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83
Introduction
The Brief seeks to provide up-to-date information on the progress and content of the UK-EU
negotiations, and bring together relevant statements and policy positions from key players in
Ireland, the UK and EU.
The Brief is part of a wider communications programme covering the work of the IIEA’s UK
Project Group – including commentaries, speeches, texts and event reports – which are
highlighted on the Institute’s website. (www.iiea.com)
Section One: State of Play protection and exchanges, on condition that
the UK continues to implement the European
EU Publishes Draft Text of Agreement
Court of Human Rights. It is thought that the
UK will reject many of the proposals, as the
On the evening of Thursday, 12 March,
document contains references to UK alignment
the EU circulated the text of a proposed
with EU law, with a role for the Court of Justice
draft agreement with the UK. The 441 page
of the European Union in interpreting EU law.
document was circulated to the 27 Member
States and made a number of proposals,
The UK is due to circulate their draft proposed
including: the establishment of a joint
agreement in the coming days.
partnership council with 16 subcommittees;
level playing field provisions covering Second Round of EU-UK Negotiations
competition, taxation, labour and social Called Off Due to Pandemic
protection, and the environment, including
an arbitration tribunal to issue rulings on The second round of the Brexit trade
anticompetitive behaviour and impose fines; negotiations, scheduled for next week in
long term agreements on fisheries; and London, will not go ahead due to the coronavirus
provisions for continued cooperation on data pandemic. A joint statement stated that “both
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020
sides are currently exploring alternative ways Michel Barnier described this list of divergences
to continue discussions, including if possible as ‘very serious’ and highlighted the UK view
the use of video conferences.” It is thought that that a future deal should be based on a range
the disruption to the negotiations could provide of sectoral arrangements. The EU position
a basis for a UK request for an extension to the is that there should be a single, overarching
post-Brexit transition period. agreement with a straightforward dispute-
settlement system. “This is not an ideological
Negotiations Open question, it is a practical question. We need
an agreement that can stand the test of time,
The first round of EU-UK negotiations on allowing a rapid response when one side
future relationships took place in Brussels in breaches its obligations.”
the week beginning 2 March 2020. More than
200 officials from both sides met to address After the conclusion of talks on Thursday, a
the extensive and complex agenda, under the UK government spokesman said its team had
leadership of Michel Barnier for the EU and “made clear” the UK would “regain our legal
David Frost for the UK. and economic independence” - and that the
future relationship must reflect that fact.
The negotiating teams met in eleven working
groups covering trade in goods; trade in In advance of the second round of talks, set
services; transport energy and civil nuclear to convene in London on 18 March, the UK
cooperation; fisheries; a level playing field for Government has confirmed, in a Commons
open and fair competition; law enforcement statement, that it will table a full treaty text
and judicial cooperation; participation in which will reiterate its case for a ‘Canada-
union programmes; mobility and social style deal’ in which much of the future EU-UK
security; cooperation in specific programmes; partnership can be based on the content of
governance and dispute resolution. The four various existing agreements between the EU
days of talks took place with a notable absence and non-EU countries. “We are producing the
of leaks to media or negative spin. text because we are ready to do it. It is not a
bespoke trade deal – it is a text based on the
Following the conclusion of the talks it became precedent of deals the EU has already struck
apparent that, while there were a number with sovereign third countries.”
of points of convergence, there were major
differences between London and Brussels. It is expected that the European Commission
A UK official said that the two sides were will present its own draft, following discussions
significantly apart on issues including fisheries, with the Council and European Parliament.
dispute resolution arrangements (in particular, Commission President von der Leyen has
the role of the European Court of Justice) and commented that: “We are aware that there
the maintenance of a level playing field in the are differences in the approach towards what
light of the UK’s insistence that diverging from scope should the future agreement have and
EU rules and norms, or the freedom to do so, what are—if I may say so – the rules of the
represents the essence of Brexit. game everybody has to abide to. It will be
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020important that the UK kind of makes up its comprehensive agreement; Fisheries.
mind – the closer they want to have access
to the single market, the more they have to Michel Barnier concluded his remarks in English:
play by the rules that are the rules of the
single market. It is up to the UK within these These past few days have been
negotiations to think about trade-offs they constructive – for this I would again like
want to take into account.” to thank David Frost and his team. A team
that is very professional and competent.
Barnier Analysis of Talks We are all very aware of the high quality
of the UK civil service. We will continue
Following the first round of negotiations, in this constructive spirit in the coming
Michel Barnier gave a detailed analysis of the rounds. If you allow me, I would like
outcome, setting out the points of convergence to share with you two possible keys for
and divergence. He spoke of the talks as success: First -No going back on our
commencing in a “serious and constructive” commitments; Second -Mutual respect.
manner, involving more than 100 officials from
UK ministries and services and an equivalent Let’s avoid any misunderstandings: The UK
number of EU officials from 22 Commission has spent a lot of time this week insisting
Directorates, the European External Action on its independence. Nobody contests the
Service and the Secretariat of the Council. UK’s independence! And we ask the UK to
respect our own independence. Just as the
Barnier stated that the negotiations are centred UK sets its own conditions for opening up
on three tasks to be undertaken in parallel: its market, the EU sets its own conditions
implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement for opening its markets for goods and
concluded with the UK; preparation for the services. The real question here is: what
changes which will take place on 1 January we do with our respective independence?
2021 at the end of the Transition Period;
creation of a future partnership with the UK. Our common challenge is now, as two
independent entities: to agree, together,
Michel Barnier spoke of the work undertaken in on ground rules that make it possible for
the eleven Negotiation Tables on the subjects us to cooperate: to trade and to travel.
covered by the Political Declaration, excluding And to agree, together, to maintain
foreign policy and defence on which the UK is coherent and comparable high standards
unwilling to negotiate a specific agreement. He over time, that protect our citizens, our
indicated that there was convergence of views consumers, our workers, and our planet.
on certain points – civil nuclear cooperation,
UK participation in certain EU programmes – Varadkar Speech on Future of Europe
but also serious divergences. He mentioned Beyond Brexit
four areas in which these divergences exist: on
the Level Playing Field; on Judicial and Police The Taoiseach, Leo Varadkar, gave the keynote
Cooperation; on the UK insistence on Specific address at a symposium on the Future of Europe,
Sectoral Agreements while the EU seeks a part of the 250th Anniversary Celebration of
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020the TCD Historical Society on 4 March 2020. where we need to think and act together.
He described the Irish financial contribution This will also help us face down the
to the EU budget as ‘a steal’ compared to spectre of populism. We need to be better
what the country gets back from the Union. at presenting and defending what we
do, otherwise our narrative is shaped by
We believe in the principles of the others. So, we have to become better at
European Union, because we know first- presenting the real news.
hand the value of European unity. So, it
is right that the theme of this afternoon’s For young people today, the horrors of
event is moving beyond Brexit, because world war and the evils of fascism and
we must not let Brexit define us or define communism are not in their memory.
Europe. Yes, it is defining the UK, and For them, Europe needs a new project, a
probably will for a generation or more. new raison d’être. I believe dealing with
But we are in control of our destiny, and challenges that can only be overcome
we must decide how we want to shape it. through collective, multilateral action
I believe there are lessons we in Europe must be that raison d’être, with climate
can learn from recent events. action first among them. Others include
security, migration and the regulation of
First, the learning from Brexit should be that large corporations and markets many of
working together, as we did in the past, we which dwarf nation states and making
can solve the most intractable of problems. sure that European values are sustained
We can manage the further enlargement and protected as global economic,
of the Union, migration, the negotiation of military and political power shifts south
a new EU budget and the challenges and and eastwards.
opportunities of climate action.
The European Union, with Ireland playing
Second, the past three years have shown its part, succeeded in bringing peace and
that the EU is a union of nations, as well as prosperity to a continent. It created the
of peoples. One in which small states are circumstances for economic growth and
protected and respected. We have seen opportunities. It also brought freedom
how much we can achieve when member to all our people – individual, economic,
states, all 27, think together, work together political. So let us drive on to the next
and have common objectives. When stage of an ever more united, inclusive
Europe acts as one, it is a truly powerful and prosperous Union. A better Union.
force for good in the world. United we
stand but divided we fall. European Convention on Human Rights
Third, we need to become better at telling The European Convention on Human Rights has
the story of the strength of European become a surprising, and serious issue in the EU-
unity and how it benefits us all. How UK negotiations. Following the first round of talks,
it will help us face transnational issues the EU Chief Negotiator, Michel Barnier, indicated
that the UK team were not prepared to commit
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020to the formal application of the Convention in the has argued that “we are not leaving the EU
construction of a final agreement. to undermine European standards” but that
his government is unwilling to make a formal
In his detailed comments on the opening commitment in international law.
session of talks, M. Barnier said:
For the EU side the UK’s unwillingness to make
Ambitious cooperation requires a formal commitment gives rise to concern
commitment on both sides to fundamental that the UK intends to become a competitor on
human rights. However, the UK has the doorstep, able to undercut the EU through
informed us that it does not want to make deregulation. The UK stance may result in no
a formal commitment to continue the more than a loose trade deal, or possibly no
application of the European Convention deal at all.
on Human Rights. It also does not want
the European Court of Justice to play its Northern Ireland Dimension
role in interpretation of European Law
which is particularly serious insofar as Concern has been expressed over reports that
this refers to fundamental human rights. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has asked his
If this UK position is maintained, this Brexit negotiating team to find ways to ‘get
will have an immediate and concrete around’ the provisions of the Northern Ireland
impact on the level of our ambition for Protocol, in particular in respect of Irish Sea
cooperation which remain based on checks on goods moving from Great Britain
international conventions, but which will to Northern Ireland. While the Prime Minister
not be as ambitious as we wish. has stated that there will be no checks and
no border in the Irish Sea, Government
Downing Street has responded to Michel spokespeople have responded that the UK will
Barnier’s remarks by stating that the UK “comply with its obligations.”
is ‘committed’ to the European Convention
but does not require an additional binding EU Chief Negotiator Michel Barnier has stated
international legal commitment. The UK Chief that “In respect of the Irish Protocol the time
Negotiator, David Frost, has insisted that his for negotiation has passed. What is required
objective is to regain as much sovereignty as is to implement the agreement through
possible through departure from the EU and, measures which are pragmatic and effective.
to this end, he does not want to sign up to This is an urgent matter for businesses in
the either the European Court of Justice or the Northern Ireland which need clarity on the
European Convention in the text of a treaty. part of the UK authorities on implementation.”
The UK demands the ability to exercise choice Speaking to a House of Commons Committee,
and do things differently. In effect, the UK Cabinet Office Minister Michael Gove declined
is taking the position that adherence to the to confirm that checks will be required on
Convention and to other standards must be goods crossing the Irish Sea from Great
on the basis of good faith. Boris Johnson Britain to Northern Ireland. It would be for the
EU-UK Joint Committee to make decisions on
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020implementation of the Protocol: “The effective individuals beyond those in the European
working of the protocol is a matter for the joint Arrest Warrant. The agreement should
committee to resolve and I’m looking forward provide for arrangements delivering fast
to that meeting in order to ensure that we can and effective mutual legal assistance in
develop the protocol and implement it in all criminal matters including asset freezing
its provisions in a way that ensures that the and confiscation. These arrangements
people of Northern Ireland and the Northern should build and improve on those
Ireland economy benefit.” provided by relevant Council of Europe
Conventions including the 1959 Council
The EU negotiators see the role of the Joint of Europe Convention on Mutual Legal
Committee – due to be convened on 30 March Assistance and its Protocols, for example
– as limited to technical issues but point to by providing for streamlined and time
the terms of the Protocol which makes clear limited processes.
that the EU customs code will apply, requiring
information and checks on goods coming Participation in the EAW is conditional on
from Great Britain. For the Irish Government, acceptance of the EU provisions for freedom of
Tánaiste Simon Coveney has said that if the UK movement and the jurisdiction of the European
does not begin implementation of the Protocol Court of Justice. A further problem is that a
there will be consequences in respect of the number of EU Member States – Germany,
prospects for agreement on an EU-UK trade. Austria, Slovenia – have stated that they will
not extradite their nationals to Britain as a
Section Two: The Evolving non-EU country. An Iceland-style arrangement
Debate could deal with these issues.
European Arrest Warrant The Government has also stated that it is not
seeking membership of Eurojust which brings
The UK Government has indicated that it will together prosecutors, magistrates and law
not be seeking to continue participation in the enforcement officers in the investigation and
European Arrest Warrant (EAW) scheme as part prosecution of serious cross-border criminal
of the future relationship with the European matters. It argues that “Eurojust already works
Union. The Government’s Basic negotiation closely with a number of non-EU countries,
document states: including the US, through dedicated third
country arrangements. The agreement should
The UK is not seeking to participate in the follow these precedents to enable ongoing
European Arrest Warrant as part of the cooperation between the UK and Eurojust.”
future relationship. The agreement should
instead provide for fast-track extradition A spokesman for the National Police Chiefs’
arrangements, based on the EU’s Council reacted by stating that “Throughout
Surrender Agreement with Norway and the Brexit process police have been clear
Iceland which came into force in 2019, but that we want to retain the capabilities of the
with appropriate further safeguards for EU tools we currently use and that remains
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020the case. We will continue to work with the Erasmus Programme
government and EU partners in support of a
deal that maintains close cooperation – in the UK membership of the EU Erasmus+ student
interests of all UK and European citizens.” exchange scheme is to expire at the end of the
transition period. The UK negotiation guidelines
The former Irish Minister for Justice and state that “The UK will consider options for
Equality current MEP, Frances Fitzgerald, has participation in elements of Erasmus+ on a
commented that she was very concerned time-limited basis, provided the terms are in
at the possibility of the UK being outside the UK’s interests.” The House of Commons
the EAW scheme “particularly given our voted down a clause requiring the Government
close relationship, given the north-south to negotiate continuation of full membership
arrangements, if the European Arrest Warrant of the scheme.
wasn’t operational.”
Universities UK International has argued that
leaving the Erasmus scheme would have
European Air Traffic Control
serious consequences, taking away as much
as £240 million a year and depriving 17,000
UK Transport Secretary Grant Shapps has
students of valuable education and work
indicated that the UK will leave the European
experience. “We know that disadvantaged
aviation safety regulator at the end of the
and disabled students have the most to gain
transition period, stating that the UK Civil
from an international experience. They will be
Aviation Authority will “bring expertise home.”
students who will lose the most if Erasmus+
He argued that much of the expertise within
falls by the wayside.” The Institute of Directors
the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) said that “Given the benefits it can bring to
came from Britain and that a lot of the agency’s students and businesses, maintaining access
leaders were British. And he asserted that “As to Erasmus and wider EU research and
you would expect from an independent nation, education partnerships has been a priority for
we can’t be subject to the rules and laws the Institute.”
made by somebody else so we can’t accept
rules from the EU Commission and we can’t The Government approach to future
accept ruling in terms of court cases from the membership of Erasmus+ appears to depend
European Court of Justice or anybody else, on the EU stance on the cost factors involved
any more than the US would.” and on possible links to another programme of
interest to the UK, the Horizon 2020 research
British Airways owner IAG said that it was programme. UK guidelines insist that “Any
disappointed with the decision and said that agreements relating to Union programmes
the Civil Aviation Authority “does not have the should contain fair terms for UK participation.
expertise required to operate as a world class This should include fair treatment of
safety and technical regulator. The CAA will participants, a fair and appropriate financial
require fundamental restructuring from top to contribution, provisions allowing for sound
bottom which will take time. There is no way financial management by both parties and
that it can be done by 31 December.” appropriate governance and consultation.”
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020No Publication of UK Economic Impact despite determined efforts by Government
Assessment to highlight the continuing importance of
the issue. “The difficult part of Brexit is only
Addressing a House of Commons Committee, beginning. Things are going to be different
the Cabinet Office Secretary, Michael Gove, on 1 January next, whether there is a deal
revealed that the UK Government will not or not. Companies need to spend more time
publish an economic assessment of the trade thinking about that.” Firms are in danger of
deal proposed by the Government. There are ‘sleep-walking’ into trouble by not preparing
concerns that the paper would show that the for the reality that, even with a trade deal,
UK would be worse off. Mr Gove told MPs the UK will be leaving the Single Market and
that he was sceptical about such economic Customs Union with inevitable consequences.
assessments, arguing that “people assume they
are predictions when they are simply forecasts Commissioner Hogan told a Dublin conference
and they need to be seen in the round.” The that it was an absolute priority for the EU
Government has, however, issued a detailed institutions that the Withdrawal Agreement
document –running to 60 pages – containing between EU and UK should be “implemented
an assessment of the possible economic in the spirit and the letter, including the
advantages of a US trade arrangement. commitment to no hard border on the island
of Ireland.” He was commenting on the reports
On the same day, 11 March 2020, the official that the UK negotiating team in Brussels had
Office for Budget Responsibility issued a paper been directed to find ways to ‘get around’ the
containing the results of a modelling exercise Brexit agreement on an Irish Sea trade border
on the economic effects of a ‘typical’ free intended to avoid a hard land border in Ireland.
trade agreement between the UK and EU.
The exercise concluded that leaving the EU He suggested that the apparent UK approach,
would hit growth, exports, and public finances, which would lead to a ‘hard’ exit, may be part
pointing to a 5.2 per cent loss of potential of “opening skirmishes” and expressed the
GDP over 15 years. The Office recalled that hope that “this grandstanding is over and we
the UK had already lost 2 per cent of potential get down to the real business because we have
GDP since the referendum of June 2016 with only nine and ten months to do the job.”
a further 3.2 per cent to follow, arising from
trade friction, restrictions on movement and Section Three: Background
bureaucratic demands. Higher trade barriers
Material and Further Reading
would reduce trade levels by 15 per cent over
the coming decade.
Politico EU wants zero-tariff Brexit deal, but
Commissioner Phil Hogan will fine anti-competitive behaviour. Politico,
13, March 2020 https://www.politico.eu/
The EU Trade Commissioner. Phil Hogan, has article/eu-wants-zero-tariff-brexit-deal-fine-
remarked that he is concerned that there anticompetitive-behavior/
is a decrease in focus in Ireland on Brexit
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020BBC Brexit: EU drafts trade deal ahead of The Guardian EU warns UK to tone down
talks with UK, BBC, 13 March 2020 https://www. political rhetoric as trade talks start. Guardian,
bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51871155 2 March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/
politics/2020/mar/02/eu-warns-uk-to-tone-
Irish Times Brexit: Next week’s London talks down-political-rhetoric-as-trade-talks-start-
called off due to coronavirus. IT, 13 March brexit
2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/
europe/brexit-next-week-s-london-talks-called- Politico Politico’s guide to the Brexit negotiations.
off-due-to-coronavirus-1.4201479 Politico, 3 March 2020. https://www.politico.eu/
article/politicos-guide-to-the-brexit-negotiations
Financial Times Face-to-face Brexit talks
cancelled over coronavirus fears. FT, 13 March The Federal Trust The View from Brussels
2020. https://www.ft.com/content/0ef6cd0a- of the EU-UK negotiations: a total illusion
6491-11ea-a6cd-df28cc3c6a68 of ‘independence’, 10 March 2020. https://
www.fedtrust.co.uk/the-view-from-brussels-
The Guardian UK and EU agree to ‘dial of-the-eu-uk-negotiations-a-total-illusion-of-
down rhetoric’ in Brexit talks. Guardian, 12 independence
March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/
politics/2020/mar/12/uk-and-eu-agree-to-dial- The Guardian Barnier warns of grave differences
down-rhetoric-in-brexit-talks between EU and UK in trade talks. Guardian, 5
March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/
RTE Barnier shows ‘ambitious’ draft UK deal politics/2020/mar/05/barnier-warns-of-grave-
to EU members. RTE, 13 March 2020. https:// differences-between-eu-and-uk-in-trade-talks
www.rte.ie/news/brexit/2020/0313/1122016-
brexit Financial Times Barnier warns of ‘serious’
differences after Brexit talks. FT, 5 March 2020.
Taoiseach Speech by An Taoiseach, Leo https://www.ft.com/content/7cd0f5ac-5ee8-
Varadkat TD, at TCD/IIEA Symposium, 4 March 11ea-b0ab-339c2307bcd4
2020. https://merrionstreet.ie/en/News-
Room/Speeches/Speech_of_An_Taoiseach_Leo_ Irish Times EU and Britain say deal looks
Varadkar_T_D_Hist_250_-_Moving_Beyond_ difficult after first round of talks. IT, 5 March
Brexit 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/
europe/eu-and-britain-say-deal-looks-difficult-
Taoiseach Statement of An Taoiseach after-first-round-of-talks-1.4193896
Following Special European Council meeting,
Dail Eireann, 5 March 2020. https://www.gov. The Federal Trust Is this a return to no deal?
ie/en/news/2e40ab-statement-of-an-taoiseach- Probably not-but there will be losers, 28 February
following-special-european-council-meeting 2020. https://www.fedtrust.co.uk/is-this-a-
return-to-no-deal-probably-not-but-thetre-will-
RTE EU and UK launch tough post-Brexit be-losers
relationship talks. RTE, 3 March 2020. https://
www.rte.ie/news/brexit/2020/0302/1119609-
brexit
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020European Commission Negotiations with BBC UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator
the UK, Michel Barnier sets out the points of at end of 2020. BBC, 7 March 2020. https://
convergence and divergence following the first www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580
round of negotiations, 5 March 2020. https://
www.ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ The Guardian UK to withdraw from European
details/en/SPEECH_20_402 arrest warrant. Guardian, 27 February 2020.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/
Politico 5 Takeaways from the first round of feb/27/uk-to-withdraw-from-european-arrest-
Brexit talks. Politico, 6 March 2020. https:// warrant
www.politico.eu/article/5-takeaways-from-the-
first-round-of-brexit-talks The Guardian Quitting EU Erasmus scheme
would ‘blow a hole’ in UK economy. Guardian,
Financial Times UK and EU set to table 8 March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/
competing draft trade deals. FT, 9 March 2020. education/2020/mar/08/quitting-eu-erasmus-
https://www.ft.com/content/f5148118-6213- scheme-would-blow-a-hole-in-uk-economy
11ea-a6cd-df28cc3c6a68
BBC Erasmus: What could happen to scheme
Financial Times UK will not publish economic after Brexit? BBC, 17 February 2020. https://
impact assessment of EU trade deal. FT, 11 March www.bbc.com/news/education-47293927
2020. https://www.ft.com/content/72938c66-
638f-11ea-a6cd-df28cc3c6a68 Irish Times UK’s pursuit of hard Brexit may
be ‘opening skirmishes’ in talks – Hogan. IT,
Financial Times Economic cost of Brexit laid 6 March 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/
bare in OBR forecasts. FT, 12 March 2020. business/uk-s-pursuit-of-hard-brexity-may-be-
https://www.ft.com/content/72938c66-638f- opening-skirmishes-in-talks-hogan-1.4193917
11ea-a6cd-df28cc3c6a68
Telegraph The talks are with the EU but our fight
Office for Budget Responsibility. Economic is with France. Telegraph, 3 March 2020. https://
and Fiscal Outlook, March 2020. https://cdn.obr. www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/03/02/
uk/EFO_March-2020_Accessible.pdf talks-eu-fight-france
Telegraph EU chiefs cannot pretend the UK Financial Times Will the human rights
has been anything but crystal clear about what it convention sink a Brexit Trade deal? FT, 6 March
wants. Telegraph, 9 March 2020. https://www. 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/88ab405a-
telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/03/09/eu-chiefs- 5eff-11ea-8033-fa40a0d65a98
cannot-pretend-uk-has-anything-crystal-clear-
wants Irish Times EU and UK could agree ‘device’ to
extend talks, says ex-official. IT, 5 March 2020.
The Guardian UK to withdraw from EU aviation https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/eu-
safety regulator, Shapps says. Guardian, 7 and-uk-coiuld-agree-device-to-extend-talks-
March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/ says-ex-official-1.4191959
world/2020/mar/07/uk-withdraw-eu-aviation-
safety-regulator
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020The Guardian It’s not just chlorinated chicken: Irish Times Brexit: Michael Gove declines to
five foods a US trade deal could bring to the confirm Irish Sea checks on goods. IT, 12 March
UK. Guardian, 2 March 2020. https://www. 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/
theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/02/ uk/brexit-michael-gove-declines-to-confirm-
chlorinated-chicken-foods-us-trade-deal-uk-eu irish-sea-checks-on-goods-1.4200139
Financial Times Brexit tensions grow over Irish Times Phil Hogan concerned at decreasing
‘backdoor’ immigration debate. FT, 6 March focus on Brexit in Ireland. IT, 6 March 2020.
2020. https://www.ft.com/content/c5235b72- https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-
5fc6-11ea-8033-fa40a0d65a98 news/phil-hogan-concerned-at-decreasing-
focus-on-brexit-in-ireland-1.4195209
Centre for European Reform The future
EU-UK relationship and the (relative) case for Thejournal.ie Frances Fitzgerald’ very
optimism, 2 March 2020. https://www.cer.eu/ concerned’ about UK wish to abandon European
insights/future-eu-uk-relationship-and-relative- Arrest Warrant scheme, 7 March 2020. https://
case-optimism www.thejournal.ie/frances-fitzgerald-european-
arrest-warrant-5036596-Mar2020
Irish Times UK’s hardline Brexit stance starts
to sour relations with business. IT, 12 March
Further Reading
2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/
economy/uk-s-hardline-brexit-stance-starts-to- Wallace Helen (ed) Interlocking Dimensions
sour-relations-with-business-1.4199188 of European Integration. Palgrave.
Telegraph Pro-Brexit business lobby group
launched after pro-remain CBI is sidelined by
Boris Johnson. Telegraph, 7 March 2020. https://
www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/03/07/
pro-brexit-business-lobby-group-launched-pro-
remain-cbi-sidelined
Financial Times Boris Johnson’s covert Brexit
plan is self-isolation. FT, 12 March 2020. https://
www.ft.com/content/63453cda-6300-11ea-
a6cd-df28cc3c6a68
Irish Times State contribution to EU ‘a steal’
for what it gets back, says Varadkar. IT, 5 March
2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/
politics/state-contribution-to-eu-a-steal-for-
what-it-gets-back-says-varadkar-1.4192771
Brexit Brief 083 March 2020The Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA) is Ireland’s leading international affairs think tank.
Founded in 1991, its mission is to foster and shape political, policy and public discourse in order to broaden
awareness of international and European issues in Ireland and contribute to more informed strategic decisions by
political, business and civil society leaders.
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