MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, & EARTHQUAKES - REACH OUT
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MOUNTAINS,
VOLCANOES,
& EARTHQUAKES REACH OUT
YEAR 3
name: class:
Knowledge Organiser • Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes • Year 3
Vocabulary Volcanoes
Magma Molten rock in the mantle Stratovolcano (composite)
Tectonic A section of the Earth’s crust Most of the world’s volcanoes are
plate composite volcanoes: made of layers of
Plate margin The line between two tectonic lava and ash; steep sides; tall.
plates
Mountain A line of mountains
range
Fold Mountains formed when
mountain tectonic plates collide and
cause the plates to wrinkle
Volcano A mountain that erupts
magma, rock, ash and gas
Earthquake The sudden jump of tectonic
plates to create violent shaking
Tsunami Large ocean wave caused Volcanoes erupt when magma rises to the
by underwater earthquake or surface.
volcanic eruption
Earthquakes occur when plates jolt forward
Structure of the Earth after getting stuck.
Crust solid rock; broken into tectonic
plates Tohoku Fuego
Mantle liquid/molten rock Earthquake Volcano
Outer core liquid metal; iron and nickel 11/03/2011 03/06/2018
Inner core solid metal; iron and nickel Location Japan Guatemala
Primary 16,000 people 110 deaths
Effects died
6000 people 300 people
injured injured
Buildings Buildings
and houses and houses
destroyed destroyed
Secondary
Tsunami Crops
Effects
wave caused destroyed
flooding causing
hunger
Immediate Food, water, Rescue
Responses tents and trapped
medical care people
to people
Long-term Rebuilding Rebuilding
Responses roads and roads and
houses houses
2
Lesson Question You will learn Learning Review
What is the earth • The structure of the earth
made of?
• What the earth is made of
• Where volcanoes and earthquakes
occur
What are fold • What mountain ranges are
mountains?
• What fold mountains are
• How fold mountains form
How are volcanoes • What volcanoes are
formed?
• How volcanoes vary
• What stratovolcanoes are
How does an • How tectonic plates move
earthquake occur?
• What an earthquake is
• How an earthquake occurs
What happens • Volcanic eruption case study: Fuego
when a volcano Volcano, Guatemala 2018: effects and
erupts? responses
• Why some people choose to live near a
volcano
What happens • Earthquake case study: Tohoku, Japan
when an 2011: effects and responses
earthquake occurs?
• What a tsunami is
3
Lesson
01 What is the Earth made of?
1. The Earth is split into 7 major continents.
a. Circle the British Isle on the map.
b. Name one country found in South America.
c. Put a box around the name of the biggest ocean on the planet.
Map 1: World map showing mountain ranges of the world.
The inner core:
2. The earth is a sphere (ball); it
is made up of four main layers. The inner core is at the very centre of the
Earth and it is made of solid metals called
Label the diagram below with the iron and nickel. The centre of the earth is
4 main layers of the Earth using the extremely hot, about 6100 oC.
information about the sections.
The outer core:
The inner core is surrounded by the outer
core, this section is made of the same two
metals, iron and nickel but they are liquids
in this section. The outer core is slightly
colder, about 4,400 oC.
4 • Lesson 1
3. Which two metals make up the 5. Read the text about the two
Earth’s inner and outer core? different types of crust.
Oceanic crust
The oceanic crust makes up the sea floor.
It is made of basalt and is heavier than the
continental crust. The oceanic crust is less
than 200 million years old.
______________ + ______________
Continental crust
The mantle: The continental crust forms the continents.
The mantle is about 2,900Km thick and It is mainly made of granite. It is lighter
is made of molten (melted, liquid) rock. than the oceanic crust but is much older.
This molten rock is called magma. The It is approximately 1500 million years old.
average temperature of the mantle is
3000 oC. The mantle is between the outer
core and the crust. 6. Complete these sentences:
The crust: 1. The two types of crust are called
__________________________________
The crust is made of solid rock, up to 60
Km thick. The two main types of rock are 2. The oceanic crust is made from
granite and basalt. This layer is broken into __________________________________
tectonic plates which move around in
different directions. The tectonic plates are 3. The heavier crust is called
constantly moving, but very slowly so we __________________________________
don’t notice, until there is an earthquake!
4. The older crust is called
__________________________________
4. Which is the hottest section of
the Earth?
a. Inner core 7. Read the passage about
tectonic plates and plate margins.
b. Outer core
c. Mantle
The Earth’s crust is divided up into sections
d. Crust called tectonic plates and these sections
are continually moving, but very slowly.
Earthquakes and volcanoes usually occur
along the plate margins. The plate margin
is the line between two tectonic plates.
Lesson 1 • 5
8. On the map below, use a pencil to trace along each plate margin so you
can see where volcanoes and earthquakes usually take place.
Map 2: World Map showing Tectonic Plates
6 • Lesson 1
Lesson
02 What are Fold Mountains?
Retrieval Practice
1. What are the 4 layers of the Earth?
2. Where do earthquakes usually occur?
a. In the middle of tectonic plates.
b. At plate margins where tectonic plates meet.
c. In the middle of the oceans.
3. The layers of the Earth get hotter towards the middle of the Earth.
True / False
4. Which two metals make up the inner and outer core?
a. iron
b. nickel
c. copper
d. steel
5. The continental crust is older than oceanic crust.
True / False
Lesson 2 • 7
1. Read the passage about mountain ranges.
A mountain range is a series of mountains that form a wiggly line either on the land or
in the ocean. Mountain ranges form when tectonic plates collide. The tallest mountain
on Earth is called Mount Everest, it is 8,848m tall. Mount Everest is in the Himalayas which
are in Asia. Mount Everest is in Nepal. Other big mountain ranges include: the Andes in
South America; the Rocky Mountains in North America and the Alps in Europe.
Map 1: World map showing mountain ranges of the world.
2. Read the text about fold
mountains.
How are fold mountains formed?
Fold mountains are a type of mountain.
When two tectonic plates collide, they
crumple and wrinkle like two cars in a
car crash. As the tectonic plates bunch
up, they form tall fold mountains. The
Himalayas, the Andes and the Alps are
examples of chains of fold mountains.
8 • Lesson 2
3. Arrange the words below to make sentences explaining how fold
mountains form.
a. are a fold mountains type of mountain chain
________________________________________________________________________
b. collide when two tectonic plates they crash and wrinkle
________________________________________________________________________
c. of the tectonic plates this wrinkling forms tall fold mountains
________________________________________________________________________
4. Label the diagram below using what you have learnt about fold mountains
and the structure of the Earth.
Labels: Can you challenge yourself by adding
a. Tectonic plate these extra labels?
b. Tectonic plate e. Ocean trench
(an extra-deep part of the ocean)
c. Volcano (part of the chain of fold
mountains) f. Oceanic crust
d. Mantle g. Continental crust
h. Magma for the volcano
Diagram 1: The formation of the Andes Mountains
Lesson 2 • 9
Lesson
03 How are volcanoes formed?
Retrieval Practice
1. Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates _______________________ .
2. Where do volcanoes usually occur?
3. Name one chain of fold mountains.
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The oceanic crust is older than the continental crust.
b. The oceanic crust is heavier than oceanic crust.
c. The continental crust is under the oceans.
5. Volcanoes can be part of chains of fold mountains.
True / False
10 • Lesson 31. Read the passage about volcanoes.
A volcano is a type of mountain that as a hole (vent) in it, which allows magma, rock, ash
and gas to erupt out. The magma, rock, ash and gas come from the mantle. An active
volcano has had at least one eruption in the last 10,000 years. A dormant volcano is a
volcano that is not erupting at the moment but is supposed to erupt again. An extinct
volcano is a volcano that won’t ever erupt again.
2. What comes out of a volcano 3. What is meant by a dormant
in an eruption? volcano?
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
4. Label the diagram below using what you have learnt about fold mountains
and the structure of the Earth.
Photo 1: Mayon Volcano, Philippines (2018 eruption)
Lesson 3 • 115. Read the passage about stratovolcanoes.
Stratovolcanoes are tall volcanoes with Look at the diagram of the stratovolcano.
steep sides. They grow taller each time Can you see the layers of magma and
there is an eruption, when magma and ash that have come out of the volcano
ash build up in layers on the sides of the and made the volcano bigger?
volcano. In the photograph of Mount
Vesuvius, can you see the hole (vent)
where the magma, rock, ash and gas
come out?
Photo 2: Mount Vesuvius is in Italy. It is a Diagram: a stratovolcano
stratovolcano
6. Use the passage above to answer the questions.
a. When do stratovolcanoes become taller?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. What is a stratovolcano made of?
______________________________________________________________________________
12 • Lesson 37. Read the passage about eruptions from stratovolcanoes.
When a volcano erupts, magma, rocks, ash and gas come out of the volcano, from
deep inside the volcano. When a stratovolcano erupts, the magma is very thick and
heavy. This makes the eruption big and explosive.
8. Use the passage to answer the questions.
a. What comes out of a volcano when it erupts?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Why is the eruption from a stratovolcano very big and explosive?
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 3 • 13Lesson
04 How does an earthquake occur?
Retrieval Practice
1. Give one characteristic of a stratovolcano.
2. Name two mountain ranges.
3. Name two continents.
4. What is the hottest part of the Earth?
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Inner core
5. What can come out of a volcano during an eruption?
14 • Lesson 41. Read the passage about the movement of tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates are very large sections of the Earth’s crust. They are made of rock. This
means they are very heavy and so they move very slowly. Tectonic plate are constantly
moving but so slowly that we do not notice it until there is an earthquake.
2. Use the passage to answer the questions.
a. What are tectonic plates?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Why do tectonic plates usually move very slowly?
______________________________________________________________________________
c. Which image is the best representation of how tectonic plates usually move?
Lesson 4 • 153. Read the passage about earthquakes. Tectonic plates often become stuck along the plate margin because the tectonic plates are very rough. This means they can’t move. However, after a period of time, the plates jump forwards suddenly because they have saved up enough energy and this jump is the earthquake. The tectonic plates move suddenly and quickly during an earthquake. Sometimes when this happens, the earthquake is very small and no one even feels it. However, sometimes this jump is very big. When this happens, the ground shakes violently and this can cause buildings to fall down and for people to be injured or killed. Geographers and scientists have not yet found a way to accurately predict when an earthquake will happen. This means people living near a plate margin need to always be ready for an earthquake. Photo: Destruction of buildings in L’Aquila, Italy due to an earthquake in 2009 16 • Lesson 4
4. Using the passage on previous page, are these statements true or false?
a. Earthquakes happen when tectonic plates move very slowly. True / False
b. Earthquakes never cause any problems. True / False
c. Earthquakes happen after tectonic plates become stuck and True / False
then suddenly jump forwards.
d. We can’t yet say in advance when an earthquake will True / False
definitely happen.
5. Which image is the best representation of how the tectonic plates move
during an earthquake?
6. Complete the following sentences.
Earthquakes happen because…
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Earthquakes happen but…
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Earthquakes happen so…
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 4 • 17Lesson
05 What happens when a volcano erupts?
Retrieval Practice
1. Which continent are the Himalayas located in?
a. Europe
b. Africa
c. Asia
d. South America
2. Do tectonic plates usually move slowly or quickly?
3. Some earthquakes are so small that they are not felt by people.
True / False
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. A dormant volcano is currently erupting
b. A dormant volcano has erupted before but will not erupt again
c. A dormant volcano has not erupted in a long time but will erupt again
5. Scientist can predict when an earthquake will happen and how big it will be.
True / False
18 • Lesson 51. Read the information about the Fuego eruption.
Secondary effects
• Heavy rain caused landslides
• Hunger due to crops (plants grown for
food) being destroyed by the eruption
• Problems with travel and farming
caused economic problems
Immediate responses:
• Search and rescue teams cleared
roads and rescued people
• Water, food, medical care and tents
provided
Case Study: Fuego Volcano
• People were evacuated in case the
Location: Guatemala, Central America
volcano erupted again
Date: 03/06/2018
Long-term responses:
Immediate effects:
• Education and evacuation drills
• 110 people died
• New and improved emergency
• 300 people injured response systems
• Many buildings and houses destroyed • Rebuilding roads and houses
2. Answer the questions using the information in the case study.
a. How many people died in the eruption?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Why did people become hungry?
______________________________________________________________________________
c. What did the search and rescue teams do to help?
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5 • 193. How do you think the eruption of the volcano affected people living nearby?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Read the passage on why people live near volcanoes.
Although volcanoes are dangerous they Tourists come to visit the volcano which
can also be really useful which is why means that people living there can make
some people choose to live near them. money by selling things or offering a place
The energy from volcanoes can be to stay.
used to run power stations and produce Finally, the areas around to volcano
electricity. We use electricity all the time are great for farming because the lava
to power our phones, computers and light produces excellent soil for growing crops.
bulbs. This is a really good way of producing When people live near volcanoes they
electricity because it does not release have to have special training in how
harmful gasses into the environment. to leave the area quickly and protect
themselves if a volcanic eruption happens.
5. Complete the following sentences.
a. It is dangerous to live near a volcano because…
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. It Is dangerous to live near a volcano but…
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. It is dangerous to live near a volcano so…
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
20 • Lesson 5Lesson
06 What happens when an earthquake occurs?
Retrieval Practice
1. What is the oceanic crust made from?
a. Plastic
b. Wood
c. Basalt
d. Magma
2. How many people died in the Fuego volcano eruption?
3. Fold Mountains tend to form in straight lines.
True / False
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Earthquakes happen when tectonic plates move slowly.
b. Earthquakes happen when tectonic plates don’t move at all.
c. Earthquakes happen when tectonic plates suddenly move very quickly.
5. Despite being dangerous there are advantages to living near a volcano.
True / False
Lesson 6 • 211. Read the information about the Tohoku earthquake.
Secondary effects:
• Tsunami wave caused large areas of
land to flood with salty seawater
• Problems with travel and farming
Immediate responses:
• Search and rescue teams cleared
roads and rescued people
• Water, food, medical care and tents
Case Study: Tohoku Earthquake
provided
Location: Japan, Asia
Date: 11/03/2011
Long-term responses:
• Continued training, education and
Immediate effects:
earthquake drills
• 16,000 people died
• Rebuilding buildings, roads, houses
• 4,000 people missing
• Many buildings and homes destroyed
2. Answer the questions using the information in the case study.
a. How many people died in the earthquake?
______________________________________________________________________________
b. Why were there extra problems with travel and farming?
______________________________________________________________________________
c. What had to be rebuilt?
______________________________________________________________________________
22 • Lesson 63. Read the passage about
tsunamis.
A tsunami is a giant wave that is caused
by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
that happens under or near the ocean.
The tsunami that took place because of
the Tohoku earthquake reached 39m tall.
This wave caused terrible flooding and
destroyed lots of buildings, homes and
roads.
Areas at risk of tsunamis have signs warning
people about tsunamis.
Only areas near the ocean are at risk of
tsunamis after an earthquake or volcanic
eruption that happen near or under the
ocean.
4. Which disaster do you think had a bigger impact, the Fuego Volcanic
eruption or the Tohoku earthquake? Give reasons for your opinion.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Space for redraft
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 6 • 23REACH OUT The Reach Foundation, 53-55 High Street, Feltham TW13 4AB Charity no. 1129683 | Company no. 06546261 reachacademyfeltham.com
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