change happened almost all
spread very fast until they declared it as a over the world, included Indonesia.
pandemic at 11th March 2020 as they
Novelty
found 118,000 cases in 114 countries,
The unprecedented scale of this
and 4,291 people have lost their lives
global crisis necessitates a self-
(World Health Organization, 2020).
assessment of local and global response
This major issue of health
as well as of the coordination between
management then changed the world
countries (Karabag, 2020). This whole
activity. Many big world events were
situation represents itself a novelty as
cancelled or postponed. Even holy places
Indonesia has never faced such a
for Moslem, Mecca and Medina at Saudi
challenge in the modern era. The inno-
Arabia, has banned entry to sites to
vation of this study relies on the fact that
curtail spread of Covid-19 with effect on
despite small scale pandemics occurring
20th March 2020 since the kingdom had
in the past decades, the impact of the
confirmed 274 cases of Covid-19
Covid-19 which is spreading across the
(“Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia suspends
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world has imposed a major stress on the outbreaks made by Indonesia. The only
institutions of a developing country like relevant sources of information per-
the Republic of Indonesia. It is therefore taining to these outbreaks are related to
important to evaluate the response of the other Asian countries such as Singapore,
country and the issues highlighted by the Korea or China (Bai et al., 2011; Cutter
lack of preparedness and the potential et al., 2010; Goh et al., 2006; Lee, Shin,
organizational issues if the national insti- Jun, & Lee, 2010). However these reports
tutions and to propose solutions to the may not be completely relevant for
problems identified. Indonesia due to differences in term of
development and organization. The
Objectives
closest relevant data that could be found
As one of the most populated
relates to countries such as Thailand or
country with 267 million people (2019)
Malaysia (Sparke & Anguelov, 2012;
(“Data from Bureau of Statistics of
Ungchusak et al., 2012; Wong & Sam,
Indonesia”, 2020), it will be interesting to
2010) and even then the size of Indonesia
see and learn what happened and what
and its population, the differences of
the Government of Indonesia did,
development between provinces and the
includeed what the Government should
scattering of the country over 17000
do, not only from the healthcare point of
islands makes it a very unique case which
view, but also from other perspectives
is hardly comparable to neighboring with
such as social and politics. Since the
similar development level. Moreover
issue is truly novel, there are not many
these outbreaks occurred on a much
articles about Covid-19 and its conse-
smaller scale than the Covid-19 pandemic
quences. This article will try to find out
and undoubtedly had far less reaching
more about the pandemic through social
consequences in term of social order, po-
politics perspective in Indonesia which
litical management and economic impact.
has now become the worst hit country in
However those outbreaks certain-
Southeast Asia with 98778 confirmed
ly helped to delineate a few updates on
cases, 4781 deaths and 56655 recovered
infection control practices and gave a
as of July 27th 2020 (“Data from the
signal warning of the reality that an out-
Ministry of Health the Republic of
break was valid cause of concern (Shaw,
Indonesia” 2020; “World of meter”
2006). Indonesia had another opportunity
2020).
to develop more awareness, expertise and
Previous Research global involvement during the concerns
As mentioned previously the wide raised in 2006 of a possible pandemic of
of the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic is an avian influenza H5N1. However due the
extraordinary crisis unseen during the self-serving behavior of the political
modern era of late 20th and early 21st landscape to advance its agenda resulted
centuries (Yan, 2020). The only possible essentially in a failure (Hameiri, 2014;
light analogies that could be made are the Hameiri & Jones, 2015). This apparent
2004 SARS outbreak (Chan-Yeung & unpreparedness left the question as to
Xu, 2003; Hanna & Huang, 2004; how the Indonesian government would
Heymann, 2004; Shaw, 2006; Zhong, react and organize in the event of a
2004) and the 2009 outbreak of influenza massive health crisis like the Covid-19
A H1N1 (Cheng, To, Tse, Hung, & pandemic, an open topic than only the
Yuen, 2012; Gatherer, 2009). Even then analysis of the current events will help us
very little or none at all information is to envision.
available regarding the response to these
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Theory as a non-traditional security threat
As we know it today, especially in (Heymann et al., 2015; McInnes, 2019;
the aftermath of World War II, security Ng & Ruger, 2011). As a consequence of
issues in the world have changed into some challenges to which the country is
non-traditional security (Caballero- confronted during the pandemic in Indo-
Anthony, 2018; Dosch, 2006; NTS-Asia, nesia could be characterized as non-tradi-
n.d.). People now are challenged by non- tional security issues.
military risks that threaten communita-
rian but also personal security (Caballero- RESEARCH METHOD
Anthony, 2017). To give more details, the While it is still too early to figure
Consortium of Non Traditional Security this kind of disease as a bioterrorism act
mentioned non-traditional security issues that had interest beyond healthcare mana-
as challenges to the survival and well- gement, nevertheless we need to learn
being of peoples and states that arise and evaluate the possibility about it as the
primarily out of non-military sources, issue developed. More importantly the
such as climate change, resources scar- flaws and problems that have arisen
city, infectious diseases, natural disasters, during the pandemic should be used as a
irregular migration, food shortages, learning step to develop strategies at
people smuggling, drug trafficking and every level in order to correct the flaws
transnational crime. These dangers are that had been identified in order to be
often transnational in scope, defying able to respond efficiently if such a threat
unilateral remedies and requiring com- should happen again in the future. The
prehensive – political, economic, social – worldwide impact of the Covid-19
responses, as well as humanitarian use of pandemic will have irreversible changes
military force (NTS-Asia, n.d.). in health controls and management.
To be more precise, the different There are questions such as how to
characteristics of non-traditional security enable efficient contact tracing while
can be defined with a few set of rules that maintaining individual privacy protection
can be summarized as follow: requires careful but essential application
- A non-traditional security risk does and might induce progress in term of
not stem from the competition bet- ethical rules and policies. Development
ween states or shifts in the balance of of better online communication systems
power, but are often defined in poli- to limit human interactions needs to be
tical and socio-economic terms. used to build a framework to pave the
- Non-traditional security issues cause evolution of how communications need
societal and political instability and to improve in Indonesia between the
hence become threats to security. different sectors whether it is from
- Consequences of such threats to both individuals to specific government agen-
states and societies are often difficult cies, between companies or between
to reverse or repair. private and public sectors. Such ques-
- National solutions are often inadequate tioned and the problems identified during
and would thus essentially require the Covid-19 crisis should be used to plan
regional and multilateral cooperation. and pave the way for improvements and
- The threat of security is not only for future development in all aspect of life in
the state, but also the people both at Indonesia. That way the current situation
individual and societal levels. with its dramatic effects can be used to
Based on this theory, the pan- provide better preparation and life to the
demic of Covid-19 can be characterized future generations and show that Indo-
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nesia has been able to use it as a step to like Western countries since each country
adapt its development by taking into has its own characteristics. However the
account a new type of threats for its explanation below could be used as a
population but also its economy. We will feedback regarding how State and people
highlight the key decisions made and performed.
measures taken by the Indonesian First, regarding the health issue,
Government as illustrated by different as mentioned previously Covid-19 has
media sources and articles citations. Our infected nearly 100000 people in
methodology will analyze the different Indonesia as of end of July 2020, and
responses made by Indonesia at the nearly 5000 people died. Surely this is
political, economic and social levels and not a positive result for Indonesia. Within
identify the main points that failed to a month following the first cases, around
provide an efficient effect to fight the 2000 people were infected and the
spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based situation would further worsen in the next
on these, we will then try to provide a 2 or 3 months. Specifically, Indonesia is
future framework of matters to develop in an archipelago country that had many
order to correct the failures identified. entry points, different from Singapore or
other western countries that have more
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION limited access points. The geography of
Indonesia therefore made it more difficult
Analysis
to control the mobilization of people
Political Response within Indonesia. The Government
The Pandemic of Covid-19 in needed to respond fast before the number
Indonesia was first confirmed on 3rd of patients become overwhelming for the
March at Depok, West Java, with a healthcare system, especially since more
mother and her daughter getting sick after than 250 million people live in Indonesia.
coming back from an event that was Despite other countries entering full
attended by people from several lockdown, the central government only
countries. These first confirmed cases of closed the country’s borders to foreigners
Covid-19 were declared directly by the on April 2nd 2020 (“Indonesia closes its
President, Mr. Joko Widodo. As the issue borders to foreign arrivals,” 2020), one
developed and other cases were found, month after the first confirmed cases and
the Government of Indonesia took this as once the confirmed local cases reached
an emergency situation (Djalante et al., already thousands.
2020). The Government also increased
Not only a healthcare issue, as the budget for healthcare to help to the
mentioned before in the theory of Non pandemic management. Related to this
Traditional Security, the threat to security matter, the Government of Indonesia
is not only for the state, but also for the asked citizens to stay at home and follow
people both at individual and societal the social distancing rules, starting from
levels and impacts other sectors as well. 16th of March 2020 to prevent the Covid-
In order to understand what the problems 19 to spread too fast.
that need to be solved are, first we need From the political sight, it was
to figure out what are the challenges and quite challenging to implement a single
difficulties that appeared during the general policy from the central
pandemic in Indonesia. We did not have government considering Indonesia is a
the possibility to follow the actions and very big country. Indonesia comprises 33
policies implemented by other countries provinces that are each led by a
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Governor. Each province also consists of Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor
several regions led by Mayors/Regents. HK.01.07/MENKES/182/2020 tentang
This pandemic that spread faster than the Jejaring Laboratorium Pemeriksaan Co-
coordination between central and local rona Virus Disease. The list itself, was
governments resulted in the policies from declared on 16th March 2020, 13 days
the central government being too slow to after the first confirmed cases of Covid-
efficiently slow down the rise in case 19 were officially documented (3rd March
numbers. The slow pace of decisions 2020).
taken by the central government to de- In another case, Tegal, a small
crease population movements within city in Central Java decided to initiate a
Indonesia also impaired the response that “lockdown” of the city from 30th March
could be developed by the local govern- 2020 due to a big “mudik” from Jakarta
ments since quarantine and lockdown can and other big cities. Tegal is known as a
only be implemented through the central city of workers. Mostly they worked in
government’s action. This affected the Jakarta as housemaids or labor force in
efficiency of the actions taken by local factories. When they lost their job, they
governments and prevented the possi- started to come back to their hometown,
bility to slow down the increase in the including Tegal. This is why the local
number of positive Covid-19 cases in the administration of Tegal implemented
early onset of the pandemic. Economic their own local lockdown. This also
concerns and interests raised by the happened in West Java Province in which
central government have also been a the Governor of West Java allowed the
critical factor slowing down and impe- Mayors and Regencies in West Java to
ding measures to tackle the virus spread execute their own local lockdown or
(Rosser, 2013). While the economic karantina wilayah.
impact of a pandemic is a valid concern, Another example relates to the
prioritizing economic preservation and transportation across provinces as it
damage control over strong measures and happened in Jakarta and West Java. Both
strategies to support healthcare, to count- Provinces could not take a decision
er the virus spread and prevent people regarding the trains crossing their area.
from dying is ultimately a wrong choice Both provinces wanted PT. KCI, the train
that could lead to an increased duration of company, to stop the train in order to
the pandemic with more economic dama- prevent the spread of Covid-19 between
ges. the two provinces. They were unable to
In another example, Central Go- do it since it was a decision depending of
vernment only admitted a confirmed case the central government. Finally few days
of Covid-19 just after tests in central later PT. KCI changed the schedule as
laboratory at Jakarta were done which proposed by the central government
required few days. Regarding these slow through the Ministry of Transportation.
testing procedures, local governments Following this, the Central Government
pushed the central government to allow made specific technical rules called
them to perform testing by themselve and Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar
validate the results in local laboratory (PSBB) or Large-Scale Social Restric-
from their region. This demand from lo- tions. In the PSBB a detailed protocol for
cal government was accepted and a list of movements of people was specifically
authorized and competent laboratories in acknowledged. For administration pur-
Indonesia was released through a decla- pose, local governments ask the per-
ration from the Ministry of Health or mission to the central government for the
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local rules and policies they wish to 265.881 workers from 30.466 companies
implement and the central government who lost their job (“Dampak Corona 1,5
declared if it is agreeable or rejected. Juta Masyarakat RI Kehilangan
First PSBB was implemented in Jakarta, Pekerjaan karena COVID-19, edisi 11
the capital city of Indonesia on 10th April April 2020,” 2020). Government of Indo-
2020 for two weeks will be re-evaluated nesia claimed that the pandemic also cau-
later on. Second PSBB was implemented sed the decrease of productivity from the
in West Java near Jakarta (Bogor City, labor and companies also purchasing po-
Bogor Regency, Depok, Bekasi City, and wer of people.
Bekasi Regency) starting from 15th April This increase in unemployment
2020 for two weeks and will be re- then raised another challenging social
evaluated similarly depending of the issue related to Covid-19 in Indonesia
situation’s progression. And third PSBB caused by the cultural background.
was implemented in Tangerang, Banten People in big cities like Jakarta went back
starting from 18th April 2020. This matter to their hometown due to many reasons
should be a serious concern for the such as the loss of work and inability to
Government of Indonesia for public well- pay bills or more simple reason like
being in an emergency situation despite staying home without doing anything to
potential resistance. lead them going back to their hometown
to spend that time. The Government still
Economic Impact tried hard to tell people to stay and
Second, regarding the economic prevent unnecessary mobilization to
issue, many business places also had to avoid virus spread and even provided
close since social distancing and quaran- them with some program to fulfil their
tine were implemented. It automatically live during the pandemic. One of such
influenced the economy activity of the program was Program Kartu Prakerja for
country. As per April 2020, the Minister those who seek job, lost their job, or
of Economy of the Republic of Indonesia people that need higher competences
said that the economy of Indonesia could listed at some Government Office such as
drop to 2.3 % or maybe even worse until Ministry of Workers, Ministry of Small
minus 0.4 %. Besides, the value of and Medium Enterprises, etc. The Go-
Indonesian Rupiah could be very low vernment of Indonesia increased the bud-
until Rp. 17.500-Rp. 20.000 per USA get from 10 Billion Rupiah before
Dollar (Intan, 2020). Still the Minister pandemic to 20 billion Rupiah during the
said that the situation was different from pandemic. This program itself aims to
the monetary crisis in 1997-1998. At that distribute 3.550.000 rupiah to 1 million
time the economy of Indonesia could people through online workshop hosted
survive because of the Small and by State owned Enterprises/govern-
Medium Enterprise but in the current ment/private companies for 4 months.
situation SMEs are strongly affected by Despite these incentives, the
their forced decreased activity. On April Government has been moderately
2020, Government of Indonesia stated successful to hold the mobilization of
that around 1.5 million people lost their people. It also is specifically difficult to
job because of Covid-19, with 10% being achieve since this pandemic happened
fired and 90% “staying home”. Some near Ramadhan month and the tradition
160.067 workers from 24.225 companies in Indonesia called “mudik” or coming
were fired and 1.080.765 workers from back to the hometown to celebrate the
27.340 companies were forced to stay Eid ul-Fitr is a behavior deeply anchored
home. From informal sector, there were
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into local culture. The economic impact decrease or stop all unessential activities
and job losses further worsened the included their religious activity, many
situation since it had a negative impact on
people rejected and some of them caused
the disease spreading. Movements’ res- chaos. Indonesia is not a secular country
triction failed to be implemented effi- and religion is one of their based in
ciently in time and incentives to help the
Pancasila at the first point. Indonesia is
jobless population did not prevent non- also known as the biggest Moslem
essential movements between provinces country in the world. As per the data
which led to a massive surge in cases from Census held once every 10 years in
from June 2020 until now with new 2010, it was noted that Indonesians
provinces becoming ‘hot spot” of positive
comprise 87,18% Moslem, 6,96% Chris-
cases such as Central and East Java. Thetians, 2,9% Catholics, 1,69% Hinduisms,
negative impact on national economy and 0,72% Buddhists, 0,05% Konghucu,
its pressure led to an easing of restrictions
0,13% others and 0,38% unknown.
of movement between provinces. Overall When it happened some people
in order to mitigate the economic impactthought that Government forbid them to
and the effects on its citizens, Indonesia
pray and rejected their human right. To
had to shorten lockdown restrictions face this situation the Government then
compared to other countries that appliedask the Scholars and all Religion Acti-
restrictions on people’s travels during vists to give their statement from the
much longer periods. This difficult view of religion in order to give a rational
situation to weight between general statement about the current situation and
health and the economic impact and the to defuse the issue at hand.
difficulties it generates on its population Besides Religion Activists, the
led to general failure of social distancing
Government of Indonesia also involved
and restrictions measures which resultedacademicians to give explanations about
in a growing number of cases reaching the issue from an academic point of view.
nearly 100000 cases at the end of July The lack of knowledge from people also
2020. This forced choice that needs to caused extra troubles through circulation
balance the economic impact of the of hoaxes in social media about the
pandemic and the general health can be Covid-19 issue and made the situation
considered as another non-traditional harder. Rejection for the funeral of
security risk and should lead to measures
people dying from Covid-19 for example
and transformations that take into account
was advertised in some places in Indo-
the fact that both sides of the problem nesia. People believed that dead people
need to be addressed and are inevitably still could spread the virus. Another
linked to each other: higher number of example was people rejecting the doctors,
unemployed people will decrease their nurses or other medical workers. They
ability to support economy as consumers believed it to be too risky to get close to
while an increase in sick people may also
them since they interacted with sick
lead to a decrease in workforce but as people.
well decrease their spending habits to be Once declaration was made that it
ready to face hard times. was fine to perform religious activities
from home and explanations about the
Social Impact
virus would not spread 7 hours after the
Another challenge from a social
death, the situation has been getting
perspective is the lack of trust in the
better. To prevent other rejection issues,
government actions. When the govern-
the Government then implemented
ment asked people to stay at home and
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specific health protocol related to Covid- low prices that can be afforded by people.
19 which included providing special This serves as well as a positive example
areas for funerals to be held. We obser- as to how local companies and businesses
ved how people trusted more the experts can re-purpose and adapt their expertise
than their own Government. This should and services to help the country facing a
be a hard homework for the government major crisis while maintaining an econo-
to build a stronger trust relationship with mic activity.
their citizens in order to better implement As a special note related to the
all the necessary policies. In other words law enforcement, Indonesia is needed to
the central government could have had pay attention more than other countries.
better results with a better communi- First, the large size of the country with
cation involving experts and detailed numerous people who lost their job might
though concise explanations as to what induce a rise of the criminality correlated
they decided to implement such rules and to the unemployment level. In addition
policies to limit social interactions. Such the Ministry of Law and Human Right of
situation can cause social troubles which Indonesia has released 22.158 prisoners
in time of crisis like the Covid-19 pan- to prevent the spread of Covid-19. It
demic can have detrimental effect the might be too early to predict their beha-
management of the crisis such as slowing vior and if they perform good or bad
down the implementation of social dis- actions once back to the community. But
tancing measures and therefore repre- the risk of cases involving criminal
sents a non-traditional security issue that recidivists should raise awareness and the
impacts social stability and crisis mana- police and army need to more alert in
gement. their duty in the current situation.
Another challenge for Indonesia
Other Effects
came from Law Enforcement. In Singa-
In term of economic and social
pore, it was illegal to sell masks, hand
issues, the difficulties did not arise only
sanitizer or other related health products
from within Indonesia but also from
for higher price with a very strict law,
outside. Since the pandemic materialized
while the opposite happened at Indonesia.
in December 2019 and spread towards
Some people still sold masks 10 times
many countries including ASEAN coun-
more expensive than normal price in both
tries, the economic and social activities
online and conventional markets and also
from and to Indonesia were also directly
because of the scarcity of product. In
affected. The “lockdown” policy done by
order to address this issue the Govern-
countries near Indonesia such as Malay-
ment pushed the online platforms or e-
sia, Singapore, and Thailand, for example
commerce to ban the dishonest sellers. It
made the mobilization either for goods,
was a complicated task due to the size of
services or people more limited. This led
a country like Indonesia. Just after WHO
to an unusual situation in which the
released the information that medical
country needed to focus on its own
masks should be prioritized for medical
capabilities and assets with a minimum of
personal use while healthy people could
external exchanges. This essentially led
use a non-medical mask on 3rd April 2020
the Republic of Indonesia to manage the
(Arbar & Indonesia, 2020), the situation
Covid-19 situation alone similarly to
started getting better. More people
what happened for most countries. While
included Small and Micro Enterprises in
being an uneasy situation this represents
Indonesia switched their scope and pro-
also an opportunity to strongly assess the
duced non-medical masks to sell with
strengths and weaknesses that the global
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http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika| 44Shindy Diah Ayu Lestari: Pandemic of Covid-19 in Indonesia: Social Politics Perspective
pandemic has revealed and to start to people in order to earn their trust and
improve the points that failed to meet comply with government policies. Media
satisfying results. also should be more active in preventing
and handling hoaxes and fake news rela-
Discussion
ted Covid-19. In Indonesia, based on data
Improving The Communication from Asosiasi Pengguna Jasa Internet
After checking the challenges Indonesia, Indonesians use the internet
faced by the country, then we can outline mostly for chatting (89,4%) and also for
some aspects that the Government needs social media (87%) (Setyowati, 2018).
to improve and be more vigilant about. Those platforms were the easiest way to
As pluralism theory declares, the state is spread the hoaxes and false information.
not the only actor in international rela- As observed in Indonesia, the
tions (Leira, 2015). Instead the state more recent actions of the Government
should involve other actors. Involving the put them back on track to mitigate the
figures such as religion activists and situation but showed a lack of unders-
academicians in giving statements was an tanding from the population with the term
important and good idea. But the govern- “new normal” emphasized by the
ment could also pay more attention to government. This led to the Indonesian
involve media. Media have a very government to change this label from
important role since they are bridging the “new normal” to ‘adapting to new habits”
information from the government to in order to ensure people do not believe
people. And the government should en- that the crisis is over and everything is
sure the media to be neutral and accurate back to normal (“Indonesia shifts from
in providing information. Therefore the ‘new normal’ to ‘adapting to new
first point of improvement should be the habits,’” 2020). However the central
communication with the population government still needs to emphasize
(Gazali, 2014). In order for the com- clearly on the current necessities and to
munication to be efficient and have a build a real communication path with
positive effect early in the crisis the go- their citizens and not only related to the
vernment first needs to make quick and healthcare issues and social distancing
clear decisions (Djalante et al., 2020). necessity.
Waiting for the first cases to be confirm- Another solution is emphasizing
ed was not necessary to start working on Law Enforcement. Government need to
communication and the policies to be be very strict in implementing the PSBB.
implemented once the pandemic starts to But in order to give legitimacy in strict
impact the country (Braunack-Mayer et law enforcement the communication and
al., 2010). the information given to the population
For example, the “panic buying” requires to extremely clear and unders-
that took place when the country started tood. In this case the Government really
to enter into a lockdown phase could needs to handle all the details from the
trigger other people to display the same top down to the grassroots. Supervision
“panic buying” behavior. The media in implementing all the policies is highly
could be used to reassure people, giving necessary to avoid mistakes and exploits.
more positives news related to Covid-19 Government should be fair in treating
such as people who recovered from the their citizens. Many violations discovered
disease, the availability of stock for food should be a home work for Government
and products and other news to show that to solve. Incentives to comply or punish-
the Government is acting to help the
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ment like fines would be a better idea action and interactions and this is a
than putting violators into jail. domain in which Indonesia can greatly
Besides punishment, the Govern- improve compared to other countries.
ment could create a reward system for The ability to shift from a company-
those who work to fight the current based work to a remote working model
situation. Using a strict but fair dual re- during time of crisis might have given
ward and punishment system could be more flexibility to Indonesian businesses
good way for the people to put back their and companies to face the economic
trust into the government. It would show induced by the Covid-19 pandemic. As a
that the Government was there and did matter of fact the global pandemic of
not give up to solve the crisis. This could 2020 has completely revolutionized the
be a critical moment for the Government view and perception on remote working
to show their competence and earn back (Peek, 2020). The development of capa-
trust and unity. bilities for remote working in the post-
Covid-19 era might be an important step
Evolution of National Economy
forward to improve economic flexi-bility.
The loss of jobs has been extre-
Early analysis of data in United States
mely high in Indonesia and the govern-
seem to indicate that the states in which
ment should certainly work on renovating
the fraction of remote working was high-
laws and policies regulating employment
er correlated with lower unemployment
to protect job holders but also the
insurance claims (Brynjolfsson et al.,
companies. For example, the Government
2020). This ability to shift to remote
already involved third parties such as
work in time of crisis should be used as
businessmen but they need to go beyond
parts of strict business continuity plans
their roles since they are some of the
that should be mandatory for all
main stakeholders in economy. The
businesses and companies in order to
policy to cut the tax and give longer time
maintain sustainable activity in case of
for credit for small micro enterprise was a
major crisis such as Covid-19 but also in
good idea even if the country will need to
case of other incidents that may lead to
spend more money for that to compen-
business disruption.
sate. Those technical issues require to be
While the government should
managed very well. Fake data should be
encourage companies to define strong
also avoided at all cost through thorough
business continuity plans to maintain
investigations. Determination of what
some degree of activity while major
kind of company and which SMEs will
business disruption occur, it should also
benefit this policy should be almost
provide a framework to define such plans
flawless. Besides, missing data due to
and create a set of incentives and sanc-
Indonesia having a large population can
tions through reworking laws and regula-
potentially occur. Collaboration with me-
tion to support a remodeling of business
dia and high technology is surely needed.
models but also to provide social protect-
Who gets help from the government
ion to employees and avoid abuse in
should be transparent and well informed
manpower lay-off. In such plans the
since it has the potential drawback to
lawmakers should emphasize the fact that
cause chaos and discontent.
in time of crisis everything should be
But the economy and local
attempted to preserve job positions such
businesses certainly will need to evolve
as remote working, shift from full-time to
once the pandemic reaches its end. In the
part-time or work shifts before conside-
digital era it appears essential and bene-
ring the inevitability of terminating a job
ficial to be able to promote online trans-
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http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika| 46Shindy Diah Ayu Lestari: Pandemic of Covid-19 in Indonesia: Social Politics Perspective
position. Another aspect that should be a loss of specialized and valuable man-
encouraged would be to re-purpose the power that will take years to replace in a
business or industrial activities when country that is already showing a deficit
possible to help fighting the crisis at hand in the numbers of doctors, nurses, beds
but also with the benefit to maintain an and ICU compared to the size of its
economic activity. Some successful population (Setiati & Azwar, 2020).
examples of such shift in activity has While progress has been made with the
been seen in West Java Province where implementation of the Badan Penye-
some companies such as state-owned lenggara Jaminan Sosial in 2014, the
arms manufacturers PT Pindad and state- current Covid-19 highlighted the fact that
owned aircraft manufacturer PT Dirgan- there is still need for improvement in
tara Indonesia were able to shift some of order to be ready to face major health
their activity to produce ventilators that crisis (Suryanto, Plummer, & Boyle,
are critical equipment needed for hos- 2016). Not only the modernization of the
pitals (Atika, 2020). Promoting such local healthcare system appear to be a ne-
innovation and flexibility has been cessity but it could also prove to be bene-
beneficial for West Java to have a better ficial from an economic point of view
control of the pandemic than other and further helps in Indonesia’s deve-
Indonesian provinces (“West Java bucks lopment. The unaddressed medical need
Indonesia’s trend of rising cases,” 2020). in Indonesia is estimated to be worth
Taken together of these facts show that nearly $70 billion (Lim, Sharma, Colyer,
Indonesia could gain very important & Lee, 2018). Improving the system
benefits from encouraging and paving the could develop an entire economic field
way for economic models allowing more relatively unexplored in Indonesia until
flexibility and to shape the future of the now. Though it would require extensive
country. effort and planning the potential benefits
for the country economy and develop-
Modernizing the Healthcare System ment are worth the effort. Such modern-
The healthcare system in Indo- ization would promote developing educa-
nesia has been strongly impacted by the tion to train more healthcare workers,
Covid-19 pandemic and has shown its modernize the hospital system to achieve
limits in term of ability to face a major more modern standard, facilitate commu-
health crisis. The need to modernize the nication between healthcare facilities and
healthcare aspect in Indonesia is now provide a better follow-up of medical
evident to all. The local healthcare sys- needs for the population. That would
tem was unprepared to face the current require direct involvement of the govern-
pandemic situation with an organization ment to launch such a modernization that
that is suboptimal for a country the size would need to start by building a trust
of Indonesia and the lack of priority that Indonesian citizens currently lacks in
given to health matters (Soewondo, their healthcare system. The wealthiest
Ferrario, & Tahapary, 2013; Suryanto, citizens prefer to go abroad for their
Plummer, & Boyle, 2017). The death of healthcare needs which by itself represent
at least 89 healthcare workers due to an economic loss at the national level
Covid-19 as of July 14th 2020 (Lim et al., 2018). This could also be
(Oktavianti, 2020) in Indonesia is alarm- used to promote better cooperation
ing not only because of the dramatic between clinicians and research teams of
result of people dying while trying to scientists to address the issues faced by
treat and save others but also because it is the local health institutions. This could in
ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya, Vol. 10, No. 1, Februari 2021: 36 – 52
http://journal.fib.uho.ac.id/index.php/etnoreflika| 47Shindy Diah Ayu Lestari: Pandemic of Covid-19 in Indonesia: Social Politics Perspective
turn promote innovation in the field of Last but not least, Indonesia
health sciences by itself could as well should be ready for the situation post-
generate substantial economic benefits. pandemic not only in term of healthcare
Overall the future of Indonesia will have issue, but also in term of economic, social
to include as well an improvement of its and political concerns and flaws that need
healthcare system to reach more modern to be addressed. It is possible that some
standards in order to be able to face actors use this Covid-19 issue as
major health concerns such as the Covid- “political product” to drop another figure
19 crisis but also the local issues faced by or just advertise their name. This kind of
an important population. This is an issue could influence the stability of the
important field for a country and govern- country especially since the pandemic
ment in order to fulfill its role in provi- happened all over the world. That is why
ding protection and care to its citizens. In as the theory of Non Traditional Security
addition, a developed healthcare system mentions, collective actions like co-
will in turn be an important actor of local operation between countries is strongly
economy and innovation to help in the and strictly needed to solve non-tradi-
development of Indonesia. tional security issues such as the current
Covid-19 pandemic.
CONCLUSION
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