INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN 2019 - IDMC
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7
PART 1
INTERNAL
DISPLACEMENT
IN 2019
A Syrian family walks through the rubble of their
neighbourhood in Homs.
Photo © UNHCR/Vivian Tou’meh, March 2019
GRID
2020
8
NEW DISPLACEMENTS
PART 1
Conflict and disasters triggered 33.4 million new internal Conflict continued unabated in countries such as
displacements across 145 countries and territories in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2019. Most of the disaster displacements were the result (DRC) and Syria, which are also home to some of the
of tropical storms and monsoon rains in South Asia largest numbers of people living in protracted displace-
and East Asia and Pacific. Bangladesh, China, India and ment. Violence increased sharply in Burkina Faso, Mali
the Philippines each recorded more than four million, and Niger, triggering significant new displacement. In
many of them pre-emptive evacuations led by govern- countries including Nigeria, South Sudan and Yemen,
ments. Many evacuees, however, had their displace- disasters forced many people already displaced by
ment prolonged because their homes were damaged conflict to flee for a second time.
or destroyed.
India
New displacements in millions
5
pines
esh
Philip
Figure 1: Fifty countries and territories with most new
glad
displacements in 2019
4
Ban
Papu
ina
a Ne
Ch
Burund
wG
3
uine
Alb
Ab
i
ani
a
yei
150,000
100,000
a
Ar
o
50,000
ng
ea
Ca
Zi 0
Co
na
m
ba 2
da
bw p.
Re
Pa e
m.
ra
gu
De
ay
ria
Th
Sy
aila
nd 1 pi
a
h io
Et
Ma
lays 0.5 es
ia S tat
i ted
Cam
bodi Un
a alia
Som istan
han
Kenya Afg
Sudan
South
Iran
Bolivia Burkina Faso
Mozambiq
ue
Chad
Indon
esia
El S
a
Ye lvador
a Ni men
Sri Lank g
Su eria
da
n
M zil
Nam
ya
Bra li
Viet
Ma n
nm
Japa
Libya
Central Afr
ar
on
ero
Cam
R
PD
Lao
ican Republ
n
ta
kis
Pa i
aw
al Conflict and Disasters
ic
M
violence
l
pa
0
Ne
a
50,000
Total new Total new
d
100,000
an
Iraq
150,000 displacements: displacements:
Ug
o
8.5 million 24.9 million
Cong
bia
Niger
Colom
9
Figure 2: New displacements in 2019: breakdown for
conflict and disasters
8.5m
33.4m
Total new Total new
displacements
252,000
16,600 (conflict and displacements
violence)
Violence in 2019
(political)
39,700
252,000
5.2m
Armed
conflict
Other *Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond
with the sum of the separate figures.
592,900
252,000
2.7m
Violence
Violence
(criminal)
(communal)
Disasters triggered nearly three-quarters of the new in certain areas. Disaster displacement often takes place
displacements recorded worldwide in 2019, accounting in highly urbanised areas such as the eastern seaboards
for 24.9 million. More than 95 per cent were the result of China and the US (see Figure 4). Conflict displace-
of weather-related hazards such as storms and floods. ment occurs in pockets, including the eastern provinces
The overwhelming majority of conflict displacements of DRC, southern Somalia or departments on Colom-
were triggered by armed conflict, but communal bia’s Pacific coast (see Figure 3). Many of these areas
violence accounted for a significant proportion of the experienced various displacement events during the
global total of 8.5 million (see Figure 2). year. Beyond the global picture, it is important to shed
light on these local specifics.
Geolocated data on internal displacement shows that
although the phenomenon is a global challenge, even
within countries and regions it tends to be concentrated
Figure 3: Conflict displacements in 2019 by location
GRID
2020
10
PART 1
922,500
11.9m
947,000 Earthquakes
Cyclones,
24,500 hurricanes,
Geophysical typhoons
Volcanic
eruptions
24.9m 13m 1.1m
Total new Storms
displacements
(disasters)
Other storms
23.9m
Weather related
10m
Floods
24,500 528,500
Extreme 276,700
temperatures 65,800 Wildfires
Landslides Droughts
Figure 4: Disaster displacements in 2019 by location
11
PEOPLE LIVING IN DISPLACEMENT
Conflict and violence Five countries – Afghanistan, Colombia, DRC, Syria and
Yemen – account for more than half of the global total.
A record 45.7 million people were living in internal People may have been displaced by recent events, but
displacement as a result of conflict and violence in 61 the figures also include those who have been living in
countries and territories as of 31 December 2019 (see internal displacement for decades in countries such as
Figure 5). This figure is the highest ever recorded. It is Palestine, Peru, the Philippines and Sudan (see table 3
also another reminder that internally displaced people and the online methodological annex). Many millions
(IDPs) make up an overwhelming majority of people of IDPs still face significant obstacles in their efforts
to have fled conflict and violence worldwide. They to bring their displacement to a sustainable end. This
outnumbered refugees by 19.8 million last year.1 highlights the urgent need to strengthen our collective
effort to address an ever-growing challenge.
Figure 5: Total number of IDPs by conflict and violence as of 31 December 2019
More than 1,500,000
500,001-1,500,000
100,001-500,000
20,001-100,000
20,000 or less
Iraq
1,555,000
Syria
6,495,000
Colombia Sudan
5,576,000 2,134,000
Nigeria
2,583,000
Afghanistan
2,993,000
Yemen
3,635,000
Somalia
2,648,000
Total number of IDPs as
a result of conflict and Dem. Rep. Congo Ethiopia
violence in 61 5,512,000 1,414,000
countries and
territories as of
45.7 m 31 December 2019
The boundaries, names and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IDMC.
10 countries and territories with the highest number Other countries
of IDPs as of 31 December 2019
South Sudan 1,352,000 Mali 208,000 Countries and territories reporting less than
Turkey 1,099,000 Niger 195,000 20,000 people displaced by order of
Cameroon 969,000 Philippines
34.5 m Ukraine 730,000 Chad
182,000
176,000
magnitude:
Central African Republic 592,000 Kenya 162,000 Kosovo, Papua New Guinea, Senegal,
Burkina Faso 560,000 Congo 134,000 Lebanon, Sierra Leone, Benin, Madagascar,
India 470,000 Mozambique 110,000 Haiti, Togo, Russia, South Africa, Ghana,
Myanmar 457,000 Pakistan 106,000 Malawi, Macedonia, Bolivia and Tunisia
Syria 6,495,000 Libya 451,000 Bosnia and Herzegovina 99,000
Colombia 5,576,000 Bangladesh 427,000 Egypt 97,000
Dem. Rep. Congo 5,512,000 Azerbaijan 351,000 Peru 60,000
Yemen 3,635,000 Mexico 345,000 Thailand 41,000
Afghanistan 2,993,000 Côte d'Ivoire 303,000 Indonesia 40,000
Somalia 2,648,000 Georgia 301,000 Uganda 32,000
Nigeria 2,583,000 Honduras 247,000 Abyei Area 31,000
Sudan 2,134,000 Palestine 243,000 Sri Lanka 27,000
Iraq 1,555,000 Guatemala 242,000 Burundi 23,000
Ethiopia 1,414,000 Cyprus 228,000
Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
GRID
2020
12
with 1.2 million IDPs who fled drought and floods in
Disasters
PART 1
recent years (see Figure 6). Hundreds of thousands
more were still displaced after disasters that struck
At least 5.1 million people were internally displaced by during the year in countries such as India, Ethiopia and
disasters across 95 countries and territories as of 31 South Sudan. Around 33,000 people were still living
December 2019 (see Figure 6). This is the first time such in displacement in Haiti a decade after the devastating
a global figure has been compiled. About 90 per cent of 2010 earthquake.2
the total is made up of people displaced during the year.
The remainder were displaced in previous years, and The scarcity of time-series data makes it difficult to fully
were included in the estimate when evidence of their understand the scale and nature of protracted displace-
continued displacement was available. The overall figure ment triggered by disasters and climate change impacts.
is an underestimate, because little data is collected on Assuming that IDPs return to their homes soon after
how long people are displaced for following disasters disasters may lead to the incorrect assumption that
(see online methodological annex). they no longer have vulnerabilities associated with their
displacement. The reality is often more complex and
Afghanistan had the highest number of people still these initial estimates, however conservative, constitute
displaced as a result of disasters at the end of 2019, a first step toward filling this major knowledge gap.
Figure 6: Total number of IDPs by disasters as of 31 December 2019
More than 500,000
100,001-500,000
20,001-100,000
20,000 or less
Iran
180,000
China
220,000
Sudan
272,000
Nigeria Philippines
143,000 364,000
India
590,000
Afghanistan
1,198,000
Ethiopia
390,000
Total number of
IDPs as a result of Dem. Rep. Congo South Sudan
disasters in 95 168,000 246,000
countries and
territories as of
5.1 m 31 December 2019
The boundaries, names and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IDMC.
10 countries and territories with the highest number Other countries
of IDPs as of 31 December 2019
Mozambique 132,000 Countries and territories with less than 20,000 people displaced by order of magnitude:
Niger 121,000
3.8 m Congo 107,000 Comoros, Pakistan, Malaysia, Australia, Ghana, Burundi, Papua New Guinea, Viet Nam, Canada,
Indonesia 104,000 Mali, Peru, Rwanda, Lao PDR, Sri Lanka, Gambia, Russia, Syria, Sierra Leone, Cuba, Tajikistan,
Central African Republic 95,000 France, Bolivia, Korea, Chile, Colombia, United Kingdom, Brazil, Kenya, Madagascar, Guatemala,
Bangladesh 88,000 Cambodia, Tanzania, Angola, Uganda, Dem. People's Rep. Korea, Bahamas, Fiji, Liberia, Somalia,
Japan 88,000 Taiwan, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Thailand, Yemen, Iraq, Venezuela, Ecuador, Israel, Lebanon,
Afghanistan 1,198,000 Malawi 54,000 Azerbaijan, Barbados, Mauritius, Senegal, Turkey, Vanuatu, South Africa, Zambia, Panama, United
India 590,000 Zimbabwe 52,000 Arab Emirates, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Northern Mariana Islands, New Zealand, St.
Ethiopia 390,000 Haiti 51,000 Lucia, Puerto Rico, French Polynesia and Trinidad and Tobago
Philippines 364,000 Myanmar 41,000
Sudan 272,000 United States 37,000
South Sudan 246,000 Albania 32,000
China 220,000 Nepal 29,000
Iran 180,000 Cameroon 28,000
Dem. Rep. Congo 168,000 Chad 27,000
Nigeria 143,000 Abyei Area 26,000
Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures.
13
REGIONAL OVERVIEWS
Conflict and violence
Figure 7: Conflict and violence: new displacements by region in 2019
aharan Afr America sia and Pac
ub-S ic The s stA ifi
S a
a
E
c
4,597,000 E
nd
ast a North 602,000 South Asia 288,000 e an
d Centra
lA
le op
7.0% 3.4%
Af
r
53.7%
d
sia
Eu
Mid
rica
of global
total
2,566,000 498,000 2,800
30.0% 5.8% 0.03%
Most of the new displacements triggered by conflict and The number of new displacements fell in some countries
violence in 2019 were recorded in Sub-Saharan Africa thanks to successful ceasefire agreements and peace-
and the Middle East and North Africa. The majority took building initiatives, as in the Central African Republic
place in Syria, DRC and Ethiopia, as in previous years. An (CAR), Iraq and South Sudan. Many such situations are
unprecedented number was recorded in Burkina Faso, still fragile, however, and more efforts are needed to
and significant increases in Mali and Libya. A combina- reduce the risk of conflict and displacement reoccurring.
tion of improved data collection and persistent conflict Humanitarian aid remains essential for IDPs, but it will
and violence also led to a rise in figures for countries take longer-term development interventions to resolve
such as El Salvador and Yemen. the underlying challenges that prolong the displacement
of millions of people.
Figure 8: Ten countries with the most new displacements by conflict and violence in 2019
1.8m
1.7m
1.1m
513,000 461,000 454,000 398,000
284,000 259,000 248,000
Syria Dem. Ethiopia Burkina Afghanistan El Yemen Mali South Nigeria
Rep. Congo Faso Salvador Sudan
GRID
2020
14
PART 1
Disasters
Figure 9: Disasters: new displacements by region in 2019
sia and Pac aharan Afr t and Nort
as
tA ifi ub-S ic e Eas h
S l
a
E
Af
c
d
Mid
rica
South Asia America d Centra
The s e an lA
9,601,000 3,448,000 631,000 op
r
sia
Eu
38.6% 13.9% 2.5%
of global
total
9,529,000 1,545,000 101,000
38.3% 6.2% 0.4%
Most of the new displacements triggered by disasters in already displaced by conflict who are then forced to
2019 were recorded in East Asia and Pacific and South flee disasters, are of particular concern. As countries
Asia, as in previous years. Monsoon rains, floods and move forward in implementing the Sendai Frame-
tropical storms hit highly exposed areas that are home work for Disaster Risk Reduction, they should consider
to millions of people. The majority of the new displace- displacement as part of their risk reduction, response
ments were in the form of government-led pre-emptive and recovery frameworks.
evacuations. These successfully reduced the number of
people killed in a number of large disasters and highlight
the fact that not all displacement is negative. 5m
Figures should be looked at relative to countries’ popu-
4m 4.1m 4.1m
lation size and their capacity to cope with disasters.
Poor and marginalised communities, including people
Figure 10: Ten countries with the most new displacements by
disasters in 2019
916,000
463,000 479,000 504,000 506,000 520,000
Indonesia Somalia Ethiopia Mozambique Iran United States China Bangladesh Philippines India
15
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
5 COUNTRIES WITH MOST
NEW DISPLACEMENTS
DRC 1,905,000
Ethiopia 1,556,000
Somalia 667,000
Conflict 4,597,000 South Sudan 553,000
Disasters 3,448,000
24.1% of the global total Burkina Faso 513,000
Sub-Saharan Africa was once again the region most Many countries in Central Africa continued to suffer
affected by conflict displacement in 2019. Armed the effects of communal conflicts, while the interlinked
conflict, communal violence and jihadist attacks triggers of conflict and climate change in East Africa
continued in several countries, some of which are forced people to flee their homes in Ethiopia, Somalia
struggling to deal with protracted crises. Widespread and South Sudan.
poverty, longstanding economic stagnation, lack of
development, competition over diminishing resources Figures for displacement associated with disasters in
and the effects of climate change are among the factors sub-Saharan Africa are lower than for conflict and
that increase the risk of displacement. violence, but they are still cause for concern. The 3.4
million new displacements recorded in 2019 represent
The same factors also aggravate its impacts, height- one of the highest figures ever for the region (see Figure
ening and prolonging IDPs’ vulnerability. Around 19.2 11). Unusually heavy rains caused widespread flooding
million people were living in internal displacement as in several countries, where a chronic accumulation of
a result of conflict and violence as of the end of 2019, vulnerabilities and risks aggravated its impacts and
the highest figure in the world and the highest ever fuelled displacement.
recorded for the region.
Countries in the East and Horn of Africa experienced
Historical data shows that internal displacement asso- one of the wettest rainy seasons in 40 years.3 Flooding
ciated with conflict and violence has increased in sub- along the White Nile basin forced many people already
Saharan Africa over the past decade (see Figure 11). displaced by conflict to flee again (see White Nile basin
There were 4.6 million new displacements recorded in spotlight, p.27). Mozambique bore the brunt of
2019, accounting for nearly 54 per cent of the global cyclones Idai and Kenneth, which triggered hundreds
total. Jihadist groups operating in the Sahel region esca- of thousands of displacements and destroyed homes,
lated their attacks and triggered mass displacement in infrastructure and crops. Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi
countries including Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger (see and Zimbabwe were also hard hit (see Mozambique
The Sahel spotlight, p.23). spotlight, p.25).
Boko Haram’s insurgency, now in its tenth year, and Nearly two million people were thought to be living
operations against the group continued to trigger signif- in internal displacement as a result of disasters in sub-
icant new displacement and prolong its duration across Saharan Africa as of the end of the year.
the Lake Chad basin, a region that also has to contend
with environmental degradation and desertification.
GRID
2020
16
and violence as of the end of the year, and around
Central Africa
PART 1
15.9 million were expected to need humanitarian assis-
tance in 2020.6 The country also had to deal with its
The region’s most affected second largest Ebola outbreak, a measles outbreak and
country in 2019 was the a cholera outbreak, which between them killed thou-
Democratic Republic of sands of people.
the Congo (DRC), where
ethnic tensions, local grievances Heavy rains and flooding affected 12 of DRC’s 26 prov-
and chronic poverty are the major drivers of internal inces between October and December.7 The country
displacement. Nearly 1.7 million new conflict displace- as a whole recorded 233,000 new disaster displace-
ments were reported during the year, compared with ments, the highest ever figure. Floods triggered 137,000
more than 1.8 million in 2018 and 2.2 million in 2017. in Nord-Ubangui and Sud-Ubangui provinces, which
border the Central African Republic (CAR), and Tshopo
Clashes between the military and armed groups in province was also badly affected. Around 168,000
the eastern province of North Kivu triggered 520,000 people in DRC were thought to be living in displace-
new displacements, primarily in Lubero and Rutshuru ment as a result of disasters as of the end of the year.
territories, and an upsurge in intercommunal violence
between the Hema and Lendu communities triggered The government of CAR signed a peace deal with
453,000 in the north-eastern province of Ituri. There 14 armed groups in early February after more than
was also an escalation of conflict between armed two years of negotiations facilitated by the African
groups and intercommunal violence in South Kivu, Union.8 Implementation is progressing despite several
where 401,000 displacements were recorded, mainly setbacks and disagreements that were resolved with
in Mwenga and Fizi territories. Most of the people help from the international community, and the number
displaced were women and children. of new conflict displacements fell from 510,000 in 2018
to 96,000 in 2019. The security situation remains fragile,
The political situation in DRC remains tense, despite the however, and IDPs’ needs largely unmet.
fact that 2019 marked the first peaceful transition of
power in the country’s history.4 The new government The most serious violence of the year occurred in Birao
inherited a series of challenges, not least the activities of in Vakaga prefecture, where 24,000 new displace-
more than 100 armed groups in the east and ongoing ments were recorded in September as a result of clashes
conflict in other areas.5 Around 5.5 million people were between the Popular Front for the Renaissance of the
living in internal displacement as a result of conflict Central African Republic and the Movement of Central
Figure 11: New displacements by conflict, violence and disasters in Sub-Saharan Africa (2009-2019)
8
7.4
Conflict and violence
Disasters
5.9*
6
5.5*
New displacements in millions
4.5 4.6
4 3.7
3.4
2.6 2.6 2.6
2.4
2.2 2.2
1.9
2 1.7
1.6
1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1
0.6 0.7
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
* Updated figures. For further details see methodological annex, available online.17
African Freedom Fighters for Justice, both signatories Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration activi-
to the peace deal.9 ties continued in the east of the country following the
signing of a peace deal between the Ninja militia and
CAR also suffered its worst flooding in 20 years in 2019, the government in December 2017.13 The region has
and the capital Bangui was among the places hardest regained stability since, but there were still around
hit. About 102,000 new displacements were recorded 134,000 people living in displacement as a result of
across the country, and the floods caused extensive the conflict at the end of the year, around 79,000 of
damage to infrastructure and livelihoods. More than them in Pool department.
10,000 homes were destroyed, and wells and latrines
overflowed.10 About 6,700 hectares of farmland in The security situation in anglophone areas of Came-
Ouham prefecture were inundated, aggravating food roon has been deteriorating for the last two years.
insecurity. More than a third of CAR’s population of 4.7 Clashes between anglophone separatists and the secu-
million were facing acute food insecurity and in need rity forces have increased in Northwest and Southwest
of emergency assistance as of the end of the year.11 regions, and they spilled over into West and Littoral
regions in 2019.14 Lack of access has impeded an accu-
The Republic of Congo was also hit by its worst floods rate assessment of the number of new displacements,
in decades, which damaged or destroyed infrastructure, leading to a conservative estimate of 26,000. Boko
crops and livelihoods. The Ubangi and Congo rivers Haram also continued its activities in Far North region,
burst their banks between October and December, triggering around 40,000 new displacements during
inundating hundreds of villages and triggering as many the year.
as 163,000 new displacements in the departments of
Cuvette, Likouala, Plateaux and Sangha.12 Despite the scale of displacement and the extent of
people’s needs, Cameroon’s crisis is among the world’s
A displaced family stand by their tents in the Gossi region of Timbuktu, Mali.
Photo: NRC/Togo Moise, February 2018
GRID
202018
most neglected. Nearly a million people were living in Boko Haram carried out a series of attacks in the north-
PART 1
internal displacement as of the end of the year, including eastern states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe during
in the relatively peaceful regions of Adamaoua and the year, triggering more than 105,000 new displace-
Centre region, which have increasingly become desti- ments.17 More than 473,000 IDPs were living in camps
nations for IDPs fleeing conflict in other areas of the without adequate shelter across the three states as of
country. October, and another 34,000 were living out in the
open.18 Torrential rains also flooded several displace-
Lack of access also impeded an accurate assessment ment camps, forcing many IDPs into secondary displace-
of disaster displacement in Cameroon, but in common ment. Insecurity has impeded humanitarian access and
with other countries in the region it experienced wide- the response has been further stretched by the mass
spread flooding and landslides in 2019. Around 24,000 arrival of new IDPs, leaving many camps overwhelmed.19
new displacements were recorded, but the figure should
be considered an underestimate. The floods affected Long-standing ethnic conflict between Fulani pastoral-
displacement camps in the Far North region, forcing ists and Hausa farmers in north-western Katsina, Sokoto
some IDPs into secondary displacement. and Zamfara states triggered new displacements in 2019
as it took on new dynamics in the form of rural banditry
No figures on internal displacement associated with and criminal violence. Around 178,000 people were
Boko Haram’s insurgency were available in neigh- living in internal displacement across the three states
bouring Chad until 2019, when improved monitoring as of the end of the year.20 Clashes between farmers
mechanisms were put in place in Lac province. These and herders in the central states have also escalated
revealed around 52,000 new displacements during in recent years, triggering 53,000 new displacements
the year.15 Clashes between pastoralists and farmers in in 2019. The figure, however, should be considered
other provinces including Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai and an underestimate. The growing and shifting patterns
Sila also forced people to flee their homes, bringing of violence in both areas require better monitoring to
the number of new conflict displacements across the ascertain the true scale of displacement.21
country as a whole to 58,000.
As Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria is highly
Around 30,000 new disaster displacements were also exposed to disasters, particularly floods. It is traversed
recorded. The most significant event was flooding in by several major rivers that often burst their banks
Salamat province in August. The Logone river and during the rainy season. Adamawa and Borno states,
Lake Maga burst their banks, which affected not only which were already affected by conflict, bore the brunt
areas of south-western Chad but also north-eastern of flooding in 2019 during an exceptionally long rainy
Cameroon. season. Flooding in the Niger river basin also destroyed
almost 2,700 homes in Niger state in August and
West Africa September. Disasters triggered around 157,000 new
displacements across the country as whole, and were
Long-running conflict and thought to have left about 143,000 people living in
violence persisted across internal displacement as of the end of the year.
Nigeria in 2019. Around
248,000 new conflict and The security situation in Burkina Faso, a relatively
violence displacements were peaceful country in recent years, deteriorated sharply
recorded during the year, and nearly 2.6 million people in 2019, triggering an unprecedented 513,000 new
were thought to be living in internal displacement as of displacements (see The Sahel spotlight, p.23).
31 December. The government established the Federal Jihadist militants, including al-Qaeda affiliates from
Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management neighbouring Mali, were quick to exploit the security
and Social Development in August, an important step vacuum left by the fall of the former president Blaise
intended to improve the coordination and mobilisation Compaoré in 2014, and a homegrown group known
of resources to prevent and respond to humanitarian as Ansaroul Islam emerged in late 2016. Initially active
and displacement crises.16 in northern Soum region, the militants have spread by19
tapping into local grievances in the east and south- state. Drought is also a major trigger of displacement,
west.22 They launched near-daily attacks on the security but robust data is hard to come by. It is also difficult
forces in 2019, and as the state struggles to protect to distinguish drought and conflict as triggers, and in
civilians, a growing number of self-defence militias have many areas they are interlinked. What is known is that
emerged, aggravating the situation still further.23 ever more frequent and intense episodes of drought
disrupt pastoralists’ livelihoods to the extent that they
Violence in central Mali has been escalating since early become unsustainable, forcing many into displacement.
2018 and continued to do so last year. It has its roots in Some farmers have no choice but to move seasonally to
a long-standing crisis in the north, where Tuareg sepa- urban areas in search of alternative income.30
ratists and jihadist militants seized swathes of territory
in 2012 following an attempted coup in Bamako.24 A East and the
French-led military intervention pushed the militants Horn of Africa
back the following year, but they have since regrouped
and expanded from the desert north into the country’s There was a significant
fertile central regions (see The Sahel spotlight, p.23). fall in the number of new
displacements in Ethiopia,
The government signed a peace agreement with a from 2.9 million in 2018 to
number of militias in 2015, but despite some progress over a million last year. Many IDPs, however, live in
in terms of social and economic development, political insecure areas with little or no access to basic services or
instability has impeded its implementation. The country humanitarian assistance, and a significant number have
has since had four prime ministers, and a series of been displaced more than once. There were around 1.4
cabinet reshuffles have undermined continuity.25 million people living in internal displacement as a result
of conflict and violence as of the end of the year, also
Mali is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. considerably fewer than in 2018.
Increasing variation in rainfall patterns, land degradation
and erosion have disrupted many people’s livelihoods. The decreases are the result of a national steering
About 60 per cent of the population live in rural areas committee led by the Ministry of Peace approving a
and rely on rain-fed agriculture. Around 400,000 people three-phase plan in March to return all IDPs to their
are thought to be affected by drought each year, and places of origin in the following months.31 Implemen-
500,000 by flooding.26 There were 6,600 new disaster tation began almost immediately, and 1.2 million IDPs
displacements in 2019, but limited data means the were thought to have returned by the end of the year.
figure is conservative. Most displacement sites in Gedeo, West Guji and East
and West Wollegas were dismantled.
In neighbouring Niger, the eastern region of Diffa
remains highly unstable. Boko Haram and other non- Not everyone returned voluntarily, however, and many
state armed groups carried out a series of attacks during returnees encountered significant obstacles in re-estab-
the year, including one that triggered more than 18,000 lishing their lives. Many found their homes damaged or
new displacements in late March and early April.27 The destroyed or were confronted by other issues in trying
situation in the western states of Tahoua and Tillaberi is to reclaim their property and land. Few have access
also cause for serious concern (see The Sahel spotlight, to assistance or basic services, and farmers and small
p.23).28 business owners whose livelihoods have been disrupted
have received little support. Insecurity in some return
The government declared a state of emergency in all areas has led to a significant number of secondary
three states in mid-March, and the UN and a number displacements.32 Some IDPs went into hiding and
of NGOs suspended their humanitarian operations in sought to relocate themselves to avoid having to return
some areas for several weeks in early May.29 Some have to their areas of origin.33
been able to resume their work since, but in a climate
of violence and insecurity. Disasters triggered 504,000 new displacements in 2019.
Around 190,000 were recorded during the first rainy
Extensive flooding triggered 121,000 new displace- season between April and June, and 177,000 during the
ments in 2019, mainly in the capital Niamey and Diffa second in October and November, when the rains were
GRID
202020
PART 1
The Horn of Africa experienced above-average rainfall that triggered wides-
pread flooding. This man and his wife lost their home and shop in Lodwar,
Turkana county, Kenya. © UNICEF/UNI250645/Chinyenze, December 2019
unusually heavy. Eastern and south-eastern parts of the culminated in Ethiopia ratifying the Kampala Convention
country were affected by drought, particularly lowland in February 2020.38
pastoralist and agro-pastoralist areas of Somali region,
Oromia region, the Southern Nations, Nationalities, Conflict and violence in Somalia triggered 188,000 new
and Peoples’ region (SNNP) and parts of Afar region.34 displacements in 2019, mainly in the south-east where
The situation is of particular concern in Somali, where the al-Shabaab militia, which is affiliated to al-Qaeda,
most of the 131,000 drought displacements recorded has its stronghold. More than half were recorded in
in Ethiopia last year took place. More frequent and Lower Shabelle region as a result of clashes between
intense episodes of drought had previously affected the group and the Somali army supported by African
nearly 56,000 households in the region between 2015 Union forces. Persistent insecurity in rural areas impeded
and 2017.35 the provision of humanitarian aid, leading many people
to flee to overcrowded camps in urban areas, mainly in
Internal displacement clearly represents a major chal- Mogadishu, in search of refuge and assistance.39 Tens
lenge for the country, but there were important policy of thousands of IDPs returned home during the year,
developments intended to address the phenomenon but many only temporarily to work their land during the
during the year. With support from the UN and the sowing and harvest seasons.40
international community, the government launched a
durable solutions initiative in December.36 It provides a Disasters triggered 479,000 new displacements. In
framework for the achievement of sustainable solutions common with other countries in East Africa, Somalia
to displacement, from the policy and legislative to the was affected by widespread flooding in the second half
operational level. of 2019 during an unusually wet rainy season influenced
by El Niño. About a quarter of the displacements took
The initiative acknowledges that internal displacement place in Belet Weyn city in Hiraan state.41 Other regions
is a development priority that needs to be addressed were affected by drought, which triggered around
through coordinated planning and action across 60,000 new displacements.
sectors.37 Given its recent launch, 2020 will begin to
reveal the extent to which putting it into practice enables Internal displacement is fuelling Somalia’s rapid urban-
safe, voluntary and dignified returns. The government isation, as people who struggle to survive and make a
also organised a series of national consultations that living in rural areas seek opportunities in urban areas.4221
Communities affected by Cyclone Idai
test out the first drops of water from
a new water point installed by the
Spanish Red Cross. The cyclone has
left many people in Mozambique at
risk of disease.
Photo : IFRC/Corrie Butler, May 2019
Many, however, establish themselves in informal settle- sands of vulnerable people along the White Nile basin,
ments where they are at high risk of eviction. More in many cases forcing IDPs who had already fled conflict
than 264,000 people, most of them IDPs, were evicted into secondary displacement (see White Nile basin spot-
during the year, making forced evictions one of the light, p.27).
main triggers of secondary displacement in the country.
The most affected country along the basin was South
In response to the new and protracted displacement Sudan, where the floods were described as the worst
across the country, the government launched a durable in the country’s history.46 They triggered 98 per cent
solutions initiative (DSI) with UN support in 2016.43 In of the 294,000 new disaster displacements recorded
2019 it established an inter-ministerial durable solu- in 2019, and left around 246,000 people still living in
tions secretariat, ratified the Kampala Convention and displacement as of the end of the year.
approved a national policy on IDPs and returning refu-
gees.44 Somalia’s DSI has been a significant catalyst for The signing of a revitalised peace agreement between
these and other developments, leading the government the government and a number of armed groups in
to fully own the country’s response to internal displace- September 2018 has led to a reduction in conflict and
ment, and providing an example for others to follow. violence.47 The number of associated new displacements
also fell from 321,000 in 2018 to 259,000 in 2019,
Unprecedented flooding in the East Africa, particularly but there were still 1.4 million people living in internal
Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia, not only triggered wide- displacement as of the end of the year. Implementa-
spread displacement but also established conditions tion of the agreement has been slow and there was
for a locust infestation that caused damage across the an increase in violence and displacement in the second
region. This further eroded people’s livelihoods and half of 2019, but the formation of a unity government
negatively affected food security.45 Away from the in February 2020 has rekindled hopes of lasting peace.48
headlines, the floods also displaced hundreds of thou-
GRID
202022
The tense political situation in Sudan aggravated ethnic in 2018 and six in 2017.53 Around 5,300 new displace-
PART 1
and intercommunal disputes over scarce resources during ments were recorded, but the figure should be consid-
the year. Clashes in East and Central Darfur and White ered an underestimate given the difficulties in gathering
Nile state triggered nearly 10,000 new displacements data on highly localised incidents of violence. Many
in May and June. Violence between Massalit and Arab people fled to neighbouring provinces or across the
communities in West Darfur in the last two weeks of border into Tanzania. Others sought shelter on islands
December also triggered more than 46,000. There were off the coast of Cabo Delgado.54 Violence and displace-
84,000 new conflict displacements recorded across the ment increased around the time of elections in October,
country as a whole, and more than 2.1 million people and some IDPs were unable to vote in their registered
living in internal displacement as of the end of the year. polling stations.55
The number of disaster displacements in 2019 was Kenneth also hit Comoros hard, destroying about
among the highest recorded for Sudan, and the vast 4,600 homes and affecting people who were already
majority were triggered by flooding in White Nile state.49 poor and vulnerable, mostly on the island of Grand
The floods also led to a cholera outbreak in Blue Nile, Comore. Around 19,000 disaster displacements were
Gezira, Khartoum and Sennar states (see White Nile recorded during the year. The situation on Comoros
basin spotlight, p.27).50 received little media attention, but damages and losses
were put at $185 million, and recovery and reconstruc-
Disasters triggered 130,000 new displacements in tion costs could be as high as $277 million.56
Uganda in 2019, mainly in Bukedi, Sironko and Teso
regions, and 74,000 in Kenya. The latter figure includes Idai struck Malawi before it strengthened into a trop-
10,000 recorded in West Pokot county, which was hit by ical cyclone, but it still triggered around 110,000 new
landslides in November. The two countries also recorded displacements in Southern region. After later wreaking
2,300 and 1,800 displacements respectively triggered chaos in Mozambique it also triggered 51,000 in
by localised intercommunal violence. Zimbabwe, mainly in the rural districts of Chimanimani
and Chipinge in Manicaland province. Extensive crop
The small landlocked countries of Burundi and Rwanda losses aggravated an already fragile food security situa-
experienced significant disaster displacement. Storms, tion in the area after an extended period of drought.57 It
heavy rains and landslides triggered 25,000 new was not possible to obtain drought displacement figures
displacements in Burundi, which peaked in November either for Zimbabwe or the wider region, which has
and December. About 6,000 people were evacu- been suffering episodes of severe drought for the last
ated pre-emptively from high-risk areas of Rwanda in five years. However, evidence shows that its impacts
December to escape the onset of heavy rains.51 have been widespread, and that they are playing a role
in heightening people’s vulnerabilities.58
Southern Africa
Mozambique bore the
brunt of two unusually
powerful storms in 2019
that triggered hundreds of
thousands of new displace-
ments, and left around 132,000 people still displaced
as of the end of the year. The impacts of cyclones Idai
and Kenneth were also felt in Comoros, Malawi and
Zimbabwe (see Mozambique spotlight, p.25).52
Kenneth triggered around 24,000 new displacements
in Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado province, where its
impacts were aggravated by an escalating conflict
between government forces and jihadist militias. There
were more than 160 attacks in 2019, compared with 6023
SPOTLIGHT Insecurity has also spread to eastern and southern
regions of neighbouring Niger and Burkina Faso, where
THE SAHEL different armed groups are using similar methods to
recruit and expand. The situation in Niger is of particular
concern because the country sits at a dangerous cross-
A deepening crisis of regional road of violence, surrounded on all sides by countries
facing security crises. The eastern region of Diffa has
dimensions suffered the effects of Boko Haram’s insurgency for a
decade, and the government has also been forced to
The Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa suffered a sharp step up military activity and protection efforts in the
increase in violence and mass displacement in 2019. A western regions of Tillaberi and Tahoua in response to
number of jihadist groups have become increasingly escalating violence and displacement, particularly over
active in border areas between Burkina Faso, Mali the last two years.63
and Niger, commonly known as the Liptako Gourma
region, carrying out attacks, stoking communal and There are worrying signs that the dynamics of these two
ethnic violence, and raising concerns about a major and separate conflict hotspots are becoming more inter-
escalating security challenge with regional implications. twined, and that Niger may form a potential bridge
Boko Haram’s insurgency and military offensives against between them.64 There were 57,000 new internal
the group have also continued to force people to flee displacements, due to conflict and violence, recorded
their homes in the Lake Chad basin.59 Around 854,000 in the country last year, of which 26,000 were in Tilla-
new internal displacements were recorded across the beri and Tahoua.
three countries in 2019.
It is Burkina Faso, however, which faces the most
The jihadist groups, which are local but globally oriented, alarming security situation.65 Violence spread from
have spent years exploiting local grievances, laying the northern to eastern regions of the country in 2019, trig-
ground for armed insurgencies to emerge and expand. gering 513,000 new displacements, a ten-fold increase
Some of the disputes involve access to land and water, on the figure from 2018. Around 560,000 people were
but many attacks are part of efforts to root out individ- living in internal displacement as of the end of the year.
uals linked to one extremist group or another, or to take Communities have been generous in hosting displaced
revenge for previous violence. The militants have also people, but the country’s infrastructure is poor, the
taken advantage of porous borders and the absence of government has struggled to respond to IDPs’ largely
government forces. They have forcibly recruited people, unmet needs and the international community has paid
laid siege to villages, burned homes, destroyed the liveli- little attention to the crisis.66
hoods of whole communities and perpetrated severe
human rights violations.60 Access to health services and education has deterio-
rated, and IDPs are in urgent need of protection. There
The security situation in Mali has been deteriorating are more than twice as many displaced women as men,
since 2013.61 Islamist militants have regrouped in the and many have been subjected to abuse and sexual
desert north and expanded into the fertile centre of the violence. There are particular concerns about the protec-
country. They have gained ground by recruiting from tion of women in hard-to-reach areas where violence
the Fulani community, nomadic herders left behind by goes unchecked.67
government and development programmes that favour
agriculture. Long-standing grievances between Dogon The presence and influence of armed groups is growing
farmers and Fulani herders over land and resources have in all three countries, and their shifting activities and the
also increased considerably.62 More than 290,000 new complex dynamics of the situation make it difficult for
internal displacements were recorded in 2019, most individual governments to rein in the insurgents. Military
of them triggered by escalating communal violence efforts to do so have also triggered significant displace-
in Mopti and Gao. The two regions currently host the ment. New initiatives intended to respond more effec-
largest numbers of IDPs, of whom there were 208,000 tively to the crisis have emerged, including the creation
across the country as a whole as of the end of the year. in 2017 of the Joint Force of the Group of Five of the
GRID
202024 Sahel (G5 Sahel) to fight jihadist violence and insecurity in the region with UN and African Union support.68 Many challenges remain, however, and meanwhile there is a growing sense of fear among local communities, including those who have been displaced, prompted by the realisation that living in a conflict zone is becoming the new normal.69 There is also increasing concern that the violence and insecurity will spread further south to countries such as Benin, Ghana and Togo. Attacks by Fulani militias trig- gered new displacements in Benin’s northern Atacora region in 2019. Further west, a land dispute between Gangan and Tchokossi communities in northern Togo triggered as many as 2,000 new displacements in late June, and intercommunal violence and clashes forced people to flee their homes in northern Ghana between January and May. If violence continues to spread into previously calm coun- tries, much more displacement is only to be expected. More efforts to address the main triggers and drivers of conflict across the Sahel are required if the current situation is to be prevented from spiralling into a new regional crisis.
25
ments than Idai, but it was the most powerful cyclone
SPOTLIGHT to hit Africa since records began with gusts of up to
220 km/h.75 An ongoing conflict in Cabo Delgado,
MOZAMBIQUE where several Islamic militias have been attacking and
displacing people since 2017, added to the challenges
brought on by the disaster. The conflict slowed down
The long-term impacts of the delivery of aid to those affected and is a significant
barrier to recovery and reconstruction efforts.76
cyclones Idai and Kenneth
A number of factors combined to make Idai and
After an extended drought that halved agricultural Kenneth among the most devastating disasters the
production and caused widespread food insecurity, region has experienced. International meteorological
two powerful tropical storms wreaked havoc across services projected the intensity and path of both storms
southern Africa in 2019. Cyclones Idai and Kenneth and national authorities declared them emergencies,
were unprecedented in the region, and triggered but local early warning systems proved ineffective. Few
640,000 and 45,000 displacements respectively. people evacuated from high-risk areas before either
Countries including Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi and made landfall.77 Even after the wrath of Idai, there was
Zimbabwe were hard hit, but it was Mozambique that little evidence of displacement being pre-emptive as
suffered the worst of the damage and where most of Kenneth approached. Most people moved during or
the displacement was recorded.70 after the storm, once their homes had been damaged
or destroyed.78
First to strike was Idai, which as a tropical depression
caused severe flooding and forced tens of thousands Both storms also struck places where people were
of people to flee in northern Mozambique and Malawi already living in vulnerable conditions. Poor communi-
in early March. It then moved out to sea, where it ties in urban areas such as Beira were disproportionately
developed into an intense tropical cyclone equivalent affected and had little capacity to recover and rebuild.79
to a category two hurricane.71 Idai then skirted the Millions of people in rural areas were already facing food
west coast of Madagascar before moving back toward insecurity as a result of drought, and the storms only
Mozambique, where it made landfall on 15 March near served to aggravate the situation. Harvests and seed
the coastal city of Beira, home to 500,000 people. stocks were decimated, leaving many farmers unable
About 90 per cent of the city was damaged, and much to sustain their livelihoods. Across the regions affected
of it destroyed. Most of the people displaced were most people rely on agriculture for a living.80 Around
from poor and vulnerable communities living in informal 67,500 children were facing malnutrition in the country
settlements ill-equipped to withstand the ravages of as of the end of the year, and 2.5 million people - or 10
the storm.72 per cent of the country’s population - were in need of
humanitarian assistance.81
As it moved inland, Idai cut across the central provinces
of Manica, Sofala, Tete and Zambezia and then neigh- As the emergency phase of the response to Idai and
bouring Zimbabwe, damaging crops and displacing Kenneth receded, new challenges emerged, including
whole rural communities.73 The storm triggered around the resettlement of IDPs in areas at less risk from future
478,000 displacements in Mozambique and left millions disasters. With support from international organisa-
in need of humanitarian assistance. More than 93,500 tions, the government designated areas it deemed suit-
people were still displaced in 71 resettlement sites in able for habitation. About 89,000 people in Manica,
the four central provinces as of the end of the year.74 Tete and Zambezia provinces were resettled in new
sites and allocated plots of land on which to build new
Cyclone Kenneth, the equivalent of a category four homes and farms.82
hurricane, struck just over a month after Idai, between
23 and 29 April. It developed in the Indian Ocean and Many of the plots, however, have proved unsuitable for
hit Comoros and Mayotte before making landfall in agriculture, leaving many still dependent on food aid.83
the province of Cabo Delgado in northern Mozam- Many of the resettlement sites were also affected when
bique. Kenneth triggered significantly fewer displace- the rainy season arrived toward the end of the year.
GRID
202026
Downpours destroyed hundreds of tents and emer- Cyclones Idai and Kenneth show that the impacts of
gency shelters, triggering more than 2,800 secondary climate change and variability are most acutely felt by
displacements between December 2019 and January people who are already vulnerable, highly exposed
2020.84 This trend continued during the first months and unprepared to respond. Disaster risk reduction
of 2020. measures, including better early warning systems and
contingency plans, and the building of climate-resilient
Basic humanitarian needs such as food, water and infrastructure, are vital if the risk of future displacement
shelter were still unmet across Mozambique several is to be reduced.
months after the disasters. Only 11 per cent of people
surveyed in resettlement sites said they planned to live Significant numbers of people are also still living in
there permanently, and most cited precarious living displacement as a result of the two storms, and it is
conditions, a lack of livelihood opportunities and poor clear that humanitarian assistance alone will not address
access to basic services as the main reasons. Displaced the challenges they face. Mozambique’s government
children and young people, who make up the majority and international organisations are planning for the
of those in resettlement sites, also struggled to restart kind of long-term investment needed for reconstruction
their education.85 and the pursuit of durable solutions.86 Whether these
efforts bear fruit remains to be seen and will depend
on sustained commitment at all levels.27
SPOTLIGHT
WHITE NILE
BASIN
Chronic impacts, cyclical
displacement
Floods triggered 73 per cent of the 3.4 million new
displacements associated with disasters across sub-Sa-
haran Africa in 2019. Ethiopia, Somalia and Mozam-
bique recorded some of the highest figures. Relative to
population size, however, the situation in several areas
of the White Nile river basin was cause for particular
concern. This includes parts of Uganda, South Sudan,
the contested Abyei Area and Sudan, where the people
affected were already highly vulnerable in social and
economic terms.
Heavy rains caused the White Nile and its tributaries
to burst their banks several times during the year, trig-
gering a combined total of more than 700,000 new
displacements. Some people already displaced by
conflict and violence were forced to flee again by the
floods, which made few media headlines and attracted
little international attention despite their widespread
impacts.
The White Nile basin is 3,700 kilometres long and areas also contribute to making the White Nile basin
covers about 1.8 million square kilometres. Different a displacement risk hotspot.89 Last year’s floods were
rainy seasons take place along the territories it cuts not a single disaster, but rather several events of varying
through, and floods are not uncommon. The river flows intensity that had different impacts on communities
from the Ugandan highlands to the vast floodplains along the basin.
of South Sudan, which are home to one of Africa’s
largest wetlands, known as the Sudd. Its ecosystem Upstream in Uganda, rainy season downpours led to
supports farming and pastoral cultures and major wild- localised floods and landslides, triggering 130,000
life migrations.87 displacements. Government regulations seek to avert
the construction of housing in high-risk areas and there
A complex combination of social, economic and polit- are plans to relocate populations, but people have
ical pressures are at play in this vulnerable sub-region. continued to establish themselves in informal settle-
The river basin has been subject to decades of signifi- ments on steep slopes where the risk of landslides is
cant transformation, including for the irrigation of ever high. When the rains came, thousands were forced to
greater expanses of cultivated land, the construction of flee as a result.90
hydropower dams and urban expansion, all of which
have increased the risk of disasters.88 Ongoing conflict, Floods triggered 289,000 displacements in South Sudan,
weak governance and political instability in different many involving people already internally displaced by
GRID
202028
conflict and Sudanese refugees who were sheltering in without social or family networks struggled to find
at-risk areas and who became displaced for a second shelter, and some families were reported as having to
time.91 Local communities were also forced to flee, crops sleep in the open air. Both IDPs and refugees from South
were damaged and livestock lost. This aggravated food Sudan were among those displaced. Food insecurity
insecurity in areas where malnutrition levels were already also increased.102
high.92 The floods contaminated the majority of water
sources, increasing the risk of water-borne diseases The disaster took place on top of a major political transi-
such as cholera.93 Submerged roads also delayed the tion. The country’s president of three decades, Omar
provision of humanitarian aid significantly.94 al-Bashir, was deposed in April following months of
protests over an economic crisis. A transitional govern-
South Sudan’s Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and ment was finally put in place in August, at the height of
Disaster Management put a two-year strategic plan in the flooding, which slowed down the coordination of
place in 2018 that acknowledged the need to address response efforts.103 Sudan’s Humanitarian Aid Commis-
the challenges brought on by the combination of sion activated the country’s flood steering committee
disasters and conflict.95 The events of 2019, however, and task force, but they were unable to cope with the
revealed the continuing limitations in efforts to prevent situation and UN and civil society organisations had to
and respond to disasters in areas affected by conflict. provide support for those affected.104
They also raised concerns about the extent to which
humanitarian crises put the brakes on recent peace- The displacement triggered along the White Nile basin
building and recovery gains.96 in 2019 shows that disasters can have devastating
outcomes when they hit vulnerable communities in
Further north in the contested Abyei Area, unprece- politically fragile countries where unsustainable devel-
dented rains and floods destroyed at least 5,000 homes opment practices, environmental change and weak
and triggered more than 40,000 new displacements, governance heighten disaster displacement risk. When
accounting for about a third of the population.97 Abyei conflict and insecurity are also factors, impacts can
is also home to 31,000 people living in protracted become chronic and cyclical, as seen with IDPs and refu-
displacement as result of conflict. Many have been gees forced to flee for a second or third time. Ongoing
doing so for years, and some for decades. The majority peacebuilding efforts will have to be reinforced and
were staying in temporary shelters unable to withstand sustainable development planning and disaster risk
months of heavy downpours and strong winds, and reduction supported across the basin to avert what for
many IDPs were forced into secondary displacement many has become a downward spiral of vulnerability
as a result. People who had previously fled conflict in and displacement risk.
South Sudan were also displaced for a second, and in
some cases a third time.98
The floods destroyed roads, bridges and other public
infrastructure. They also severely damaged farmland,
reducing agricultural production. With access routes
cut, many communities were isolated for extended
periods and local markets were also affected. Fewer
than ten per cent of displaced households had livestock
or food stocks, meaning the majority had to restrict
themselves to one meal a day.99 The lack of adequate
shelter and access to livelihoods and the ongoing risk of
further displacement only served to aggravate people’s
already precarious living conditions.100
Flooding in Sudan triggered 272,000 new displace-
ments, most of which were recorded in White Nile state
over the period of a few weeks. More than 16,500
homes were destroyed across the state.101 Some peopleYou can also read
