E-JUDICIARY AS A SIGN OF CONVERGENCE IN NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS
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MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
E-JUDICIARY AS A SIGN OF CONVERGENCE
IN NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS
Monika Odrowska-Stasiak*
University of Lodz, Poland
Abstract. In Poland the President signed into law certain amendments to the Civil Procedure Code that
now permits the adjudication of payment writs, otherwise known as enforcement of a past due debt, by
electronic means (elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze). The proposal to create electronic proceedings
in the Polish Civil Procedure refers to the adopted and successfully implemented solutions for e-judiciary
operating in the UK and Germany. The laws of these countries in terms of promoting electronic judiciary
are widely recognized for excellence, both legally and technically. This streamlined procedure will enable a
creditor to file a claim against a debtor via the Internet, thereby reducing the associated cost of litigation
and court fees, the reduction of which should act as an incentive for entrepreneurs (and not only for them)
to use electronic proceedings to enforce payment of a past due debt. The primary goal in enacting this
amendment was and is to expedite the adjudication of small monetary claims in situations where the facts
are not in dispute so as to even negate the need to conduct an evidentiary hearing. In particular, the use of
electronic proceedings is intended to adjudicate claims that are supported by documentation presented by
the creditor, such as invoices or bills of delivery. Both private and public entities may utilize this streamlined
procedure to enforcement payment of a debt, as well as entrepreneurs and business, including domestic
and foreign. The court designated to adjudicate payment writs via electronic proceedings, referred to as the
“e-court”, will constitute a civil division of each District Court. Appeals will be adjudicated by a correspond-
ing civil division within each Regional Court. The decision to seek enforcement of a debt using electronic
proceedings as opposed to more traditional proceedings rests with the creditor.
Keywords: judiciary, electronic technology, writ of payment, e-court
1. INTRODUCTION
Like other branch of the government judiciary is using information and communications techno-
logy for the benefit of the citizen. If judiciary fails to go hand in hand with the latest development
it cannot garner peoples confidence. Judiciary must use information and communications tech-
nology in its operation. If judiciary uses information and communications technology efficiently
it can foster peoples faith and maintain rule of law. Human right protection becomes easier with
efficient management that is technology friendly1.
* Master of law (2010) and master of administration (2008), postgraduate student of University of Lodz, Chair of Civil
Procedure Law (since 2010). E-mail: monika.odrowska@gmail.com
1 R. Timalsena, E-judiciary: Right of Everyone, http://itconference.org.np/it/docs/Ejustice.pdf [access at 21 February
2013]
POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETA 233
MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
The recent development of electronic technology of communications is reflected in and has
been influencing the Polish civil justice system2. The possibility to use sources and techniques of
electronic communications in Polish civil procedure has been in force since 1 January 2010. In this
day the amendment to the Code of Civil Procedure3 was passed. Polish parlament adopted the
amendment under the Act of 9 January 2009 on amendment of the Act – Code of Civil Procedure
and some other Acts4. Electronic proceedings by writ of payment are of innovative character in
Polish civil law procedure5. The proposal to create electronic proceedings in the Polish civil pro-
cedure refers to the adopted and successfully implemented solutions for e-judiciary operating in
the Germany, England and Wales. The laws of these countries in terms of promoting electronic
judiciary are widely recognized for excellence, both legally and technically.
According to T. Zembrzuski, the fact that procedural law has been opened to new technologies,
as well as the fact that legal instruments have been adjusted to requirements and expectations of
a growing information society will contribute to the increase of effectiveness of legal protection
in civil court procedure6
2. ELECTRONIC PROCEEDINGS IN PARTUCULAR COUNTRIES
2 .1 G e rm any
In Germany the respective issues of the mass recovery of outstanding but often uncontested
debts and of small claims litigation are addressed within the framework and structure of the
procedural system. The seventh book of the German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO)7 outlines the
special summary proceeding (Mahnverfahren), an integral part of the procedural legislation. This
order for payment procedure provides a cheap, rapid and efficient way for a creditor to enforce a
pecuniary claim by an ex parte court order for payment. The underlying idea is to avoid costly and
time-consuming lawsuits, and especially to avoid court hearings in cases where debtors are aware
of their obligation but are either unwilling or unable to pay8.
Usually the procedure consists of two stages, affording the respondent two opportunities to
block the issuance of an enforceable court order and instead effect a transition to an ordinary
2 R. Kulski, Some Remarks on the Course of Polish Electronic Proceedings by Writ of Payment, [in:] Electronic Ju-
stice – Present and Future edited by M. Kengyel, Pécs 2010, 17; Weitz K.: in Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz.
Postępowanie rozpoznawcze, red. Ereciński T., wyd. 4, Warsaw 2012, s. 984.
3 Act of 17 November 1964 CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, Official Journal of Laws of 1964, No. 43, item 296.
4 Act of 9 January 2009 on amendment of the Act – Code of Civil Procedure and some other Acts, Official Journal of
Laws of 2009, No. 26, item 156.
5 R. Kulski, Some Remarks on …, 17.
6 T. Zembrzuski, Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze a skuteczność ochrony prawnej w postępowaniu cywil-
nym, in Materials from 10th Department Conference on „Effectiveness of Law” organized by Law and Administration
Department of Warsaw University on February 27th, 2009, Warsaw 2009, 81.
7 § 688 et seq. German Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung = ZPO).
8 G. Šijanski, J. Barber, The German order for payment procedure (Mahnverfahren), http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/
literature/sijanski.htm [access at 5 March 2013].
234 POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETA
MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
1 Figure Website Automatisiertes gerichtliches Mahnverfahren
civil proceeding. In the first stage, the claimant must file an application to the court containing
the details of the claim (§ 690 ZPO). The presentation of documentary evidence by the claimant is
not required here as the application is processed by a computerized examination program and the
merits of the case are not examined; i.e., the court’s computer does not consider whether the facts
which the claimant might produce would substantiate and validate his claim or not. This program
works on the presumption that dealing with applications in the order for payment procedure is
a highly standardized legal procedure that does not (at least, not in most cases) require human
supervision. Following the processing of the application, the court issues an order for payment to
be sent to the respondent, who may object to the order (so-called Widerspruch). In the absence
of an objection, the second stage is initiated, in which the claimant is permitted to apply for an
enforcement order. If the respondent declines to raise an objection (so-called Einspruch) this second
time, the order will become incontestable. Thus in most instances the procedure precludes the
need for a court hearing9.
2 .2 E ngland and Wales
In England and Wales portal Money Claim Online (MCOL) has oparated since 2002. It is a
web-based service for issuing money claims and resolving fixed money disputes introduced in the
9 G. Šijanski, J. Barber, The German order for payment procedure (Mahnverfahren), http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/
literature/sijanski.htm [access at 5 March 2013].
POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETA 235MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
judiciary of England and Wales. This online service allows county court claims to be issued for fixed
sums up to £100,000 by individuals and organisations over the internet, anywhere, anytime. The
service has been widely and rapidly adopted and represents a good example of how ICT-based
system and artefacts can be deployed within justice to assist the management of tasks other than
purely administrative once10. That is, tasks that involve transaction between the courts and citizens
and organizations.
Money Claim Online was launched in the period December 2001 – February 2002 by the Court
Service, the executive hand of the Lord Chancellor’s Department. It is the Court Service’s first online
service and it allows users to issue money claims, request judgment by default or admission, apply
for a warrant of execution, respond to a claim and track the progress of their case. Money claims
was identified as an area that could be essentially supported by an online service for mainly two
reasons. First, a large majority of money claims are issued for unpaid invoices from large organiza-
tions, like utilities, telecommunication and credit card companies and act more as a reminder in
order to agree some sort of debt reduction. For this reason, money claims of this sort are settled
without having to go through a court hearing. The defendant as a rule acknowledges the debt and
pays it. The second reason was a technological antecedents that could support an online service.
The Money Claim Online is a fast and convenient way of making claim as the entire process is
done via the Internet.
2 Figure Website Money Claim Online
10 J. Kallinikos, Institutional complexity and functional simplification: the case of money claim online in England and Wa-
les. In: Contini, Agostino and Lanzara, G F, (eds.) ICT and innovation in the public sector: European perspectives in the
making of e-government. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK, 174-210.
236 POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETAMONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
The Money Claim Online enables a claimant to request a claim online. Evidence is not attached
to the statement of claims. The Money Claim Online enables also to check the status of the claim
and, where appropriate, request entry of judgment and enforcement by warrant of execution.
Payment of the court fee can only be made using a credit or debit card and such fees are non-
refundable11. Defendants can also use The Money Claim Online to reply to and check the status
of their claims online. The defendant has many possibile responses, which range from ignorating
the claim to accepting it or defending it. In many case, the defendant has 14 days to respond to
the claim12.
3. ELECTRONIC PROCEEDINGS BY WRIT OF PAYMENT IN POLAND
3 .1 Legal b asis
Drawing on legal solutions adopted in Germany, England and Wales Polish legislator introduced
to the Code of Civil Procedure electronic proceedings by writ of payment. This proceedings are basi-
cally regulated by provision of the Code of Civil Procedure (especially art. 50528 – 50537 of the Code
of Civil Procedure). Beside of the said regulation, executive orders are in force (resolutions of the
Ministry of Justice) which refer to the manner of submitting statement of claims under electronic
proceedings by writ of payment, manner of court fee payment, creating the account, manner of
using the electronic signature and electronic deliveries in these proceedings.
3 .2 E-co urt
Cases under electronic writ of payment proceedings considers the court, known as the electronic
court (the e-court). In Poland it is VI th Civil Division of the Lublin-West Regional Court – in Lublin.
It was inaugurated on the fourth of January 2010. The jurisdiction of the e-court covers the whole
territory of Poland regardless of the defendant’s domicile or seat13. It is competent to examine
civil pecuniary claims (including commercial and labour claims). The cases are considered under
electronic writ of payment proceedings irrespective of the total amount of the dispute, which means
that some of them would otherwise fall within the competence of District Courts. The Court lacks
competence over non-pecuniary claims and family law claims14.
11 Ministry of Justice website: http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/northampton-bulk-centre/money-claim-online [access
at 12 March 2013].
12 J. Kallinikos, op. cit., 174-210.
13 J. Widło, Elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze, Warsaw 2010, 9; Gołaczyński, J.: Elektroniczne postępowanie
upominawcze. Komentarz, Warsaw 2010, 162; Goździaszek, Ł.: Informatyczny przełom w postępowaniu cywilnym? Roz-
ważania nad elektronicznym postępowaniem upominawczym. In: Palestra, 2009, nr 9-10, 81-87.
14 Electronic proceedings by writ of payment website: https://www.e-sad.gov.pl/Subpage.aspx?page_id=35 [access at 8
March 2013].
POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETA 237MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
3 .3 E le c tro nic forms
The claimant communicates with the court exclusively electronically by means of a system
dedicated to the electronic writ of payment proceedings. Once registered on the platform http://
www.e-sad.gov.pl, the claimant can edit and send the claim form and further pleadings to the
e –court.
3 Figure Website Electronic proceedings by writ of payment
The new proceedings are characterised by the fact that they are entirely conducted in electro-
nic forms. Electronic forms in this kind of proceedings make it easier to draft statement of claims,
moreover danger of formal mistakes in such statement shout decrease significantly15. Electronic
procedural writs are entered in the IT system – including statements of claims, and it is also in
electronic form that e-courts issue orders of payment16. Writs are also serviced through the IT
system. Actions taken by the court, court clerk and presiding judge shall only be recorded in the
electronic communication system, and the electronic data generated as a result of those actions
shall bear a secured electronic signature in the meaning of Article 3 (2) of the Act on Electronic
Signature of 18 September 2001.
Servicing and submission of writs in electronic form is only compulsory for the plaintiff. Any
pleadings filed by the plaintiff otherwise than by electronic means shall not have the legal effects
15 R. Kulski, in Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz pod. red. K. Piaseckiego, vol. II, Warsaw 2010, 751.
16 J. Widło, op. cit., 9.
238 POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETAMONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
associated by the Code of Civil Procedure with the filing of a pleading with the court (art. 50531 § 1
of the Code of Civil Procedure)17. The defendant may choose the manner of participation in the
proceedings: electronic or traditional – through the use of traditional writs and service forms. But
if the defendant decides to file his pleadings by electronic means, the provisions of art. 50531 § 1
of the Code of Civil Procedure is applied to the defendant from the moment he files a pleading by
electronic means. Its means that any pleadings filed by the defendant otherwise than by electronic
means shall not have the legal effects associated by the Code of Civil Procedure with the filing of
a pleading with the court.
3 .4 Co m plaint
Electronic proceedings by writ of payment is a particular track to demand money claims connec-
ted with performed services, delivered goods, damages and other incidents causing an obligation
of payment. Just like in Germany and England and Wales the electronic proceedings by writ of
payment based on the plantiff’s statement. In electronic proceedings by writ of payment, evidence
is not attached to the statement of claims but is merely indicated in the content of the statement18.
Therefore circumstances justifying a recognition of claims and an issue of a garnishee order should
be beyond any doubt and arise from invoices, contracts, acknowledgements of receiving goods
etc. In the electronic writ-of-payment proceedings the proxy also does not enclose their power of
attorney, but they should make a reference to it, indicating the date of authorization, scope and
required in the Code of Civil Procedure.
According to art. 50532 § 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure the plaintiff should refer in his com-
plaint to evidence in support of his allegations. Evidence shall not be enclosed to a complaint.
Moreover, a complaint should contain:
1) a personal identification number (PESEL) if the plaintiff is a natural person and is obliged to
have a PESEL number,
2) a tax identification number (NIP) if the plaintiff is not a natural person and is obliged to have
a NIP number, and a National Court Register (KRS) entry number, or number from another
applicable register19.
3 .5 De c is io n take n in the e- court
The most common type of decision taken in the e-court is writ of payment. The court official
conducts an „in camera” examination of the well-foundness of the claim as set forth in the lawsuit.
If the official concludes that the claim is well-grounded the electronic system prepares a draft of the
17 J. Gołaczyński, op. cit., 164, 171.
18 M. Sadowski, Co oznacza zakaz dołączania dowodów oraz obowiązek ich wskazania w treści pozwu wniesionego w
elektronicznym postępowaniu upominawczym (art. 50532 § 1 k.p.c.). In: Polski Proces Cywilny, 2011, nr 2, 122-129.
19 B. Kaczmarek-Templin, Ł. Goździaszek, Mechanizm rozpoznania sprawy w elektronicznym postępowaniu upominaw-
czym – polemika. In: Monitor Prawniczy, 2010, nr 16, 896-902.
POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETA 239MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
order which is subsequently signed by the official using the electronic signature (special individual
code assigned to court officials considering cases)20. Writ of payment shall order the defendant to
satisfy the entire claim, including the related costs, within two weeks from being served with the
order, or alternatively file an objection with the court. Writ of payment is automatically served on
the claimant by means of the electronic system whereas the service of the lawsuit. It is delivered
to a defendant in traditional, paper form21 with a caution that there is a possibility to complain
this order within 14 days from a day of a delivery22. A defendant receives also a personal code,
which allows him to log in an e-court system in order to check whether such an order exists at all23.
In the event where the claim appears groundless, no writ of payment follows. In such a situation
case is transferred to a competent court of general jurisdiction for detailed consideration24. Accor-
ding to art. 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure an action shall be brought before the court of the
first instance in whose region the defendant’s place of residence is located. The place of residence
shall be determined according to the provisions of the Act of 23 April 1964 – Civil Code25. Provision
of art. 25 of the Civil Code provides that the domicile of a natural person is the place where that
person resides and where the person intends to remain permanently.
Where an order for payment cannot be served because the place of stay of the defendant is
not known or the order may not be served on the defendant in Poland the court shall, ex officio,
set aside an order for payment and refer the case to a competent court of general jurisdiction,
unless the plaintiff timely removes the obstacle preventing the service of the order for payment26.
In addition, if, after the issuing of an order for payment, it is discovered that the defendant did
not have the capacity to be a party to court proceedings or to conduct court proceedings, or did
not have a representative authority upon the filing of the complaint, provided that such defaults
are not corrected within a determined time limit in accordance with the provisions of the Code of
Civil Procedure, the court shall, ex officio, set aside an order for payment and refer the case to a
competent court of general jurisdiction, unless the plaintiff timely removes the obstacle preventing
the service of the order for payment.
3 .7 A n o bje c tio n to an order for payment
The defendant can submit an objection in writing to an order for payment within two – weeks’
time counted from the date of the effective service of the order27. An objection to an order for pay-
20 J. Gołaczyński, op. cit., 180 and 181.
21 J. Widło, op. cit., 9.
22 J. Gołaczyński, op. cit., 164; Kaczmarek-Templin, B., Goździaszek, Ł.: op. cit., 899.
23 J. Gołaczyński, op. cit., 197; Wróbel, A.: Dostęp stron postępowania do akt sądowych w elektronicznym postępowa-
niu upominawczym – problemy praktyczne. In: Monitor Prawniczy, 2011, nr 15, 844.
24 J. Gołaczyński, op. cit., 192.
25 Act of 23 April 1964 CIVIL CODE, Official Journal of Laws of 1964, No. 16, item 93.
26 K. Flaga-Gieruszyńska, Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz, red. Z. Zieliński, 6th edition, Warsaw 2012, 891–892.
27 A. Arkuszewska, Charakter sprzeciwu od nakazu zapłaty – postępowanie upominawcze, europejskie postępowanie
nakazowe, elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze. In: Monitor Prawniczy, 2011, nr 17, 926.
240 POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETAMONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
ment need not be justified or supported by evidence, however the defendant’s allegations should
be specified therein and submitted before defending on the merits of the case, failing which they
shall be forfeited28. A notice of objections is filed with the court that issued an order for payment
or, where the order was issued by a court clerk, with the court before which the action was brought
(art. 503 of the Code of Civil Procedure). The court shall reject objections which are filed after the
time limit, are not paid for or are otherwise inadmissible as well as oppositions whose defaults
are not timely corrected by the defendant.
The effective submission of the statement of opposition by the defendant annuls the payment
order and results in the case being transferred for consideration to the competent court of general
jurisdiction.
The court to which a case is referred shall not be bound by the decision to refer the case if the
defendant’s objection contains an allegation concerning court jurisdiction determined in accordance
with Article 46 § 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure29.
As it has already been mentioned, a case may be referred to a competent court of general
jurisdiction30. When it comes to one of these situations the presiding judge shall order the plaintiff
to correct any formal deficiencies and supplement the complaint as may be appropriate for the
applicable proceedings within two weeks from the date of the order being served. If any formal
deficiencies of a complaint are not corrected, the court shall terminate proceedings31.
A copy of the decision to terminate proceedings shall only be served on the defendant if he was
served with a copy of the petition. If the plaintiff supplements his complaint, the presiding judge
shall order the defendant to supplement his objection as may be appropriate for the applicable
proceedings, within two weeks of being served with the order.
If the defendant refrains from submitting the statement of opposition – writ of payment be-
comes final and the enforcement clause is issued in the electronic system by the court official32.
On this basis a creditor is entitled to direct a case to an executor in order to begin an enforcement.
He is allowed to do it in one of two ways. Firstly, he may file a motion to an executor in a paper
form. Secondly, he may use e-court electronic system and begin an enforcement. Irrespective of
the form it is equally binding for an executor. Worth stressing is a fact that an executor publishes
all of information concerning enforcement procedure in the e-court electronic system. Any time it
is necessary, it is possible to log in and check a status of a case and last executor’s acts.
28 R. Kulski, in Kodeks postępowania…, 767; Gołaczyński, J.: op. cit., 199.
29 K. Flaga-Gieruszyńska, op. cit., 892-893.
30 J. Widło, A. Wróbel, Postępowanie przed sądem właściwości ogólnej po przekazaniu sprawy z elektronicznego postę-
powania upominawczego w świetle art. 50537 k.p.c. Uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda. In: Przegląd Sądowy, 2012, nr 4, 59-75;
Sadowski, K., Piaskowska, O., Kotłowski, D.: Kilka uwag w zakresie praktycznego stosowania art. 50537 § 3 KPC. In: Monitor
Prawniczy, 2011, nr 23, 1293-1296.
31 J. Gołaczyński, op. cit., 163.
32 J. Widło, op. cit., 15.
POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETA 241MONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
3 .8 A fee
In accordance with amended provisions of the Civil Case Court Fee Act33 on a lawsuit filed
through electronic proceedings by writ of payment will be charged a fourth element of a fee. A
lawsuit is filed together with the fee34.
4. CONCLUSION
In general, electronic proceedings by writ of payment may be defined as civil procedure which
is: simple, which means accessible, cheap and fast. Electronic proceedings by writ of payment will
shorten the excessively lengthy period of time necessary to obtain court protection of rights in
traditional proceedings.
B i b l i o g ra phy:
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nakazowe, elektroniczne postępowanie upominawcze. In: Monitor Prawniczy, 2011, nr 17, 926-941. ISSN 1230-6509
Flaga-Gieruszyńska K.: Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Komentarz, red. Z. Zieliński, 6th edition, Warsaw:
C.H.Beck, 2012, 1743 pages. ISBN 978-83-255-3796-8.
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postępowaniem upominawczym. In: Palestra, 2009, nr 9-10, 81-87. ISSN 0031-0344
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upominawczym – polemika. In: Monitor Prawniczy, 2010, nr 16, 896-902. ISSN 1230-6509
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and Wales. In: Contini, Agostino and Lanzara, G F, (eds.) ICT and innovation in the public sector: European perspectives
in the making of e-government. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK, 174-210. ISBN 9780230224896
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In: Monitor Prawniczy, 2011, nr 23, 1293-1296. ISSN 1230-6509
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w elektronicznym postępowaniu upominawczym (art. 50532 § 1 k.p.c.). In: Polski Proces Cywilny, 2011, nr 2, 122-129.
ISSN 2082-1743
Šijanski G., Barber J., The German order for payment procedure (Mahnverfahren), http://www.iuscomp.org/
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33 Act of 28 July 2005 the Civil Case Court Fee, Official Journal of Laws of 2010, No. 90, item 594.
34 R. Kulski, in Kodeks postępowania…, s. 752-753.
242 POLITIKA KAIP TUŠČIA VIETAMONIKA ODROWSKA-STASIAK
Timalsena, R.: E-judiciary: Right of Everyone, http://itconference.org.np/it/docs/Ejustice.pdf
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postępowania upominawczego w świetle art. 50537 k.p.c. Uwagi de lege lata i de lege ferenda. In: Przegląd Sądowy,
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problemy praktyczne. In: Monitor Prawniczt, 2011, nr 15, 844-848. ISSN 1230-6509
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nym, in Materials from 10th Department Conference on „Effectiveness of Law” organized by Law and Administration
Department of Warsaw University on February 27th, 2009, Warsaw 2009, 81.
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