Livelihood Enhancement through Agroclimatic Risk and Opportunity Management with Engagement Practices - Dr Samsul Huda, School of Science, Western ...
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Livelihood Enhancement through
Agroclimatic Risk and Opportunity
Management with Engagement
Practices
Dr Samsul Huda, School of Science,
Western Sydney University, Australia
s.huda@westensydney.edu.au
Plan for Reinvigorating INSAM Arrangement of webinar/virtual workshop/seminar There are number of experts who are highly knowledgeable and experienced in different areas of weather and climate services in agriculture Organisation of webinar on important topic on Agrometeorology at regular intervals through INSAM platform Some of the successful case studies in some parts of the world could be showcased so that other would be encouraged to implement the same in their region Sharing different research activities, knowledge gained through webinar.
Webinar • International Society for Agricultural Meteorology (INSAM) • 12 June 2021
Presentation Outline • Agroclimatic Risk and Opportunity Management Framework • Use of tools/models in addressing soil constraints, climate variability/climate change impacts • Drawing lessons from recent past and ongoing projects • Plans for countries in the Asia-Pacific for continued work on climate-smart agriculture and livelihood improvement including Mountain Agriculture (The Himalayan University Consortium-HUC) • Seeking INSAM support for International Conference in 2023
Agroclimatic Risk and Opportunity Management
(ACROM)
• Research team led by Dr Samsul Huda at Western
Sydney University (WSU) developed an agro-
climatic risk and opportunity management
(ACROM) framework.
• It has empowered farmers, researchers and
agribusiness sectors in many countries
• It helped enhance sustainable farming practices
to improve livelihoods and food security through
increased production.
Climate Variability Unpredictable rainfall due to climate variability is impacting farmers globally • Particularly in developing countries farmers face a double whammy due to additional lack of knowledge and techniques that help integrate climate, soil and crop information to minimise crop losses, exacerbating poverty • Inability to maximise benefits from opportunities
Ongoing International Projects
• Project Lead :“Livelihood improvement through climate-smart agriculture: An
Australia-India Initiative” in India funded by Australia-India Council. (2017-2021)
• Project Lead : “Enhancing vegetable production and quality in greenhouse and
open field conditions in Qatar” supported by Qatar National Research Fund and
the Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar Government. (2020-2023)
• Linked to the above project, a new one is underway on “Sustainable Fertigation in
Protected Cropping” supported by Cooperative Research Centre -CRC Future Food
Systems, Australian Government. (2021-2025)
• Project member : “Family Farming, Lifestyle and Health in the Pacific (FALAH)”,
funded by Europe-based Research and Innovation Staff Exchange: RISE Program of
H2020. (2020-2024)
Supporting Externally Funded Interdisciplinary
and Interinstitutional Projects
Funding
Project Title
Amount Source
1. Improving Food Security in Qatar US$ 1, 028, 304 QNRF, NPRP
2. Safeguarding Food Security and Environment in Qatar US$ 898, 080 QNRF, NPRP
3. Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Agricultural Management A$ 1, 200, 00 ACIAR
4. Crop Development and Water Availability in the Asia-Pacific region US$ 120, 000 USGCRP, NSF, APN
5. Application of Tools/Models in Farm Management A$ 200, 000 GRDC
6. Smallholder Adoption of Agricultural Technologies in Cambodia A$ 149, 057 ACIAR
7. Climate and Crop Disease Management A$ 120, 000 APN, WMO
8. Combining Disparate Data Sources to Demonstrate Disease/ Pest Status A$ 114, 000 ACERA, DAFF
9. Climate Risk Management in Asia-Pacific Region A$ 110, 000 USAID, APN, Crawford Fund, ACIAR
10. Climate Change Effects on Pests and Diseases in India, Bangladesh and Australia A$ 101, 000 APN
11. Development of On-Farm Frost Management Strategies, Northern NSW A$ 85, 000 GRDC
12. Higher Education Strategic Initiative, China A$ 57, 000 Department of Science and Technology
13. Climate and Crop Disease Risk Management A$ 12, 000 AIC
14. Climate and Risk Management in Agriculture Related Businesses A$ 8, 000 AIC
QNRF: Qatar National Research Fund; NPRP: National Priority Research Program; ACIAR: Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research; USGCRP: US Global Change Research Program; NSF: National Science Foundation of USA; APN: Asia-Pacific Network For Global
Change Research; GRDC: Grains Research and Development Corporation; WMO: World Meteorological Organisation; ACERA: Australian Centre
of Excellence for Risk Analysis; DAFF: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; USAID: United States Agency for International
Development; AIC: Australia-India Council
Qatar :
Water, Soil and Nutrient Management to Enhance
Crop Quantity and Quality
Decision Support Framework
• SCAMP (Soil Constraints and Management Package)
• Nutrient Budget
• AquaCrop
• AIMMSSCAMP
Soil Field Characteristics
Landscape position
Colour
Texture
Permeability
Drainage
Structure
Aggregate stability
pH
ECSCAMP
Soil Chemical Characteristics
• Soil samples (5 reps per site) collected from open-field cropping
blocks at the SAIC farm (0-10cm, 10-30cm, 30-60cm)
and the Arab Qatari farm(0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-30cm)
• Analysed at Central Lab Unit, Qatar University for:
▪ pH (saturation extract)
▪ EC (saturation extract)
▪ soluble cations (saturation extract)
Calculate Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
▪ soluble anions (saturation extract)SCAMP
Soil Chemical Characteristics
SAIC Farm F1
Constraint Comments Implications Management
pH Alkaline Possibility of low availability of Manage trace element
Zn, Fe, and Mn at locations 4 deficiencies by foliar sprays
and 5.
EC Soil salt content will Soil at Location 3 has higher Grow crops that are
reduce the yield of salt- levels of salinity than other moderately salt sensitive.
sensitive crops. locations in the field.
Chloride Chloride content likely to Chloride at depth (up to 60cm) Grow crops that are not
be detrimental to in Locations 3 and4. sensitive to chloride.
chloride-sensitive crops.
Sodicity Soil non-sodic except Check for soil compaction due Apply gypsum if soil is
Locations 3 and 4 where to sodicity in the subsoil of dispersive or has hard-
sodicity increases with Locations 3 and 4. setting characteristics.
depth.
Nitrate-N Excessive levels of nitrate Likely movement of nitrate to Grow N-catch crop (e.g.,
content in Locations 3 and 4. groundwater at Location 3. forage grass) and restrict N
fertiliser application until
profile nitrate content
decrease to low values.SCAMP
Water Quality
Attachment 2: Qatar water test results
Water Na K Ca Mg St Cl Br NO3 PO4 SO4 EC
samples (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) F (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) pH (µS/cm)
F1W1 243 50.8 325 117 12 2.6 396 0.6 39.4 ND 1343 8 3040
F2 44.4 3.4 17.8 4.8 ND ND 67.3 ND 3 ND 58.6 7.5 379
NA, K, Ca. Mg. and St were analysed using the ASTM D6919-09 method.
F, Cl, Br, NO3, SO4, PO4 were analysed using the USEPA 300.0
method.
Irrigation water constraints
• sodicity
• salinity
• nitrate contaminationNutrient Budget
Squash 20 T (FW)/ha
200 kg N/ha, 22 kg P/ha, 250 kg K/ha above ground
84 kg N/ha
EXPORTED
9 kg P/ha
100 kg K/ha
70kg N/ha
9 kg P/ha
155 kg K/ha RECYCLEDSCAMP + Nutrient Budget
Nutrient
inputs and losses
Soil
Pests/ diseases
Plant
available
constraints Nutrient (information
water SCAMP Budget databases)
Cropping System
Climate ACTUAL YIELD
constraints
(long term weather
records)
YaSCAMP + Nutrient Budget + AquaCrop
Seasonal
forecast
(e.g. SOI)
Nutrient
inputs and losses
Soil
Pests/ diseases
Plant constraints Nutrient (information
available
water SCAMP Budget databases)
AquaCrop Cropping System
Climate ACTUAL YIELD
constraints
(long term weather
records)
Ya
POTENTIAL YIELD
YpAqua Crop
Aqua Crop
Optimal planting time for Squash in Doha under
adequate water and nutrient management
Months Yield Rain Irrigation ETo Infiltration Transpiration Evaporation
(t/ha) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Sep 22.7 10.0 511 513 520 279 123
Dec 22.8 18.9 542 527 560 344 99
March 22.6 6.5 766 777 772 496 152
June 7.5 0 756 772 756 454 176SCAMP + Nutrient Budget + AquaCrop
Seasonal
forecast
(e.g. SOI)
Nutrient
inputs and losses
Soil
Pests/ diseases
Plant constraints Nutrient (information
available
water SCAMP Budget databases)
AquaCrop Cropping System
Climate ACTUAL YIELD
constraints
(long term weather
records)
Ya
POTENTIAL YIELD
Yp YIELD GAP = Yp - YaSCAMP + Nutrient Budget + AquaCrop + AIMMS
Climate-Data Crop Acreage
Crop 1
Daily temperature, Fertilization
rainfall, Radiation
Data,
AquaCrop Amount Set of
Decision
Crop yields and Irrigation Crop i
evapotranspiration Variables
water requirements Strategy
data
Insurance
Strategy Crop N
Soil-Data
Texture, Chemistry, AIMMS
dispersion, erosion Direct Market Whole-Farm
hazard, Hydraulic Payment Prices Costs
Properties
water Whole-Farm Whole-Farm
Allocation Revenue Gross Margin
SCAMP
Optimization Objective Constraints and
Risks Function Parameter Ranges
(Target Variable )
Provide management advisories to stakeholders
(farmers, policy makers etc.)Project team at SAIC site, Doha
Qatar Food Security Project
For the food security program, the research
team worked on wheat-based systems
across different states of Australia where
Qatar invested US $ 500 million for their
food security; and
• on fresh vegetables (cucumber, squash,
and tomatoes) in both open field and
greenhouse conditions in Qatar.This research was made possible by a NPRP award [NPRP 6-064-4-001] from the Qatar National Research Fund QNRF ( a member of The Qatar Foundation)
APN & ACIAR funded Food Security
Projects
• Team of international scientists to share experiences and advise local
farmers on using climate information to improve crop production in
India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, and Australia.
• I gathered a team of international scientists to work on multiple projects
• Stimulated better understanding of constraints to smallholder adoption
of agricultural technologies from the perspective of knowledge
providers in Cambodia.Climate and Crop Disease Risk
Management (India, Bangladesh,
Australia)
• Investigating the risk of pests and diseases under future climates, and extending
this capability to other major crops and their pests and diseases within the Asia
Pacific region.
• Enhancing the integration and communication between disciplines required in the
area of food security and climate variability.Climate and Crop Disease Risk
Management
• One of our projects investigated the impact of climate change on
an important disease of potato, Late Blight, in the Asia Pacific
region.
• The team drew on its agrometeorology and plant pathology skills to
make assessment on
(i) the climate projections for potato growing regions across India,
Bangladesh and Australia
(ii) the effects of climate change on potato production and
(iii) the influence of climate change on potato late blight and
subsequently the effects on potato yield under future climates.
• Over 20 years of disease incidence data (which was critical in
predicting future disease incidence) were collected from West
Bengal and Bangladesh.Capacity Building
• This project involved the co-ordination of data at the regional and national level for India and
Bangladesh.
• The meteorology expertise (India Meteorology Department, Delhi) was linked to pest and
disease data (Bangladesh, India) and used in crop models and Late blight models to provide a
multidisciplinary program of Global Change Research.
• These links strengthened the research capacity on climate change and food crop pest and
diseases management.
• This project identified the potential risks associated with climate change and plant
biosecurity and food crop management.
• The information generated in the project was transferred to decision makers through three
policy briefs tailored to each member country.Outcomes included…
• Organised Early Career Researcher program . For example, in 2012, and invited two scientists; Mr
Liu from IEDA, China and Mr Srinivas from ICRISAT, to spend six weeks in Australia;
• Dr Asis Mukherjee from India spent six months with me through Australia Government Endeavour
Fellowship (2016-17)
• Strategies were developed to enhance capacity-building of these researchers during the project,
including training in Australia and their involvement in the final international project workshop.
• Our research program provided capacity-building for researchers in their own countries and in
Australia. A number of Australian researchers visited India, Bangladesh, Cambodia and China for
the first time and they developed international programs subsequently.
• More than a dozen researchers from India, Bangladesh and China visited Australia (for that matter
outside their countries) for the first time through projects initiated by me and subsequently they
continue to make international impact.APN - Climate and Food Security (Australia, India and China): Selected locations in Australia
APSIM Simulations-Australia • Database : 1957-2011 • Soils : Black Vertisols with AWHC 387 mm for Dalby, Emerald and Moree; Gray Sodosols with AWHC 145 mm for Wagga, Dubbo and Corowa • Sowing criteria : 20 mm of rainfall over 7 consecutive days between 1 Apr to 30 Jun for Emerald and 1 May to 30 Jun for others • Variety : Hartog • Plant population : 100 pl/m2 • No N stress
Climate characteristics of selected
locations (Rainfall 1890-2011 and
temperatures 1957-2011)
Mean
Mean Mean
Longitude Annual
S.No. Location Latitude (oS) Annual Annual Mint
(oE) Rainfall
Maxt (oC) (oC)
(mm)
1 Emerald 23.53 148.16 635 29.6 15.8
2 Dalby 27.18 151.26 675 26.3 12.1
3 Moree 29.50 149.90 585 26.3 12.2
4 Dubbo 32.24 148.61 591 24.1 10.5
Wagga
5 35.13 147.31 559 21.9 9.6
Wagga
6 Corowa 35.99 146.36 541 22.3 8.9Cumulative probabilities of flowering
days for wheatWheat Yield
Cumulative probabilities of maturity
days for wheatProbabilities of grain yield of wheat in two periods
Emerald Dalby Moree
Dubbo Wagga CorowaCumulative probabilities of soil water
stress index
• The most likely causes of yield reduction are
water stress and high temperatures during the
critical phases of yield determination.
• For four of the six sites the probabilities of water
stress are very similar and Dalby is the only site
showing an increase in median water stress index
over time, increasing from about 0.4 for 1957-
1983 to over 0.6 for 1984-2011. Water Stress is
thus the most likely cause of yield reduction at
Dalby.China • Our project showed that increase in temperatures in China have favoured wheat- maize systems in the north, while rice-based systems in the south are disadvantaged. • Maize varieties with a longer growing season for northern China are less frost tolerant, thus breeding is required to overcome this situation.
India • Results from our project in India showed that increasing temperature trends are likely to reduce the rainy-season crop yields by about 10-15 per cent and the post-rainy season crops by about 20-25 per cent. • As a result, breeding heat tolerant wheat and chickpea varieties need to be strengthened.
AIC funded project on Climate-smart Agriculture
and Livelihood Improvement (2017-21)
• This project focusses on the livelihood
improvement of farmers through climate-smart
agriculture funded by Australia-India Council
(AIC).
• This is based in the Birbhum district of West
Bengal, India where much (more than 50%) of the
annual rainfall (1650 mm) is lost through runoff.
• Rice is the major crop during the rainy season.
• A lack of water limits the scope for growing post-
rainy season crops.Project Objective: ❖ Capturing excess water during rainy season through community participation ❖ Improving crop-water use efficiency of harvested water during post-rainy seasons ❖ Introducing market driven cash crops and strengthening livelihood opportunities through integrated farming ❖ Capacity building of stakeholders including farm families ❖ Strengthening bilateral relation through education and cultural exchange
Intervention • Renovating the traditional water bodies like ponds, natural channels • Using water efficient techniques through agronomic management, Internet of Things etc. • Introducing poultry, and fishery • Planting fruits crops for nutritional enrichment for the villagers • Linking farmers’ club with Sufal Bangla (a state promoted supply chain ) & Krishak Bazar (Farmers’ market) • Organizing Workshops to promote agri-business
Project Outline ❖ Pre-rainy season- Selection of sites, Liaison with district authority, allied services, water storage structure
Beneficiaries Kheledanga village: 42 tribal families Sakkoda village : 252 families
Workshop at WSU & meeting in Australia-India Institute, Melbourne, Australia, 27 Feb to 6 March 2018
Outcome
Pilot Projects This pilot work (West Bengal and Tamil Nadu) was built on our previously successful project “Capturing the benefits of seasonal climate forecasts in agricultural management” funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). A summary video of current pilot project activities can be found at https://youtu.be/-DVhMSHVgcs and https://www.nibio.no/en/projects/climaadapt.
A three stage integrated PROJECT approach ➢ Integrating scientists from several disciplines (multidisciplinary approach) ➢ Integrating farmers into the project (technology evaluations) ➢ Integrating stakeholders (science-policy linkage)
Cross cutting issues ➢ Stakeholder Integration ➢ Mainstreaming gender ➢ Need-based farmer capacity building ➢ Strengthening product value chains ➢ Communication and dissemination
Climaadapt – a stakeholder integrated
multidiscplinary projectClimate smart rice farming methods
(AWD, SRI, DSR)SCIENCE- Policy INPUTS:
STAKEHOLDER INTEGRATION
➢Upscaling, integration and
ADAPTATION
NIBIO 17.06.2021 54Main Challenges
➢ Climate Change (and
Variability) ▪ Frequent monsoon faliures
▪ Flooding/ Droughts leading to
water scarcity
▪ Temperature variations
➢ Food (in)Security
▪ Social and economic inequality
▪ Fluctuating markers and food prices
▪ Inadequate investments, evidence
based technoligies and
preparedness
55Conclusion Excess rainfall water normally lost was captured, and was applied through climate smart practices and a collective approach to resources to • diversify agricultural production, • increase in profitability, and • increase the labour market participation of women.
Insights and Future Possibilities • A plan to transform Australia’s economic partnership with India : Over the next 20 years: • a growing India will need many of Australia’s goods and services – including in education, agriculture, energy, resources, tourism, healthcare, financial services, infrastructure, science and innovation, and sport. • There’s no single major market out to 2035 with more growth opportunities for Australian business than India. (An India Economic Strategy to 2035- A report to the Australian Government by Mr Peter N Varghese AO, former Australian High Commissioner to India)
Future Possibilities • Develop an effective plan for joint technology development and sharing market access for shared prosperity: • Joint development and commercialisation of new agri-technologies that sustainability increase productivity in both countries provide a major opportunity for bilateral cooperation and trade. • For example, joint trade / export of technologies/ produce can provide enormous opportunities . • It is possible that both countries will have separate niches in export market given their produces and nature of produce (premium vs commodity) and difference in seasonality.
Benefits …. • Both countries can benefit from joint innovations in climate smart technologies (including drought tolerant plant varieties), environmental sustainable farming, nutrient rich produce to sell in third countries.
Specific Opportunities: Intensification
of trade in niche markets
The bilateral trade of horticulture products can be
further enhanced (given the difference in
seasonality and hence market supply), for example,
export of berries and nuts which has growing
consumer demand in India.
Similarly, mango can be traded by both countries
with direct benefits to farming communities of both
countries as mango becomes available at different
time of year because of seasonal variability
between two countries.Strengthening Australia –India
relationshipCommodities Opportunities … • Other commodities (e.g. grains, pulse, sugar) can be exported on a demand basis. To provide certainty to the Australian farming community and traders, a strategic reserve can be jointly developed by both governments to ensure supply meets demand when needed. • However, an economic feasibility study would be needed to ensure both countries would benefit from such a strategy.
Action: Create a network of key stakeholders for continuous scientific and policy advice This network would improve bilateral trade potential between the two countries, which is currently lacking. Bottom-up and institutionalised advice will ensure that all aspects of trade and agribusiness is debated, potential future challenges and proposed solutions identified in order to minimise future risks. INSAM Could help !
Follow-up Pipeline Project A follow- up project in India is under design by the team which aims to : Address these issues to provide an implemented exemplar spanning the order of 100’s of villages and 100,000’s of people in selected sub-catchments (West Bengal and Tamil Nadu) that could be sustainably scaled up to whole of catchment, or whole of State level.
“Scaling up and out of pilot outcomes to other Indian communities would have far-reaching benefits in contributing to improved livelihoods, reduced poverty, enhanced productivity and increased small-holder competitiveness” His Excellency the former High Commissioner of India to Australia, and His Excellency the Consul General of India to Australia Honourable Former Chief Scientist of Australia and Current Board Member of Australia-India Council
Follow-up… • This multidisciplinary/multinstitutional proposal focusses on opportunities to build upon the socio- economic impacts of the pilot projects towards improving rural/peri-urban income from enhanced agricultural productivity, leading to improved livelihood. • It is aimed to further develop and strengthen a network of key partnerships for continuous scientific research, capacity building and policy advice to improve the relationship between Australia and India.
HUC –Himalayan University
Consortium, ICIMOD
Core members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China,
India, Myanmar, Nepal , Pakistan
Mountain Agriculture Theme Leadership Team:
• Prof Ishwari Prasad Dhakal (Nepal), VC, Agric and
Forestry University
• Dr Anzuman Munir (Pakistan), Director, PARC Institute
of Advanced Studies in Agriculture
• Dr Samsul Huda (Australia), WSUHUC Inception Workshop Agreed in the inception workshop that mountain agriculture is different than the main land agriculture because of its specific requirements. Some of the challenges could be; shorter growing seasons, greater distance to markets less favourable soils extreme events that can lead to sudden disaster uplifting of water Plant protection issue
Proposal - INSAM and SAFOAM can
help!
Capacity building of the mountain communities
in relation to improving their livelihood through
climate-smart agricultural practices (integrating
crops and livestock)Proposal …. • Reducing Postharvest Losses in Coffee Value- Chains in Nepal and Bangladesh: Gender and Livelihood Development for Smallholder Farmers • NDRI –Nepal Development Research Institute, • Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University in Bangladesh, • Western Sydney University, Australia
Key Activity and Opportunity for
INSAM Participation
International Conference
“Livelihood enhancement through climate-smart
agriculture”
proposed to be held in
Venue: Santiniketan, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal, India
(host institution of ongoing pilot project)
Dates: 6-8 February 2023Acknowledgement • Australia-India Council (DFAT) supported project “Livelihood improvement of farmers through climate-smart agriculture”. • Local, State and Central Governments of India • APN (Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research) supported projects on Climate and Food Security; and Crop Disease Risk Management • QNRF (Qatar National Research Fund) and MME (Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Government of Qatar) supported projects “Improving Food Security in Qatar” • ACIAR (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) , AusAID, The Crawford Fund of Australia • Funds from Norway Government for Climaadapt
Acknowledgement • Thanks to many collaborating institutions, funding agencies and colleagues including those from recent pilot projects (Dr Narayan Sarkar, Dr Asis Mukherjee, Prof Brajesh Singh, Mr P Mohan Gandhi I.A.S, Mr Stephen Lellyett, Prof V Geethalakshmi and her colleagues including those from Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, IWMI, MSSRF, and others supporting ClimaAdapt).
Thank You
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