MODELS AND CONCEPTS OF POPULATION CULTURE IN MALANG BURING I FLATS - DOARJ
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
International Journal of Humanities, Religion and Social Science
ISSN : 2548-5725 | Volume 4, Issue 1 2020
www.doarj.org
MODELS AND CONCEPTS OF POPULATION CULTURE IN
MALANG BURING I FLATS
Meinardhy, Ricky 1; Antariksa 2; A. Wicaksono 3; and A. M. Nugroho2
1
Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
2
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Corresponden email: rickytoeweh@yahoo.co.id
Abstract: Law No. 16 of 1985 explains that the development of low-rise apartment buildings
aims to meet the needs of the people, especially those on low incomes, increase land use and
land use results with due regard to the environment, and meet the needs for other interests for
people's lives. This study aims to: Identify the dominant factors that are able to influence the
pattern of habitation in rental flats in Malang City and formulate the concept of habitable
culture in rental flats in Malang City. This research uses a phenomenological approach. In this
study, researchers tried to understand the perceptions and behavior of residents of conventional
flats and habitable housing in horizontal dwelling whether it affects behavior in the form of
vertical dwelling. The population of this research is the residents of Rusunawa Buring I in
Kedungkandang Subdistrict located in Malang City. While the samples were taken from several
occupants in Rusunawa Buring I. Types of data collected in the form of primary data and
secondary data. Primary data collection was collected through field surveys, and direct
interviews with respondents. Secondary data consists of library and agency data. Library data
collection is done by studying theories related to research. The research method used is
qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis, i.e. amely statistical analysis (SEM). In
addition to formulating a vertical inhabited culture in rental flats will be done using content
analysis. Content analysis technique is an analysis that relies on codes found in a data recording
text during interviews conducted with subjects in the field. The results showed that the dominant
factor influencing perceptions and behavior of the community's habitable patterns in Malang
City Buring I rental apartments was on social, economic and cultural aspects. Based on the
results of SEM analysis, the model of habitation in Malang City Buring I rental flats can be said
to be feasible to be developed, so that it can be carried out construction of rental flats in other
locations so that low-income communities can be helped by the government program.
Keywords: Rusunawa (Rental Flats), Government Policy, Inhabited Culture, and SEM
I. INTRODUCTION
The need for increasing residential housing needs is faced with the problem of limited land
available. Therefore, the concept of vertical housing is believed to provide solutions to maximize
narrow land that can accommodate residential needs for many residents. Law No. 16 of 1985
explains that the development of low-rise apartment buildings aims to meet the needs of the people,
especially those on low incomes, increase land use and land use results with due regard to the
environment, and meet the needs for other interests for people's lives.
21 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
The solution offered by the City of Malang is to overcome this problem by providing
vertical settlements with affordable rent payment systems for low-income people. Malang City
Government has built 2 (two) rental apartments (rusunawa) in 2012 known as Rusunawa Buring I
and in 2014 Rusunawa Buring II. This Rusunawa is located in Buring Village, Kedung Kandang
District. Consists of 2 towers / blocks in Rusunawa Buring 1 and 1 tower in Rusunawa Buring 2.
Living in a flat will be very different from a flat in a row house that interacts horizontally,
this requires adjusting if it is occupied in a flat that interacts vertically and horizontally and will
change the habitual pattern of habitation. According to Hurlock (1997) social adjustment is the
ability of a person to be able to adapt to the environment - interact with the environment and be
able to be part of the environment. In urban areas, social adjustment is very instrumental in
increasing the sense of neighborliness of its citizens. Salovey (Lawson, 2009) states that a positive
social relationship will affect the number of meeting frequencies where it can cause a sense of
(intimacy among the citizens.
Changes in lifestyle, habits, and customs are felt when someone moves from a residential
house to a flat. Of course, everyone will have different abilities to adapt, and not all have the ability
to do so. For those who are already close and inseparable from their traditions, it will be difficult
to make the desired adaptation. In terms of providing housing for lower middle class people, the
human factor becomes very important because as a living creature that has thoughts and feelings,
it is inseparable from the various problems that always accompany it such as social, economic,
and cultural issues, as well as its psychological factors.
Based on this background, researchers are interested in examining Rusunawa as an
alternative housing that is able to sustain the needs of the community related to residence but not
only pay attention to its physical aspects. Living environment will provide psychological welfare,
social welfare, and physical well-being because it shows how the process of thinking, feeling, and
what must be done to the problems that exist in the residence. The results of this effort are expected
to be used as a reference for policy makers both the central government, regional governments,
and Rusunawa autonomy managers.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Literature Review
According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2011 the definition of
Flats, Public Flats, Special Flats, State Flats, and Commercial Flats are as follows:
1) Flats are multi-storey buildings built in an environment that is divided into functionally
structured sections, both in horizontal and vertical directions and are units which can each
be owned and used separately, especially for residential areas which is equipped with shared
parts, shared objects and shared soil.
2) Public Flats are public Flats which are held to meet the housing needs of low income people.
3) Special Flats are flats held to meet special needs.
4) State Flats are flats owned by the state and function as a residence or residence, a means of
fostering family, and supporting the carrying out of the duties of officials and / or public
servants.
5) Commercial Flats are flats held for profit.
A psychologist Skinner (1938) in the book Notoadmodjo (2003) states that behavior is a
person's response or reaction to stimuli (stimuli from outside). Meanwhile, according to Blum in
the book Notoadmodjo (2003) behavior is the second largest factor after environmental factors
22 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
that affect the health of individuals, groups or society. According to Notoadmodjo (2003) in terms
of the response form of stimulus, behavior can be divided into:
a) Covert behavior
Responses or reactions that are closed or veiled. The response or reaction to the stimulus
is still limited to the attention, perception, knowledge / awareness, and attitudes that occur in
people who receive the stimulus and cannot be clearly observed by others.
b) Overt behavior
A person's response to stimulus in the form of real or open actions. The response to the
stimulus to this behavior is already in the form of an action or practice.
Culture comes from the Sanskrit word Buddhism, which is the plural form of Buddhism,
which means mind or reason. Thus, culture means things that are concerned with reason. The
anthropologist who formulated the definition of culture systematically and scientifically was
Taylor, who wrote in his book: "Primitive Culture", that culture is a complex whole, which
contains knowledge, beliefs, artistry, morals, law, customs and traditions , and other abilities, and
habits that can be obtained by humans as members of society (Ranjabar, 2006).
Koentjaraningrat (2009) said that according to the science of cultural anthropology is a
whole system of ideas, actions and results of human work in the context of community life that is
made into the human self by learning. He divided the culture into 7 (seven) elements: religious
system, social organization system, knowledge system, livelihood system, technology system and
language and art equipment. All of these cultural elements are manifested in the form of cultural
systems / customs (cultural complexes, cultural themes, ideas), social systems (social activities,
social complexes, social patterns, actions), and physical cultural elements (cultural objects).
In the development of an increasingly complex region, especially the development of urban
areas where cities have various aspects and implications that are more complicated than the district
/ village. Therefore, the community needs to be provided with stimuli to participate in thinking
about the development problems faced, especially in the current era of regional autonomy. The
active participation of the community will foster togetherness so that it can accelerate the
improvement of welfare that is just, prosperous and prosperous. This is considering that
development is a continuous or continuous effort in achieving the goal of improving the standard
of living, so that as something that is holistic and complex, it is not possible to only be done by
the local government alone, but the whole community needs to be involved and given awareness
and opportunities to participate in development, so that participation can later develop actively and
dynamically (Dwidjosusastro, 2002).
Apart from that the development carried out in the region must still refer to the achievement
of the objectives of the National Development, namely to realize a just and prosperous society that
is materially and spiritually evenly based on the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Regional
development as an integral part of national development is carried out based on the principle of
regional autonomy and regulation of national resources that provide opportunities for increasing
democracy and regional performance to improve the welfare of society.
Land use also depends on location, especially for residential areas, industrial locations, as
well as for recreation areas. According to Barlowe (1986) the factors that influence land use are
physical and biological factors, economic considerations and institutional (institutional) factors.
Biological physical factors include the suitability of physical properties such as geological
conditions, soil, water, climate, plants, animals and population. Economic considerations are
characterized by profit, market conditions and transportation. Institutional factors are characterized
by land law, political circumstances, social conditions and can be administered administratively.
23 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
A land use unit represents nothing more than a mental construct that is designed to facilitate
inventory and mapping activities (Malingreau and Rosalia, 1981).
Identification, monitoring and evaluation of land use need to be done at any given period,
because it can be the basis for in-depth research on human behavior in utilizing land. Thus, land
use becomes an important part in the effort to make plans and considerations in formulating spatial
policies in an area. The principle of policy on urban land aims to optimize land use and land
acquisition to accommodate various urban activities. In relation to optimizing land use, land use
policy is defined as a series of systematic and organized action activities in the provision of land,
as well as on time, for allotment of uses and other purposes in accordance with community interests
(Suryantoro, 2002).
Suharman (2005) states: "Perception is a process of interpreting or interpreting information
obtained through the human sensory system". According to him there are three aspects in
perception that are considered relevant to human cognition, namely sensory recording, pattern
recognition, and attention. Perception is a process that starts from vision to form responses that
occur in individuals so that individuals are aware of everything in their environment through their
senses. Then the perception model can be interpreted as a visualization of processes, structures,
definitions, formulas, even theories so that simple and easy to understand so that it can be used as
a reference framework, from the results of the process of receiving, differentiating, and giving
meaning to the stimulus received by the senses, so that they can make conclusions and interpret
certain objects that they observe.
2.2 Research Location
This research was carried out in a Buring I rental apartment in Malang. The problem of
settlements in big cities is manifested as a result of a combination of various factors. The most
important factor in the problem of urban settlements is the limited capacity of the city and ongoing
population growth. Meeting the needs of shelter, especially for low-income people in big cities is
one problem that must be solved. The economic limitations they have become the basis for them
to live in slums or squatter settlements. The emergence of slums and squatter settlements in big
cities is a big problem. Therefore, one way to solve it is by building flats. The selection of research
locations in the Buring I rental flats is based on a variety of reasons, one of which is the Buring I
rental flats, the first flats built by the central government with the aim of meeting the housing needs
of disadvantaged people. The existence of this apartment has a possibility that it will become a
model for Malang City. This is because the city of Malang is increasingly populated by residents
both from within the city and migrants. Geographically, the location of research in the District can
be seen in Figure 1.
24 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
Figure 1. Map of Research Locations Malang City
2.3 Research Method
This research uses a phenomenological approach. The purpose of phenomenology research
according to Sukmadinata (2011) is to search for or find meaning from things that are essential or
fundamental to life experiences. Phenomenology seeks to understand the human mind of
phenomena that arise in their consciousness and understand phenomena experienced by humans
and is considered as an entity in the world. Phenomenology is not trying to find right and wrong
opinions, but to reduce human consciousness in understanding the phenomena that appear before
them (Kuswarno, 2008). In this study, researchers tried to understand the perceptions and behavior
of residents of flats and conventional habitable cultures in horizontal dwelling whether it affects
behavior in the form of vertical dwellings.
The type of data collected is primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection was
collected through field surveys, and direct interviews with respondents. Interviews were conducted
using tools such as questionnaires and recording devices. Secondary data consists of library and
agency data. Library data collection is done by studying theories related to research. Research
instruments that use a Likert scale can be made in a checklist or multiple choice. There is a validity
and reliability test in the questionnaire.
The population of this research is the residents of Rusunawa Buring I in Kedungkandang
Subdistrict located in Malang City. While the samples were taken from several occupants in
Rusunawa Buring I. This study involved several government stakeholders as a research sample in
the process of analyzing habitable behavior of residents of Rusunawa Buring I. The selected
stakeholders in this study were stakeholders who later gave their opinions for an analysis of the
conditions and characteristics of Rusunawa Buring I and its inhabitants.
2.4 Data Analysis
The data obtained in the form of primary data and secondary data are then processed and
analyzed, primary data in the form of community satisfaction data in inhabiting rental flats in
Malang that are influenced by social, cultural, economic aspects and there is a connection with
government policy in a questionnaire and in-depth interviews with community, processed by
multivariate regression analysis with SEM method. SEM is used in this study to determine the
factors that influence community satisfaction in inhabiting rental flats so that the community's
welfare can be known psychologically.
25 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
Formulating a vertical inhabited culture in a rental apartment will be done using content
analysis. Content analysis technique is an analysis that relies on codes found in a data recording
text during interviews conducted with subjects in the field. As explained by Bungin (2010), that
content analysis has 3 main requirements, namely: objectivity, systematic approach and
generalization. Content analysis is used to get the opinions of each respondent according to the
factors asked. The content analysis technique begins with coding the interview transcript notes
that have been conducted. These codes are categories developed from research problems,
hypotheses, key concepts, or important themes (Milles & Huberman, 1992). Furthermore, these
codes become tools that help organize data to be classified. According to Zhang and Wildemuth
(Hsieh et al, 2005), in conducting this analysis method for several stages that must be passed,
namely:
a. Prepare data
b. Determine the unit to be analyzed
c. Formulate coding categories and patterns.
d. Perform coding pattern testing in a text
e. Formulating conclusions from the results of coding data
In this analysis, a model or form of pattern and culture of settlements will be formulated as
well as a form of community adaptation to the vertical housing model. This analysis considers the
results of the mapping analysis of occupant behavior, forms of social interaction of residents,
perceptions of occupancy feasibility, and cultural influences.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results obtained, it illustrates that the influence between the five variables,
especially on community behavior in the study location depends on Perception. In addition, the
existence of Social, Economic and Cultural factors in the pattern of living in rental flats is able to
influence the perceptions and behavior of the people in these rental flats. The existence of
environmental factors is also able to influence the perception and behavior of people in flats which
previously occupied a horizontal house into a vertical. Based on the results obtained, it proves that
the role of the government in providing policies is not entirely appropriate, this is because the lack
of counseling and approaches to the community makes people less understanding of the benefits
generated and the impact that can be avoided from the existence of tenant rental housing. The
following model results are obtained using SEM:
Table 1. Test Result of Goodness of Fit Overall Model Initial Stage
Goodness of Fit
Cut off Value Analysis Result Model Evaluation
index Y
2- chi quare < df dengan α = 0.05 61.373 Good Model
Sig. ≥ 0.05 0.053 Good Model
RMSEA ≤ 0.08 0.047 Good Model
RMR < 0.10 0.070 Good Model
GFI ≥ 0.90 0.938 Good Model
AGFI ≥ 0.90 0.965 Good Model
CMIN/ DF ≤ 2.00 2.448 Marginal Model
TLI ≥ 0.90 0.952 Good Model
CFI ≥ 0.90 0.963 Good Model
Source: Data Processed, 2019
26 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
.257
e1 X1.1 e16
1.13
.071 Social,
Social,economy
economy
.342
e2 X1.2 and
andculture
culture Y1.1 .138 e11
1.258
(X1)
(X1) .274
1 1
.119
e3 X1.3 Perception
Perception 1.017
Y1.2 e12
(Y1)
(Y1) .926
.182
.088
Y1.3 e13
.036
e7 X2.1 .270
.175
.817
.193
.271
e8 X2.2 Government
Government
1.037
policy .197
.087
1.134 policy .159
e9 X2.3
(X2)
(X2) .036
1 1 Y2.1 e14
.021 Behavior
Behavior
e10 X2.4
(Y2)
(Y2) 1.071
.182
Y2.2 e15
.158 .425
e4 X3.1
.150
.854 Goodness of Fit
e17
.028
Environment Khi Kuadrat = 61.373
e5 X3.2 Environment P_Value = .053
1.137
(X3)
(X3) CMIN/DF = 2.448
.181 1
GFI = .938
e6 X3.3
AGFI = .965
TLI = .952
CFI = .963
RMR = .070
RMSEA = .047
Figure 2. Line Diagram Result of SEM Analysis
Based on the results of SEM analysis, a model with a GFI value of 0.938 was obtained,
which is included in a good model so that based on these results it can be said that the model of
management of the housing culture of rental rental in Malang is feasible to be developed. Based
on the results of SEM analysis that has been done, in detail it appears that the coefficient of
influence of exogenous variables on endogenous variables in each variable explains the magnitude
of the effect coefficient. One of them shows the coefficient of influence of exogenous variables on
endogenous variables. The biggest perception is from the Social, Economic and Cultural variables
that is equal to 0.274. While the coefficient of influence of the exogenous variables on the
endogenous variables The biggest behavior is also from the Socioeconomic and Cultural variables
of 0.270. Testing the research hypothesis is done by t test on each path of direct influence partially.
The results of the complete analysis, contained in the SEM analysis results, are presented in the
Appendix. Summarizes the results of the research hypothesis testing are given in the table below:
Table 2. Hypothesis Testing Results
Direct Effect Line Coefficients
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Estimate P-value Description
H1 Social, Economy and Culture Perception 0.274 0.000 Sig***
H2 Government Policy Perception 0.175 0.110 Non sig
H3 Environment Perception 0.179 0.002 Sig**
H4 Social, Economy and Culture Behavior 0.270 0.000 Sig***
H5 Government Policy Behavior 0.159 0.531 Non sig
H6 Environment Behavior 0.150 0.011 Sig**
H7 Perception Behavior 0.271 0.000 Sig***
Source: Data Processed, 2019
27 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
Based on calculation result by using approach of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
obtained by result of hypothesis test as presented below:
Hipotesis 1. Social, Economic and Cultural significant influence on Perception is
accepted. Standardization path coefficient = 0.274 with p-value = 0.000, the result is
significant. This shows that there is a significant positive influence between Social,
Economic and Culture on Perception. This illustrates that the higher or better the Social,
Economic and Cultural Perception of increasing.
Hipotesis 2. Government policies that have a significant effect on perception are
rejected. Standardization Path coefficient = 0.175 with p-value = 0.110 apparently not
significant. This illustrates that there is no significant influence between Government
Policy on Perception. This illustrates that the Government's policy has not been able to
have an impact on the perception of the residents of flats.
Hipotesis 3. The environment has a significant effect on perception. Standardization
Path coefficient = 0.197 with p-value = 0.002 turned out to be significant. This illustrates
that there is a significant influence between the Environment on Perception. This
illustrates that whether or not the environment will have an impact on the perception of
the residents of flats so that the better the environment, the better the perception.
Hipotesis 4. Social, Economic and Cultural significant influence on Behavior is
accepted. The standardized path coefficient = 0.270 with p-value = 0,000 turned out to
be significant. This shows that there is a significant positive influence between Social,
Economic and Cultural Behavior. This illustrates that the higher or better the Social,
Economic and Culture of the behavior of the residents of the residential community use
increasingly increases.
Hipotesis 5. Government policies that have a significant effect on behavior are rejected.
Standardization Path coefficient = 0.159 with p-value = 0.531 apparently not significant.
This illustrates that there is no significant influence between Government Policies on
Behavior. This illustrates that the behavior of the residents of flats does not depend on
the existence of Government Policy.
Hipotesis 6. The environment has a significant effect on behavior. Standardization Path
coefficient = 0.150 with p-value = 0.011 turned out to be significant. This illustrates that
there is a significant influence between the Environment on Behavior. This illustrates
that whether or not the environment will have an impact on the behavior of the residents
of flats so that the better the environment, the behavior of the residents of flats will get
better too.
Hipotesis 7. Perception has a significant effect on behavior is accepted. The
Standardization Path coefficient = 0.271 with p-value = 0,000 turned out to be
significant. This illustrates that there is a significant influence between Perception on
Behavior. This illustrates that the increasing perception of the residents of flats, it will
form a good behavior as well
Based on the results obtained by using the SEM, it can be seen that after the formation of
an appropriate model in the pattern of inhabited flats in Malang. In the pattern of inhabiting rental
flats in Malang, it takes public awareness of their social, economic and cultural conditions so that
community participation in occupying rental flats is getting better organized. Malang City is one
of the cities that has a high awareness of society in social, economic and cultural aspects, but there
are still a number of persons who deliberately use their authority to do things that are not supposed
to, thereby creating an unhealthy environment.
28 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
Based on the results of in-depth interviews with several residents who have lived in flats
for a long time, information was obtained regarding the concept of inhabiting flats in Buring I as
follows:
a) Most residents stated that it was easy to get shelter in flats because besides fulfilling the
requirements, the role of the selection team was quite large. Some of the selection team of
prospective residents of flats come from residents around the flats, so there is some
convenience for residents who need help. Residents who do not have a house and need a rental
house get priority.
b) Most residents of flats adapt by reaction to the physical environment. Only a few occupants
adapt by adjustment to the physical environment. Adaptation by reaction is often done by
residents of the flat to the limitations of space and use of space, a place to dry, fulfill the needs
of drinking water, and children's playground. Adaptation by adjustment is carried out by most
of the residents of the flat to meet the needs of the parking lot and a place to keep animals.
One of the animals that are often found is birds chirping. Adaptation by adjustment is carried
out by all occupants of the fulfillment of the place to plant.
c) Adjustment to the social environment in the form of interaction between residents after living
in flats is relatively reduced. Apart from being tired to go up and down, actually they have no
time to interact intensely. But the harmony among the residents of the flats is still maintained.
Noise disturbance is not a problem for residents of flats. Instead, living in a flat is calmer. The
cleanliness of the residential environment is cleaned by each occupant, while the cleanliness
of public places, such as stairs, is cleaned by residents whose homes are close to the stairs.
d) Adjustment of occupants to the cultural environment in flats has not completely changed the
behavior of disposing garbage in the river. Most residents still throw garbage into the river for
certain types of garbage (wet garbage). Competition for ownership of goods between residents
also occurs, but is not prominent. The habit of chatting with neighbors is much reduced after
living in a flat.
e) Violations committed by several occupants have received a reprimand from the management.
However, after receiving a reprimand they continue to violate and have not received
administrative sanctions. Considerations for choosing not to make noise, allowing violations
to remain more dominant than to impose more severe sanctions.
f) The motivation of residents to move is still lacking. They still hope to remain able to occupy
the flats. The economic problems of residents and the strategic location of flats with low rental
prices are the main factors they do not want to move from flats.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research on models and cultural concepts inhabited in rented flats,
then the conclusion is that the dominant factor that influences the perception and behavior of the
community's habitable patterns in the Buring I rental apartment in Malang is on the social,
economic and cultural aspects. Based on the results of SEM analysis, the model of inhabiting in
the Buring I rental apartment in Malang can be said to be feasible to be developed, so that it can
be carried out construction of rental flats in other locations so that low-income communities can
be helped by the government program.
29 www.doarj.orgModels and Concepts of Population Culture In Malang Buring I Flats
REFERENCES
Bungin, Burhan. 2010. Penelitian Kualitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, Kebijakan Publik dan Ilmu
Sosia Lainnya. Jakarta: Kencana Prenama Media Group.
Koentjaraningrat. 2009. Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. PT.Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.
Kuswarno, Engkus. 2008. Etnografi Komunikasi Suatu Pengantar dan Contoh Penelitiannya.
Bandung: Widya Padjadjaran.
Miles, B.B., and A.M. Huberman. 1992. Analisa Data Kualitatif. UI Press Jakarta.
Notoatmodjo, Soekidjo. 2003. Pendidikan dan Perilaku Kesehatan. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta.
Ranjabar, Jacobus. 2006. Sistem Sosial Budaya Indonesia (Suatu Pengantar). Ghalia Indonesia.
Bogor.
Sukmadinata, N.S. 2011. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Remaja Rosadakarya
30 www.doarj.orgYou can also read
