Magnoliaceae The Red List of - revised and extended Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield - Global Trees Campaign
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The Red List of Magnoliaceae revised and extended Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield
BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)
is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100
countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,
sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize
botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation
International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road,
well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK.
the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.
© 2016 Botanic Gardens Conservation International
ISBN-10: 1-905164-64-5
ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-64-6
Reproduction of any part of the publication for
educational, conservation and other non-profit
FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and the purposes is authorized without prior permission from
world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully
acknowledged.
threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that
are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes
human needs. is prohibited without prior written permission from the
copyright holder. Recommended citation: Rivers, M.,
Beech, E., Murphy, L. and Oldfield, S. (2016). The Red
List of Magnoliaceae - revised and extended. BGCI.
Richmond, UK.
AUTHORS
Malin Rivers is the Red List Manager at BGCI.
Emily Beech is a Conservation Assistant at BGCI.
THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through a
partnership between BGCI and FFI. GTC’s mission is to prevent all tree Lydia Murphy is the Global Trees Campaign Intern
species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife at BGCI.
and the wider environment. GTC does this through provision of Sara Oldfield is the co-chair of the Global Tree
information, delivery of conservation action and support of sustainable Specialist Group.
use, working with partner organisations around the world.
The opinion of the individual authors does not
necessarily reflect the opinion of either the authors or
Botanic Gardens Conservation International.
The authors and Botanic Gardens Conservation
International take no responsibility for any
misrepresentation of material from translation of this
THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG) document into any other language.
forms part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000 COVER PHOTOS
volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. Front cover: Magnolia ventii in South China Botanical
SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International Garden by Yang Keming
Back cover: Magnolia coriacea by Weibang Sun
Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of advice
to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species DESIGN
conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk
are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and to act in Printed on 75% recycled, 25% Mixed Credit FSC
an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign. certified paper.
The Red List of
Magnoliaceae
revised and extended
March 2016
Malin Rivers, Emily Beech,
Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
cOnTEnTS
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PART 2
Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Globally threatened Magnoliaceae species . . . . . . . . . . 21
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Magnoliaceae species evaluated as near Threatened . . 42
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Data Deficient . . . . 43
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Least concern . . . . 46
PART 1 APPEnDIX 1
Full list of evaluated Magnoliaceae species and
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 their number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Taxonomic scope and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
conservation assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . 7 APPEnDIX 2
Review and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 number of Magnoliaceae species in each country . . . 53
Red List report format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
APPEnDIX 3
case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Additional Magnoliaceae taxa (not included
in analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Red List results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Threat status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 APPEnDIX 4
criteria used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Participating institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Geographical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Major threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 APPEnDIX 5
Population trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 IUcn Red List categories and criteria
comparisons with the 2007 Red List (version 3.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ex situ survey of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Species in ex situ collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
comparison with 2008 ex situ survey . . . . . . . . . . . 18
conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Policy relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Monitoring of Magnolia in the wild
2
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
AcknOWLEDGEMEnTS
T
o achieve a complete evaluation of the colombian assessments, cnc Flora The authors are extremely grateful to
conservation assessments for Brazil for the Brazilian assessments, Fondation Franklinia for supporting BGcI’s
Magnoliaceae, a wide range of Álvaro Pérez castañeda for his red listing work. IUcn kindly provided
people have shared their knowledge and contributions on the Ecuadorian financial assistant for this publication,
expertise about this fascinating group of assessments, Frank Arroyo for support that was made possible by the
species and the habitats in which they contributions towards the Peruvian Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi.
grow. Without their generous assistance, assessments, and the cuban Plant
this global Red List of Magnoliaceae Specialist Group for the cuban Special thanks also go to all the botanic
would not have been possible, and assessments. In addition, highly valuable gardens that shared their Magnoliaceae
everyone’s contributions are gratefully information was sourced at the collection information and published their
acknowledged. International Symposium on neotropical data on BGcI’s PlantSearch database.
Magnoliaceae in Puyo, Ecuador in July Pam Hayward (of the RHS Rhododendron,
Members of the IUcn/SSc Global 2015. camellia and Magnolia Group) provided
Tree Specialist Group and the BGcI invaluable assistance in securing ex situ
network were especially helpful in At BGcI, in addition to the authors, Lisa collection information and photographs.
providing information and facilitating the Wheeler, Sonia khela and Fran The Magnolia Society has also provided
involvement of additional experts. culverhouse provided valuable help in valuable contacts.
Particular thanks go to: Marie-Stéphanie sourcing reference material, collating
Samain and Esteban Martínez Salas for information and producing conservation The provision of beautiful photographs by
their contributions towards the Mexican assessments and maps. Initial work and a wide range of talented photographers is
assessments; Eduardo calderón, Alvarez original maps produced by Daniele gratefully acknowledged with credits
cogollo and Marcela Serna-González for cicuzza are also acknowledged. given alongside each image.
LIST OF AcROnyMS IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES
BGCI Botanic Gardens conservation International EX Extinct
CBD convention on Biological Diversity EW Extinct in the Wild
FFI Fauna & Flora International CR critically Endangered
GSPC Global Strategy for Plant conservation EN Endangered
GTA Global Tree Assessment VU Vulnerable
GTC Global Trees campaign NT near Threatened
GTSG Global Tree Specialist Group DD Data Deficient
IUCN International Union for conservation of nature LC Least concern
SSC Species Survival commission NE not Evaluated
3
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
FOREWORD
being identified as the main threats. china In the Uk, organisations including the
and Latin America (neotropics) are the Royal Horticultural Society, Plant
two botanical ‘hotspots’ with many Heritage, RBG kew, The Rhododendron,
organisations involved with specific camellia and Magnolia Group and the
conservation projects. International Dendrology Society all have
substantial collections in their own or their
This was demonstrated when the ‘World members’ gardens that are open to the
Magnolia center’ was established in the public. In mainland Europe, both the
South china Botanical Garden (ScBG) Arboretum Wespelaar in Belgium and
in partnership with Botanic Gardens Parco Botanico del Gambarogno
conservation International (BGcI) and the (ParcoEisenhut) in Switzerland hold
Magnolia Society International (MSI) in significant collections, while the latter is
2009. Such partnerships are key given the one of the world’s major suppliers of
importance of both in and ex situ cultivated magnolias. Substantial ex situ
conservation work that is currently being collections are also found in new Zealand
undertaken around the world. The and north America while the MSI holds
Magnolia Society International also plays a the registration page for the International
key role with conservation initiatives cultivar Registration Authority.
involving threatened species primarily
from the neotropics. This is important This Red List of Magnoliaceae ably
particularly as c.100 species have been brought together by BGcI highlights the
Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar) discovered over the past 15 years. huge amount of work that is being carried
An example of this is funding of out around the world. At the same time, it
M
agnolias indeed are a plant the conservation, Propagation and provides a focus on how many habitats
‘passion’ of mine and I have Restoration of costa Rican species. are ‘vulnerable’ as magnolias are key
been extoling their virtues ever In addition, the First International constituents of forest habitats. By
since seeing the magnificent Asiatic tree Symposium on neotropical Magnoliaceae publishing this, it will publicise the
magnolias in the Valley Gardens at held in Ecuador (2015) and co-running the significant amount of work that is being
Windsor in the late 1960’s. Being asked Third International Symposium in cuba in undertaken around the world by
to write this Foreword for the Red List is 2016 are key features of the MSI’s work. passionate people yet at the same time
both an honour and a pleasure as this will stimulate a wider audience to support this.
highlight how much is known about the Ex situ conservation too is of significant
family, its taxonomy, distribution and importance: 50% of species are found in Jim Gardiner
threats thus building on the information ex situ collections, while 22 species not Executive Vice President-
found in the first Red List printed in 2007. included in 2007 are now safeguarded. Royal Horticultural Society
But it also highlights the world-wide As well as ScBG, there are many President Emeritus-
wealth of knowledge and expertise there collections of note in china including the Magnolia Society International
is out there in organisations, societies kunming Institute of Botany and
and private collectors who are passionate kunming Botanical Garden. Professor
about this plant family. Sun Wei-Bang has been successfully
propagating several species that are
This updated Red List highlights a number critically Endangered or Endangered
of important facts. 48% of all Magnolia enabling the reintroduction of Magnolia
species are threatened in the wild, with decidua and Magnolia sinica in particular
habitat loss due to logging and agriculture back into their native habitats.
4
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
EXEcUTIVE SUMMARy
T
he evaluation of the conservation
status of all species in the
Magnoliaceae has long been a
global conservation priority recognised
by Botanic Gardens conservation
International (BGcI). Since the publication
of The Red List of Magnoliaceae in 2007,
93 new Magnolia species have been
described, additional information on
existing species has been published in
botanical literature, and new threats to
species have emerged. In light of this new
information, and with 93 new species
requiring conservation assessments, we
have compiled an updated and extended
version of The Red List of Magnoliaceae.
The new Red List of Magnoliaceae
contains conservation assessments for
304 Magnoliaceae species. All
assessments are also submitted for
publication on the IUcn Red List of Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar)
Threatened Species. These assessments
show that a large proportion of due to agriculture and livestock farming. The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims to
Magnoliaceae species are threatened Sustainable forestry practices and more stimulate conservation action for
with extinction in the wild (at least 48%). protected areas are urgently needed to Magnolia species under threat. BGcI and
nearly one third of all species are still too conserve Magnolia in the wild. the Global Trees campaign work with
poorly known to make a conservation botanic gardens and other conservation
assessment. Overall, only one in five A survey of ex situ Magnoliaceae partners to enhance ex situ conservation
species of Magnoliaceae is considered collections was also carried out as part for globally threatened Magnolia taxa
not threatened. of this conservation assessment. At where appropriate and to promote in situ
present, only 43% of threatened conservation planning, ecological
The main centre of species diversity for Magnolia species are represented in ex restoration and sustainable use.
Magnoliaceae is in china, however there situ collections, falling significantly short
is a second centre of diversity in the of requirements under Target 8 of the
neotropics where a large number of new Global Strategy for Plant conservation.
species have been recently described and The majority of threatened Magnolia
published. The neotropics has the highest species are only found in a very small
proportion of threatened Magnolia number of collections (fewer than five).
species; 75% of the neotropical Magnolia However, considerable progress has
are under threat. been made since the last ex situ survey of
Magnoliaceae in 2008, with 22 species
The main threats to Magnolia are that were then absent from ex situ
extensive logging, both selective and collections now safeguarded in botanic
more general, together with habitat loss gardens and arboreta worldwide.
Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)
5
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
PART 1
BAckGROUnD Red List Year published
The Red List of Magnoliaceae 2007*
The magnolia family, Magnoliaceae, is The Red List of Oaks 2007*
found in temperate and tropical regions of The Red List of Maples 2009
Eastern and Southeast Asia, and the The Red List of Trees of central Asia 2009
Americas. The Magnoliaceae consists of The Red List of Mexican cloud Forest Trees 2011
over 300 species in two genera – The Red List of Rhododendrons 2011
Magnolia L. and Liriodendron L. They are A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species
evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs. of the Tropical Andes 2014
Many species are widely appreciated The Red List of Betulaceae 2014
around the world as ornamental trees due
*Published by Fauna & Flora International
to their attractive flowers and foliage. In the
wild, these plants are also widely Table 1. Summary of Red Lists produced by Botanic Gardens Conservation
appreciated, and used for timber and International in partnership with Fauna & Flora International and the Global Tree
medicines by local communities as well as Specialist Group.
in international trade. There are
conservation concerns for many of the
species in the wild due to threats such as Global Tree Assessment (GTA)
habitat destruction, overharvesting for
timber and medicinal uses, and low Despite the importance of trees, many are
natural regeneration. In order to assess threatened by over-exploitation and habitat
the impact of these threats on the world’s destruction, as well as by pests, diseases,
Magnoliaceae species, there is a need for drought and their interaction with global climate change. In order to estimate the
a global assessment of their conservation impact of such threats to trees there is an urgent need to conduct a complete
status to guide conservation action. assessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species – the Global
Tree Assessment.
The evaluation of the conservation
status of trees has long been a The Global Tree Assessment aims to provide conservation assessments of all
global conservation priority recognised the world’s tree species by 2020. The assessment will identify those tree species
by Botanic Gardens conservation that are at greatest risk of extinction. The goal of the Global Tree Assessment
International (BGcI). BGcI, in partnership is to provide prioritization information to ensure that conservation efforts are
with Fauna & Flora International, directed at the right species so that no tree species becomes extinct.
coordinates the Global Trees campaign
(GTc). GTc is a joint initiative to safeguard The Global Tree Assessment is an initiative led by BGcI and the IUcn/SSc
the world’s threatened tree species from Global Tree Specialist Group. Work is ongoing to develop an even more
extinction. Part of the task of GTc is to extensive global collaborative partnership, involving the coordinated effort of
assess the conservation status of trees in many institutions and individuals. These steps will enable the Global Tree
the wild and in ex situ collections – and in Assessment to achieve its 2020 target.
such a way prioritise species in need of
conservation action. BGcI, working with
the IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group
(GTSG), has for the last eight years been The first of such Red Lists was The Red The majority of these are from the
working towards this goal, producing global List of Magnoliaceae produced in 2007 neotropical region. In the light of this new
conservation assessments of trees both (cicuzza et al. 2007). Since this information and new taxa, it is now time
with taxonomic and regional foci (Table 1). publication, new information on existing to produce an updated and extended
These tree conservation assessments taxa has been published and new threats version of The Red List of Magnoliaceae.
contribute directly to the Global Tree have emerged. In addition, since 2007,
Assessment (GTA), which aims to have 93 new Magnolia species have been
conservation assessments for all trees by described and published (IPnI 2015).
2020 (Box 1, newton et al. 2015).
6
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
METHODOLOGy
TAXoNomIC SCoPE AND Plant authority names followed those
CoNCEPTS from The International Plant names Index
All species in the family Magnoliaceae (IPnI 2015).
that were published prior to December
2015 were included in this assessment. CoNSERVATIoN ASSESSmENT
We focused on species-level mEThoDoLoGY
assessments, as the IUcn Red List of conservation assessments were
Threatened Species only accepts conducted following the IUcn Red List of
infraspecific conservation assessments Threatened Species categories and
once a species-level assessment has criteria version 3.1 (IUcn 2001, Appendix
been carried out. Infraspecific taxa were 5). Assessments were compiled using the
not included, unless the taxonomic IUcn’s Species Information Service (SIS), Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna)
concept was unresolved and there were which is a web-based database for
data indicating that the taxon might be storing and managing IUcn conservation A wide range of resources were consulted
considered an accepted species. Hybrids assessments. Information for each to gather all the required information.
within Magnoliaceae were not assessed. species was assembled for a range of Sources include: national and regional
areas including: floras, taxonomic databases, scientific
The taxonomic concepts followed are papers, published and unpublished
those reflected in The Plant List version • Distribution reports, expert knowledge, herbarium
1.1 (The Plant List 2013); new species • Population records and national red lists. In addition,
described since then as well as taxonomic • Habitat and ecology expert opinions were consulted at the 1st
updates since 2013 were included • Threats International Symposium on Neotropical
following the World checklist of Selected • Uses Magnoliaceae held in Puyo, Ecuador in
Plant Families (WcSP 2016) and after • conservation July 2015.
consultation with taxonomic experts. • References
Using all the available information, a
conservation category was assigned.
Species were assigned one of nine
categories: Extinct (EX), Extinct in the
Wild (EW), critically Endangered (cR),
Endangered (En), Vulnerable (VU), near
Threatened (nT), Least concern (Lc),
Data Deficient (DD) and not Evaluated
(nE) (Figure 1). cR, En and VU are the
three threatened categories. Taxa that did
not qualify for a threatened category, but
were close to qualifying for, or are likely
to qualify for, a threatened category in the
near future, were assigned to the
category nT. Lc was used for species
that are assessed but are not considered
threatened including widespread species
and rare but stable species. The use of
the category DD is discouraged, but may
be assigned to poorly known taxa.
Species not yet evaluated were classified
as nE. In this report nT and Lc taxa were
Figure 1. Structure of the IUCN Red List Categories (version 3.1) (Credit: IUCN) considered “not threatened”.
7
The Red List of Magnoliaceae
In order to assess whether a species
belongs to a threatened category (cR, En,
VU), the species were evaluated in relation
to five criteria: A) Population reduction; B)
Geographic range; c) Small population
size and decline; D) Very small or restricted
population; and E) Quantitative analysis.
The criteria are based on a set of
thresholds and subcriteria. Extensive
guidelines available to facilitate the
process for the conservation assessors
were consulted (IUcn Standards and
Petitions Subcommittee 2014). In
practice, most assessments were based
on population size and/or range size,
either observed, estimated, projected,
inferred or suspected. Assessors are
encouraged to evaluate taxa using all five
criteria, but a taxon only needs to fulfil one
of the five criteria to qualify for a Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar)
threatened category. When several criteria
were met resulting in different status All assessments in this report were All other information (including synonyms,
assessments, the precautionary principle assessed on a global scale. Assessments full distribution information, habitat,
was applied and the most threatened carried out by national red list efforts, ecology, conservation measures, threats
category was assigned (IUcn 2001). were only included if species were and uses) can be found on the website for
Once completed and reviewed, the country endemics (i.e. the national the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species
assessments were sent for publication to assessment covered the full geographical (IUcn 2015, www.iucnredlist.org).
the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species distribution). Distribution maps have also been
(IUcn 2015). submitted to IUcn.
REVIEW AND EVALUATIoN
Wherever possible, expert opinions were The threatened (cR, En, VU) species are
sought for all species assessed. listed in alphabetical order in Part 2,
Sometimes experts carried out the followed by the near Threatened species,
conservation assessment for their own the Data Deficient species and the Least
species (assessors), and sometimes they concern species.
contributed data for the conservation
assessment to be carried out In this report assessors are only listed for
(contributors). In accordance with IUcn the threatened species, and when the
Red List regulations, all assessments assessors were not the authors of
were also reviewed by a member of the this report, BGcI staff or interns. For
GTSG (reviewer). full details of the assessors, contributors
and reviewers, see the IUcn Red
RED LIST REPoRT FoRmAT List of Threatened Species website
This report lists all species with their (www.iucnredlist.org).
authors, country distribution and
conservation assessment ratings. The A full list of species with their ex situ
threatened species are also listed with the collections is found in Appendix 1.
Magnolia dawsoniana (Arboretum Wespelaar) rationale for the conservation assessment.
8The Red List of Magnoliaceae
cASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY 1: INTEGRATED M. wolfii. This species is only known from seedlings were transferred to Marcella
CoNSERVATIoN ACTIoN FoR a single location, in the Risaralda Botanical Garden which is close to the
Magnolia wolfii IN CoLomBIA department in west colombia, where the location of the only known wild
population is down to fewer than ten population. Botanists have carried out
nearly all of colombia’s 33 Magnolia mature trees. repopulation trials to evaluate the species'
species, many of which are endemic, are growth responses under different habitat
threatened with extinction, as a result of Despite its critically Endangered and light conditions. This work has
habitat loss and extraction for their high- conservation status, however, work involved the cooperation of local farmers,
quality timber. BGcI has been working carried out by BGcI and its in-country with 5,000 saplings of M. wolfii and other
with in-country partners Jardín Botánico partners is ensuring that M. wolfii will have Magnolia species planted on their land.
de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe a more secure future. Propagation During the trial plantings, farmers and
(JAUM) and Jardín Botánico Universidad material collected from the wild population protected area staff participated in
Tecnológica de Pereira (JBUTP) to has been used to establish ex situ seed workshops providing vital training in
counteract the impact of these threats and living plant collections of M. wolfii at collection, propagation and recovery
through a series of integrated in situ and five botanic gardens in colombia. During techniques for Magnolia species. A
ex situ conservation measures. these surveys, project staff discovered broader education campaign at JBUTP
another three mature M. wolfii trees – a communicated colombia’s unique
Since 2013, work has focused on vital boost to the species’ tiny population. Magnoliaceae diversity and the need for
Magnolia hernandezii, Magnolia gilbertoi, its conservation to the 10,000 visitors it
Magnolia jardinensis, Magnolia silvioi and In addition to building up ex situ receives at its botanic garden each year.
Magnolia wolfii. All these species have collections, work has been underway to
restricted distributions and extremely reinforce existing wild populations of M. At the same time, JAUM succeeded in
small populations, but none more so than wolfii. In 2013, 400 nursery-grown securing the inclusion of a 140ha area of
tropical forest, located on the eastern
slopes of colombia’s Western cordillera,
within the colombian Association of civil
Society natural Reserves. This area was
identified during field surveys as a
hotspot for Magnolia species, and it is
hoped that its designation will continue
to encourage local participation in
developing and implementing
conservation measures for M. wolfii and
colombia’s other threatened Magnolia.
Fruit of Magnolia wolfii
9The Red List of Magnoliaceae
CASE STUDY 2: CONSERVATION specifically for cultivation purposes. out as requiring the most urgent
OF THREATENED Magnolia Building local capacity in horticultural conservation action as it currently
sinostellata IN ZHEJIANG techniques will reduce their dependence comprises just 3-5 individuals, and is the
PROVINCE, CHINA on wild populations of M. sinostellata, most genetically distinct population of the
and allow the species to recover. three. Mount yandang is also a popular
Since Magnolia sinostellata was first tourist destination, and provides an ideal
described in 1989, this highly attractive As well as reducing human pressure on M. opportunity to publicise the project and
species has become a popular sinostellata, plans are also in place to raise awareness of M. sinostellata
horticultural plant. Its popularity has reinforce wild populations with individuals conservation. Meanwhile, monitoring of the
proved to be its undoing, however, as grown in ex situ collections. Efforts will health and status of all three wild
widespread harvesting of specimens focus on a population located on Mount populations will continue, along with
from wild populations for use in yandang in the south-east of Zheijang surveys to identify any new, as yet
commercial nurseries has seen the province. This population has been singled undocumented populations of this species.
species rapidly decline. Today only three
small populations of M. sinostellata
remain in the wild, in the mountains of
Zhejiang province, south-east china.
These populations are all showing signs
of poor reproductive performance, which
is further accelerating the species’
decline and limiting the genetic diversity
of each population.
In 2015, BGcI and staff from Fairy Lake
Botanical Garden, Shenzen, initiated a
project to bring M. sinostellata back from
the brink. The project is taking an
integrated approach, with plans to
establish ex situ living collections and to
reinforce wild populations of the species.
By the end of 2015, project staff had
already successfully propagated 2,800
M. sinostellata individuals, bolstering the
species’ limited seed output with grafting
and cutting techniques.
A key part of the project is to continue
enabling local people to harness the
horticultural and economic value of M.
sinostellata without further endangering
wild populations. To this end, 2015 saw
the launch of a series of workshops and
training courses designed to train local
people and forest agency staff in
propagation and cultivation techniques
for M. sinostellata, with more workshops
planned for 2016. Work is also underway
to develop two cultivars of M. sinostellata Magnolia sinostellata sapling in a nursery (Shouzhou Zhang)
10The Red List of Magnoliaceae
CASE STUDY 3: MAGNOLIA ecosystem service is vital to the
CUBENSIS SSP. ACUNAE: sustainability of the local coffee industry,
A FLAGShIP SPECIES FoR ThE but with the disappearance of much of the
RESToRATIoN oF CUBAN CLoUD native cloud forest, such systems are at
FoRESTS risk of breaking down altogether.
Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae is Since 2009, BGcI has been working with
endemic to the montane rainforests of in-country partners the national Botanic
cuba’s Guamuhaya mountains. Forest Gardens Havana and the cuban
clearance has destroyed much of its Botanical Society to address the decline Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae
habitat, with most of its former range now in coverage and quality of the cloud
occupied by coffee plantations, shaded forests in Guamuhaya. As a previously plantations, project staff and local farmers
by non-native invasive tree species. All dominant structural cloud forest species have been able to reinforce wild
remaining populations of M. cubensis which is classified as critically populations of M. cubensis ssp. acunae
ssp. acunae are located in highly Endangered, and a highly attractive tree through planting out nursery-grown trees
fragmented or degraded habitat. The valued locally for its timber, M. cubensis on the coffee plantations, in place of the
largest population lies outside any ssp. acunae acts as a strong flagship non-native tree species.
protected area boundaries, which puts it species for this project.
at permanent risk of clearing for further In addition to practical interventions to
coffee plantations. Extensive field surveys have been carried restore M. cubensis ssp. acunae, project
out to map the full distribution of M. partners have worked hard to raise
The rapid decline of M. cubensis ssp. cubensis ssp. acunae and to collect awareness among local communities of
acunae and other local trees also has wider propagation material for establishing the the benefits of conserving native tree
repercussions for local ecosystems and the first ex situ collections for the species. A species and cloud forest habitats. In
communities living within them. The major challenge in establishing ex situ August 2013, an environmental festival
Guamuhaya cloud forests, of which M. collections of cloud forest species such “Del Monte Soy” was held in Topes de
cubensis ssp. acunae was once a major as M. cubensis ssp. acunae is that they collantes to celebrate the relationship
component, play an important regulating require very different conditions to those between humans and plants, highlight the
role, capturing rainwater and humid air and found in established botanic gardens in value of the local flora, and to
thus controlling soil erosion, run-off and cuba. However, the project partners communicate the threatened conservation
flooding further down the watershed. This came up with a way of establishing ex status of many native plants in the region,
situ collections of M. cubensis ssp. including M. cubensis ssp. acunae. One
acunae that also facilitated the species’ of the key focuses of the training
conservation in the wild. workshops held with coffee farmers was
also the importance of native tree species
With the cooperation of local farmers, and habitats for local communities.
native plant nurseries have been
established on coffee farms, with training Work to conserve M. cubensis ssp.
given to coffee farmers and farm workers acunae and its native habitat is set to
to enable them to propagate and grow continue into the future. One of the latest
M. cubensis ssp. acunae and other developments has been the provision of
threatened native trees. The programme toolkits to coffee farmers to help them to
has expanded rapidly, and by 2013, manage their native tree nurseries
propagation efforts of 12 local nurseries independently. Two project workers
had raised over 1,500 individuals of M. continue to be available to provide advice,
cubensis ssp. acunae. Having started the but it is the farmers and their communities
process of controlling and eradicating who will lead the work to conserve M.
Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae non-native invasive trees from coffee cubensis ssp. acunae into the future.
11The Red List of Magnoliaceae
RED LIST RESULTS
ThREAT STATUS Ten species, published recently were not
All species in the family Magnoliaceae evaluated (nE), as no information on
published prior to December 2015 are these species (including the papers
included in this Red List assessment, where the species were described) could
totalling 304 species, which makes be accessed (Appendix 3b).
this Red List of Magnoliaceae the most
comprehensive analysis of the family. CRITERIA USED
In order to list a species as threatened all
Globally, 147 species were considered five criteria should be used, although only
threatened. Sixty species were a single criterion needs to be met for a
considered not threatened (Least species to be considered threatened.
concern and near Threatened). The However, for many plant species there
remaining species, (97) were Data Liriodendron chinense (Philippe de Spoelberch) are not sufficient data available to allow
Deficient (Figure 2). Data Deficient all the criteria to be used. Most (77%)
species may be either threatened or not threatened species were assessed using
threatened when a full assessment IUCN Red Number criterion B, i.e. listed as threatened due
is possible. The recommendation for List category of species to their restricted geographic range (Table
reporting this uncertainty is to give a range, 3). A quarter (26%) of threatened species
which means that the proportion of Extinct 0 used criteria c and D, which are based
threatened species is between 48-80%. critically Endangered 37 on small or restricted population size.
Endangered 84 Only 9% of threatened species were
More detailed summary results are found Vulnerable 26 listed using criterion A, which shows that
in Table 2. none of the species were Data Deficient 97 population reductions (and generation
considered Extinct, although two species near Threatened 13 length) are difficult to calculate for these
were considered possibly extinct (Magnolia Least concern 47 long-lived taxa. no species were
dixonii and Magnolia emarginata). Among not Evaluated 10 evaluated using criterion E (quantitative
the 60 not threatened species, there were Total 314 analysis of extinction risk).
Table 2. Summary of conservation Most species were listed using a single
assessments for species of Magnoliaceae. criterion, but 16 (11%) threatened
species had multiple criteria applied.
13 species assessed as near Threatened
20%
(nT), these were species that nearly fall into
32% a threatened category. One example is criterion A 13 (9%)
Liriodendron chinense this species is under criterion B 113 (77%)
pressure across its range from a criterion c 14 (10%)
combination of factors including habitat criterion D 24 (16%)
48%
decline, degradation and fragmentation, as criterion E 0
well as issues resulting from hybridisation Total 164 (147 species)
and poor regeneration, with subsequent
population reduction. Table 3. The number of threatened
Threatened Magnoliaceae conservation assessments
Data Deficient Eleven infraspecific taxa were also using the five different Red List criteria,
not Threatened assessed, but not included in the and the percentage of threatened species
species-level analysis (Appendix 3a). assessed under each criterion.
Figure 2. Summary of the threatened, More information on these can be found
Data Deficient and not threatened on the IUcn Red List of Threatened
species of Magnoliaceae. Species website (www.iucnredlist.org).
12The Red List of Magnoliaceae
GEoGRAPhICAL ANALYSIS having a very high number of Magnolia Panama, El Salvador and nicaragua),
Magnoliaceae species were found in 47 species. nearly two thirds (198) of more than 50% of their Magnolia species
countries (Figure 3, Appendix 2). The species were single country endemics. were considered threatened.
country with the most species was china
with 108 species (33 threatened), When comparing the proportion of As a whole, 75% of the neotropical
followed by Vietnam with 45 species threatened species, the neotropics Magnolia were considered under threat;
(14 threatened). Seven of the ten most (Mexico, colombia and many of the and the neotropics have more than two
species-rich countries were located caribbean islands) showed a very high thirds of the world’s most threatened
in East and Southeast Asia. Another proportion of threatened species (Figure Magnolia species – those found in
centre of diversity was in the neotropics, 4). For most countries in the neotropics, categories critically Endangered and
with colombia, Mexico and Ecuador with only a few exceptions (Brazil, Endangered.
Figure 3. Magnoliaceae species richness per country.
Figure 4. The percentage of Magnoliaceae species for each country that are threatened (excluding Data Deficient species)
13The Red List of Magnoliaceae
mAjoR ThREATS
The majority of Magnoliaceae species
were found in subtropical or tropical
forests, with a few species found in
temperate climates. A range of threats
have been recorded, associated both
with the species as well as the habitat in
which they grow. The threats were
recorded using the IUcn threat
classification scheme (IUcn 2012).
The most common threats to
Magnoliaceae are shown in Figure 5.
Logging/wood harvesting was the most
significant threat to all Magnoliaceae
species, both threatened and not
threatened. It impacted nearly half (44%)
of all species. Impacts from agriculture
(annual and perennial non-timber crops)
accounted for the second biggest threat
and was identified as a significant factor
in over one third of all species (36%).
Habitat loss due to livestock farming and Magnolia grandiflora (Peter Timmermans)
human development were also significant
factors. Other threats included collections
of wild plant material and climate change.
Logging & wood harvesting
Annual & perennial non-timber crops
Livestock farming & ranching
Housing & urban areas
Wild plant collection
climate change & severe weather
Roads & railroads
Mining & quarrying
Fire & fire suppression
Wood & pulp plantations
commercial & industrial areas
Problematic species/disease of unknown origin
Tourism & recreation areas
number of threatened species
Ecosystem modification number of non-threatened species
Dams & water management/use
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Figure 5. Major threats to threatened and non-threatened Magnoliaceae species, using
Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar) the IUCN threat classification system.
14The Red List of Magnoliaceae
PoPULATIoN TRENDS
The population trend for each assessed
Magnoliaceae species was also recorded
as part of the conservation assessment Decreasing 128
process. These data showed that less than
5% of species have a stable or increasing
Stable/Increasing 13
population; 42% of species have a
documented decreasing population (Figure
6). For more than half of the species Unknown 163
assessed, the population trend was not
known. This lack of information on
population trends can lead to species 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
being assessed as Data Deficient.
Figure 6. Population trends of Magnoliaceae species.
ComPARISoNS WITh ThE 2007
RED LIST oF mAGNoLIACEAE
The Red List of Magnoliaceae (cicuzza et 2016 2007
al. 2007) included 151 Magnoliaceae
taxa, of which 120 were species-level Threatened 147 species (152) 95 species (112)
assessments (Table 4). This new Red List Data Deficient 97 species (92) 9 species (10)
update contains 304 species. 107 not threatened 60 species (62) 16 species (29)
species from the original publication were Total species evaluated 304 species (315) 120 species (151)
assessed again. The 13 species which
were not evaluated again are now Table 4. Comparison of conservation assessments in The Red List of Magnoliaceae in
considered synonyms, and the accepted 2016 and 2007. Numbers in brackets include infraspecific taxa.
name has been listed instead.
Of the 107 reassessed species, most (78
species) had the same conservation
assessment category. However, 29 had
a different rating: 12 species were given a
higher category of threat, while ten
species were moved from Data Deficient
to another conservation rating. Seven
species were categorised as less
threatened (i.e. a lower category of
threat), but none of these species fell out
of a threatened category.
compared to the 2007 publication, the
2016 Red List of Magnoliaceae lists 52
additional species that have been
identified as at risk of extinction. There
are also 44 additional species that have
been identified as not at risk of extinction,
and, worryingly, 88 species that have
insufficient information to assess their
conservation status. Magnolia laevifolia
15The Red List of Magnoliaceae
Ex situ SURVEy OF MAGnOLIAcEAE
In addition to the conservation
assessments, we also carried out an ex PlantSearch
situ survey to assess the representation
of Magnoliaceae species in ex situ BGcI’s PlantSearch database is the only global database of plants in cultivation.
collections of botanic gardens, arboreta It is available online, and it is free to contribute to and access. PlantSearch
and seed banks around the world. connects around 2,000 researchers and horticulturists to collections every year.
Locations and gardens are not publicly revealed and requests can be made via
All Magnoliaceae records were blind email messages. PlantSearch is an easy way for ex situ collection holders
downloaded from BGcI’s global to contribute to broader ex situ assessments, such as this survey. By uploading
database of plants in cultivation - a taxa list to PlantSearch, collection holders can connect their collections to the
PlantSearch (Box 2) (as of 26 January global botanical community and find out the conservation value of their taxa,
2016). In addition, lists of ex situ Magnolia including the number of locations each taxon is known from globally and its
collections sent to us from specialist current global conservation status. It is important for institutions with ex situ
collections not on PlantSearch and the collections to share accurate data and keep it updated, and PlantSearch relies
chinese checklist of ex situ cultivated on collection holders to upload up-to-date taxa lists on an annual basis to
flora (Huang 2014) were consulted. ensure accuracy and enhance usability of the data.
The ex situ survey identified 9,918 records www.bgci.org/plant_search.php
of Magnoliaceae from 490 institutions
(Table 5). This number represents the
presence of a single taxon in a collection
within an institution and does not take into
account the number of accessions or Species reported in ex situ collections Species not reported in ex situ collections
individuals. Only species records were 60
included in the analysis; records of 55
cultivars or infraspecific taxa were 50 48
excluded. In total 4,476 records matched
40 42
with Magnoliaceae species included in
number of species
40
36
this Red List or with synonyms.
30
SPECIES IN EX SITU CoLLECTIoNS 23
Exactly half of all Magnoliaceae species 20
(152 of 304 species) are found in ex situ 14 13 13
collections. However, species in ex situ 10 7 7
6
collections are often (82 of 152) those
listed as Least concern or Data Deficient 0
(Figure 8). Only 43% (63 of 147) of cR En VU nT Lc DD
threatened Magnolia species (critically
Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) Figure 7. Presence and absence of Magnoliaceae species in ex situ collections per
are found in ex situ collections (Figure 7), IUCN Red List Category.
well below Target 8 of the Global Strategy
for Plant conservation which calls for 75% Table 5. Summary statistics for the
2016
of threatened plants to be held in ex situ ex situ survey ex situ survey of Magnoliaceae.
collections (cBD 2012).
number of records 9918
Fifty-nine percent of the critically number of institutions 490
Endangered and Endangered Magnolia number of countries 61
species (71 out of 121 species) are not
16The Red List of Magnoliaceae
reported in ex situ collections and these
Species Country
should be prioritised to be brought into
collections. Species that are not in an Magnolia calimaensis colombia
ex situ collection have no safeguard in Magnolia canandeana Ecuador
the event their wild populations are Magnolia cararensis colombia
lost. Twenty-three critically Endangered Magnolia cespedesii colombia
species not found in collections are listed Magnolia chimantensis colombia
in Table 6 together with their country of Magnolia coronata colombia
occurrence; of these, 20 are endemic to Magnolia dixonii Ecuador
the neotropics. Successful efforts have Magnolia domingensis Haiti, Dominican Republic
been made by BGcI to target threatened Magnolia ekmanii Haiti
Magnolia species in these regions Magnolia emarginata Haiti
previously (See case Studies 1 and 3). Magnolia faustinomirandae Mexico
Further efforts should be made to bring the Magnolia gustavii India, Myanmar, Thailand
remaining critically Endangered species Magnolia lacandonica Mexico
into collections as soon as possible. Magnolia manguillo Peru
Magnolia mayae Mexico
NUmBER oF ex situ Magnolia narinensis colombia
CoLLECTIoNS Magnolia ofeliae Mexico
Sixty-two percent (39 of 63 species) of Magnolia pleiocarpa India
threatened Magnolia species are found in Magnolia sanchez-vegae Peru
a very small number of collections (fewer Magnolia tiepii Vietnam
than five collections), with the majority Magnolia vallartensis Mexico
only found in a single collection (Figure 8). Magnolia virolinensis colombia
Species found in only a few collections Magnolia wendtii Mexico
do not have sufficient protection against
stochastic events or loss from natural Table 6. Critically Endangered Magnolia species not in ex situ collections.
causes. Furthermore, small collection
numbers are unlikely to capture sufficient
genetic diversity to enable the collections 35
to be used in restoration or reintroduction non threatened Threatened
programmes. 30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100+ 200+
Figure 8. Number of collections of Magnoliaceae species.
Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)
17The Red List of Magnoliaceae
In contrast, some species are
Species ex situ collections Red List Category
widespread among botanic gardens and
arboreta around the world (Table 7). Liriodendron tulipifera 255 Lc
These species are generally considered Magnolia grandiflora 225 Lc
not threatened, one exception being Magnolia kobus 211 DD
Magnolia stellata, which is listed as Magnolia stellata 206 En
Endangered in the wild and is present in Magnolia tripetala 159 Lc
over 200 ex situ collections and is also Magnolia acuminata 157 Lc
widespread in general horticulture. The Magnolia virginiana 152 Lc
quality of ex situ Magnolia collections, in Magnolia sieboldii 148 Lc
terms of size of collections and genetic Magnolia denudata 145 Lc
diversity, is not included in the remit of Magnolia obovata 136 Lc
this survey. It will be important to consider Liriodendron chinense 134 nT
these two factors when bringing new Magnolia macrophylla 121 Lc
species into collections, to maximise the Magnolia wilsonii 111 nT
conservation value of the ex situ Magnolia figo 103 Lc
collection. Further work on the genetic Magnolia campbellii 103 Lc
components and relevance of ex situ
collections have been carried out for Table 7. Species in over 100 ex situ collections.
Magnoliaceae (cires et al. 2013), and in
more detail for other groups (i.e. Griffith
Taxon Names ex situ collections Red List Category
et al. 2015).
Magnolia colombiana 1 cR
ComPARISoN WITh 2008 ex situ Magnolia dandyi 15 Lc
SURVEY oF mAGNoLIACEAE Magnolia duperreana 1 DD
A comparison of the results from this Magnolia espinalii 1 cR
survey with those of an ex situ survey of Magnolia henaoi 1 En
Magnoliaceae carried out in 2008 (BGcI Magnolia katiorum 1 cR
2008) show an increase in the number of Magnolia lanuginosa 13 DD
records of Magnoliaceae in ex situ Magnolia lenticellata 1 En
collections of 7,644. This is due in part to Magnolia longipedunculata 1 cR
data being provided from a further 252 Magnolia macclurei 20 Lc
institutions from 14 additional countries. Magnolia mahechae 1 En
But importantly Magnoliaceae species Magnolia nilagirica 1 VU
are now better conserved in ex situ Magnolia pallescens 1 En
collections. In addition, there are 22 Magnolia platyphylla 1 DD
species that were not present in Magnolia pugana 1 En
cultivation in 2008 that are now available Magnolia rajaniana 1 VU
in ex situ collections (Table 8). This shows Magnolia sabahensis 1 Lc
the impact and importance of the Red Magnolia sambuensis 9 nT
List assessments and the subsequent ex Magnolia striatifolia 1 En
situ survey highlighting and prioritising Magnolia urraoensis 1 En
conservation action. Magnolia utilis 1 DD
Magnolia vrieseana 1 DD
Table 8. Species unreported from ex situ collections in 2008 now present in ex situ
collections.
18The Red List of Magnoliaceae
cOncLUSIOnS AnD REcOMMEnDATIOnS
PoLICY RELEVANCE • Assess the extent to which species
This new Red List of Magnoliaceae are included in protected areas.
contributes directly to Target 2 of the • Develop integrated conservation
Global Strategy for Plant conservation of action plans for the most threatened
the convention on Biological Diversity, species.
which calls for “an assessment of the
conservation status of all known plant Raise awareness and build capacity
species, as far as possible, to guide locally and internationally:
conservation action” by 2020 (cBD 2012). • Empower and inform communities
In addition, an assessment of threatened about the uniqueness and
species is also needed to ensure that importance of the Magnoliaceae
Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant species found in their local
conservation is met. This target calls for environment.
“at least 75 per cent of threatened plant • Use local plant nurseries and planting
species in ex situ collections, preferably in schemes to enhance the status of
the country of origin, and at least 20 per Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar) the most threatened Magnolia
cent available for recovery and restoration species in the wild.
programmes” (cBD 2012). improve the conservation status for • Build horticultural capacity of
Magnoliaceae, a number of conservation in-country partners and local
The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims to measures are recommended: communities, including protocols for
stimulate conservation action for collection, propagation and cultivation.
Magnolia species under threat. The aim Collect more information on Data
is for these conservation assessments for Deficient species: There has been significant progress since
Magnoliaceae to guide conservation • More information is needed on the the last Red List of Magnoliaceae was
action and policy decisions for the very large proportion of species for which produced in 2007: more Magnolia
rare and threatened species. The priority there was not enough data to assess species have been discovered and
is to protect Magnolia in their natural their conservation status (listed as described, more Magnolia species have a
habitats. Many of the most threatened Data Deficient). conservation assessment, and more
species are still absent from ex situ • Report any known information on Magnolia species are now conserved in
collections, and should also be prioritised these species to redlist@bgci.org to ex situ collections. nevertheless, much
for targeted collection efforts. allow a full assessment to take place. more needs to be done in order to save
• Target fieldwork and data collection many Magnolia species from extinction.
BGcI and the Global Trees campaign for priority regions where these Future work should focus on the
work with botanic gardens to enhance ex species occur. recommendations above, and use the
situ conservation for globally threatened information gathered in this publication to
Magnolia taxa where appropriate and to Ensure threatened species of effectively prioritise conservation action.
promote in situ conservation planning, magnoliaceae are conserved in situ
ecological restoration and sustainable and ex situ:
use. More information about these • Develop ex situ conservation
projects are available online collections for the threatened
(www.globaltrees.org/projects). Magnoliaceae species not yet
represented in any ex situ collections.
RECommENDATIoNS • Wherever possible, house ex situ
The Red List of Magnoliaceae is a step collections in more than one
towards the Global Tree Assessment (GTA) institution and location.
which will provide information on the threat • Ensure genetic diversity is taken into
status of all the world’s trees. In order to account when building ex situ
achieve the GTA and, more specifically, collections. Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez)
19The Red List of Magnoliaceae
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