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Bisht and P. Phalswal, Mater. Adv., 2022, DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H.
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DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
ARTICLE
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
Selenium Nanoparticles: A Review on Synthesis and Biomedical
Applications
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
Received 00th January 20xx, Neha Bisht,a Priyanka,a and Pawan K.Khanna*a
Accepted 00th January 20xx
Open Access Article. Published on 17 December 2021. Downloaded on 1/10/2022 2:27:23 PM.
Selenium is a trace and essential micronutrient for the health of human, animals, and microorganisms. Recently, selenium
DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
nanoparticles (SeNPs) attracted many researchers’ interest due to their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity.
Therefore, due to their higher bioactivity selenium nanoparticles are largely being used in various biomedical applications.
Generally, selenium nanoparticles can be synthesized by physical, chemical, and biological methods. However, the
biologically synthesized SeNPs demonstrate greater compatibility with human organs and tissues. The effect of size, shape,
and the method employed for synthesis on the applications in biological systems has been explored by many researchers.
This review is a discussion of various synthesis methods employed for their preparation and highlights their applications in
biomedical field such as in the treatment of fungal, bacterial, and parasitic infections, cancer, and diabetes. They can also
act as chemopreventive agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and as antioxidants.
Keywords: Selenium nanoparticles, Chemical reduction , Hydrothermal, Microwave, Biogenic reduction, Biomedical
applications.
1. Introduction
Elemental selenium (Se) has great importance in the field of
physics, chemistry, and biology. Naturally, selenium exists in
two forms: inorganic (selenite and selenate) and organic
(selenomethionine and selenocysteine). Selenium is found in
the form of both crystalline and amorphous polymorphic
structures in nature. Monoclinic and trigonal selenium are the
crystalline forms. Monoclinic selenium (m-Se) is red in
Figure 1: General representation of crystal structure of (a) t-Se and (b) m-Se.
appearance and contains rings of Se8. Based on different
Reproduced from Ref. 2 with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry,
packing, it exists in three allotropic forms (α, β and γ). The copyright 2015.
trigonal selenium (t-Se) is black in colour and the most stable
usefulness and toxicity is very slender. The United Kingdom
crystalline form at room temperature. The Red amorphous (a-
group of vitamins and minerals recommended daily intake of
Se), Black amorphous and vitreous selenium are the non-
selenium by women and men should be 60 µg and 70 µg,
crystalline forms of selenium 1. The crystal structures of t-Se and
respectively 3. A daily intake of more than 400 µg could be toxic
m-Se are represented in Figure 1(a) and 1(b) 2. Selenium, a part
which leads to a disorder known as selenosis 3–5. Selenium plays
of selenoproteins and selenocompounds within human body
a key role in biochemical component of glutathione peroxidase,
plays critical role in reproduction, DNA synthesis, thyroid
an enzyme responsible for the protection of essential SH-groups
hormone, metabolism, and protection form infection and
and for the decomposition of peroxides, thereby act as an
oxidative damage. It has many industrial and commercial
antioxidant. The bactericidal activity of Selenium is because of
applications. Due to its high photoconductivity and low melting
its capacity to catalyse the oxidation of intracellular thiols,
point, it possesses great catalytic activity towards organic
causing demise of microscopic organisms 6–8. Selenium, as one
hydration and oxidation reactions. Selenium is an essential
of the fundamental minor components, is affirmed to improve
trace element in the human body but the margin between its
the action or restore the activity of the seleno-catalyst and
glutathione peroxidase in prevention of free radical harm to
cells and tissues in vivo 9–12. It is widely utilized in nutritional
a. NanoChemistry and Quantum Dots R & D Laboratory, Department of Applied
Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Ministry of Defence,
supplements as well as a potential nutrient in fertilizers 13. A
Govt. of India, Girinagar, Pune-411025, India. selenium free diet leads to malfunctioning of the liver and
* Corresponding author Email: pawankhanna2002@yahoo.co.in hemolytic processes. Se deficiency leads many diseases such as
See DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x
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Kashin-beck disease 14, neurological disorders 15, chronic applications in biomedical area because of excellent
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degenerative diseases 16. Selenium supplements can prevent antibacterial activity, sometime, even more effective than Ag
DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
diseases, such as viral infections 17, immune system dysfunction NPs 40–42. SeNPs have been synthesized in various forms such as
18, and neural function loss 19. The recent boom in nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes through various methods such
nanotechnology furnished indefinite number of applications of as sonochemical 43, refluxing, microwave 44, hydrothermal 45,
metal nanoparticles in biomedicine. Metal NPs of Au, Ag gamma irradiation 46, pulsed laser ablation 13,47,48, and physical
however, have immense medicinal benefits but are costlier to evaporation approaches 49–51. The precursors mostly used in
synthesize, however, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesis is these methods are sodium selenite, sodium selenate, sodium
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economical and they can be integrated with other biological selenosulphate, selenous acid and selenium oxide. Use of these
agents to enhance their biological properties. Vahdati et al. 20 precursors is often preferred because selenium in selenite and
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
demonstrated the synergistic antimicrobial effect of SeNPs and selenate form possesses hazardous effect even at extremely
lysozyme. Due to higher surface-to-volume ratio at the nano- low concentrations and gets accumulated in the bio-system. In
level, the surface of the particles is more exposed which lead to recent times Khanna et al. have demonstrated exclusive use of
Open Access Article. Published on 17 December 2021. Downloaded on 1/10/2022 2:27:23 PM.
the enhanced activity of selenium more profoundly in the nano- 1,2,3-selenadiazole as a source of selenium for variety of
regime. The promising potency of SeNPs in biological semiconductor NPs ink/quantum dots including selenium
applications are as: an antioxidant, cancer therapeutic agent, nanoparticles 2,52–55. Converting them to biologically and
and drug carrier 21. Several studies have supported the technologically important SeNPs can help in revitalizing
anticancer 22, antioxidant 21, antimicrobial 23–25, and anti-biofilm environment and protect from contamination of Se
properties 26. Use of nano-Se medication in the therapy of compounds. Various reviews on biological applications of
huntington’s disease has given promising results 27. SeNPs selenium nanoparticles and its compounds 56 have been
possess unique semiconducting, photoelectric and X-ray- published in the recent years while focusing on their biological
sensing properties, and are used in photocells, photocopying, synthesis methods 57. This review emphasizes on the different
photometers, xerography 28. Their importance in renewable synthesis methods of SeNPs and their advantages and
energy devices has also been greatly mentioned 29. Additionally, disadvantages over each other. The authors also presented a
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are environmentally important detailed discussion of various biological applications of SeNPs
because of their mercury capturing properties 30. such as anti-cancerous, antioxidative, antidiabatic,
The absorption profile of selenium indicated that the nano- antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal and as
selenium can lead to blue shift in absorption spectrum and the chemopreventive agents.
range of such shift can vary from preparation to preparation.
Thus, it is gathered that the bandgap of Se increases from 1.7
eV in bulk to 3.3 eV in the nano-range 31. The least toxic form of 2. Synthesis Methods
selenium is elemental Se, hence, their nano form has attracted SeNPs synthesis is reported by many methods. These methods
significant attention. Interestingly, functionalized SeNPs exhibit can be broadly divided into two categories namely biological
less cytotoxicity than their other forms such as selenate, and chemical reduction. Biological reduction method includes
selenite, selenoproteins, and inorganic selenium 32,33. In clinical reduction of various organic/inorganic compounds of selenium,
trials, instead of conventional selenium sources, the elemental via biological agents such as bacteria or plant extracts and
nano-sized selenium can be better replacement. Figure 2 converts them to non-toxic and beneficial SeNPs. Chemical
demonstrates the reduced cytotoxicity as selenium reduction uses chemical reducing agents. This method can
nanoparticle size increases 34. SeNPs are highly biologically further be classified depending upon the energy source used or
active 35, anti-hydroxyl radical 36, chemo-preventive 32,37, have the apparatus employed for the reaction. Researchers have
detoxifying effect on heavy metal exposure 38, and prevents reported mainly hydrothermal, microwave, and sonochemical
DNA oxidation 39. method in this category. This broad classification is represented
in Figure 3 and then these methods are further discussed in sub-
It has been demonstrated by various researchers that impetus sections.
on research in SeNPs is greatly desired, owing to its tremendous
2.1. Chemical Reduction Method
Among the vast varieties of synthesis methods reported,
reduction of Se salts is the most common and simplest method
to synthesize SeNPs 58. The sources can be natural compounds
from plants or microorganisms 59,60 or reagents/chemicals
having ability to cause reduction in oxidation state such as
ascorbic acid 61. However, the nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized
from natural compounds are found to be less toxic than those
prepared by employing chemicals 62. In this section, synthesis
Figure 2: Extent of cytotoxicity from various sources of selenium with respect to their
size. Reproduced from Ref. 34 with permission from Science Elsevier, copyright 2017.
2 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
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by using PVA or chitosan. Likewise, Shah et al. 68 also usedOnline
View Article PVA
as the stabilizer to obtain SeNPs of size 50-100 nm. The authors
DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
for the first time reported that sodium selenosulphate
responded to acrylonitrile monomer, forming SeNPs. By
replacing acrylonitrile with acetonitrile, the authors could not
isolate Se nanoparticles. This suggests that the nitrile group was
not directly involved in the reaction. Using hyperbranched
polysaccharide as stabiliser in reaction of selenious acid with
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ascorbic acid in water led to formation of highly stable (>1
month) SeNPs of average size about 24 nm which was
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
calculated through DSC 69. Lin et al. 70 used a very mild reducing
agent i.e., dilute SO2 solution and selenious acid as the selenium
Figure 3: A systematic representation of various synthesis methods of selenium source. Selenous acid being a strong oxidising agent gets easily
nanoparticles.
Open Access Article. Published on 17 December 2021. Downloaded on 1/10/2022 2:27:23 PM.
reduced by SO2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as
via chemical method is discussed and synthesis from natural stabilizer and reaction temperature was kept 80oC. The
compounds i.e., biogenic reduction will be discussed in later variation in particle size with time was studied by TEM. The
section. Chemical reduction uses chemical compounds that particle size varied from 30 nm to 200 nm in a time span of 30
reduces the element, its salt or compounds and controlling the sec to 4 minutes. The article by Yu et al. 71 highlighted the use
size by use of surfactants or growth terminating reagents such of sodium thiosulfate as the reducing agent. Reaction of
as polyvinylchloride (PVP), folic acid etc 63 to get stable colloidal selenium dioxide with sodium thiosulfate in presence of SDS for
solution of SeNPs desired for various applications. Taking SeO2 about 4 hr in ambient conditions yielded monodispersed SeNPs
as the precursor, El-ghazaly et al. 64 synthesized spherical SeNPs of about 70 nm in size as estimated from the TEM images.
about 13 nm in size where PVP served as the stabilising agents Huang et al. 72 studied the effect of SeNPs size on their inhibiting
and KBH4 as the reducing agent in ice-cold solution. The action towards methicillin sensitive and methicillin-resistant
appearance of orange colour indicated formation of α-Se. The Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA and MRSA). For this, they
particle shape and size was
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red Se showed trigonal structure as deduced from the XRD were synthesized via reduction of Na2SeO3 via View hydrazine
Article Online
measurements where the peaks are observed at 2θ 23.92o, Chloride. The XRD peaks (Figure 4 b) at 2θ 2310.1039/D1MA00639H
DOI: ο, 28ο, 42ο, 46ο and
30.11o, 41.64o, 44.16o, 45.89o, 52.31o, 56.31o, 56.55o and 52ο confirmed the formation of black Se in tri-dimensional
62.07o. For the black monoclinic Se, peaks were obtained at 2θ phase 78. Glucose and Na2SeO3 were sealed in an autoclave and
21.80o, 24.80o, 33.19o, 43.51o, 46.79o and 62.70o. Hence, by reacted in ethylene glycol and water mixture at 85 oC for 45
simply varying the reaction time, various polymorphic form of minutes. From this reaction, Chen et al. 79 obtained t-Se
Se can be achieved 2. In another report, SeCl4 was taken as the spherical nanoparticles of 320 nm average size which further
source and was reduced using hydrazine. They used polymer converted into nanorods on prolonged reaction.
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SDS as the surfactant and exposed to microwave radiation for
4-5 minutes at 750 W to obtain black SeNPs. Several researchers 2.2. Biogenic Reduction
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
have used the microwave irradiation to synthesize SeNPs with Green synthesis of metal NPs have gained researchers’
narrow size distribution 74. Mellinas et al. 75 for the first time attention in the last two decades. Despite the various
reported the use of Theobroma cacao L. bean shells (CBS) as the advantages of SeNPs over organic and inorganic selenium
Open Access Article. Published on 17 December 2021. Downloaded on 1/10/2022 2:27:23 PM.
reducing and stabilising agent for synthesis of SeNPs. The compounds, the main problem is its poor cellular intake.
authors have designed a model using central composite design Therefore, it is desirable to synthesize SeNPs via biological route
technique to optimize the reaction condition. The data for 23 to offer improved bio-compatibility and stability. The previous
different sample was fed which included parameters such as methods mentioned above require chemical reducing and
time, power, amount of precursor i.e., Na2SeO3, Z-potential and stabilising agents which may be toxic and can hinder their
crystallite size. Based on this model, the optimal reaction utilization in biological systems. Generally, it is believed that
conditions came out to be 15.6 min, 788.6 W and 0.14 g of biological agents from plant extracts and microorganisms
Na2SeO3 and 50 ml CBS extract solution which yielded particles address a superior option in contrast to chemical methods to
of diameter ~ 42 nm. The TEM images revealed uniformly satisfy the developing interest for low-cost and non-hazardous
distributed spherical particles of 1-3 nm in diameter which they preparations. It is reported that biological extracts act as bio-
found stable for 2 months. The attempt opens up the detailed reducing agents, as well as stabilizers for nanoparticles. There is
study of SeNPs in a microwave and also highlights the tremendous amount of literature available on the biosynthesis
technological applications of SeNPs in food and medicine. of SeNPs 80–87. The biological agent mediated synthesis is easy
Whereas, Panahi-Kalamuei et al. 31 reported SeNPs using as this does not require special apparatus and conditions. These
chemical compounds such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), biological reagents include bacteria, fungi, algae, protein
polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) and cetyltrimethylammonium molecules and plant extracts. Such as, several researchers have
bromide (CTAB). SeCl4 was used as the starting material which reported SeNPs using fenugreek extract 88, Cassia auriculata
on dissolving in water produces selenious acid which was extract 89, E. officinalis fruit extract 90, microbial polymers 91,
reduced using hydrazine hydrate. The reduction potential of Bacillus sp. B2 92, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii yeast
Se4+/Se is 0.74 eV and that of N2H4.H2O/N2 is -1.16 eV Hence, cells 93, Penicillium chrysogenum 94, Penicillium expansum 95,
the electrode potential 1.9 eV. Therefore, they chose hydrazine Vitis vinifera aq. 96, Withania somnifera extract 97, Azadirachta
hydrate as the reducing agent and microwaved the mixture for indica 98, Aloe vera leaf extract 99, Burkholderia fungorum 100,
4 min at 750 W to obtain 5-25 nm particles using SDS. They Diospyros montana leaf extract 101, lemon leaf extract 102, or
mentioned that when surfactant like CTAB and PEG were used bacteria grown from Mueller-Hinton broth 103 as reducing
bigger sized and agglomerated particles were formed. agents and incubating the precursor mixture for a day or two.
According to them, this was because Se4+ ions present in the However, use of plant extracts is even more cost effective than
reaction media are more stabilised by anionic surfactant. using bacteria or fungi as bacteria culture and isolation requires
Similar, trend was observed on increasing/decreasing reaction technique, experience, and special equipment. With this
time/wattage. method, high-quality SeNPs can be produced without requiring
specific equipment, with less or no product wastage, and
2.1.2. Hydrothermal Method without large amount of solvents. Hence, such methods are
Hydrothermal method is not widely popular for the synthesis of considered as single step, inexpensive and eco-friendly. The
biologically compatible SeNPs as reflected from the scarcity of plant extracts contain terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, coumarin,
literature. However, the reports which are available showed cinnamic acid, phenolic acid, vitamins, sterols, polysaccharides,
that very small sized particles 10-20 nm can be achieved by this enzymes, proteins etc. which can act both as reducing and
method. Shin et al. 76 reported the use of cellulose nanocrystals stabilizing agents. Recently, a few review articles brought out
for the first time in reduction of Na2SeO3 to obtain SeNPs having the importance of plant-based SeNPs, the simplicity in the
size range 10-20 nm. The method is very convenient and eco- synthesis and the feasibility for biological applications 57,104.
friendly. Another example of the environment-friendly Moreover, SeNPs preparation using medicinal plants may
synthesis is the synthesis reported by Abbasian et al. 77 where enhance their beneficial properties. These biological catalysts
they used coffee bean extract to reduce Na2SeO3 to form Se. are vital environmentally, as they reduce the toxic oxyanions
The reaction completed in 15 minutes and at medium present in the environment into non-toxic elemental selenium.
temperature. Spherical nanoparticles of average size ~15 nm Figure 4 b shows the XRD pattern of SeNPs synthesized using
4 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
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drumstick extract showing peaks at 2θ 25.38o, 29.98o, 46.1o, 161.5 eV for Se 3d5/2 and Se 3P3/2 affirms Se in the zero-valent
View Article Online
53.00o, 62.38o, and 72.00o due to [100], [101], [111], [201], state. The XPS spectra is shown in FigureDOI:
4 d 10.1039/D1MA00639H
109.
[103], and [113] planes showing crystalline nature of Se 105. In another report, Ramamurthy et al. 88 prepared 100-150 nm
However, the XRD diffraction peaks for red Se prepared from SeNPs both by chemical and biogenic method. They observed
Muller-Hinton broth were obtained at 23.78o, 29.79o, 43.88o that the size obtained from biogenic method was slightly bigger
indexed to the face centred cubic (fcc) planes [100], [101], from that prepared by chemical method, yet biogenic method
[102], respectively and UV absorption was observed at 263 nm proved to be more efficient mainly because biological strains
103. While, the most intense peak for hexagonal phase of SeNPs are a combination of various reducing and stabilising agents. For
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appears at 29.73ο 106. The Characteristic Raman peak for the synthesis of SeNPs, researchers have mostly reported the
elemental Se is observed at 254 cm-1. However, slight shifting use of biogenic/biotic reduction. The various biological agents
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
may be observed depending upon the polymorphic forms of Se. used along with the precursor and reaction conditions are
Figure 4 c shows the Raman spectra of SeNPs synthesized via summarized in Table 1.
laser ablation method which shows mixture of various phases
Open Access Article. Published on 17 December 2021. Downloaded on 1/10/2022 2:27:23 PM.
48. The authors interpreted that the peak at lowest frequency
131 cm−1 corresponds to bending vibrations. The Se-Se 3. Biomedical Applications
stretching in crystalline Se chains appear at 237 cm−1 and 250 Biomedical applications of SeNPs have attracted global interest
cm−1. The 259 cm−1 peak was reported due to the vibration of many researchers due to their importance at cellular and
modes of in Se8 crown structure. In general, depending upon tissue levels. It is well known that excessive production of toxic
the intensity of particular peak, one can estimate about the type reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be triggered by various
of Se formed. Piacenza et al. 107 suggested the use of biologically abiotic stresses, thus triggering generation of several diseases,
synthesized SeNPs in bio-imaging. They synthesized SeNPs from due to damaged essential nutrients such as carbohydrates,
yeast extract which exhibited strong photoluminescence proteins, and lipids 110. The continuous rise in disease like
emission in blue-red region of the visible spectrum and cancer, diabetes, bacterial infections have threatened
luminescence lifetime comparable to mostly used fluorophores. worldwide healthcare system. Currently, treatment of cancer
Afzal et al. 108 reported the use of various cyanobacterial strains needs various kinds of therapies such as chemotherapy,
for the biogenic synthesis of SeNPs and studied their radiotherapy, or combination of both to tackle global death rate
antioxidant properties. Out of the many strains used, 111,112. The adverse effect of such therapies generally is of great
Arthrospira indica SOSA-4 was suggested to be the best strain concern 113. It has been documented that Se supplements
as it yielded SeNPs of 11.8 nm and improved antioxidant alongside regular anticancer treatments upgraded the
activity. When heated for few minutes, reaction of L-cystine productivity of chemotherapeutic medications, declining
with selenious acid yielded cystine capped SeNPs whose size results and enhancing generic state of the patients 114–116. The
was determined by DLS technique and valency was confirmed new clinical preliminaries have assessed well-being and
by the XPS spectra. The appearance of peaks at 55.5 eV and efficiency of selenium, both in viability and poisonousness of
normal anticancer treatments 117. Numerous in-vivo and in-vitro
studies at supranutritional level have exhibited an
anticancerous impact by selenium 118,119. Davis et al. 120
reported that frequency of liver malignancy can be decreased
by 35 % on consuming supplements of selenite salt. Few studies
revealed that by taking 200 µg of selenium each day, as Se
yeasts, danger of colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers have
decreases 121. Similarly, Se supplements also reduce the
stomach malignancy danger 122. It has also been examined that
lower degree of selonoprotein (SelP) causes more danger to
prostate, throat, kidney, colon, and cellular breakdowns in the
lungs 123. Selenium rich Brassica and Allium plants lessen the
danger of colon malignant growth 121. Despite of having such
advantages these organic and inorganic sources of selenium
possesses higher toxicity and lower biocompatibility. To
overcome these issues, SeNPs came to the limelight. Nano-
Figure 4: (a) XRD pattern of SeNPs synthesized via hydrothermal method. Reproduced
selenium in the form of nano-medicine offers excellent
from Ref. 78 with permission from Science Elsevier, copyright 2013, (b) XRD pattern of properties such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabatic,
SeNPs synthesized using drumstick extract. Reproduced from Ref. 105 with permission antiparasitic, and antioxidant as shown in Figure 5. The
from John Wiley and Sons, copyright 2019, (c) Raman Spectra of Se representing antioxidative property of nano-selenium minimizes the impact
presence of various phases at different energies. Reproduced from Ref. 48 with
of ROS and free radicals. The higher efficiency of SeNPs shows
permission from Springer Nature, Copyright 2019. And (d) XPS Spectrum of L-Cysteine
capped SeNPs. Reproduced from Ref. 109 with permission from RSC Publications, augmented medicinal effects such as antibiotics, antidiabetic,
copyright 2017. cytotoxic chemoprotective medicines in comparison to the
traditional therapeutic medicines 138. These can also be used as
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DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
Table 1. Summary of reactions carried out by various researchers for synthesizing SeNPs using different biological sources.
Biological Reaction Morphology and Size of
S.N. Se Precursor Applications Ref.
Agent/Extract Origin Conditions Particles
Spherical with diameter 10-
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Antimicrobial
Incubated at 50 nm, λabs = 263 nm,
1. SeO2 Bacillus licheniformis against foodborne 103
37oC for 48 h. Colourless to orange-red
pathogens
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
(Red Se)
Chemopreventive
Incubated at Spherical with diameter 50-
2. SeO2 Bacillus licheniformis against lung 124
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37oC for 24 h. 80 nm, λabs = 560 nm
carcinoma
Antibacterial against
Incubated for λabs = 560 nm, Size ~ 153 nm
gram positive and
3. Na2SeO3 Azadirachta Indica 5 min and λabs = 580, 670 nm, Size ~ 287 98
gram negative
10 min nm
bacteria
Stirring at
Trigonella D=20 nm, Nanospheres with Anticancer
room
4. SeO2 foenumgraecum leaf 5-12 nm diameter, λabs = 355 Degradation of 125
temperature
extract nm sunset yellow FCF
for 2-8 h.
Terminalia Incubated at Size = 10-80 nm, λabs = 390 Effect against As(III)
5. Na2SeO3 126
Arjuna leaf extract 30oC for 72 h. nm, Dark red, λem = 595 nm toxicity
Interaction with
Heating at
6. H2SeO4 L-Cystine Nanospheres ~60 nm, Red Se human serum 109
105oC for 1 h.
albumin
Absorption band = 200-400
Trigonella foenum- Incubated at
7. H2SeO3 nm, Red Se, 50-150 nm oval Breast Cancer 88
graecum L leaf extract RT for 24 h.
particles
Instant Prevention of PVC
8. Na2SeO3 Glutathione (GSH) formation of Nanospheres 40-100 nm related medical 127,128
SeNPs infections
Instant
Cytoxicity of SeNPs
formation of Hemispherical, size = 80-200
9. Na2SeO3 Glutathione (GSH) coated PVC in rat 6
SeNPs in basic nm
dermal fibroblasts
media
λabs = 280 nm , Raman = 254
Na2SeO3.5H2O, Pseudomonas Incubated for Explain role of PVP
10. cm-1 (m-Se), Nanospheres 129
Capped with PVP alcaliphila (bacteria) 48 h. in text
40-100 nm
Refluxed
together for
11. H2SeO3 Vitis vinifera extract Nanospheres 3-18 nm ---- 130
15 mins in
water
Ethanol extract of Bee
Brown to orange colour Antioxidant,
propolis from Apis
Stirred at RT change Antimicrobial,
12. Na2SeO3 mellifera colonies 131
for 24 h λabs = 265 nm Antibacterial,
along with Ascorbic
52-118 nm diameter Antifungal
Acid
7-45 nm, Stable upto 2
Incubated for
months
13. Na2SeO3 Allium sativum extract 72 h until Antioxidant 132
Dark pink colour of solution,
color change
λabs = 400 nm
14. SeO2 Lactobacillus bervis Incubated at ---- Anticancer 133,134
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37oC for 72 h (Studies on mice View Article Online
with breast cancer)
DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
λabs = 259-274 nm, Red
Incubated at
Various cyanobacterial spherical NPs with sizes in
15. Na2SeO3 32oC for 2-5 Antioxidant 108
strains the range 11-60 nm
days
depending upon the strain
λabs = 299, 400 nm, λem = 599
nm, Bandgap = 2.3 eV Degradation of
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Mixture of nanospheres and sunset yellow dye
Moringa oleifera
Incubated at nanorods Anticancer studies
16. Na2SeO3 (Drumstick) leaf 105
RT for 24 h Average size = 18.85 nm on human colon,
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
extracts
(calculated by scherrer breast and hepatic
equation) and 23-35 nm cancers
from TEM
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Orange-Red Se
Kept λabs = 270 nm
Crispum (Parsley) leaf overnight at Spherical with maximum
17. NaHSeO3 ------ 135
extracts room number of particles around
temperature Size = 400 nm (DLS)
Zeta potential = -14.2 mV
Rhizobacterium Nanospheres of 50-100 nm
Incubated at
18. Na2SeO3 Azospirillum brasilense in diameter coated with thin --- 136
32oC for 24 h
Sp7 layer of protein
Protection against
L-Cystine and peptone Stirring for 10 36.2 nm (from XRD)
19. Na2SeO3 irradiation used 106
from soyabean h at 25oC 20-50 nm (TEM)
nephropathy
Antibacterial against
gram (+), gram (-)
Diospyros montana Incubated at
20. H2SeO3 4 -16 nm from TEM and DLS bacteria and fungi, 101
leaf extract RT for 24 h
Anticancer against
human breast cancer
Mushroom
polysaccharides 100 to 600 nm in size
Kept at RT for Anticancer study
protein complex – depending upon
21. Na2SeO3 12 h with against human 137
Stabilising agent, concentration of stabilising
stirring breast cancer cells
Ascorbic acid – agent
Reducing agent
therapeutic and theranostic agents 139. It is noteworthy that Based on above mentioned advantages the next section
various studies on SeNPs evidenced reduced toxicity and discusses the various applications of SeNPs in detail.
characteristics of interfacing biomaterials with tissue and cell.
SeNPs are biologically active and naturally accessible which
takes part in numerous oxidoreductive cycles. They also show
many regulative outcome to help the appropriate working of
plant and living bodies and numerous medical advantages
34,140,141. Researchers have shown that SeNPs can be utilized as
a cancer preventive agent by controlling the cell damage
aroused due to free radicals, anticancer therapies, and
antimicrobial agents. These can also be used as an ingredient in
nano-biosensors fabrication. The action mechanism of SeNPs
can be defined in two ways: (a) by generation of ROS or
disrupting the integrity of cell membrane, (b) altering the DNA
sequence of microorganism by damaging the cell wall and
binding to the cell membrane to inhibit the growth of
microorganism. The cycles associated with SeNPs preparation
can be utilized in wastewater treatment and bioremediation. It
can play significant role in the treatment of heavy metals by
Figure 5: Pictorial representation of various applications of selenium
combining with them to supress their poisonous impact 56.
nanoparticles.
3.1. Anti-carcinogenic Activity
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Nowadays, selenium nanoparticles are widely being which increases interferon generation and delayed
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investigated in anti-cancer activities against breast, lung, hypersensitivity for triggering immune response 134. Therefore,
DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
kidney, and osteosarcoma based on in-vivo and in-vitro it is reported by many researchers that if SeNPs are conjugated
experiments 88,124,134,142,143. However, due to selenium toxicity with organic moieties and drug, they can inhibit accumulation
and bioavailability in the form of elemental selenium and of Se nanoparticles, thereby enhancing anticancer activity, and
naturally sourced selenium (selenocysteine and minimizing antibiotics toxic effect 88,143,152–155. The nano-
selenomethionine) cannot be used in cancer therapies 144. The conjugates of SeNPs and doxorubicin show enhanced cytotoxic
nano-selenium has advantages over other natural sources of effect against cancer cell by assisting the antibiotic cellular
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
selenium because of its size, porosity, and bio-dispersion. Thus, uptake. In a study of lactate dehydrogenase activity and cell
the polyporus umbrellatus polysaccharide (PUP) capped SeNPs viability, Yang et al. 143 found that doxorubicin alone was
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
have been utilized to detect in-vitro anti-proliferation effect responsible for destroying 20 % of cancer cells whereas more
with MTT assay. Particularly, PUP-SeNPs inhibit cell growth of than 50 % of cancer cells destroyed by conjugation of SeNPs
four types of human cancer (a) cell MDA-MB-23 causing breast and doxorubicin. cis-platin an anticancer drug responsible for
Open Access Article. Published on 17 December 2021. Downloaded on 1/10/2022 2:27:23 PM.
cancer in human, (b) HepG2 cells responsible for human liver oxidative stress and DNA cross-linking leads to nephrotoxicity
cancer, (c) Hela cells known for human cervical cancer, (d) HT and spermatotoxicity. Interestingly, nephrotoxicity can be
29 for colon cancer. It is shown by the researchers that by using reduced using 11-mercapto-1-undecanol functionalized SeNPs
nano-selenium of above nature, no toxicity to normal human by preventing ROS-mediated apoptosis. The antioxidative
cells such as liver cell (LO2), embryonic kidney cell (293T), and property of SeNPs in combination with cis-platin enhances the
mouse embryonic fibroblast cell (NIH3T3) was observed 145. A sperms quality and spermatogenesis 153,154. During the breast
schematic of effect of SeNPs on cancerous and normal cell is cancer treatment, anastrozole is used to inhibit the growth of
shown in Figure 6 146. aromatase which leads to side effects such as bone fracture and
osteoporosis. These toxicities can be prevented by conjugating
anastrozole with SeNPs 155,156. Similarly, SeNPs prepared using
highly branched β-(1-3)-D-glucan obtained from fruiting plants
of auricularia auricular-judae (AF1-Se) showed strong
suppression against human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cell
lines such as MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, and MDAMB-231 157. SeNPs
decorated using various polysaccharides extracted from
pleurotus tuberregium (PTR), ganoderma lucidum (GL), coriolus
versicolor (CV), and polyporus rhinoceros (PR) showed highest
activity for gastric cancer cell lines AGS 158. Induction of cell
apoptosis is the key mechanisms that plays important role in
antitumor activities of SeNPs and polysaccharides conjugates.
Apoptosis, which is also known as programed cell death, can be
described by certain governing properties such as nuclear
chromatin condensation, cytoplasm shrinkage, development of
apoptotic parts, and membrane dysfunction 159. The cellular
growth of human lung cancer cell A549 can be inhibited by
Figure 6: A schematic of effect of SeNPs on Cancerous and normal cell. Reproduced
from Ref. 146 (A. Khurana, S. Tekula, M. A. Saifi, P. Venkatesh and C. Godugu, utilizing complex of arabinogalactans (LAG) and SeNPs 160. The
Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 111, 802–812), copyright authors 2019, open human breast cancer cell can be treated by PUP coated SeNPs
access Science Elsevier. through stimulating mitochondria mediated and death receptor
mediated apoptotic pathways. The anti-cancer activity of these
It has been demonstrated by numerous analysts that
complexes regulated by Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, endorsing cytochrome
incorporation of low Se leads to various hazardous diseases. Se
-c release, enhanced caspase-9,-8, and -3 activities and poly
act as a chemopreventive agent when utilized at optimal doses
(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage 161. Therefore, the higher
147,148. Selenium therefore has been proposed as a disease
toxicity of SeNPs for cancer cells can be synergistically utilized
therapy agent in combination with chemotherapy and radiation
with anticancer drugs in the cancer treatment.
117. The most extreme anticarcinogenic effect of Se has been
reported to be when it is administered at beginning phase of
the disease 149,150. The risk of cancer in human can increase due 3.2. Antioxidative Activity
to presence of arsenic (As) in drinking water. However, it is ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), (the free radicals) are
reported that the generation of As(III)-activated ROS can be generally generated in human body during several physicochemical
minimized by use of terminali arjuna (TA) leaf extract and biochemical reactions. The higher amount of intermediate
encapsulated SeNPs, which fortifies As(III)-induced cell death complexes such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide produced
and DNA catastrophe 102,151. The metastatic breast cancer in a during these reactions are responsible for cellular damage, leading
mice model is reported to be affected when treated by to generation of lethal diseases. Therefore, antioxidative compounds
administering oral dose of Lactobacillus brevis with SeNPs, are utilized to suppress the creation as well as scavenging of these
8 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
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free radicals 162,163. The surface of Se nanoparticles decorated with plant based SeNPs shows better prevention against ROS mediated
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various organic molecules and plant extracts act as both antioxidants oxidative stress induced diseases. DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
and pro-oxidants on different cells of human body and their action
mechanism is shown in Figure 7 164. Battin et al. 165 reported that 3.3. Antidiabetic Activity
selenium nanoparticles can play an important role in minimizing the
free radical's concentration to protect oxidative damage of DNA in The high amount of glucose in our body due to absence of
both in-vivo and in-vitro experimental conditions. It is also enough insulin creation or inadequate usage of insulin, leads to
documented that, selenoprotein is a key source of selenium, chronic disease like diabetes. The insulin chemical is responsible
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
produces vital antioxidants such as deiodinase, thioredoxin for maintaining the blood sugar level. Diabetes negatively
reductase, and glutathione peroxidase 166. In an investigation, Zhang impacts people of all age groups. Several researchers have
reported the use of selenium nanoparticles in the treatment of
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
et al. 167 showed that sodium selenium inhibited the growth of
Candida utilis by improving the excretion and biosynthesis of diabetes because of its effective controlling ability to regulate
glutathione. Similarly, chitosan functionalized SeNPs showed blood sugar level 171. The long term effects of diabetes can
damage large and small blood vessels, causing problem in
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enhanced glutathione peroxidase and anticipated lipofuscin
development in mice 168. Additionally, ABTSº+ and superoxide anion functioning of various human organs. Diabetes leads to the
radical can be scavenged by utilizing SeNPs in combination with generation of various diseases in heart, legs, brain, eyes,
cordyceps sinensis exopolysaccharide 145. The plant-based synthesis kidneys, skin, digestive system, oral health, and immune system
of selenium nanoparticles demonstrated antioxidative activity as shown in Figure 8. Deng et al. 172 reported that Se
through ABTS and DPPH assay 169. Further, Kong and group170 nanoparticles loaded with insulin (INS-SeNPs) can be delivered
presented enhanced antioxidative activity of gum-arabic orally to treat diabetics in mice. In their study the researchers
functionalized SeNPs (GA-SeNPs) for scavenging hydroxyl radicals stated that the insulin was released in blood in a controllable
and DPPH assay test. In an investigation, selenium nanoparticles manner and showed excellent stability in digestive foods. Liu
indicated hepatoprotective component against acetaminophen and group 173 examined enhanced antidiabetic activity of
accelerated hepatotoxicity by refining liver capacity and restraining catathelesma ventricosum polysaccharides (CVPs) coated Se
oxidative stress in rats. In another study Kokila et al. 101 nanoparticles in streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice.
demonstrated conceivable antioxidative property of SeNPs It is Similarly, effect of SeNPs in combination with insulin was
gathered from the literature that shape and size of nanoparticles can investigated by Quraishy et al. 174 to enhance the activity of
play key role in such studies. For example, hollow spherical selenium hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in STZ induced diabetics in
nanoparticles have shown antioxidative properties 32,36,37. Thus, mice. At a concentration of 2.0 mg/Kg body weight, chitosan
stabilized SeNPs resulted in improved antidiabetic activity 175.
Furthermore, phytomedicines are proven candidates to combat
diabetes in an effective way 176. Therefore, Deng et al. 177
demonstrated that extracts of mulberry leaf and pueraria
lobata (MPE) (phytomedicines) coated SeNPs having
hypoglycemic effect can cure diabetes mellitus. The plasma
associated selenium demonstrated positive effect on prevalent
and incident diabetics by redox regulation and signaling of
Figure 7: A systematic representation of action mechanism by surface decorated Se
NPs on various cells as an antioxidant and pro-oxidant. Reproduced from Ref. 164 with Figure 8: Effect of diabetes on various human organs.
permission from Science Elsevier, copyright 2020.
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insulin pathways 178. Therefore, selenium nanoparticles proteus mirabilis, (P. mirabilis), and pseudomonas aeruginosa
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functionalized with various moieties are expected to play crucial (P. aeruginosa) to check viability of biogenic SeNPs-Bacillus sp
DOI: 10.1039/D1MA00639H
role in treating different type of diabetes. A schematic of SeNPs MSh-1, having spherical morphology with dimension range of
effect on various diabetic cells is shown in Figure 9 146. 80-220 nm. For comparison purpose they incubated biofilm
formation assay with both SeNPs and SeO2 with microbes. In
both the cases, they observed no significant decrease in the
biofilm formation; however due to lower toxicity of SeNPs they
were preferred over SeO2. It was believed that SeNPs shows
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antibacterial activity due to oxidative stress 185. Huang et al. 186
reported a new inorganic antibacterial agent based on quercetin
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
(Qu) and acetylcholine (Ach) functionalized SeNPs (Qu-
Ach@SeNPs), which demonstrated improved antimicrobial
activity against multidrug-resistant superbugs (MDRs) in
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contrast to individual Qu@SeNPs and Ach@SeNPs. They
observed that when Qu-Ach@SeNPs adhered to the bacteria
cell surface, causing disruption of cytoplasmic membrane,
inhibits the growth of bacterial cell methicillin resistant S.
aureus (MRSA) and damaging the DNA structure by
Figure 9: SeNPs effect on diabetic cells. Reproduced from Ref. 146 (A. Khurana, S. antibacterial action as shown in Figure 10 186.
Tekula, M. A. Saifi, P. Venkatesh and C. Godugu, Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 111,
802–812), copyright authors 2019, open access Science Elsevier.
3.4. Antimicrobial Activity
Living beings are susceptible to microbial infection leading to
numerous diseases causing great health concerns. Nowadays,
most of the pathogenic organisms have become drug-resistant
because of the constant utilization of wide range of antibiotics.
Particularly, multidrug-resistant microorganisms and fungi are
profoundly becoming irresistible as they have procured
protection from practically all the accessible antimicrobial drugs
179–181. Therefore, anti-infection agents are being created for the
treatment of these irresistible diseases. There are a variety of
Figure 10: A schematic representation of synthesis of Qu-Ach SeNPs and their
metal nanoparticles as well as metal oxides and their antibacterial action. Reproduced from Ref. 186 with permission form Science Elsevier,
combinations that have been documented as potential copyright 2016.
antimicrobial agents. SeNPs have also found tremendous scope
in biomedical applications as an antimicrobial agent to protect In a separate study researchers 40 also found that in-vitro study
implanted clinical gadgets from bacteria. Tran et al. 41 involving SeNPs emphatically suppressed the growth of S.
incorporated SeNPs by in-situ method into regular polymers aureus (60 times higher) at different doses such as 7.8, 15.5, and
such as polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and silicon, generally 31 µg/mL for a time period of 3, 4, and 5 hr, respectively.
used in biomedical devices. They observed that the antibacterial However, this study was found unsuitable in microbiology in
performance was directly linked with the concentration of terms of effective antimicrobial agent. Therefore, to overcome
selenium as coating material in combination with different these issues Mittal et al. 187 combined selenium and silver
polymers. Their findings stated that nano-selenium coated nanoparticles to enhance the antimicrobial activity. Here, Ag-
polymers essentially can hinder staphylococcus aureus (S. SeNPs having a size range of 30-35 nm, were synthesized
aureus) growth, in contrast to uncoated polymers. Additionally, utilizing bioactive gallic acid and quercetin (QC). The composite
they discovered that SeNP-covered PVC shows more prominent of Qu-gallic acid@Ag-SeNPs antimicrobial activity was found to
antibacterial limit compared to a commercial Ag-covered PVC be superior to both silver nitrate and sodium selenite against
41. Generally, biofilm development on the surfaces of clinical
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on agar
gadgets by microbes is difficult to treat. Thus, SeNPs act as a plates. They also found comparable results of nanocomposite
suppressing agent for biofilm formation 34,182–184. Wang et al. 42 with an antimicrobial agent chloramphenicol for an equivalent
reported biogenic SeNPs utilizing bacillus licheniformis JS2 to dose of 50 µg/mL. Here, the authors described the antimicrobial
suppress bacterial (S. Aureus) adherence, biofilm development, activity mechanism in two ways: in first assumption,
and microcolony formation, to the various polymer surfaces. nanoparticles adherence to the wall of bacteria cell, where
These outcomes have possible incentive in application as silver NPs release and destroy the bacteria cell. In second
antibacterial covering prostheses against S. aureus and other assumption, interconnectivity of AgNPs with DNA and bacterial
clinical gadget against nosocomial infections 183. Shakibaie et al. protein and more activity for sulfur and phosphorus compound
26 studied various biofilm forming microbes such as S. aureus,
which leads to destruction of these compounds. Menon et al.
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188 reported biosynthesized SeNPs from Z. officinale with It was assumed that the reason behind this mechanism is
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spherical morphology and 100-150 nm size range. They selenium's physiological impact on specific
DOI:proteins in A. niger.
10.1039/D1MA00639H
examined the antimicrobial activity of the SeNPs against five The outcomes may have direct ramifications on dermatitis
microbial species such as E. Coli, klebsiella sp., pseudomonas caused by A. niger or C. albicans. These pathogenic micro-
sp., S. aureus, and proteus sp. The proteus sp. bacteria growth organisms can regrow on the skin by exposing to SeNPs’
was effectively inhibited by SeNPs on utilizing a concentration environment. Generally, post antifungal effects (PAEs) is a vital
of 250 µg/mL. Generally, SeNPs possesses size and pharmacodynamic boundary which helps in setting up
concentration dependent impacts against various measurement regimes by demonstrating inhibition of
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.
microorganisms 189. Further, selenium and tellurium antimicrobe development, after exposing micro-organism to
nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial activity and destruction of antimicrobial agents for a short period of time 195–197.
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
biofilm formation. These nanoparticles were effective on
inhibiting growth of E. coli JM109, pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.6. Antiparasitic Activity
PAO1, and S. aureus ATCC 25923 190. Consequently, SeNPs can In the past few years, different research groups have put
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be utilized as an effective antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical aggressive efforts on exploring antiparasitic property of
applications. selenium nanoparticles 25,198,199. Various types of parasitic
diseases and their effect on human organs have been shown in
3.5. Antifungal Activity Figure 12. By in-vivo and in-vitro studies, it was found that
SeNPs acquire antifungal properties for various biological biosynthesized SeNPs from bacilus sp. Msh-1 resulted in the
applications. To name a few, SeNPs can be used for treatment treatment of leishmania major parasite such as promastigote
of fungal infections in immunity compromised patients, and amastigote 25. Similarly, in-vitro experiment of
improvement in probiotic concentration, to fabricate antifungal leishmanicidal activity to combat leishmania tropica (L. tropica)
and antibacterial cloths for protecting skin from S. aureus and 200 and leishmania infantum (L. infantum) 199 are reported by
tinea pedis infection 191 as shown in Figure 11. To prove this, Yip use of bacilus sp Msh-1 functionalized SeNPs. Gel-
et al. 192 demonstrated that nano-Se modified with biogenic electrophoresis method has been reported for in-vitro
polysaccharides-protein (PSP) complexes collected from investigation of selenium nanoparticles to understand time-
pleurotus tuber-regium, deposited on a fabric was effective in dependent decrease in promastigote multiplication due to
inhibiting growth of S. Aureus and trichophyton rubrum presence of DNA fragmentation 201. Biosynthesized SeNPs with
bacteria. Similarly, Shakibaie et al. 193 examined antifungal a size range of 80-220 nm showed a strong scolicidal activity
impacts of bacillus sp. Msh-1 functionalized SeNPs against against parasitic infection (Cystic echinococcus) through an in-
aspergillus fumigatus (pulmonary infection) and candida vitro study 202. A comparable time-dependent cytotoxic
albicans (skin infection). Shahverdi et al. 24 reported SeNPs outcome was also illustrated against intracellular amastigotes.
prepared from klebseilla pneumoniae to treat antifungal A study on male mice (BALB/c) infected with leishmania major
infection from malassezia sympodialis, malassezia furfur, and showed a reduced progression in lesion growth by ejaculation
asperigillus terreus at a concentration range from 10-260 of SeNPs. Soflaei et al. 199 reported the antileishmanial property
µg/mL. Particularly, SeNPs provide antifungal activity for of SeNPs in both promastigotes and amastigotes of L. infantum
patients having less immunity against nystatin-immune Candida in contrast with SeO2. The study demonstrated that SeNPs
sp. 194 and a more constructive therapy to encounter intrusive
aspergillosis in comparison to amphotericin B drug 193.
However, conflicting results have been obtained by Kazempour
and group on SeNPs prepared from klebseilla pneumoniae. They
found that the SeNPs lack in treating post antifungal effect of
aspergillus niger (A. niger) and candida albicans (C. albicans)
Figure 11: A schematic of utilization of SeNPs against various fungal infections.
Figure 12: Types of parasitic diseases which can be treated by SeNPs.
and less concentration of Se stimulated the growth of A. niger. showed improved performance and less cytotoxicity than SeO2
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in a time and dosage dependent antileishmanial activity. In chemoradiotherapy and radiation sensitizer. Generally, to treat
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another study, Mahmoudvand et al. 200 reported that SeNPs cancer cell external radiation therapy hasDOI:
been utilized broadly.
10.1039/D1MA00639H
with a particular size range were effective in inhibiting the However, these unpredictable radiations can damage adjacent
resistance of meglumine antimoniate (MA) and MA-sensitive L. healthy cells. To overcome this unavoidable impact, chemo-
tropica in-vitro. Essentially, these outcomes indicated radiotherapy can be utilized with a radioactive seed to deliver
suppression of promastigote dependent on the dose, decreased enhanced, efficient and precise radiation. Based on this
intramacrophage amastigotes feasibility in the two strains, and concept, Bhattacharjee et al. 205 investigated a combined in-vivo
outstanding impact on prophylaxis treatment. Additionally, and in-vitro experiment by utilizing folic acid capped SeNPs (FA-
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SeNPs exhibited improved antileishmanicidal activity in SeNPs) in conjugation with radioactive 125I seeds to impart
conjugation with MA, in contrast to SeNPs or MA alone. 138 enhanced anticancer viability. In comparison with individual
Materials Advances Accepted Manuscript
Hence, it is concluded that biosynthesized SeNPs with a treatment, the blend of (FA-SeNPs) and 125I seeds demonstrated
particular particle size range shows higher resistant against better in-vivo antitumor and lower cytotoxicity in MCF-7
leishmania parasitic diseases. infected mice. Yu et al. 209 reported that Se nanoparticles in
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combination with radiation reduces the damage to nearby
3.7. Other Biological Applications tissues and enhances the carcinogenic cell affectability to
Besides the antibacterial properties, SeNPs have also been harmful impacts of illumination on breast cancer cell MCF-7 by
utilized as wound dressing materials. Biswas et al. 203 confirmed in-vitro study. Karami et al. 106 reported the radioprotective
the antibacterial properties of permeable chitosan/polyvinyl impacts of SeNPs and sodium selenite on gamma radiation (0,
alcohol (PVA) (CS) in-situ mediated Se nanorods compared to Ag 2, and 8 Gy) incited nephropathy in mice for 14 days. They
nanoparticles (CS-Ag). Both the nanoparticles CS-Se and CS-Ag concurrently treated the mice by administrating SeNPs
exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative (E. coli), (spherical 20-50 nm) or sodium selenite dose (0.1 mg/kg). After
gram-positive (S. aureus), and methicillin-safe S. aureus (MRSA). 48-hour exposure they found that SeNPs were more viable than
The slow release of Ag and Se nanoparticles were dependent on sodium selenite on controlling the factors responsible for
delivery medium utilized during treatment. From the study it nephropathy.
was brought out that CS-Se scaffold are less cytotoxic toward
mammalian cells when compared with that of CS-Ag system.
4. Conclusion and Future Prospective
Similarly, Ramya et al. 204 explored in-vivo impact of
biosynthesized Se nanoparticles stabilized with streptomyces Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for proper
minutiscleroticus M10A62 (spherical size) on Swiss albino mice functioning of biological and metabolic mechanism within
for wound treatment. The obtained result demonstrated that human body. Deficiency of selenium leads to the generation of
high dose of SeNPs (10 %) ointment effectively and quickly several harmful disorders such as cancer, neurological,
healed the wound. muscular, and immune disorders etc. Generally, selenium can
Selenium has been additionally found to have a be depicted within very narrow concentration range due to its
chemoprotective job against chemotherapy-prompted toxicity. deficiency, physiological effect, and toxic doses. At optimal
Bhattacharjee et al. 205 examined Swiss albino mice for treating doses Se acts as an antioxidant, whereas at higher doses it
cyclophosphamide (CP)- prompted hepatotoxicity and shows pro-oxidant activity. To overcome this issue, a precisely
genotoxicity by utilizing SeNPs. In the mice, SeNPs switched or controlled dosage of Se is generally suggested. Selenium has
potentially enhanced the impacts of CP-instigated toxicity: various health advantages because of its bioavailability in the
rebuilding of cell reinforcement protein activity, decrease in form of selenoproteins as well as lower molecular weight.
reactive oxygen species, glutathione levels, and chromosomal Various selenoproteins (Se1P, Se1F, Se1S, Se1M), thioredoxin
variation in bone marrow, and DNA damage 205. Further, in reductases, glutathione peroxidases show redox activity and
another study they found that SeNPs also possesses control redox reactions in cell. However, concern related to
chemosensitizing and chemoprotective activity. After injecting selenium toxicity lead researchers to focus on nano-selenium.
SeNPs adjuvant treatment with cyclophosphamide into ehrlich's The present review emphasized on the various method used for
ascites carcinoma (EAC) containing Swiss albino mice, following the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles specially focused on
changes were observed: a critical decrease in practical tumor biogenic methods and their biological applications. Biogenic
cell count, packed cell and tumor volume, while an increment in methods have more advantages over chemical reduction
tumor-bearing hosts survivability 206. Gao et al. 207 reported methods due to their higher biocompatibility, bioactivity, lower
SeNPs as an effective chemotherapy protective agent against cytotoxicity. Biological synthesis is economical, eco-friendly and
chemotherapy-prompted toxicity of irinotecan by both in-vivo safe unlike chemical reduction techniques requiring hazardous
and in-vitro studies. chemicals, high temperatures and acidic pH. Use of plant
In another study, it was found that red-allotrope of selenium extracts, however, is more favourable in comparison to the
nanoparticles (rSeNPs) show higher cytotoxicity towards head bacterial path as it eliminates the tedious procedures and cost
and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) than human dermal for maintaining the cell cultures.
fibroblast (HDF) cells, which resulted in cell proliferation 208. SeNPs has various biological applications due to its excellent
Additionally, SeNPs can be used as a potential candidate in properties. SeNPs plays a key role in various biological
applications due to its association with various moieties such as
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