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Volume 9
Number 29
7 August 2021
Pages 9031–9334
Journal of
Materials Chemistry C
Materials for optical, magnetic and electronic devices
rsc.li/materials-c
ISSN 2050-7526
REVIEW ARTICLE
Qianqian Yu, Paul D. Topham, Linge Wang et al.
A review on electrospun magnetic nanomaterials:
methods, properties and applications
Journal of
Materials Chemistry C
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
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REVIEW View Journal | View Issue
A review on electrospun magnetic nanomaterials:
methods, properties and applications
Cite this: J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021,
Open Access Article. Published on 28 June 2021. Downloaded on 11/5/2021 9:15:02 AM.
9, 9042
Yifan Jia,†a Congyi Yang,†a Xueyang Chen,a Wenqing Xue,a
Helena J. Hutchins-Crawford, b Qianqian Yu,*a Paul D. Topham *b and
Linge Wang *a
Magnetic materials display attractive properties for a wide range of applications. More recently, interest
has turned to significantly enhancing their behaviour for advanced technologies, by exploiting the
remarkable advantages that nanoscale materials offer over their bulk counterparts. Electrospinning is a
high-throughput method that can continuously produce nanoscale fibres, providing a versatile way to
prepare novel magnetic nanomaterials. This article reviews 20 years of magnetic nanomaterials
fabricated via electrospinning and introduces their two primary production methods: electrospinning
polymer-based magnetic fibres directly from solution and electrospinning fibrous templates for post-
treatment. Continual advances in electrospinning have enabled access to a variety of morphologies,
which has led to magnetic materials having desirable flexibility, anisotropy and high specific surface area.
Post-treatment methods, such as surface deposition, carbonization and calcination, further improve or even
create unique magnetic properties in the materials. This renders them useful in broad ranging applications,
Received 31st March 2021, including electromagnetic interference shielding (EMS), magnetic separation, tissue engineering scaffolding,
Accepted 25th June 2021 hyperthermia treatment, drug delivery, nanogenerators and data storage. The processing methods of
DOI: 10.1039/d1tc01477c electrospun magnetic nanofibres, their properties and related applications are discussed throughout this
review. Key areas for future research have been highlighted with the aim of stimulating advances in the
rsc.li/materials-c development of electrospun magnetic nanomaterials for a wide range of applications.
1. Introduction organic, pure inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic composite
materials have become of increasing interest.
Materials that possess magnetic character often exhibit specific Within the past few decades many classic bulk materials
desirable properties. This has led to the inclusion of magnetic (such as magnetic materials) have been processed into shapes
materials in an ever-growing range of applications, including with one or more dimensions at the nanoscale, rendering
hard magnetic materials within magneto-biology,1 magnetic the materials with desirable properties that nanotechnology
medicine,2 magnetic separation3 and electrical machinery and delivers. Among these magnetic nanomaterials, materials with
soft magnetic materials in stator or rotator parts of generators two-dimensional scale constraints such as nanofibres (NFs)
and motors.4 In addition to the various types of magnetic achieve incredible advances due to their anisotropic nature.
materials, there is also a variety of magnetic functional materials NFs exhibit great enhancement and control of many properties
with various niche functions and applications such as giant with the most notable being flexibility, large specific surface
magnetic resistors, magneto-strictive materials, magnetic fluids area, porosity and coercivity (Hc).
and magnetic refrigeration materials. For these applications pure Electrospinning is a simple means of processing materials
to form NFs, where polymer chains align themselves under an
electrostatic force to form elongated, thin, filamentous nano-
a
South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of
structures. During the process, a polymer solution (or melt) is
Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of stretched and deformed by the electrostatic force and a droplet
Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University forms at the tip of needle. The shape of the droplet is determined
of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China. E-mail: yuqianqian@scut.edu.cn, by gravity, viscosity, surface tension and electric field. In the
lingewang@scut.edu.cn
b
process of electrospinning, the most common droplet shape is a
Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, School of Infrastructure and
Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston
cone, referred to as the Taylor cone.5,6 When charge repulsion
University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK. E-mail: p.d.topham@aston.ac.uk exceeds surface tension the polymer is pulled from the end of the
† Y. Jia and C. Yang contributed equally to this work. Taylor cone. The modes of flow are also determined by the
9042 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021
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Review Journal of Materials Chemistry C
aforementioned forces. The withdrawn flow initially experiences magnetic NFs (Section 3), electrospinning is a simple, available
stable motion and is then forced into an unstable stage where the tool used in the fabrication of fibrous templates with different
polymer solidifies in the air to form fibres, which are then morphological structures enabling the user to manipulate the
received by the collector. magnetic properties of the final product. The major difference
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
The final properties of the fibres are influenced by three key between these two strategies is that organic matter is removed in
factors: the latter to create the final inorganic product. In the final section
(i) solution properties (such as the viscosity, concentration, (Section 4), we explore the various applications of these advanced
polymer molecular weight and dielectric properties of the materials from electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and
solution); pollutant treatment, to biomedical devices in drug delivery and
(ii) processing parameters (such as applied voltage, needle- tissue engineering. In short, this review focuses on the processing
to-collector distance and feeding rate) and methods of electrospun magnetic composite NFs and pure inorganic
Open Access Article. Published on 28 June 2021. Downloaded on 11/5/2021 9:15:02 AM.
(iii) environmental conditions (such as temperature, humidity NFs from templates, their properties and related applications.
and air flow around the system). Finally, as aforementioned, we summarise the complete
These factors demonstrate the diverse range of magnetic literature of magnetic NFs in two comprehensive tables, where
electrospun NFs that can be produced from a single chemical Table 1 covers systems in the category described in Section 2
composition; as the structure of a single NF and the fibre assembly [i.e. organic–inorganic hybrid magnetic nanofibrous materials
can be manipulated by other means. Indeed, advances in the created directly from electrospinning solution(s)] and Table 2
control over electrospun NFs is envisioned to vastly benefit the lists those systems created from electrospun fibrous templates, as
magnetic material field. For example, electrospinning is the only described in Section 3. Both tables describe the methodological
known method used to prepare continuous ultra-long, thin NFs.7 approaches used, properties obtained and potential applications,
To the best of our knowledge, there are no comprehensive where relevant. We anticipate that these tables will serve as a
reviews of electrospun magnetic NFs that evaluate their methods useful repository for researchers, in addition to those new to the
of production, properties and applications. Herein, we have field, looking to study such advanced materials.
reviewed articles from 20 years of research on electrospun
magnetic fibres. The review is divided into three main parts
(as shown in Fig. 1): (i) electrospinning organic–inorganic 2. Electrospinning magnetic materials:
hybrid magnetic materials (summarised in Table 1); (ii) using reagents, methods and morphologies
electrospun fibres as templates for the creation of both hybrid and
solely inorganic magnetic materials (summarised in Table 2); and Electrospun polymer–magnetic material composite fibres have
(iii) applications of magnetic nanofibrous materials. As explained been widely reported across the literature. This section discusses
in this review, organic–inorganic composite magnetic nano- the various electrospinning methods and parameters used to
materials can be prepared via a one-step method and the manipulate the creation of magnetic NFs, before reviewing the
resulting nanofibrous matrix can provide magnetic nanoparticles variety of magnetic materials that have been used. Table 1 serves
(MNPs) with mechanical support, protection against oxidation and as a comprehensive summary of this section, listing the various
favourable dispersion (Section 2). Alternatively, for pure inorganic systems that have been explored, the magnetic reagent(s),
polymer(s), electrospinning approach, major magnetic property
and applications (where relevant) in each case.
2.1 Electrospinning methods and fibre structures
Electrospinning is a primary method used to prepare continuous
nanofibrous materials with advantages such as simple device
manufacture, material compatibility and controllable fibre
morphology. Fibres produced by electrospinning have high
surface area-to-volume ratios, tuneable surface morphology
and controlled alignment. The specific morphology of the fibre
can control the distribution of nanoparticles (NPs).8 In this
section, we discuss the various electrospinning parameters that
can be used to create an array of NFs, specifically focusing on
magnetic NFs.
2.1.1 Materials. NFs can be produced by electrospinning
from a solution or melt of a variety of materials. Adequate entangle-
Fig. 1 General methods to prepare electrospun magnetic fibres, where ment is the key for the material to be suitable for electrospinning.
the area process highlighted in red is discussed in Section 2 (a) and the
Most polymeric materials produce enough entanglement to perform
processes highlighted in blue are discussed in Section 3 (b and c). (a) Direct
method for producing magnetic nanofibres; (b) templating procedure of
both solution and melt electrospinning. The extent of entanglement
MNFs from a magnetic pre-cursor solution and (c) templating procedure is related to the polymer molecular weight, the concentration
of MNFs where the magnetic component is deposited upon them. and the solvent system. Sufficiently low molecular weight, low
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021 J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082 | 9043
Open Access Article. Published on 28 June 2021. Downloaded on 11/5/2021 9:15:02 AM.
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
Table 1 Organic–inorganic hybrid magnetic nanofibrous materials created directly from electrospinning solution(s) discussed in Section 2, detailing magnetic components and polymers used,
electrospinning method followed, the magnetic properties of the resulting materials and their applications, where relevant
Electrospinning
Magnetic ingredients Polymer approaches Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
Fe2O3 PVP Uniaxial – blend Hc = 327 Oe, Mr/Ms = 0.244 44
PMMA, PU Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 6.172 emu g1 37 and 90
PVA Uniaxial – deposition EWA 289
g-Fe2O3 PLA Uniaxial – blend Paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, Ms = 0.049 emu g1 Cell culture 88, 89, 254
Tissue engineering scaffolding and 255
Oil adsorption/separation, cell
culture
PVA Coaxial 290
Uniaxial – blend Paramagnetic, superparamagnetic Tissue engineering scaffolding 253
Fe3O4 CA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 2.284 emu g1 Water treatment 59
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
Cellulose–CS, PEO Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 18.61 emu g1 (max) Fluorescence self-display and 60
adsorption removal of mercury(II)
Cellulose Coaxial spinning – 291
9044 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082
post treatment
Cellulose pulp Uniaxial – blend Ferromagnetic Nanofibrous scaffolds 292
CS Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic at different Hyperthermia treatment of tumor 145
temperature cells
CS, PEO Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 8.47–7.12 emu g1 Adsorption removal of heavy metal 293
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 11.21–16.94 emu g1 (RT) Hypothermic tumor cell treatment 294
CMC, PVA Uniaxial – blend Ferromagnetic, Hc = 216–222 Oe 295
CS, PVA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 0.67–3.19 emu g1 Bone regeneration 296
CS : PVA = 3 : 7 Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 20.98 emu g1 Chromium(VI) removal 22
CTMB Uniaxial – blend Enantioselective adsorption of 297
racemic drug
DNA–CTMA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic Water detoxification 298
Gelatin Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 3.05–12.87 emu g1 20
HPMCP, CA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 0.28–0.52 emu g1 Drug release 18
MADO Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 83.9–74.6 emu g1 Hypothermic chemotherapy 299
P(AN-co-AA) Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 27.02–30.51 emu g1 300
PA6 Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 1.03 emu g1 EMS 301 and 302
PAAm, PVA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 16.6, 47.7, 48 emu g1, 303
Mr = 2.8 0.5 emu g1, Hc = 150 Oe
PAN Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Hc = 20.1–206.7 Oe, Ms = 4.67 emu g1 Magnetic separation of the photo-
21 and
sensitizers, electrets filter media
304–306
1
Ms = 3.5–8.4 emu g Cell separation, drug targeting
307
Ferromagnetic Microwave absorption 308
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 81.389 emu g1 Phenol removal 38
Ms = 8.6 emu g1 (max) Separation of glycoproteins 309
1
Twisted blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 10.10–28.77 emu g 33
1
Layer-by-layer Ms = 5.56–20.76 emu g 36
PAN-co-AA Uniaxial – blend Oil adsorption/separation 310
Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 3.6 emu g1 Adsorbents for removal of malachite 311
green from water and wastewaters
1
PANI, PAN Layer-by-layer Ms = 10.848–21.856 emu g 67
PANI, PVP Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 3.35–10.89 emu g1 EMS 16
PANI/PMMA Coaxial Ms = 4.52 emu g1 66
PBT Uniaxial – blend Thin film microextraction, magnetic 312 and 313
separation
PCL Uniaxial – blend Paramagnetic Magnetically-actuated, electro- 314
magnetic heating
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Review
Weak ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic, Hc B 2.5 Oe, Tissue engineering scaffold 256
Mr B 0.27 emu g1, Ms = 1.0–11.2 emu g1
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Table 1 (continued)
Electrospinning
Review
Magnetic ingredients Polymer approaches Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
Ms = 27.7–103.9 emu g , Hc B 70 Oe Organic pollutants degradation 315
Superparamagnetic Drug delivery vehicle 316
Ferrimagnetic, Ms = 88.5 emu g1, Hc = 80 Oe Magnetic heating 58
Coaxial Superparamagnetic 317
Uniaxial – blend–UV Superparamagnetic, Ms = 71.549 emu g1 62
cross-linking
Coaxial Drug release 318
PCL : CS = 6 : 1 Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 0.74–3.52 emu g1, Hyperthermia 319
Hc = 13.25–17.10 Oe
PEK-C Uniaxial – blend–thermal EWA 320
treatment
PEO Coaxial 42
PEO, PVA Janus Superparamagnetic 321
PEO/PLLA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic Malachite green adsorption 322
PEO/PVP Uniaxial – blend 323
1 1
PET Uniaxial – blend Ms = 0.58–2.79 emu g , Mr = 0.1–0.41 emu g , EMS 12
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021
Hc = 79.94–103.9 Oe
Ferromagnetic, near-superparamagnetic 71
Coaxial Superparamagnetic 43
PF–Na, PVA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 9.7 emu g1 324
PHB Uniaxial – blend Ms = 2.4–4.9 emu g1 Photocatalyst 325
PHB, PHVB Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 0.42–2.51 emu g1 326
PHEMA, PLLA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic 327
PLA Uniaxial – blend Paramagnetic Electromagnetic heating 31
PLA, PCL Uniaxial – blend Drug delivery 268
PLA, PEG Uniaxial – blend Ms = 1.26–3.37 emu g1 Smart clothing 328
PLGA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 3.57–10.07 emu g1 Tissue engineering scaffolds 85
PLLA Uniaxial – blend Ms = 1.37–3.94 emu g1, paramagnetic, Tissue engineering scaffold 257 and 329
superparamagnetic
PMMA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 5.22–23.19 emu g1 55 and 330
Coaxial Mr = 8.38 emu g1, Ms = 4.23–35.77 emu g1 63, 64, 74
and 331
Janus Ms = 2.96–32.61 emu g1, superparamagnetic 30, 65, 86
and 332–335
Janus – coaxial Ms = 31.98 emu g1 336
Uniaxial – blend – Ms = 3.6–24.0 emu g1 337
cospinning
PMMA, PANI Uniaxial – blend – Ms = 7.69 emu g1 338
cospinning
1
PMMA/PANI Janus Superparamagnetic, Ms = 23.52 emu g 28
PNIPAM Uniaxial – blend – Superparamagnetic, Ms = 7.88 and 15.80 emu g1 339
cross-linking
Polythiophene, CS Uniaxial – blend Solid-phase extraction of triazine 340
herbicides
PS Uniaxial – blend Remote and efficient oil adsorption 57 and 341
Cancer therapy
PS, PVDF Two-nozzle blend Water oil separation 34
PVA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 1.18–3.66 emu g1, 46, 51 and
coercivity = 6.14–8.98 Oe, retentivity = 1.8–8.4 Oe, 342
Ms = 2.77 emu g1, Ms = 2.42 emu g1
Ferromagnetic, Ms = 26 emu g1, Mr = 10 emu g1, 61
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J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082 | 9045
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
Hc = 20 Oe
Twisted blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 7.11–21.28 emu g1 56
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Table 1 (continued)
Electrospinning
Magnetic ingredients Polymer approaches Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
PVA, guar gum Uniaxial – deposition Superparamagnetic, Ms = 0.1–5.8 emu g 94
PVA, PAA Uniaxial – blend Ferromagnetic, Ms = 1.72–6.77 emu g1 72
PVA : PAA = 5 : 6 Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 10.9–39.9 emu g1 Wastewater treatment 343
PVA, PCL Uniaxial – blend Tissue engineering scaffolds 258
PVA–PHB/PCL Coaxial Ms = 1.9 0.3 emu g1 Photocatalyst 344
PVC Uniaxial – blend Microwave absorption 345
PVDF Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 1.93–12.5 emu g1, Triboelectric nanogenerator 19, 282
Hc = 96–113 Oe, Ms = 46.5 emu g1 and 346
Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia treatment and skin 347
wound healing applications
1
PVP Coaxial 26, 68, 70
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 1.76–13.59 emu g
and 348–350
Janus Ms = 1.73–18.99 emu g1 27, 35, 47, 87,
351 and 352
9046 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 2.63–10.19 emu g1 14, 69, 83,
84 and 353
Janus – uniaxial – blend Ms = 7.4–14.84 emu g1 354
Uniaxial – blend Ms = 70.2 emu g1, Mr = 8.7 emu g1, Hc = 91 Oe EWA 355
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 36.6 emu g1 356 and 357
PVP/PLLA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic 73
Silk fibroin Uniaxial – blend & coating Superparamagnetic, Ms = 60 emu g1 Tissue engineering scaffolds 8
PS-b-PI Coaxial Superparamagnetic (413 kOe), Hc = 250 Oe (5 kOe) 91
Fe3O4, g-Fe2O3 P(NIPAM-co- Uniaxial – blend & thermal Induction of skin cancer apoptosis 259
HMAAm) crosslinking
Fe3O4, Fe2O3/NiO PAN Uniaxial – blend Data storage and transfer 1
Fe–FeO PI Uniaxial – blend Ms = 30.6 emu g1 (max), Hc = 188.2 Oe (max) 50
IONPs PLGA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 18.84 emu g1 Hyperthermia treatment and 358
controlled drug release
PVP Uniaxial – blend Soft ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.53 emu g1 266
PCL Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic, Ms = 6.8 emu g1 Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation 359
SPIONs PDLLA Uniaxial – blend Superparamagnetic 360
CoFe2O4 PAN Uniaxial – blend & Superparamagnetic, Ms = 50 emu g1, TB = 125 K 361
stabilization
Nd0.05Bi0.95Fe0.95Co0.05O3 PVDF–TrFE Uniaxial – blend Ferromagnetic, Mr = 0.58 emu g1, Hc = 1400 Oe 362
Magnetic bioglass PVA Uniaxial – blend Weak soft ferromagnetic, Hc B 20 Oe, Mr B 0.01 emu g1 Bone scaffolds 260
FePt PCL Coaxial Superparamagnetic 101 and 363
Mg-ferrite PCL Uniaxial – blend Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.024–3.19 emu g1 Enhanced cell attachment, growth 364
and proliferation
Magnetic zeolite PAN Uniaxial – blend Ms = 15 emu g1, coercivity = 97 Oe Determination of polycyclic aromatic 365
hydrocarbons in water samples
Ni PS Uniaxial – blend Ms = 0.08–1.52 emu g1 98
SrFe12O19 PVA Uniaxial – blend Mr/Ms = 0.72, Hc = 6.3 kOe Remove arsenic from water 17
Gd(DTPA) Eudragit S100, PEO Coaxial Drug delivery and MrI imaging 265
1
SrTiO3/NiFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – blend & Ferromagnetic, Ms = 10–18 emu g 29
(porous nanotubes & side-by-side uniaxial
particle-in-tubes)
Fe-Doped In2O3/a-Fe2O3 PVP Coaxial Ms = 0.48–22.37 emu g1 366
CeO2-g and CoFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – blend Hc = 320.40–541.35 Oe, Ms = 18.07–17.03 emu g1, Solar light driven photocatalyst 367
Mr = 3.72–4.04 emu g1
Mixture of magnetite P(NIPAM-co- Uniaxial – blend Inducing cancer apoptosis 1
(Fe3O4) and maghemite HMAAm)
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(g-Fe2O3)
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Review Journal of Materials Chemistry C
concentration or poor solubility typically result in beaded
379 and 380
structures (beaded fibres or discrete microspheres) rather than
Ref. long defect-free fibres. Wang et al.9 studied the effect of solvent
368
369
370
371
372
373
102
374
375
376
377
378
381
100
99
78
76
on the preparation of fibres and beads and found that decreasing
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
the compatibility between the solvent and the polymer decreased
Stem cells osteogenic differentiation
the intermolecular entanglement, thus producing beads.
Magnetic hypothermia treatment
Nanoparticles can also be electrospun by adding nanoscale
components into the polymer carrier. However, in order to form
uniform nanoparticles some materials require pre-treatment.
Artificial muscles, MRI
Common examples of pre-treatment include sol–gel treatment
of the polymer solution and dispersive pre-treatment of compo-
Open Access Article. Published on 28 June 2021. Downloaded on 11/5/2021 9:15:02 AM.
site nanoparticles, such as ultrasonic dispersion10–13 or coating
Bio-separation
Applications
with oleic acid (or grafting with a coupling agent) to prevent
undesirable aggregation.14–17
EMS
EMS
EMS
2.1.2 Electrospinning rigs. Fig. 2 shows the wide range of
electrospinning rigs that have been used to create various
nanofibrous fabrics. The most commonly used electrospinning
rig is relatively simple and is comprised of a power supply, a
Hc = 4890.3–5321.9 Oe, Ms = 53.475–53.839 emu g ,
1
Ms = 45.03–55.59 emu g1, Mr = 1.2–27.12 emu g1,
liquid supply device and a collector (Fig. 2(a)). The power
Ms = 0.1–4.16 emu g1, Mr = 0.01–1.25 emu g1,
supply provides sufficient electric field force to create liquid
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 3.87–16.99 emu g1
filaments. Adjustment of the liquid supply parameters such as;
Superparamagnetic, Ms = 1.67–25 emu g1
flow rate of solution, needle structure and mode of liquid
supply, allow for continuous and uniform fibres to be formed.
In addition to common single and multiple needle set-ups,
there are also needleless devices such as silk thread, bulged
Mr = 28.517–28.765 emu g1
Ms = 20.05–20.67 emu g1
roller and liquid pool. In these cases, the collector is usually a
Hc = 102.01–3761.57 Oe
flat plate and the morphology of the fibre mat can be regulated
Magnetic properties
by changing the collection method.11
Superparamagnetic
Hc = 89–114 Oe
Hard magnetic
Ferromagnetic
2.1.2.1 Uniaxial electrospinning. Uniaxial electrospinning is
the most simplistic device design (Fig. 2(a)). The liquid supply
uses a solitary nozzle to prepare a single component of solid
micro/nanofibre.18 Fibres have been prepared, via uniaxial
electrospinning, with different morphologies including; nano-
Uniaxial – blend & coaxial
Sol–gel & uniaxial – blend
belt (Fig. 3(c)), bead-on-string (Fig. 3(d)), and connected fibre
mesh structures.19–22 The various morphologies provide different
& coaxial
characteristics, such as hydrophobicity and mechanical properties.
– blend
– blend
– blend
– blend
– blend
– blend
Uniaxial – blend
blend
blend
blend
blend
blend
blend
blend
blend
Electrospinning
Superhydrophobicity is caused by the huge specific surface area of
approaches
the fibrous mesh membrane. The large surface area of the
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
Uniaxial
membrane can greatly reduce the contact area between the fibrous
membrane surface and the liquid. Additionally, the micro- and
nanoscale voids on the surface of the specimen can easily trap air,
Beta-lactoglobulin,
and when water droplets come into contact with the material the
air holds the droplets up in accordance with the typical Cassie–
Polycarbonate-
Baxster contact model.23 Additionally, it has been shown that
urethanes
PAN, PVP
Polymer
electrospinning can be used to construct a composite structure
MnZnFe–Ni nanoparticles Estane
PANI
of electrospun nanofibres decorated with microspheres to
PEO
PVA
PVA
PVA
PVA
PVP
PVP
PVP
PVP
PVP
PVP
Silk
CA
YFe garnet, YGdFe garnet CA
provide the superhydrophobic character. On this basis it
becomes easier to design and control the micro–nano structure
CoFe2O4@Y2O3:5%Tb3
NaYF4:Eu3+ and Fe3O4
of the surface, allowing the perfect realisation of superhydro-
Strontium hexaferrite
Magnetic ingredients
(continued)
phobic structures.24,25
SrRE0.6Fe11.4O19
CoFe2O4, Fe3O4
(RE = La, Ce)
2.1.2.2 Coaxial electrospinning. Coaxial electrospinning
BaFe12O19
MWCNTs
TiO2/SiO2
(Fig. 2(b and c)) can be used to produce continuous, single-
Ferritin
MGNPs
Table 1
FeCl3
channel, or multi-channel core–shell and hollow fibres. The
Co
Fe
Ni
fibres are prepared by using two or more coaxial nozzles of
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021 J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082 | 9047
Open Access Article. Published on 28 June 2021. Downloaded on 11/5/2021 9:15:02 AM.
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Table 2 List of magnetic materials (both hybrid and solely inorganic) fabricated using a template approach discussed in Section 3, listing magnetic reagents, polymer(s) used, electrospinning and post-
treatment procedures followed, morphology and properties of the final material obtained and applications where relevant
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
Fe PVP Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Ms = 85 emu g , Hc = 526 Oe EWA 232
Multi-nozzle – calcination – Regular EWA 382
reduction
PAN Uniaxial – carbonisation Porous 3D cross-linked Ferromagnetic, Ms = 32.95 emu g1, Hc = 406 Oe EWA 226
network
Uniaxial – carbonisation– 3D non-woven network Ferromagnetic, Ms = 11.2–22.2 emu g1 Catalyst for PMS 383
activation activation
PVA Uniaxial – heating Regular Hc = 0–275.0 Oe 120
Co PVP Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Soft-magnetic, Ms = 73 emu g1 EWA 227
carbonisation – mixed with
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
paraffin and pressed into toroidal
shaped specimens
Uniaxial – calcination – reduction Necklace-like Ferromagnetic, Ms = 28.37 emu g1 (max), Hc = 674–1016 Oe 384
9048 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082
PVP & Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Ms = 60 emu g1 Catalysts 385
PAN carbonisation
PAN Uniaxial – calcination Fibres with deposited Ferromagnetic, Ms = 10.1–23.9 emu g1, Hc = 504.6–701.1 Oe Microwave absorption 386
particles
Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Ms = 15 emu g1 Catalyst for AR 387
TEOS/PVA Uniaxial – calcination – Fibres with deposited Ms = 27.1 emu g1 (max) Absorbents 388
lyophilisation – reduction – coating particles
PVA Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 77.52 emu g1, Hc = 261.3 Oe, 389
Mr = 7.97 emu g1, Hs = 8500 emu g1 (RT), Ms = 78.45 emu g1,
Hc = 392.7 Oe, Mr = 9.26 emu g1, Hs = 8500 emu g1 (5 K)
Ni PVA Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 25.3 emu g1, Hc = 382.52 Oe, 390
Mr = 10.4 emu g1, Hs = 3700 emu g1 (5 K), Ms = 23.12 emu g1,
Hc = 67.66 Oe, Mr = 3.06 emu g1, Hs = 800 emu g1 (RT)
Uniaxial – calcination – Regular Ms = 51.9 emu g1, Hc = 185 Oe, Mr = 16.9 emu g1 127
deoxidation
PAN Uniaxial – calcination Porous Electromagnetic 391
interference shielding
Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Lithium-ion batteries 392
PAN & Uniaxial – carbonisation – surface Short Biosensors 393
PDA modification
Fe3O4 PAN Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Ms = 3.32–13.53 emu g1, Hc = 1.21–274 Oe, EWA 196
carbonisation – mix with paraffin Mr = 0.05–1.8 emu g1
1 1
Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 30 emu g , Mr = 2.69 emu g , EWA 197
carbonisation Hc = 189 Oe
Uniaxial – stabilisation – Core–shell Ms = 4–7.5 emu g1, Hc = 180–240 Oe, Mr = 1.49–2.62 emu g1 EWA 150
carbonisation – coating
Uniaxial – hydrothermal – Nanofibres with Adsorbents for water 112
deposition deposited particles purification
Coaxial – carbonisation Regular Ms = 10.18–39.65 emu g1 161
Coaxial – carbonisation Core–shell Ms = 6.1–81.2 emu g1 Magnetic, electronic 15
and bio-applications
PAN/BA-a Uniaxial – stabilisation – Hierarchical porous Hc = 71 Oe, Mr = 0.654 emu g1 Absorbents for 394
calcination organic dyes in water
PAN/PMMA Uniaxial – calcination Porous nanobelts Ms = 5.54–18.49 emu g1 Absorbents for 111
organic dyes
PAN–PEI Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Superparamagnetic, Ms = 78.79 emu g1, Absorbent 395
form a fibre Mr = 0.528–10.5 emu g1
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Table 2 (continued)
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Review
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
PVP Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular EWA 148
calcination – mix with bismaleimide
1
Uniaxial – calcination – reduction Necklace-like Ferromagnetic, Ms = 58.4 emu g , Hc = 186.7 Oe EWA 396
Uniaxial – calcination – reduction Smooth Ms = 57.6 emu g1, Hc = 188.4 Oe, Mr/Ms = 0.28 131
Uniaxial – oxygen plasma Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic, Ms = 72.4–35.51 emu g1, 41
treatment form a fibre Mr = 3.15–0.07 emu g1, Hc = 24.59–1.35 Oe
PEO Uniaxial – calcination Short fibres with EWA 397
deposited
nanoparticles
PBZ Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ms = 5.95–9.22 emu g1, superparamagnetic Water treatment 398
form a fibre
PVDF Uniaxial – deposition Nanofibres with Remote controllable 399
clusters oil removal
PU Uniaxial – deposition Fibres with deposited Superparamagnetic, Ms = 33.12 emu g1 Hyperthermia 107
particles treatment
1
PEO & Uniaxial – crosslinking – 3D cross-linked network Superparamagnetic, Ms = 9–18 emu g , TB = 70–75 K Hyperthermia 109
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PVA co-precipitation with deposited particles treatment
CS Uniaxial – deposition 3D cross-linked Superparamagnetic, Ms = 16.3–27.2 emu g1 (300 K), Hyperthermia 145
network with deposited ferromagnetic, Hc = 284–298 Oe, Mr = 4.9–7.9 emu g1 treatment of tumour
particles (10 K) cells
PVA Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 50.27–62.8 emu g1, Hc = 50.2–150.72 Oe 400
PVA Uniaxial – anneal – deposition 3D cross-link network 168
1
PVA/PAA Uniaxial – blend – thermal treat- Cross-linked mat with Superparamagnetic, Ms = 32.5 emu g Recyclable catalytic 401
ment – deposition deposited particles capacities
PAA Uniaxial – thermal treatment Fibres with deposited Ms = 1.52–10.46 emu g1 187
particles
PANI Uniaxial – deposition Nanofibres with Ferromagnetic, Ms = 1.9 emu g1, Hc = 930 Oe, 108
deposited particles Mr = 25.83 103 emu g1
a-Fe2O3 PVA Uniaxial – deposition – Hollow Weak ferromagnetic, Ms = 24.4 emu g1 Absorbents for dyes 162
calcination
Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ms = 20 emu g1, Hc = 40 Oe (a-Fe2O3) Catalyst for azo dyes 245
degradation
Uniaxial – calcination Nanorod Superparamagnetic–ferromagnetic 188
PVP Uniaxial – calcination Nanotubes Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0–20 emu g1, Hc = 150–760 Oe, Supercapacitor 217
permanent magnetic material electrodes
Uniaxial – calcination Nanotubes Ferromagnetic, Hc = 256.71–628.18 Oe, 163
Mr = 0.2872–0.4512 emu g1
g-Fe2O3 PLGA & Uniaxial – deposition Nanofibres with Superparamagnetic, Ms = 3.56 emu g1 Stem cell 144
PCL deposited particles differentiation
1
PVA Uniaxial – hydrothermal synthesis Core–shell Ferromagnetic, Ms = 98.9 emu g , Hc = 175.5 Oe, Sensors 137
deposition – calcination Mr = 6.9 emu g1
Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 52.1 emu g1, Hc = 460 Oe, Semiconductor 402
Mr = 16.7 emu g1, Hs = 6000 Oe (5 K); Ms = 45.2 emu g1,
1
Hc = 218 Oe, Mr = 11 emu g , Hs = 2000 Oe (RT)
PVP Uniaxial – calcination Core–shell fibres, Ferromagnetic, Ms = 55.2 emu g1 (fibre-in-tube), 403
fibre-in-tube, Ms = 56.3 emu g1 (tube-in-tube), Mr = 5.5–15.9 emu g1,
tube-in-tube Hc = 78–206 Oe, Mr/Ms = 0.1–0.28
Fe2O3 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Superparamagnetic–antiferromagnetic Catalyst 177
Uniaxial – calcination – post Porous hollow fibres Ms = 0.6 emu g1 Photocatalyst 237
treatment with nanoflakes coating
Uniaxial electrospinning – Sintered particles to Superparamagnetic, Ms = 8.42 emu g1, Mr = 1.2 emu g1, Photocatalyst 236
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Journal of Materials Chemistry C
calcination form a fibre Hc = 160 Oe
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Table 2 (continued)
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
FexOy PVP Uniaxial – calcination Porous nanosheets, Ferromagnetic, Ms = 2.84–18.91 emu g , 105
nanotubes Hc = 106.27–152.87 Oe
a-Fe2O3, Fe3O4 PAA Uniaxial electrospinning – Nanofibres with Superparamagnetic, Ms = 2.8–4.0 emu g1 143
deposition deposited particles
a-Fe2O3, Co3O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Hollow Ms = 0.75–1.50 emu g1 103
Co3O4 PAN Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Soft ferromagnetic EWA 121
carbonisation
NiO PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ms = 55.3 emu g1, Hc = 194.0 Oe 404
form a fibre
PEtOx Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Alcohol sensor 405
form a fibre
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
1
Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Hc = 107.3 Oe (max), Mr = 0.472 emu g (max) 203
CuO/NiO PVA Uniaxial – calcination Regular Paramagnetic, M = 0.337–0.480 emu g1, Hc = 10 kOe 406
ZnO PVA Uniaxial – anneal Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.039 emu g1 (max) 192
9050 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082
ZrO2 PVP Coaxial electrospinning – Hollow Catalysts 166
anneal – deposition
Uniaxial – anneal Nanofibres with Ms = 0.45–0.57 emu g1 Photocatalysts for the 241
smooth surface degradation of
organic pollutes
SnO2 PVP Uniaxial – anneal Nanotubes Ms = 0.012–0.017 emu g1, Hc = 79–95 Oe (300 K), 173
Ms = 0.11–0.19 emu g1, Hc = 163–169 Oe (5 K)
Fe3C PAN Uniaxial – carbonisation Short Soft ferromagnetic, Ms = 18.0 emu g1, Hc = 108.3 Oe, EWA 228
Mr = 0.68 emu g1
Fe3O4, a-Fe2O3, Fe2N PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Fe3O4: Ms = 82.99 emu g1, Mr = 39.27 emu g1, High performance 134
form a hollow fibre Hc = 400.45 Oe a-Fe2O3: Ms = 4.34 emu g1, Fe2N: anodes for LIBs
Ms 2.07 emu g1
FeC3/FeN3 PVP Uniaxial – stabilisation – Branch-like (400–700 1C) Ferromagnetic, Ms = 122 emu g1 Fe, Hc = 112 Oe Fe, 407
nitridation Mr = 10.4 emu g1 Fe
Fe@FeO PAN Uniaxial – stabilisation – Short Ferromagnetic, Ms = 6.8–24.1 emu g1, Hc = 45–209 Oe 408
carbonisation
Pd doped Co PVA Uniaxial – calcination Regular Photocatalyst 409
Fe-Doped NiO PVA Uniaxial electrospinning – Regular Ferromagnetic Diluted magnetic 223
calcination semiconductor
Fe doped ZnO PVA Uniaxial – calcination Regular Tc 4 300 K 410
Co doped ZnO PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.05 emu g1, Hc = 53.2 Oe, magnetic EWA 411
loss factor = 0.170–0.223
Fe doped SnO2/TiO2 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Beaded fibres Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.02–0.37 emu g1 Photocatalyst 412
Mn doped SnO2 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Hollow Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, Hc = 15 kOe 221
Cu doped SnO2 PVP Coaxial – calcination Hollow RT ferromagnetism 413
GO doped CoFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial electrospinning – Regular Ferrimagnetic, Ms = 79.24–82.7 emu g1, Hc = 909–1514 Oe, 224
calcination Mr = 31–39 emu g1
La-Doped TiO2/CoFe2O4 PVP (Sol–gel) – two-spinneret Regular Ms = 8.888 emu g1 Photocatalytic 414
Co-Doped SrTiO3 PVP Uniaxial – calcination – anneal Regular Paramagnetic–weak ferromagnetic 129
Gd doped bismuth ferrite PVP Uniaxial – annealing Regular Ms = 2.4–4.12 emu g1, Hc = 450 Oe 415
Ca doped BiFeO3 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic Photocatalyst 240
form a fibre
Bi2O3 doped Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ms = 2.6–59.1 emu g1, Hc = 32.6–112.9 Oe 416
FexCoy PAN/PBZ Uniaxial – activation – Regular Ms = 18.76 emu g1 Catalyst for PMS 417
carbonisation activation
PVA Uniaxial – graphinisation Fibres encapsulated in Ferromagnetic, Ms = 71.14 emu g1, Hc = 220 Oe (300 K), 225
graphite shell Hc = 648 Oe (5 K)
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Table 2 (continued)
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Review
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
Fe–Ni PVP Uniaxial – calcination – deoxidation Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 72.54–195.06 emu g , Hc = 1.72–43.89 Oe 128
Uniaxial – calcination – Nanoribbons Soft magnetic, Ms = 145.7 emu g1 (max), Hc = 132 Oe 126
deoxidation
Fe3Si PVP Uniaxial – calcination Fibres with deposited Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0–8.4 emu g1, Hc = 50–90 Oe Tunable EM and 418
particles microwave absorption
FePt PVP Uniaxial – calcination – reduction Necklace-like sintered Hard magnetic, Ms = 54.63–59.38 emu g1, Hc = 4.68–10.27 123
process particles to form a fibre Oe, Mr = 24.44–34.23 emu g1
1
CoNi PVA Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 47.45 emu g , Hc = 65.6 Oe, Mr = 5.94 419
emu g1, Hs = 4000 Oe
CoPt PVA Uniaxial – carbonisation Bead Ferromagnetic, Ms = 77.3 emu g1 (Co, max), Hc = 270.9 Oe 420
(Co–Pd, max), Mr = 7.98 emu g1 (Co, min)
1 1
Sm2Co17 PVP Uniaxial – blend – calcination Regular Ms = 55.5–106 emu g , Mr = 35.6–52.5 emu g , 206
Hc = 5210–12 676 Oe
CoxFeyAl PVP & Uniaxial – anneal Regular Ferromagnetic 421
PVA
SmCoFe PVP Uniaxial – calcination – REDOX Sintered particles toMs = 80–120 emu g1, Hc = 5–7.5 kOe, Mr = 55–69 emu g1, 422
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post – treatment form a fibre Mr/Ms = 0.54–0.69
Co–MnO PVA Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 49.95 emu g1, Hc = 245 Oe, 423
Mr = 7.35 emu g1, Hs = 3000 emu g1
Zn1xCoxO PVP Uniaxial – calcination – anneal Regular RT ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.877 emu g1, Hc = 610 Oe (max) 424
PVA Uniaxial – sinter Regular Hc = 50–75 Oe 218
Zn–Mn–O TPEE Uniaxial – calcination Microsphere composed Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.20225–0.78425 emu g1, Hc = 83.68– Photocatalyst 425
of micro/nanofibres 223.78 Oe, Mr = 0.010125–0.015766 emu g1
Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CuFe2O4, PAN Coaxial – calcination Porous Ferromagnetic, Ms = 2.058 emu g1, Mr = 0.28148 emu g1, EWA 426
Cu2Fe2O4 Hc = 167.56 Oe
Magnetically susceptible Uniaxial – deposition – surface Regular Biosensor 427
conjugation complex modification
1
CoFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – anneal Nanotubes Ms = 18 emu g Photocatalysts 164
Uniaxial – calcination – (in situ) Hollow core–double Photocatalysts 158
oxidative polymerisation method shell nanostructure
Uniaxial – calcination Wrinkle nanofibres Ms = 33.232 emu g1, Hc = 893.71 Oe, Mr = 10.876 emu g1 Photocatalyst 200
with cluster
Uniaxial – calcination Nanorod with flake Ferromagnetism, Ms = 35.17–61.24 emu g1 Photocatalyst 202
surface
Uniaxial – calcination – redox post Regular Efficient catalysts for 428
– treatment the p-nitrophenol
hydrogenation
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to 429
form a fibre
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ms = 53.2–71.7 emu g1, Hc = 925.3–1161.7 Oe 106
form a fibre
Uniaxial – anneal Janus Ms = 41.34 emu g1 75
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Soft magnetic, superparamagnetic, Ms = 28.61–67.24 emu g1, 172
form a fibre Hc = 758.62–2221.51 Oe, Mr = 8.28–35.11 emu g1
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic, Ms = 42.8 emu g1, Hc (bulk) = 750–1000 Oe, 430
form a fibre Mr/Ms = 0.27–0.5
(Dual-channel) – calcination Sintered particles to Hc = 250 Oe 431
form two phases that
are distributed semi-
cylindrically
Uniaxial – calcination Nanotubes Hc = 300 Oe (360 K), Hc = 10 400 Oe (5 K) 432
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Table 2 (continued)
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
Uniaxial – ultrasonic – coaxial Regular Ms = 3.65–45.80 emu g , Hc = 735–785 Oe, 433
Mr = 1.4–16.49 emu g1
Uniaxial – calcination Nanoribbons ferromagnetic, Ms = 64.6–80.3 emu g1, Hc = 1223–1802 Oe 119
Uniaxial – calcination Nanoribbons (400– Ms = 76.2–85.2 emu g1 (2–300 K), Hc = 895 Oe (max), 114
700 1C), nanofibres Mr/Ms = 0.75–0.89
(900 1C)
Uniaxial – calcination Hollow Ferromagnetic, Ms = 9.0–34.7 emu g1, Hc = 858–1207 Oe, 160
Mr = 2.7–13.1 emu g1, Mr/Ms = 0.30–0.38 (300 K),
Ms = 9.6–36.1 emu g1, Hc = 11 953–14 110 Oe,
Mr = 8.3–32.5 emu g1, Mr/Ms = 0.86–0.89 (2 K)
Uniaxial – calcination Wire-in-tube structure 434
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
Hc = 11 043 Oe (10 K), Hc = 707 Oe (300 K)
Coaxial – anneal Core–shell Ms = 16.1 emu g1 156
Uniaxial – coprecipitate – Nanofibres with depos- Photocatalyst 242
calcination ited particles
9052 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082
1 1
Uniaxial – anneal Porous nanoribbons Ms = 56 emu g , Hc = 757 Oe, Mr = 18 emu g (300 K), 115
Ms = 72 emu g1, Hc = 14 507 Oe, Mr = 56 emu g1 (2 K)
PAN Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Ms = 30 emu g1 Catalyst for PMs 243
activation
1 1
Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Ms = 50–63 emu g , Hc = 0–667 Oe, Mr = 0–17 emu g 94
carbonisation
PANI Uniaxial – calcination – polyaniline Hollow fibres with Ms = 35 emu g1, Hc = 1260 Oe Catalysts 244
assisted (self-assembly) process – deposited particles
deposition
PVAc (Sol–gel) uniaxial – calcination Regular Mr = 16.1–32.5 emu g1, Hc = 611.9–786.5 Oe 194
PVDF Uniaxial – blend – calcined – Regular Ms = 10.7 emu cm3 435
casted
CoFe2O4/barium carbonate PVP Uniaxial – calcination – electrical Janus Ferromagnetic, Ms = 60 emu g1, Hc = 800 Oe, Mr = 18 emu g1 Magnetoelectric 436
assembly sensors
CoFe2O4/Ag PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Catalyst for the 235
form a hollow fibre degradation of
organic pollutants
1
CoFe2O4–Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 PS Uniaxial – anneal Regular Ferromagnetic, Hc = 386–730 Oe, Mr = 3.3–11.3 emu g 437
PVP & Coaxial – anneal Core–shell Ferromagnetic, Hc = 700 Oe, Mr = 3.40 emu g1 140
PMMA
CoFe2O4/CoFe2 PVP Uniaxial – calcination – partially Regular Ferromagnetic, hard magnetic, Ms = 66.8–220.2 emu g1, 124
reduction Hc = 0.62–1.37 Oe, Mr = 27.6–106.4 emu g1
CoFe2O4/SrFe12O19 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Hollow Ms = 52.9–62.8 emu g1, Hc = 1089–4046 Oe, 438
Mr = 18.22–31.21 emu g1
CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4 PVP Coaxial – calcination Core–shell, fibre-in- Ms = 63.83–76.16 emu g1, Hc = 12.79–13.36 kOe 439
tube, tube-in-tube
1 1
ZnFe2O4/CoFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Short Ms = 53.95–69.62 emu g , Hc = 69–110 Oe, Mr = 3.8–11 emu g , 440
Mr/Ms = 0.07043–0.15799
Mullite fibres with AN & Uniaxial – thermal reduction – Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.085–4.177 emu g1, Hc = 21.1–85.8 Oe, 132
embedded Ni NPs PEO heat treatment Mr = 0.005–1.136 emu g1
Fe–Ni/NiFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination – partially Regular Soft magnetic, Ms = 49.5–109.3 emu g1, Hc = 219–460 Oe 136
reduction
NiFe2O4 & MWCNTs PAN Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 1.5 emu g1, Hc = 47 Oe EM shielding 142
carbonisation
1
Spinel-NiMn2O4 PVP Uniaxial – anneal Short fibres Paramagnetic–antiferromagnetic (200–300 K), Ms = 34 emu g , Electrode material 175
Hc = 96.7 Oe, Mr = 13 emu g1 (5 K) and energy storage
NiFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination – atomic Core–shell Photocatalyst 441
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Table 2 (continued)
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Review
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
8 3
Uniaxial – calcination Multi-particle-chain-like Ms = 2.7 10 emu cm , Hc = 166 Oe, Tc = 858 K 442
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Soft ferromagnetic, Ms = 1.3–40 emu g1, Hc = 16–170 Oe, 183
form a fibre Mr = 0.008–7.8 emu g1
Uniaxial – calcination Regular Hc = 30 Oe (300 K), Hc = 576 Oe (5 K) 443
Uniaxial – anneal Nanotube Ferromagnetic, Ms = 33.3 emu g1, Hc = 225 Oe 444
PVA Uniaxial – anneal Regular Ferromagnetic, Hc = 60 Oe 445
PVA & Uniaxial – (dip-coating) – Hierarchical porous Soft magnetic, Ms = 14.44 emu g1 110
TEOS calcination cross-linked structure
NiCo2O4 PAN Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular EWA 229
carbonisation
1
Ni0.8Co0.2Fe2O4, Ni PVP, Uniaxial – carbonisation – mix Regular Ms = 11.9–53.4 emu g , Hc = 114.3–409 Oe EWA 446
PAN with paraffin
Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Necklace-like Ms = 37.5–66.2 emu g1, Hc = 78.3 Oe (max) EWA 122
Co1xNixFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, PVP Uniaxial – stabilisation – Regular Ms = 13.4–56.4 emu g1, Hc = 210–1255 Oe 215
0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) calcination
MnFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Short fibres Catalysts (magnetic 447
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separation)
Uniaxial – calcination Nanorods Ms = 43.5–46.3 emu g1 174
PVAc Uniaxial – calcination Regular M = 46.8–61.14 emu g1 (10 kOe), Hc = 607.7–642.6 Oe, Mr Magnetic recording 186
= 13.4–17.8 emu g1 (600–800 K) device, magneto-
optical recording and
electronic devices
1
PAN Uniaxial – carbonisation Regular Ms = 56.8 emu g (max), Hc = 998–1264 Oe, 185
1
Mr = 15–31.9 emu g , Mr/Ms = 0.41–0.67
Co0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination – ANI Hollow Photocatalyst 448
polymerisation
CuFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Hollow Ferromagnetic, Ms = 18.99–25.04 emu g1, 159
Hc = 345–1451 Oe, Mr = 5.32–13.02 emu g1, Mr/Ms = 0.28–0.52
Uniaxial – deposition Nano fibres with Visible light photo- 199
deposited particles catalyst (magnetic
separation)
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic, soft magnetic, Ms = 7.73–23.98 emu g1, 182
form a fibre or lamellar Hc = 299–625 Oe, Mr = 6.08–9.91 emu g1,
post sintering Mr/Ms = 0.34–0.41
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic CR adsorption and 449
form short or hollow CO catalytic oxidation
fibres of the samples
CuCo2O4 PAN Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetism – antiferromagnetism, 190
Ms = 11.43–60.24 (103) emu g1, Hc = 107.07–734.67 Oe,
Mr = 4.02–25.78 (103) emu g1, Mr/Ms = 0.289–0.428
Ni1xCuxFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Soft ferromagnetic, Ms = 15.1–37.71 emu g1, 210
Hc = 50.9–144.66 Oe
ZnFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – anneal Porous nanotubes Photocatalyst 450
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic, Ms = 12.4 emu g1, Hc = 48.79 Oe EWA 451
form a fibre
Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Superparamagnetic – paramagnetic (calcined at 500– 193
form a fibre 700 1C), Ms = 1.53–2.55 emu g1
ZnFe2O4/ZnO PVP Uniaxial – calcination Porous nanotubes Photocatalyst 452
ZnFe2O4/Fe3O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 22.9–34.2 emu g1, Hc = 208.7–425.1 Oe, Photocatalysts for 453
Mr = 5.8–10.1 emu g1 wastewater disposal
or drug release
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J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082 | 9053
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Table 2 (continued)
Electrospinning approach and Morphology
Magnetic ingredients Polymer post-treatments (after post-treatment) Magnetic properties Applications Ref.
1
ZnFe2O4/g-Fe2O3 PVA Uniaxial – calcination Nanoribbons Ferromagnetic, Ms = 45 emu g (max) 454
Cu1xZnxFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic–paramagnetic, Ms = 58.4 emu g1 (max), 216
Hc = 35.2–723.5 Oe, Mr/Ms = 0.11–0.47 emu g1
Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 92.3 emu g1 (max), Hc = 338.2 Oe (max) EWA 455
Ni0.5xCuxZn0.5Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Hc = 121.6 Oe (298 K), Hc = 295.9 Oe (77 K) 211
Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – anneal – calcination Nanowires in Ms = 61 emu g1, Hc = 43 Oe, Mr = 3 emu g1 456
nanotubes
Uniaxial – calcination Regular Soft magnetic, Ms = 78.6 emu g1, Hc = 57.4 Oe EWA 457
NiZn ferrite PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ferromagnetic DNA separation for 458
form a fibre clinical diagnoses and
biomolecular
Journal of Materials Chemistry C
recognition
MgFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Ms = 17–31.1 emu g1, Hc = 35.8–98.9 Oe 184
form a fibre
9054 | J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 9042–9082
Uniaxial – anneal – sinter Nanotubes Ferromagnetic 135
Mg1xZnxFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ms = 20.25 emu g1, Mr = 5.1 emu g1, Hc = 90 Oe, soft 459
ferromagnetic
CuAl0.95Co0.05O2 PVP Uniaxial – anneal Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.012 emu g1, Hc = 65.26 Oe, 104
Mr = 0.0015 emu g1
Fe@TiSi P123, Coaxial – calcination Core–shell Ms = 0.0002–1.2 emu g1 Catalyst for waste- 249
PVP water treatment
a-Fe2O3@SiO2 TEOS Uniaxial – calcination – Core–shell Ms = 14–20 emu g1, Hc = 390–400 Oe 151
deposition
1
SiO2–CoFe2O4 PVP & Uniaxial – anneal Hollow short fibres Ferromagnetic, Ms = 56.4–80 emu g , Hc = 1477 Oe 201
TEOS
CaFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Necklace-like Superparamagnetic Photocatalyst 238
CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Photocatalyst 460
form fibres
TiO2/CoFe2O4 PVP (Sol–gel) – vertical two – spinneret Regular Hc = 585.09 Oe, Mr = 3.2408 emu g1, Ms = 9.5869 emu g1 Photocatalyst 461
– calcination
Ti0.9V0.1O2 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Ferromagnetic 191
Cr0.046Zn0.954O PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Weak ferrimagnetic, Hc = 73–224 Oe 462
SrFe12O19 PVP Coaxial – stabilisation – sinter Hollow Ms = 30.7–57.8 emu g1, Hc = 95.3–4187.1 Oe EWA 167
Uniaxial – calcination – deposi- Core–sheath Ferromagnetic, Ms = 7.968 emu g1, Hc = 5149.7 Oe, Photocatalyst 3
tion – calcination Mr = 4.235 emu g1
Uniaxial – calcination Necklace-like Ms = 64 emu g1, Hc = 6533.3 Oe High density magnetic 138
recording and micro-
wave devices
Uniaxial – anneal Nanoribbons Ms = 50–67.9 emu g1, Hc = 7150–7310 Oe, 116
Mr = 27.5–37.3 emu g1
Uniaxial – calcination Necklace-like Ms = 59.9–60.8 emu g1, Hc = 4538.2–6565.9 Oe 176
SrFe12O19/FeCo PVP Coaxial – calcination – reduction Core–shell Ms = 60.9–68.8 emu g1, Hc = 1249–3190 Oe 153
SrAlxFe12xO19 (x = 0–3.0) PVP Uniaxial – calcination Necklace-like Ms = 13–62 emu g1, Hc = 5668–7737 Oe (298 K), 209
Ms = 16–85 emu g1, Hc = 6860 Oe (77 K)
SrTi1xCoxO3 PVP Uniaxial – calcination – anneal Regular Ferromagnetic, Ms = 0.74 emu g1 (max) 130
SrTi1xFexO3 (SrTi0.9Fe0.1O3) PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Paramagnetic–ferromagnetic, M = 0.46–0.82 emu g1, Batteries 463
Hc = 165–217 Oe, Mr = 0.01–0.15 emu g1, Tc 4 300 K
1
SrTiO3/SrFe12O19 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Regular Hard magnetic, Ms = 55.1 emu g , Hc = 6523 Oe (max), 181
Mr = 5.94 emu g1
SrFe12O19, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 PVP Uniaxial – calcination Sintered particles to Hc = 3037.1–4762.7 Oe (77–297 K), Mr = 53.5–39.1 emu g1 464
form a fibre (77–297 K)
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