Outlook on Electric Buses in India - Busworld Academy
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Outlook on Electric Buses in India
›
Dr. A.K. Jindal
Advisor E-Mobility, New products and Technology @ TATA Autocomp Systems Limited
›
.
EV BUS FUTURE –POST COVID
Way Forward
Busworld Webinar
16th July 2020
Date 16 July 2020
Environment Check
Proportion of Urban Population in India Exposed to Air Pollution
35%
32%
29%
Percentage of Urban Population
• Urban areas in India
30%
25%
are exposed to high 20%
level of air pollution 15% 12%
10%
10% 8%
• As awareness of air 5%
6%
pollution increases,
1%
0%
0 - 50 (Good) 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 >500 (Very
governments will be (Satisf actory) (Moderate) (Poor) (Very poor)
Particulate Matter (PM10) level (μg/m 3)
(Severe) Severe)
Data source: CPCB
forced to clamp down
on pollution sources
Source : Business Standard
Environment Check
Air Quality Index Proportion of Urban Population in India ExposedPM
in Delhi Biggest Global
35% experiment32% to Air Pollution
10
29% Concentration
on Pollution
Percentage of Urban Population
Pre and Post Lock
30%
25% in Delhi
Down 20% Pre and Post Lock
15% 12% Down
10%
10% 8%
6%
5%
1%
0%
0 - 50 (Good) 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500 >500 (Very
(Satisf actory) (Moderate) (Poor) (Very poor) (Severe) Severe)
Particulate Matter (PM10) level (μg/m 3)
Data source: CPCB
Effect of lockdown amid COVID-19 pandemic on air quality of the megacity Delhi, India
SusantaMahatoSwadesPalKrishna GopalGhosh
NEED Parameters for EV remains still valid and critical
Rapid • India, as rest of the world, is
experiencing unprecedented rise
Urbanisation in urbanisation
• India is expected to have more
than 68 cities with populations
more than 1 million in 2030
Traffic • A typical Monday at 8PM in
Congestion & New Delhi
Pollution
Challenges
for Design of
Future
Mobility
Solutions
Why Electric Mobility ?
In order to deliver significant GHG
emission reductions, transport • Sustainability
electrification needs to go with the National Electric Mobility
decarbonisation of power Mission • Protection of
generation. environment
100% e-mobility by 2030
• Deep social change
FAME (Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Hybrid & Major driving factors for
Electric Vehicles in India) new technology
developments
Key Areas :
1/3rd
Crude Imports Technology Development
India 3rd used on transportation Demand Creation
largest Oil Pilot Projects
Consumer 80% on Road Charging Infrastructure
transportation
4 million bpd
c Copyright, Confidential, Tata Motors Limited
FAME II Puts Big Focus on Buses
Vehicle segment-wise Incentives, Maximum Number of vehicles to be supported
Total Approximate Incentive
## Maximum
Sr. Approximate Size of @ 10000/KWh for all Maximum Ex-factory Total fund support
Vehicle segment Number of vehicles
No. battery in KWH vehicles and 20000/KWh for price to avail incentive. from DHI
to be supported
Buses and Trucks
1 Registered e-2 Wheelers 1000000 2 KWH Rs.20000/- Rs. 1.5 Lakhs Rs. 2000 Cr
Registered e-3 Wheelers
2 500000 5 KWH Rs.50000/- Rs. 5 Lakhs Rs. 2500 Cr
(including eRikshaws)
3 e-4 Wheelers 35000 15 KWH Rs.150000/- Rs. 15 Lakhs Rs. 525 Cr
4W Strong Hybrid
4 20000 1.3 KWH Rs.13000/- Rs. 15 Lakhs Rs. 26 Cr
Vehicle
5 e-Bus 7090 250 KWH Rs.50 Lakhs/- Rs. 2 Crores Rs. 3545 Cr
Total Demand Incentive Rs. 8596 Cr
Cap on incentives for buses will be 40% of the cost of vehicles and for all other categories it will be 20%.
## The proposed amount of incentives per KWH are, however, subject to review as per the reduction in battery costs & thereby reduction in
vehicle cost and would be notified accordingly from time to time. It is to be noted that the number of vehicles and fund support among the
sub components as above is fungible with the approval of PISC.
FAME II has allocated . 3500 Cr Rs for 7000 buses in the country.
5595 Buses have been sanctioned.
Progress in the Deployment of E Buses
• Supported by Fame I as well as Initiative by various STU’s, more
than 600 buses have been deployed across various parts of India.
Pune
Kolkatta
Indore
Lucknow
Jammu
Guwahati
Mumbai
Ahmedabad
Hyderabad
Silvasa
Kullu –Manali
and many more
9
Potential Demand for City Buses in INDIA
• As per the Indian transport policy there should be 50 buses per According to
100K population. rough estimate
• Based on this there is total requirement of around 160K buses in this will prevent
the city transport against only around 40K today. net foreign
• Graph below proposes the annual volume of EV buses to be exchange outflow
purchased every year until 2030 to meet NITI AAYOG’s Target saving of 5 B $
~5600
~600
Till 2030 > 12,000 to 15,000 EV buses need to be deployed every yearSuccess Story of EV Buses in INDIA
• Kolkata deployment of EVs has earned Global recognition
• Tata Motors EV bus has been
awarded Golden Peacock Award
in the Innovative Product
Category.
• In General EV buses apart from Zero
Emission have confirmed the low
running cost in Rs/ km as compared to
Diesel / CNG vehicles.
11Challenges of E Mobility Specifically wrt Buses
Commercial
In spite of all good intentions, the progress has been slow:
Govt. Subsidy High Initial
must Cost GCC Model
• Operators need to
provide Bank Repeated
Guarantee Cancellations of
• High cost of Funds Tenders
• Need for long High Anxiety
duration funding and New Players
Uncertainty Excessive
Uncertainty of competition
the Payments
In sufficient fare
collection. Thin Margins
State Govt need to fill Govt Desire to
the viability Gap keep the Fare Low
12Challenges of E Mobility Specifically wrt Buses
Post COVID Challenges
• Potential Shift from Public Transportation and preference for
private transport
Over crowded Buses EV has been treated
– Difficult to maintain as Elite Service and
Social distancing preference for Air
norms conditioned buses
Inadequate buses Anxiety for traveling
Longer waiting time in closed
environment
• Vulnerability of Supply Chain
While big strides have been made in
localising the supply chain through local
development of many components and
systems,
However for some of the critical high value
items still are dependent on Imports
Battery Cells
Motor and Invertors especially high torque motors
13Challenges of E Mobility Specifically wrt Buses
Technical Challenges
Challenges Potential
• Vehicle range • High Energy Density Batteries
• Improvement in Efficiency
• Vehicle cost • Reducing Batteries cost
• Integration and optimization, of EV
aggregates
• Battery pack replacement cost • Longer Battery Life. New Chemistries for
Cathode and Anode. Better Thermal
Management
• Battery pack life • Higher Durability and Reliability of Various
components and systems
• ChargingBattery Sizing
Battery
Energy Aux
Electrical Motor,,
loads,, 8%
Electrical Loads
3%
Traction Motor +
Inverter
AC
Air Conditioning System,
system Traction
26%
Motor,
Battery cooling system 63%
Traction cooling system AC Usage
Electrical Power
Weather
consumptions
Electrical Loads
AC consumes almost 26%
of the Battery Capacity
Traffic, Weather and AC usage has a very significant influence on the energy
consumption and there by Range and influence on Battery sizingRANGE
E-Buses can run on all routes and get charged during breaks
Full charge ~ 2hours
1 4 60 km top-up ~ 1hr
2
Start of day Daily Operation End of Day
(All buses start from a (Vehicle operated on (All batteries
specific point in plant designated route till recharged at
with full charges) shift-end) respective points in
plant)
Generally the authorities are not
comfortable with opportunity
charging and want only one 3
Shift changeover
charging in night. There by (Vehicles come back to
necessitating the bigger battery respective point for
shift change, top-up
and hence cost. charging to be carried
out)WAY Forward
Commercial Levers
• Cost Optimisation • Fair Tendering Process
Aggressive localisation. Repeated cancellation and
Shift from Built to Print to FSS retendering to be avoided.
suppliers
• Invest in R&D and System
Design ,testing and Willing
validation capability
Operators
• Favourable Funding
Options
Lower Cost of Funds for Operators in • Transparent and Automatic
line with MSMEs
Funding for project duration (8 ~10
Payment process
Yr)
No Bank Guarantee
17Make In India – Cost Optimization
Pack EV Motors Vehicle
Charging Component Mobility
Cell Mfg Integration & Control Vehicle Mfg
Solutions Integration Solution
& Assy Component Strategy
Production & Module EV Components , Vehicle control Component ITS system,
Motors, Inverters, Charging Software and Chassis & Body telematics and
Assembly of Integration Integration &
cables , DC DC Solutions energy manufacturing & Remote
Single Cell & for Vehicle Assembly
Modules Pack Converters etc Management Commissioning Diagnostic
OEM
TACO has established activities for play in EV eco system
TATA Group
Tata Group has initiated Companies for Localization in next 2-3 YearsCost Optimization
Significant strides have been made in achieving cost optimisation
aided by:
• Localisation for system and components
• Battery Packs
• Motors and Invertors
• HVAC
Base Vehicle EV Phase -I EV Phase -II
0% 7%
17% 10% 9%
8%
3% 3%
4%
53% 10% 0%
56% 21% 0% 57%
16% 20%
0%6%WAY Forward
Technical Levers
• Improve Energy Efficiency COVID Compliant
Individual Seat Layout
Optimisation of system and Shift to Positive Pressure
components Ventilation /improved Ventilation
Innovative strategies
Improved
TCO
• Optimisation of Battery
Size
Based on the Duty cycle and Routes • Non AC Buses may be
Trade off between Life cycle and
Initial Investment
adopted
Opportunity Charging
20Modified Seating Layout
• Modified Bus Layout to avoid close contact between
Passengers
• Pressurised Ventilation Or Optimisation of Windows sizes
• HEPA Filters
21AC Vs Non AC Bus
AC has very significant influence on the Power Consumption
Low Average speed due to high congestion
High Idling
As a result while the number of Hrs run of AC remains same, the number of kms run are
lower hence kWh / km is high.
Temperature setting
Energy Cons. kWh/km 260kWh 218 kWh
0.9
0.833
0.7
23Deg C 25Deg C Non AC 25Deg C Non AC
Battery Size for 200km Range with
AC Temp Setting
80% DOD and 100 to 20 % SOC
22Viability Gap Analysis
• With battery prices dropping to $ 200 ,
• Electricity cost Rs 8
• Interest cost 8 %
• Funding for 10 years
On Total Cost of Ownership the EV can be commercially Viable on TCO Basis
Source :Tata Motors DataSustainable Mobility
In country like INDIA there is a huge need and dependence on
Public Transport
For Sustainable Mobility there is a strong case to have more
and more E Buses on the road
Source; ev InfographicsThank You
Mr. Gerald Ollivier
Lead Transport Specialist, Transport Global Practice @ The World Bank
›Busworld Academy Webinar Outlook on Electric Buses in India 16 July, 2020 Gerald Ollivier Lead Transport Specialist 27 Outlook on Electric Buses
Key Role of Buses Buses offer several advantages to the transport systems
Buses can go everywhere in a city and “feed”
Comprehensive rail/metro services and provide connectivity to the
peri-urban and rural areas around the city
Buses will always be the mode Buses are cheaper than other transport infrastructure –
that reaches every part of the Low cost both capital and ongoing costs per passenger
kilometre
city, in any scenario
In right conditions, expansion can be rapid, especially
Their capacity can be rapidly Fast and scalable where the private sector is harnessed
increased for modest capital
input
Urbanisation will re-shape cities and how they are
Flexible used. Bus networks can adapt as cities change
Buses need to be put at the
centre of policy and
Per passenger trip, buses emit just 10-25% of the
developed to full capacity,
Environment Friendly particulate matter and CO2 vs. other transport modes,
even if metro systems are a number further reduced with E-buses
implemented
A national policy and programme can have far
Locally driven reaching implications – implemented and shaped
28 locally to meet the needs of different states and cities
Outlook on Electric BusesBut Low Supply of Indian Cities have poor service level of buses
Buses
Buses/ Lakh Population
250
Cities with well functioning
transport systems globally 200
have 100-200 buses per lakh
people while most Indian
cities are far below 50 buses 150
per lakh people
Bus supply in Indian cities has
not kept up with growth in 100
population and personal
vehicles
50
FAME-I & II are the largest
national level programs for
increasing bus supply since
JNNURM. 0
Moscow Hong London Tokyo Paris Beijing Madrid Tehran Singapore Chicago Bengaluru Delhi Mumbai
Kong
29 Source: UITP
Outlook on Electric BusesA Gradual Shift
Status of FAME Schemes and Sanctioned subsidy for 2,488 buses through
435 Operational E-Buses (FAME I; SmartCity)
FAME II (Contracting underway)
Market Size
GCC Outright Purchase 9m Bus 12m Bus
FAME I & II schemes have been 160 800 750
140
the key drivers of e-bus market
575
600
in India; Pune (~140 buses) and 120
Ahmedabad (40 buses) are the 80
75 400
380
260
only exceptions.
40 40 40 40 200 140
40 30 100 98
~500 e-buses are currently 15 15 50 70 65 70
operational across India. 2,488 0
0
PMI Olectra TaMo JBM AL Mytrah
sanctioned subsidy for PUN HP HYD AHM LKO KOL N J&K GAU
Foton BYD Solaris
MUM
procurement under FAME II, out
Forecasts: Phase I Likely to be Led by Govt. Subsidy; Expansion by Viability & Access to Financing
of the target of 5,595 buses, to
2020: 830K Buses 2030E: 25% E-Buses
be rolled out over the next year.
STU-Urban
Limited participation observed
in recent bids while many
tenders were cancelled due to
STU-Intercity ? E-Bus
Pvt Stage
ICE/ CNG
higher than expected bids. Carriage
Pvt Contract
Carriage
What will drive pace? Pvt Others
30 Source: Current total buses based on Road Transport Year Book 2016
Outlook on Electric BusesKey Drivers: Economics TCO Comparison: AC E-Bus vs. ICE bus
1. Total Cost of Ownership
INR/ Km
Illustration (70,000 km/ year)
(TCO) for e-buses vs. ICE 57,000 km/year 168,000 km/year
buses 98.0 87.5 101.1 68.0 100.7 54.5
19,7 17,7
16,8
Two examples provided here;
Even at current prices, TCO of FAME II bids saw a 65%
6,6 16,8 variation in cost between
electric AC buses is highest and least quotes
received across cities
competitive Vs. BS-VI AC 9,8 25,5
6,6
2,1 8,6
buses. However, as most STUs 9,0
7,2
2,1
operate non-AC buses, the 9,0
4,8
15,7 6,0
more relevant comparison is 17,1 14,5 1,8
9,3 83,0
with non-AC BS-VI buses 5,4
which cost 30% lower than e- 14,4 14,4 14,4 14,4
buses despite subsidy 48,5
22,0 22,0 22,0 22,0
Significant variance in bids
received under FAME II.
E-Bus E-Bus wSubsidy BS VI AC Bus BS VI Non AC Bus Intra-city GCC Bid Inter-city GCC Bid
GCC Bid Driver Conductor Bus Cost Battery Cost Charging Infrastructure Interest Fuel Maintenance
Source: World Bank Analysis, FAME II Bids for a Tier 1 City and Large State
Note: (1) TCO varies significantly based on operational characteristics like service-km per day, business model choices like outsourcing ownership and operations along
with the terms of outsourcing; (2) Key assumptions for illustrative working: AC E-Bus (ex-battery) cost of INR 1.20Cr; Battery cost of INR 18,750/ kwh and battery size is 250
31 kwh; 100% debt financing at 10.0% interest; Average speed of bus assumed at 18km/hr; 10 year operations; Electricity cost at INR 5/ kwh; Diesel at INR 64/ lit; Battery
Outlook on Electric Buses range and charging time assumed to meet operational needsKey Drivers: Economics Battery Cost Has Potential to Drop by 30-40%
2. Battery Cost
Battery Cost in India to Decline from $230/kWh in 2018 to $143/kWh by 2024
Reduction in battery cost is
likely to be a key driver for
adoption of electric vehicles.
Source: Bloomberg NEF, SIAM, Tesla, CRISIL Research
The Indian government is seeking to reduce import dependence and increase localization of EV batteries
through the phased manufacturing program (PMP), which is valid till 2024. This incentivizes companies to set
up integrated battery and cell giga factories (battery production capacity upward of one gigawatt-hour) for
manufacturing and assembling lithium batteries in the country. Countries with giga factories, such as China and
32 South Korea, are known to have battery costs that are around 20-30% lower than the global average.
Outlook on Electric BusesKey Drivers: Finance
1. Create viable options
Projected STU Financial Performance February
2020/2021 (INR cr) with/without COVID
Financing and Funding
90000
81267
With COVID-19, STU finances 80000 76526
have been deeply impacted,
70000
Enhance Revenues:
leaving limited room to further Vehicle Registration Tax, Annual
increase the deficit, as E-buses 60000
60332
Vehicle Tax, Fuel Surcharge
would.
50000
40830 Rebalance Expenditures within
Before undertaking new 40000
35696 State or City budgets
projects, a clear vision for bus 30000
transport at national, state and 20935
city levels, backed by 20000
supplemental funding is Adjust fares
10000
required.
0
Costs Revenues Deficit
Pre-COVID COVID
33
Outlook on Electric BusesKey Drivers: Finance Business Model Market Commercial Key Comments
2. High Potential Use Cases Size Potential
with Private Participation
Gross Cost Contracts (GCC) • Risks for STU in terms of financial
Vehicles owned and operated by private entity sustainability of E-Bus operations
with per-km payment by STU • Concern on certainty of payment for private
Eg: FAME II tenders, Pune operators and contract bankability & terms
The high potential business
models will be evaluated in Financial Lease (Public Transport) • Lower upfront costs
consultation with State Vehicles leased and operated by STUs or private • Unclear tax implications
entity against a fixed rate/km • Considered as asset in balance sheet
Transport Undertakings Eg: Cities in China • VGF subsidy may still be required
(STUs), Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) and Unbundled Model (Public Transport) • Less upfront costs
STU / Operator procure bus and lease battery • Lack of FI’s/NBFC’s or leasing companies
operators. Eg: Proterra in USA • Lack of re-use/re-cycle market impacting
development of leasing options
The TCOs for each of these
Aggregator Model (Public Transport) • No policy/regulatory environment for such a
models and key policy Aggregator (SECI or DISCOM in LAC) procures model
the e-bus and batteries and leases to operators. • Lack of DISCOM or aggregator which has
enablers needed to promote Eg: Costa Rica expertise to play this role
the model will be identified.
Private Intercity Buses • No FAME subsidies available
Vehicles operated by Service Provider; Vehicles • Need for distributed charging infrastructure,
may be owned or leased common charging, depot and terminal
Eg: Purple Mobility Mumbai-Pune facilities
34
Outlook on Electric BusesKey Drivers: Institution
Operational Capabilities Battery size Mileage
Required for Successful
Operations Battery life cycle
Type of charging
The introduction of electric buses
requires State engagement, as
Range of travel
the complexities associated with Seating capacity
charging and higher upfront
Seating capacity
costs are substantial. The process
must take into account several Electric Physical body Diesel
more factors when deploying an Bus characteristics Bus
electric bus than a diesel bus.
Idle time
STUs need to understand the Physical body
need for a completely different characteristics
Location of charging
approach to vehicle deployment stations
and scheduling, due to the
Skill set for maintenance
intersection between charging
requirements, range and
Climate; Energy for AC
operating schedule.
Maintenance costs
Additional space for
charging infrastructure
35
Outlook on Electric BusesMoving Forward Current situation and areas of improvement
1. Improving E-bus
Allow different types of bidders • Eligibility criteria for service providers vary between cities currently
Tendering by STUs
• Need to create a National level pool of pre-qualified e-bus service
providers
Encourage more bids per tender • Bidding criteria need to be made more investor friendly to attract higher
Discussions with STUs, OEMs, number of bids per tender to increase competition and reduce costs
operators and consultants
suggest certain key gaps in
Evaluate Total Cost of • Cities need evaluate Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) over lifecycle
tendering process for electric
Ownership (TCO) including staff, bus and infrastructure costs in addition to the current
buses in India. Least Cost (L1) based evaluation
Define technical and functional • Functional specs like list of depots and routes need to be clearly defined
Tendering of e-buses in India
specifications clearly in the tenders to enable accurate estimation of costs and risks
needs to evolve into a
partnership between STUs and
Adopt consultative tendering • The tendering process needs to evolve into an equal partnership
service providers which is
process between the STUs and service providers towards overall improvement in
based on a more consultative service quality and not just being a client-vendor relationship
tendering process and clear
definition of obligations of Procurement timelines to allow • Rushed timelines have previously resulted in inadequate consultation and
adequate consultation and review of tender conditions.
both parties. course correction
• Tenders need to be adequately spaced out to allow consultation and
course correction to arrive at the appropriate specifications
36
Outlook on Electric BusesMoving Forward
2. Improvements to the Legal and Financial Considerations Payment Terms
Master Concession • 10 vs.16 year contract tenure to suit • Standardized payment timelines
Agreement
battery life, loan tenure and payback • Certainty of payments via
assessments - Escrow mechanism
Discussions with STUs, OEMs, • Reduced bank guarantees to lower - Letter of Credit by State Govt.
operators and consultants cost of financing • Annual escalation mechanism to
suggest certain key gaps in
• Flexible SPV structure esp. for OEMs include:
contracting of electric buses in
with ability for exit/ new investors - Wage and energy cost inflation
India. Suggestions revolve
• Clearly defined authority and - General inflation
around key themes:
operator obligations
• Clear and detailed disclosure Defining Penalties
• Objective staffing qualification
• Standardized practices
criteria • Simplify Service Level Agreements
• Transparency in process
• Infrastructure responsibilities • Practical timelines for SLA reports
• Commitment to adhere to
• Detailed training requirements • Allowance for external events like
responsibilities of the STU
traffic congestion
• Alignment to on-ground
• Linking penalty and payment timelines
facts and situations
• Including incentives in addition to
penalties
37
Outlook on Electric BusesMoving Forward Operator OEM STU Intervention
3. Access to Financing and
Bankability • Even the largest private • Key OEMs have a A+ • Not applicable • Equity infusion
Credit intra-city operators have a credit rating (CRISIL) with into private bus
small scale and limited significant size and scale operators
Worthiness:
credit quality. to take leverage • Development of
Balance • Largest private bus • However, OEMs are not institutional
Sheet
Access to financing for the operators have at best keen to be primary leasing partners
Metrics BBB+ rating (CRISIL) principals in provision of
current GCC model for bus bus services
services is limited by the weak
• EMI payment dependent • EMI payment dependent • Security of payments • Escrow for ticket
financial profile of bus operators on receipt of cash flows on receipt of cash flows collection
Repayment impacts access and cost
and the poor track-record of Capacity:
from STU from STU of finance • Sovereign
• For the same private payment
timely payments by STUs. Cash Flow
operator with GCC guarantee
Certainty contracts access of
In addition to the improvement
financing is different
in the MCA, additional market depending on STU
Liquidation: • Robust secondary market for ICE commercial vehicles; Used vehicle estimated at 3-5x • Vehicle/ battery
interventions will be required to
Viable the units sold for new commercial vehicles buy-back by
attract capital. Secondary • Secondary market for electric vehicles yet to develop OEMs
Market
Recommended Changes to MCA to Increase Bankability of Contracts:
Risk Sharing Termination Payments
Based on which party has influence Currently heavily in favor of Terms during termination are
over applicable conditions. Eg: Risk contracting authorities which currently not covering operator/
of traffic on operations reduces bankability of the project OEMs min payment responsibilities
to financing institutions
38
Outlook on Electric BusesMoving Forward
Summary 1 2
Addressing Limitations in
Improvements to MCA
Tendering Process
Improvements to the tendering
process and the MCA will lay the 3
foundation for establishing a Access to Finance
robust E-bus market by creating
the right environment for
qualified bidders and financiers.
More Qualified Bidders
Competitive Bid Pricing
Robust, Growing E-Bus Market
39
Outlook on Electric BusesDr. Sajid Mubashir
Scientist G, Department of Science & Technology, Member-secretary, DHI-DST Technology
Platform for Electric Mobility
›Electric bus Technologies Make for India EV bus for the Tropics Sajid Mubashir, Scientist G, Department of Science & Technology sajid@nic.in
Electric buses are at inflection point
China has 4 lakhs Electric buses; 98% of
the global electric bus population
Europe has 4000 electrified buses, which is 20%
of annual sales
United States eBus is 0.5 % of market.
In India, 75000 buses are sold every year
even a small conversion to eBus is significantFAME scheme adds 7000 eBuses
Can’t choose technologies initially
We can learn from world class buses deployed.
Most buses are from BYD
Battery weighs +3 tons. Lithium iron phosphate
battery that are safe, but still need cooling to be
effective.
On board charger of 80 kilo watts
Hub mounted Motors; motor is inside the wheels
BYD bus carries its own charging apparatus. But
it takes whole night to charge & battery is big
enough for the bus to run the whole dayBatteries for Electric buses
The city bus operate on define routes with known
passenger load. So energy use is predictable
City bus operations are energy efficient and regenerative braking is
possible due to frequent start stop operations
Generally a trip length isFast or Opportunity Charging eBus
Charging Concept linked Battery Type
Two types of batteries are used on Electric buses
Lithium iron phosphate
Developed by Arumugam Manthiram & John Goodenough
Non toxic, uses abundant iron, excellent thermal stability &
safety.
Good electrochemical performance & capacity.
In short it is a good for India.
Lithium titanate oxide
Use lithium titanate nanocrystals instead of carbon. Surface
area of 100 sq.m/g compared to 3 sq.m/g for carbon.
Very fast charging & provides high currents when required.
Long cycle life 10000 cycles at 25 degree
At 55 degrees it still gives 1000 cycleseBus is Trojan horse for battery
BYD bus carries 3 tons battery & Yutong has even bigger
battery.
Yutong also uses fast charging battery from Microvast.
Smaller in size but needs dense charging infrastructure
LFP & LTO are recommended batteries for eBus in India
due to the tropical climate
ACC (Battery Cell) manufacturing mission must be linked to the
spread of Electric buses in India, since such large volume Bus
battery is required.
These two battery types are priority, since they meet the strategic
goals of higher ambient temperature & more indigenous material.You can also read
