Interim Report 2022 - The GPT Group
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
BUSINESS OVERVIEW Introduction Welcome to The GPT Group 2022 Interim Report. GPT acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of the lands on which our business and assets operate, and recognise their ongoing connection to land, waters and community. We pay our respects to First Nations Elders past, present and emerging. The GPT Group (GPT) is a stapled entity comprised of the General Property Trust (the Trust) and its controlled entities and GPT Management Holdings Limited (the Company) and its controlled entities. General Property Trust is a registered scheme, registered and domiciled in Australia. GPT RE Limited is the Responsible Entity of the General Property Trust. GPT Management Holdings is a company limited by shares, incorporated and domiciled in Australia. GPT RE Limited is a wholly owned entity of GPT Management Holdings Limited. In this report references to ‘GPT’, ‘Group’, ‘we’, ‘us’ and ‘our’ refer to The GPT Group, unless otherwise stated. Information in this Interim Report is stated as at 30 June 2022 unless otherwise indicated. All values are expressed in Australian currency unless otherwise indicated. Key statistics for the Retail, Office and Logistics divisions include The GPT Group’s investment interest in the GPT Wholesale Shopping Centre Fund (GWSCF), the GPT Wholesale Office Fund (GWOF), and the GPT QuadReal Logistics Trust (GQLT) respectively. 2022 First half highlights $326.5m 97.5% FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS (FFO) PORTFOLIO OCCUPANCY $8.1b ESTIMATED END VALUE (30 June 2021: $302.3m) (31 December 2021: 97.7%) OF DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE (31 December 2021: $6.4b) 12.70¢ DISTRIBUTION PER SECURITY 10.8% 12 MONTH TOTAL RETURN 82% EMISSIONS REDUCTION SINCE 2005 (30 June 2021: 13.30¢) (30 June 2021: 10.2%) (31 December 2021: 82%) Reporting suite The Group 2022 Interim Report forms part of our reporting suite. Further information is available in our broader reporting suite, which includes: RESULTS PROPERTY INTEGRATED CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY CLIMATE MODERN SLAVERY PRESENTATION COMPENDIUM ANNUAL REPORT GOVERNANCE REPORT DISCLOSURE STATEMENT AND DATA PACK Consolidated A summary of the STATEMENT A detailed report STATEMENT A summary of the A summary of GPT’s information about value created by An annual statement of our sustainability An annual statement actions taken during operating and financial the assets in the GPT’s business of how GPT addresses policies, priorities of the steps we are the year and those performance and key Group’s property activities together the ASX Corporate and progress along taking to identify, proposed to be taken developments in our portfolio, published with the annual Governance Council’s with future targets, assess and manage in the future, to assess business and portfolio, every six months. financial statements Corporate Governance released annually. climate change risks and address modern accompanied by a data for the Group. Principles and and opportunities, slavery risks in our supplement released Recommendations prepared in accordance business. every six months. (4th Edition). with the TCFD recommendations. THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS About GPT GPT is a vertically integrated diversified property group that owns and actively manages a $27.4 billion portfolio of high quality Australian office, logistics and retail assets. The Group utilises its real estate management platform to enhance returns through property development and funds management. Listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) since 1971, today The GPT Group is a constituent of the S&P/ASX 50 Index with a substantial investor base of more than 31,000 securityholders. Our vision Our purpose To be the most respected property company To create value for investors by providing high quality real estate in Australia in the eyes of our investors, people, spaces that enable people to excel and our customers and communities customers and communities. to prosper in a sustainable way. Our values Each day, our core values guide our people as they work to deliver on our purpose. Safety First – Deliver Today, Value Differences, Raise the Bar Speak Up Everyone, Always Create Tomorrow Play as a Team We think big, take We are courageous We care about people We focus on the present We embrace our diverse initiative, share ideas and speak up about above everything else. and the future to deliver backgrounds, experiences and challenge the things that matter. consistent, dependable and perspectives, working status quo. performance. together for the best outcome. 25 Niton Drive, Truganina THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 1
GROUP PERFORMANCE Group Performance Review of Operations and Operating Result The Group delivered a solid result in the first half of 2022, despite the ongoing impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Funds From Operations (FFO) uncertain economic environment driven by high inflation and rising Funds From Operations (FFO) represents GPT’s interest rates. All three business segments reported increased underlying earnings from its operations. This is Funds From Operations on the prior corresponding period. determined by adjusting statutory net profit after tax This was partially offset by higher corporate and financing costs. (under Australian Accounting Standards) for certain items which are non-cash, unrealised or capital in nature. Notwithstanding the effects of COVID-19, retail sales across the portfolio were generally well above 2019 pre-pandemic levels with the only exception being our CBD located asset at Melbourne Central where customer visitation has not fully recovered. GPT delivered FFO of $326.5 million for the half year ended High occupancy was retained across the Retail portfolio and 30 June 2022, up 8.0 per cent on the prior corresponding period leasing spreads continued to improve, with lease structures (30 June 2021: $302.3 million). FFO per security increased consisting of fixed base rents and annual fixed increases. 9.0 per cent to 17.04 cents, reflecting the reduction in securities Our prime grade Office portfolio occupancy improved compared due to the on-market buyback in the prior period. with June 2021 reflecting the lease up of developments at 32 Smith and Queen & Collins and was in-line with December Each segment’s operational financial performance is detailed 2021 occupancy. Low levels of physical occupancy in part due to from page 6. The Group FFO result includes corporate the Omicron outbreak and unfavourable weather conditions, led to management expenses of $28.3 million (30 June 2021: subdued leasing activity in the March 2022 quarter, with activity $23.4 million). Total management expenses including the increasing in the June 2022 quarter as the operating environment segments is $43.5 million (30 June 2021: $39.8 million). improved. Ongoing structural tailwinds in Logistics generated The increase in expenses is mainly due to higher cloud based solid tenant demand, maintaining high occupancy and driving technology and one-off reorganisation costs. strong rental outcomes across our Logistics portfolio. Finance costs from borrowings increased to $54.2 million During the half we continued to execute on our strategic objectives. (30 June 2021: $44.5 million). This was due to an increase in We increased our investment in the Logistics sector, completing borrowings of approximately $0.9 billion since 30 June 2021. two developments with a further four projects underway. GPT’s statutory net profit after tax was $529.7 million, as Our Logistics partnership with QuadReal is well progressed, compared to $760.5 million in the prior corresponding period, with half of the $2 billion target committed. Logistics currently predominantly due to lower positive investment property valuation represents 28 per cent of the Group’s diversified property movements of $219.5 million (30 June 2021: $471.7 million). portfolio. Our Office development pipeline grew by 22 per cent to $5.5 billion 1. The GPT Wholesale Office Fund’s development The Group’s 12 month Total Return was 10.8 per cent at 51 Flinders Lane is underway and during the period a (30 June 2021: 10.2 per cent) predominantly as a result of development site was secured for the Fund in the North Sydney investment property revaluation gains driving the increase in NTA CBD. Mixed-use development schemes are progressing at per stapled security to $6.26 plus the FFO yield of 5.2 per cent Rouse Hill Town Centre and Highpoint Shopping Centre. The sale (30 June 2021: 5.7 per cent). of a non-core retail asset, Casuarina Square, owned jointly by GPT and the GPT Wholesale Shopping Centre Fund was completed in Distribution March 2022. Funds Management growth remains a key focus for The Group targets to distribute 95 to 105 per cent of free cash the Group and in April 2022, UniSuper selected GPT to manage its flow, defined as operating cash flow less maintenance and leasing $2.8 billion portfolio of real estate investments. The transition to capex and inventory movements. GPT management is expected to complete in September 2022. Distributions to stapled securityholders relating to the half year The Group’s gearing at 30 June 2022 of 27.3 per cent remains ended 30 June 2022 are $243.3 million (30 June 2021: below the mid-point of our stated range of 25 - 35 per cent. $254.8 million), representing an interim distribution of 12.7 cents per ordinary stapled security, a decrease of 4.5 per cent on 2021 (30 June 2021: 13.3 cents). The payout ratio for the half year ended 30 June 2022 is 100 per cent of free cash flow. The decrease in distribution is due to lower free cash flow as a result of higher maintenance capex and lease incentives. 1. Includes GPT and GWOF opportunities. 2 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Group Funds From Operations (FFO) Financial Result earnings composition 1H 2022 30 Jun 22 30 Jun 21 Change For the half year ended $M $M % Retail Office Retail 37% 41% – Operations net income 144.8 141.0 – Funds management net income 5.8 5.8 – Development net income 0.2 (0.2) 150.8 146.6 2.9% Office – Operations net income 148.0 133.3 – Funds management net income 20.7 18.3 – Development net income 0.9 1.2 169.6 152.8 11.0% Logistics Logistics 22% – Operations net income 90.7 73.5 – Funds management net income 1.0 (0.2) Funds From Operations ($M) – Development net income 0.5 2.0 326.5 92.2 75.3 22.4% 310.2 302.3 252.2 Corporate management expenses (28.3) (23.4) 20.9% 244.5 Net finance costs (54.1) (44.3) 22.1% Income tax expense (3.7) (4.7) (21.3%) Funds from Operations (FFO) 326.5 302.3 8.0% Non-FFO items: Valuation increase 219.5 471.7 (53.5%) Financial instruments mark to market, net (16.3) (13.5) 20.7% foreign exchange movements and other items Net profit for the half year after tax 529.7 760.5 (30.3%) 1H20 2H20 1H21 2H21 1H22 FFO per ordinary stapled security (cents) 17.04 15.64 9.0% Funds from Operations (FFO) 326.5 302.3 8.0% FFO per ordinary stapled security (cents) Maintenance capex (14.8) (12.9) 14.7% 17.04 15.93 15.64 Lease incentives (41.1) (23.1) 77.9% Adjusted Funds from Operations (AFFO) 270.6 266.3 1.6% 13.18 12.55 Distributions 1 243.3 254.8 (4.5%) Distribution per ordinary stapled security 12.70 13.30 (4.5%) (cents) 1. Distribution is based on free cash flow. 1H20 2H20 1H21 2H21 1H22 Distribution per ordinary stapled security (cents) 13.20 13.30 12.70 9.90 9.30 1H20 2H20 1H21 2H21 1H22 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 3
GROUP PERFORMANCE Group Performance CONTINUED Unlevered Total Return (%) The unlevered Total Return at the investment portfolio level for the 12 months to 30 June 2022 was 8.9 per cent with each portfolio's performance detailed in the following chart. Office Logistics Retail Total Portfolio (incl GWOF interest) (incl GQLT interest) (incl GWSCF interest) (including equity interests) 9.3 14.0 4.2 8.9 4.4 8.9 4.7 4.7 1.8 5.9 4.5 4.1 Income Return Capital Return Total Return Financial Position 30 Jun 22 31 Dec 21 Change Balance sheet $M $M % » The Group independently valued 70.6 per cent (by value) of Portfolio assets investment properties as at 30 June 2022. Valuations were Retail 5,698.5 5,750.2 (0.9%) conducted by valuers with appropriate experience and expertise. Office 6,238.5 6,170.0 1.1% » The independent valuations contain judgements relating Logistics 4,764.8 4,539.9 5.0% to the ongoing impact of COVID-19 in addition to a number Total portfolio assets 16,701.8 16,460.1 1.5% of assumptions, estimates and judgements on the future performance of each property including market rents and Financing and corporate assets 616.1 719.6 (14.4%) growth rates, occupancy, capital expenditure and investment Total assets 17,317.9 17,179.7 0.8% metrics. Total portfolio assets increased by 1.5 per cent in the Borrowings 4,907.3 5,139.3 (4.5%) half year ended 30 June 2022 due to positive property valuation Other liabilities 399.9 367.1 8.9% movements and investment in developments, offset by the divestment of Casuarina Square. Total liabilities 5,307.2 5,506.4 (3.6%) » Total borrowings decreased by $232.0 million, largely due to Net assets 12,010.7 11,673.3 2.9% the divestment of Casuarina Square. Total number of ordinary 1,915.6 1,915.6 — stapled securities (million) NTA ($ per security) 1 6.26 6.09 2.8% 1. Includes all right-of-use assets of the GPT Group. 4 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Capital management Going concern GPT continues to maintain a strong focus on capital management. GPT believes it is able to meet its liabilities and commitments as and when they fall due for at least 12 months from the reporting Key matters for the period include: date. In reaching this position, GPT has taken into account the » Net gearing decreased to 27.3 per cent (31 December 2021: following factors: 28.2 per cent). This was a result of net asset divestment and » Available liquidity, through cash and undrawn facilities, of an increase in asset valuations during the period. $1,124.0 million (after allowing for refinancing of $517.9 million » Weighted average cost of debt for the half year was 2.5 per cent, of outstanding commercial paper) as at 30 June 2022; up from 2.4 per cent for the year to 31 December 2021. » Weighted average debt expiry of 6.3 years, with less than » Mark to market movements on derivatives and borrowings has $55.0 million of debt (excluding commercial paper outstanding) decreased net tangible assets by $20.1 million. due between the date of this report and 30 June 2023; » Primary covenant gearing of 27.5 per cent, compared to As at 30 Jun 22 31 Dec 21 Change a covenant level of 50.0 per cent; and Net gearing 27.3% 28.2% Down 90bps » Interest cover ratio at 30 June 2022 of 7.1 times, compared Weighted average 6.3 years 6.3 years Unchanged to a covenant level of 2.0 times. debt maturity Interest rate hedging 65% 69% Down 400bps Cash flows The cash balance as at June 2022 decreased to $49.0 million S&P/Moody’s A (negative)/ A (negative)/ Unchanged (31 December 2021: $61.5 million). The following table shows the credit rating A2 (stable) A2 (stable) reconciliation from FFO to the cash flow from operating activities and free cash flow: 30 Jun 22 30 Jun 21 Change For the half year ended $M $M % Sources of funds FFO 326.5 302.3 8.0% Foreign Less: non-cash items (13.6) (18.7) 27.3% bank debt 4% included in FFO (Less)/add: net movement (10.7) 7.3 N/A Domestic USPP in inventory bank debt 15% 33% Movements in working capital (30.4) (1.9) Large and reserves Secured bank debt 2% Net cash inflows from 271.8 289.0 (6.0%) operating activities Commercial Add/(less): net movement 10.7 (7.3) N/A Paper 11% in inventory Less: maintenance capex (39.2) (26.6) (47.4%) CPI Bonds and lease incentives 2% (excluding rent free) Foreign MTNs Domestic 12% MTNs 21% Free cash flow 243.3 255.1 (4.6%) The decrease in free cash flow is a result of lower operating cash flows caused by movements in working capital and higher maintenance capex and lease incentives. The Non-IFRS information included above has not been audited in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards, but has been derived from note 1 and note 9 of the accompanying financial statements. THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 5
GROUP PERFORMANCE Office $6.2b Performance Operations net income The Office portfolio achieved a net revaluation uplift of $6.8 million (0.1 per cent) in the OFFICE PORTFOLIO VALUE 1 first half of 2022 (30 June 2021: net revaluation of $121.2 million), including GPT’s equity (31 December 2021: $6.1b) interest in the GPT Wholesale Office Fund (GWOF). The largest revaluations were recorded at Australia Square (50 per cent) of $15.0 million, 181 William & 550 Bourke Streets (50 per cent) 92.0% of $5.7 million and 32 Smith of $4.4 million, which was offset by a devaluation at 60 Station Street of $19.9 million. Office occupancy as at June 2022 is 92.0 per cent and the portfolio WALE is 4.7 years. OFFICE PORTFOLIO OCCUPANCY Operations net income for the period ending 30 June 2022 increased 11.0 per cent, as (31 December 2021: 92.9%) a result of the acquisition of 62 Northbourne Avenue, Canberra in November 2021 and the lease up of the Queen & Collins and 32 Smith developments that reached practical 4.7years completion last year. Comparable income growth for the portfolio was 5.0 per cent. During the period, leasing activity and office attendance was impacted by the disruption caused by the Omicron variant of COVID-19 and severe weather across Queensland and OFFICE PORTFOLIO WEIGHTED New South Wales. AVERAGE LEASE EXPIRY (31 December 2021: 5.0 years) With elevated levels of vacancy in the office market, leasing remains competitive. The Group’s differentiated space offerings appeal to a broad range of tenants and allows the Group to satisfy tenants’ evolving office space needs. The Group invests in high quality Office assets, 4.77% being 100 per cent prime grade, which are benefiting from greater tenant demand compared to secondary assets. Management is concluding rent relief arrangements, predominantly for retail tenants in OFFICE PORTFOLIO WEIGHTED Victoria and New South Wales. This has reduced net income by $0.6 million for processed AVERAGE CAPITALISATION RATE and expected rent waivers and estimated loss for uncollected rent for the six months to (31 December 2021: 4.77%) 30 June 2022. The cash collection rate for the period was 100%. 8.9% Funds Management Office Funds Management income increased to $20.7 million, as a result of GWOF’s growth during the period from $9.3 billion in gross asset value in June 2021 to $10.1 billion in June 2022, driven by investment property revaluations and acquisitions. OFFICE PORTFOLIO 12 MONTH TOTAL RETURN Development (30 June 2021: 7.6%) During the period, GWOF secured rights to acquire two adjacent properties at 153 and 157 Walker Street in North Sydney. The properties are strategically located in close proximity $5.5b to the under construction Victoria Cross metro station and the North Sydney train station. 157 Walker Street settled in June 2022 and 153 Walker Street has a deferred settlement due to occur in 2024. The Fund is working to secure Development Approval for a prime grade tower of over 45,000 sqm (dependent on planning outcomes). ESTIMATED END VALUE OF OFFICE DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE 2 GWOF’s development of 51 Flinders Lane in Melbourne is underway, with completion expected in late 2025. The project will incorporate 28,300sqm of prime office space targeting high quality boutique occupiers in the popular east end of the CBD. Master planning is also progressing for other projects in the pipeline, including Cockle Bay Park in Sydney, 81 & 91 George Street, Parramatta, 300 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne and Skygarden in Brisbane. 1. Includes GPT's interest in GWOF. 2. Includes GPT and GWOF opportunities. 6 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Logistics $4.6b Performance Operations net income The Logistics portfolio recorded a net revaluation uplift of $115.4 million (2.6 per cent) in the first half of 2022 (30 June 2021: $314.7 million) with the increase largely driven by LOGISTICS PORTFOLIO VALUE 1 leasing outcomes achieved and uplift in market rents. (31 December 2021: $4.4b) Operations net income growth of 23.4 per cent has been delivered as a result of development 98.7% completions and assets acquired over the last year. Comparable income growth for the half was 2.4 per cent. Logistics occupancy as at June 2022 is 98.7 per cent and the portfolio has a WALE of 6.2 years. The Group continued to execute its Logistics growth strategy, with the portfolio value LOGISTICS PORTFOLIO OCCUPANCY now totalling $4.6 billion. (31 December 2021: 98.8%) During the period two fund-through acquisitions held in the GPT QuadReal Logistics 6.2years Trust (GQLT) reached completion. In Brisbane, a 12,500sqm facility at 18 Gorrick Court, Bundamba reached completion in May, and is leased to Saab for a 6 year term. In Melbourne, a 70,100sqm facility at 1 Hurst Drive, Tarneit reached completion in June and is leased to e-commerce retailer vidaXL for a 10 year term. An additional fund-through LOGISTICS PORTFOLIO WEIGHTED acquisition in the south-east Melbourne market of Keysborough is expected to reach AVERAGE LEASE EXPIRY completion in the second half and is fully leased. (31 December 2021: 6.5 years) 4.09% Funds Management Funds Management income increased to $1.0 million, as a result of the Group’s growing partnership with QuadReal. The GQLT was formed to create a prime Australian logistics portfolio and the target commitment increased during the period from $1 billion to $2 billion of which GPT’s share is 50.1 per cent. LOGISTICS PORTFOLIO WEIGHTED AVERAGE CAPITALISATION RATE Half of the $2 billion target has been committed through securing land banks and (31 December 2021: 4.11%) developing the pipeline of opportunities over time. To 30 June 2022, $0.3 billion of capital has been deployed. Development The GQLT’s development at 100 Metroplex Place, Wacol in Brisbane reached practical completion in June. The 17,100sqm development was fully leased from completion to 14.0% LOGISTICS PORTFOLIO Bulk Group and Mainfreight, and has a WALE of 4.9 years. 12 MONTH TOTAL RETURN (30 June 2021: 15.1%) In early July, the Group completed a facility in Truganina in Melbourne at our Foundation Estate, and the 10,700sqm facility has been 100 per cent leased to Calibre Furniture for $1.9b a 7 year term. GPT has two developments that are expected to reach completion in the second half. In Truganina Stages 4 and 5 of our Gateway Logistics Hub are progressing well, with 100 per cent of the space leased to two occupiers. ESTIMATED END VALUE OF LOGISTICS DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE 2 In Brisbane, the final stage of our Wembley Business Park estate at Berrinba is underway. 15,100sqm of the 21,800sqm warehouse has been leased to JB Hi-Fi, who are relocating into the new development from their existing facility in the estate. The remainder of the development and the back-fill space being vacated by JB Hi-Fi are being marketed to prospective tenants. The Group continues to focus on replenishing the landbank to maintain a pipeline of future development opportunities, and in July 2022 the GQLT acquired 35.2 hectares in Epping, in Melbourne’s North, with settlement to occur in 2023. 1. Includes GPT's interest in the GQLT. 2. Includes GPT and GQLT opportunities. THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 7
GROUP PERFORMANCE Retail $5.6b Performance Operations net income The Retail portfolio achieved a net revaluation uplift of $97.3 million (1.8 per cent) in the RETAIL PORTFOLIO VALUE first half of 2022 (30 June 2021: $35.8 million), including GPT’s equity interest in the GPT (31 December 2021: $5.6 billion) Wholesale Shopping Centre Fund (GWSCF). The weighted average capitalisation rate firmed slightly to 4.98 per cent (31 December 2021: 5.03 per cent ) as a result of an uplift in the 99.3% quality of the portfolio composition post the divestment of Casuarina Square in March. Operations net income was $144.8 million, reflecting an increase of 2.7 per cent compared to June 2021. This result was impacted by rental relief given to eligible tenants due to the RETAIL PORTFOLIO OCCUPANCY extension of the Code of Conduct in NSW and Victoria to March 2022 in relation to the (31 December 2021: 99.1%) Omicron COVID-19 outbreak. Despite the impacts from COVID-19 the portfolio remains resilient with high occupancy 3.9years of 99.3 per cent (31 December 2021: 99.1 per cent). The Group completed 405 leasing deals during the period, with average fixed annual rental increases of 4.4 per cent (31 December 2021: 4.3 per cent) and an average lease term of RETAIL PORTFOLIO WEIGHTED 4.6 years (31 December 2021: 4.3 years). Leasing spreads improved to negative 4.9 per cent AVERAGE LEASE EXPIRY (31 December 2021: negative 8.5 per cent). (31 December 2021: 3.9 years) Total centre sales were up 11.5 per cent for the first half of 2022, and total specialty sales were up 11.6 per cent. Total centre sales were also up 2.9 per cent on the first half of pre-pandemic 4.98% 2019. Sales growth in all retail categories was positive for the first half of 2022 driven by a resurgence in discretionary spending, particularly in Fashion, Dining, Health and Beauty. Cinemas were up 89.3 per cent due to the ability to now trade without COVID restrictions. RETAIL PORTFOLIO WEIGHTED The recovery of Melbourne Central, our largest retail investment property and one of the AVERAGE CAPITALISATION RATE leading retail destinations in Australia, is progressing well with the centre benefiting from the (31 December 2021: 5.03%) return of students to the Melbourne CBD. The asset continues to be in strong demand by retailers, with a number of new flagship stores and experience concepts. 5.9% RETAIL PORTFOLIO Funds Management Retail Funds Management income was stable at $5.8 million with reductions in the gross asset value of GWSCF post the Wollongong and Casuarina asset divestments being offset by revaluation gains and capital expenditure. Funds Management growth continues to be a 12 MONTH TOTAL RETURN key focus and in April 2022, UniSuper selected GPT to manage its $2.8 billion portfolio of real (30 June 2021: 2.1%) estate investments, which are predominantly Retail assets. The transition of the management of the UniSuper mandate to GPT is expected to complete in September 2022. $0.7b ESTIMATED END VALUE OF Development The Group is focussed on maximising use and value from landholdings adjacent to the Retail assets and continues to advance mixed-use opportunities primarily at Rouse Hill Town Centre and Highpoint Shopping Centre. The expansion of the Rouse Hill Town Centre and RETAIL DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE 1 development of residential apartments is being progressed and is expected to commence in the first half of 2023, subject to market conditions and authority approvals. 1. Includes GPT and GWSCF opportunities. 8 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Prospects GPT is an owner and manager of There has been a strong recovery in sales Our commitment to being a leader in $27.4 billion of high quality, diversified performance across GPT’s Retail portfolio, ESG enhances and protects GPT and real estate assets with a balance sheet buoyed by low unemployment and elevated its assets for the long term. GPT has portfolio valued at $16.4 billion. Portfolio levels of household savings. However, given more carbon neutral certified floorspace occupancy at 30 June 2022 was 97.5 per rising interest rates, it is expected that retail than any other Australian property cent and we are expecting that the quality sales growth will moderate. owner, and this continues to grow. We of our portfolio will continue to attract are also innovating with an investment Strong retail sales volumes continue to ongoing tenant demand. in the restoration of 1,100 hectares of underpin demand for Logistics facilities. Australian biodiverse native koala habitat The COVID-19 pandemic continues to The logistics sector is also benefiting from in partnership with Greenfleet and First disrupt the Australian economy and ongoing structural tailwinds with occupiers Nations peoples for permanent removal GPT’s operating environment. While most investing in the supply chain, along with of our development pipeline residual government pandemic restrictions have increasing penetration of e-commerce. carbon emissions. The large scale of this been lifted, global economies including Vacancy rates remain low in the core markets nature positive initiative provides certainty Australia are facing inflationary pressures nationwide, resulting in an expectation for to stakeholders of GPT’s ongoing ability and central banks including the Reserve further increases in market rents. to operate our assets carbon neutral and Bank of Australia have commenced The Group has a growing development upfront commit to embodied carbon raising interest rates. As a result, GPT’s pipeline with an estimated end value of neutral developments. cost of debt will increase in the second $8.1 billion, providing the opportunity half of 2022 and further in 2023. The near term to further up weight in the Outlook effect of rising bond yields is observed in strong Logistics sector and to create While uncertainty remains in our the recent slowing of investment capital next generation Office assets over the trading environment, including further flows and general economic uncertainty, medium to long term in Melbourne, Sydney, rising interest rates, the Group expects with the possibility of an increase in the North Sydney, Parramatta and Brisbane. to deliver 2022 FFO of approximately expectation for higher asset yields in the The expansion of the Rouse Hill Town 32.4 cents per security and a distribution future. This may lead to a softening of Centre and development of residential of 25.0 cents per security. valuation metrics for real estate assets. apartments is expected to commence in Whilst Retail shopping centres have GPT’s high quality diversified portfolio, the first half of 2023, subject to market broadly recovered since the end of strong balance sheet and experienced conditions and authority approvals. government pandemic restrictions, the management team is well positioned to Strategically the Group is also focused create long-term value for securityholders. return of CBD workers to the workplace on growing its funds under management, has been subdued even after mandated underpinned by the Funds’ existing work from home orders were fully lifted in development pipeline and enhanced late February 2022. Conditions including by UniSuper selecting GPT to manage prolonged extreme weather in Sydney its $2.8 billion portfolio of real estate and Brisbane, the outbreak of the winter investments. The UniSuper mandate flu season and the current COVID-19 transition to GPT management is expected infection wave are impacting office to complete in September 2022. The space utilisation. remaining uncommitted $1 billion capacity GPT currently has 8 per cent (by area) of its in the ungeared GQLT and low gearing Office portfolio vacant, and in the remainder levels in GWOF and GWSCF, position each of 2022, 9 per cent of the portfolio’s leases of our funds strongly to grow through (by income) expire. Our team is actively opportunistic acquisition and development. pursuing opportunities to secure tenants At 30 June 2022, the Group’s balance sheet for this space. Tenants are continuing to net gearing was 27.3 per cent, below the seek out accommodation in better quality midpoint of our stated gearing range of office buildings and many businesses are 25 - 35 per cent and with cash and undrawn taking the opportunity to upgrade their bank facilities totalling $1.1 billion to meet space, leading to growing demand in the funding requirements through to 2024. GPT premium office market. This supports has strong credit ratings of A (negative) and GPT’s view that this segment of the market A2 (stable) by S&P and Moody’s respectively. will be more resilient over the long-term. In light of rising interest rates and uncertainty Our assets have an average NABERS in higher financing costs, in late July energy rating of 5.8 stars and we expect interest rate hedging levels were increased an increasing number of office tenants will resulting in the Group being 71% hedged on seek to be located in assets with strong drawn debt as at 30 June 2022 for the next environmental credentials. 2.5 years at an average rate of 2.8%. THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 9
RISK MANAGEMENT Risk Management GPT's approach to risk management incorporates culture, conduct, compliance, processes and systems to enable the Group to realise potential opportunities while managing potential adverse effects. Our commitment to integrated risk management ensures an Managing risk in an uncertain operating environment enterprise-wide approach to the identification, assessment and Over the last two years, COVID-19 has been the key driver of risks management of risk, consistent with AS/NZS ISO 31000:2018. in GPT's operating environment. GPT's pandemic response is now embedded into our usual business practices and although COVID-19 Risk Management Framework continues to cause some disruption, the rapidly evolving macro- economic conditions have replaced the pandemic as the primary driver of risks to the business. Risk Policy Communication and Consultation In particular, GPT has identified rising inflation and increases in Monitoring and Review interest rates as having the potential to impact the Group's future Risk Appetite Risk Governance financial performance. This can happen directly through increased borrowing and other costs, and indirectly through changes in Risk Culture consumer sentiment, retail sales, supply chain disruption and in the transactions market for commercial real estate, both through a slowing in capital flows and a resetting of required Risk Management Processes and Systems investment returns. Identification | Assessment The GPT Board has recently reviewed the Group's Risk Appetite Treatment | Assurance and Reporting Statement and Key Risks Dashboard, with a focus on the uncertain macro-economic environment. GPT's Risk Management Framework continues to operate effectively. GPT's Risk Management Framework is overseen by the Board and consists of the following key elements: 1. Risk Policy – The Risk Policy sets out the Group’s approach to risk management, which is reviewed annually by the Board Sustainability and Risk Committee. The Risk Policy is available on GPT's website. 2. Risk Appetite Statement – The Board sets GPT’s risk appetite to align with strategy, having regard to GPT's operating environment and key risks. Risk appetite is documented in our Risk Appetite Statement, against which all key investment decisions are assessed. 3. Risk Governance – The Board is supported in its oversight of the Risk Management Framework by the Sustainability and Risk Committee, which reviews the effectiveness of the Framework, and by the Audit Committee, the Leadership Team and the Investment Committee. 4. Risk Culture – GPT maintains a transparent and accountable culture where risk is actively considered and managed in our day-to-day activities. Risk culture is assessed as part of all internal audits and tracked using a Risk Culture Scorecard. 5. Risk Management Processes and Systems – GPT has robust processes and systems in place for the identification, assessment, treatment, assurance and reporting of risk. 10 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Key risks The following table sets out GPT’s material risks and our actions in response to them. Included in the table is an indication of the change in the level of each risk during the period. Change in Risk for Value Creation Risks Our Response 6 months to June 2022 Input Affected Portfolio Operating and » A portfolio diversified by sector and geography Our investors Financial Performance » Structured review of market conditions twice a year, Rising inflation and Real estate Our portfolio including briefings from economists increases in interest rates Our people operating and have the potential to » Scenario modelling and stress testing of assumptions Environment financial performance negatively impact GPT's to inform decisions is influenced by financial performance. Our customers, internal and external » A disciplined investment and divestment approval suppliers and factors including our process, including extensive due diligence requirements communities investment decisions, » A development pipeline to enhance asset returns and market conditions, maintain asset quality interest rates, economic » Active management of our assets, including leasing, to factors and potential ensure a large and diversified tenant base disruption. » Experienced and capable management, supplemented with external capabilities where appropriate » A structured program of investor engagement Development » A disciplined acquisition and development approval Our investors Development provides process, including extensive due diligence requirements GPT’s development Real estate the Group with access » Oversight of developments through regular cross- pipeline remains strong, Our people to new, high quality functional Project Control Group meetings particularly in the Office assets. Environment » Scenario modelling and stress testing of assumptions to and Logistics portfolios. Delivering assets There are some signs of Our customers, inform decisions that exceed our supply chain disruption suppliers and » Experienced management capability communities risk adjusted return and increasing costs as a requirements and » Application of a well defined development risk appetite result of macroeconomic meet our sustainability with metrics around the proportion of a portfolio under conditions, however these objectives is critical to development, contractor exposure and leasing pre- risks are being effectively our success. commitments managed and are not impacting project delivery at the current time. Capital Management » Stated gearing range of 25 to 35 per cent consistent with Our investors Effective capital stable investment grade credit ratings in the “A” range Significant liquidity is in management is » Maintenance of a minimum liquidity buffer in cash place and gearing sits imperative to meet and surplus committed credit facilities below the mid-point the Group’s ongoing of the stated range, » Diversified funding sources funding requirements however the cost of debt and to withstand » Maintenance of a long weighted average debt term, with is increasing materially in market volatility. limits on the maximum amount of debt expiring in any the forthcoming periods. 12 month period » Hedging of interest rates to keep exposure within policy » Limits on currency exposure » Limits on exposure to counterparties KEY Risk increased No change in risk Risk decreased THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 11
RISK MANAGEMENT Key risks CONTINUED Change in Risk for Value Creation Risks Our Response 6 months to June 2022 Input Affected Health and Safety » A culture of safety first and integration of safety risk Real estate GPT is committed management across the business COVID-19 continues Our people to promoting and » Comprehensive health and safety management systems to present a risk to Our customers, protecting the health, the health, safety » Training and education of employees and induction suppliers and safety and wellbeing of and wellbeing of our of contractors communities its people, customers, employees, customers, contractors and all » Engagement of specialist safety consultants to assist in contractors and users of users of our assets. identifying risks and appropriate mitigation actions our assets. There have » Prompt and thorough investigation of all safety incidents been no other changes to ascertain root causes and prevent future occurrences in the period, which have » Participation in knowledge sharing within the industry materially impacted » Comprehensive Crisis Management and Business health and safety risk. Continuity Plans, tested annually People and Culture » Active adoption and promotion of GPT’s values Our investors Our ongoing success » A comprehensive employee Code of Conduct, including The employment market Our people depends on our ability consequences for non-compliance has tightened and to attract, engage and competition for skilled » Employee Engagement Surveys every 18 to 24 months retain a motivated resources has increased with action plans to address results and high-performing during the period. workforce to deliver » An annual performance management process, setting As a result, GPT has our strategic objectives objectives and accountability experienced increased and an inclusive culture » Promotion of an inclusive workplace culture where staff turnover, although that supports GPT's differences are valued, supported by policies and training this increase has not been core values. » Monitoring of both risk culture and conduct risk material and is in line with » An incentive system with capacity for discretionary industry turnover rates. adjustments and clawback policy » Benchmarking and setting competitive remuneration » Development and succession planning » Workforce planning Environmental and » A portfolio of climate resilient assets that we own, Our investors Social Sustainability develop and maintain through asset-level investment, GPT remains at the Real estate Delivering sustainable divestment and capital expenditure strategies forefront of environmental Our people outcomes for » A world-class Environment and Sustainability Management and social sustainability, investors, customers, Environment System, including policies and procedures for managing but acknowledges the communities and the environmental and social sustainability risks speed of change in this Our customers, environment, today and area and the need to suppliers and » Participation in the S&P Global Corporate Sustainability for future generations, adapt quickly. It is a key communities Assessment, Global Real Estate Sustainability is essential. GPT focus area. Benchmark and other industry benchmarks understands and recognises that changes » Climate related risks and potential financial impacts to the environment are assessed within GPT’s enterprise-wide Risk and society can Management Framework affect our assets and » Climate change reporting in line with the business operations. recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures » Active community engagement via The GPT Foundation, GPT’s Reconciliation Action Plan and other targeted programs » A Modern Slavery Statement and program of work in response to Modern Slavery legislation KEY Risk increased No change in risk Risk decreased 12 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Change in Risk for Value Creation Risks Our Response 6 months to June 2022 Input Affected Technology and » A comprehensive technology risk management Real estate Cyber Security framework including third party risk management There has been no Our people Our ability to prevent procedures around cyber security material change in GPT's Our customers, critical outages, ensure » Policies, guidelines and standards for Information technology and cyber suppliers and ongoing available Management and Privacy security risk profile during communities system access and the period. Cyber security » Security testing and training completed by a specialist respond to major threats are assessed on external security firm, including penetration testing, cyber security threats an ongoing basis, with phishing exercises and social engineering testing and breaches of our systems and processes information technology » A Disaster Recovery Plan including annual disaster to respond to threats systems is vital to recovery testing, and a comprehensive Cyber Security tested regularly. ensure ongoing Incident Response Plan business continuity and » External specialists and technology solutions in place to the safety of people monitor GPT platforms and assets. » Regular updates to technology hardware and software incorporating recommended security patches » Annual cyber risk assessments » An Information Security Risk and Compliance Committee overseeing information security » Alignment to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cyber Security Framework Compliance » An experienced management team with Legal, Tax, Our investors and Regulation Finance, Compliance and Risk Management expertise Real estate There has been no We ensure compliance » Engagement of external expert advisors as required material change in Our people with all applicable » An internal and external audit program overseen by GPT's compliance and Environment regulatory requirements the Audit Committee of the Board regulatory risk during through our established Our customers, » Active management of the Group’s Compliance the period. policies and suppliers and frameworks. Plans, in accordance with the requirements of the communities Corporations Law » Internal committees such as a Continuous Disclosure Committee, a Data Privacy Committee and a Cyber Security Governance Committee to monitor key compliance risks » An Anti-money Laundering and Counter-terrorism Financing Policy, a Conflicts Management Policy, a Whistleblower Policy, a Code of Conduct and other internal policies and procedures which are reviewed and enforced » An ongoing program of training which addresses all key compliance requirements » Active involvement in the Property Council of Australia and other industry bodies KEY Risk increased No change in risk Risk decreased THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 13
RISK MANAGEMENT Climate-related risks The need for urgent global action to address climate change has seen increased acceptance and rising momentum over the past year, following events such as the COP26 United Nations Climate Change Conference in October 2021. The outcomes of COP26 highlight the importance of action in this decade to halve emissions by 2030 to have the best chance of keeping global temperatures below 1.5 degrees Celsius. As the owner and manager of a $27.4 billion Our business strategy of owning, This strategic flood mitigation investment, portfolio of office, logistics and retail managing, and developing a diversified, which included newly installed floodgates, properties across Australia, GPT recognises high quality portfolio of property assets sewer and stormwater diversion works and the importance of identifying, monitoring principally located in Australian capital an updated flood management plan, was and transparently reporting the climate cities and established regional centres, instrumental in keeping our assets fully change risks and opportunities that could ensures that we are well positioned to operational and the fast actions taken by have a material impact on its assets and manage stresses and shocks, including the building management team meant our on the communities in which it operates. those from climate change. customers had constant access, with full services such as electricity, water, and lifts Climate risk considerations inform key This strategy also supports a long-term remaining available. decision-making across the Group, both to approach to investment in initiatives to reduce the impact of our business on the help achieve our sustainability goals, Further examples of our adaptation plans, environment and to ensure the resilience including tools to inform building design a detailed summary of the scenarios of our assets to climate change. These and operations, and climate scenario adopted by GPT, and the potential impacts range from resilience planning for a fast modelling. This benefits our tenants and identified by this analysis can be found in transition to a low carbon energy supply to our broader stakeholders and improves the the Group’s Climate Disclosure Statement scenario modelling and adaptation planning resilience of our assets to the impacts of on GPT’s website. This Statement is for future physical impacts during asset physical climate risks. prepared with reference to the Task Force acquisitions, major development projects on Climate-related Financial Disclosures GPT has adopted two global warming and major lifecycle upgrades. (TCFD) recommendations. scenarios to model the potential future impacts of climate change on its business Governance Risk Management and to ensure these impacts and GPT’s approach to managing climate Effective risk management is fundamental opportunities are considered in developing change risk is overseen by the Board and to GPT’s ability to achieve its strategic and the Group’s strategy. the Sustainability and Risk Committee operational objectives. By understanding (SRC). Management reports to the SRC The Group implemented a range of and effectively managing risk, GPT can on sustainability matters such as climate mitigation and adaptation planning create and protect enterprise value and change risks and opportunities, compliance strategies in response to climate change provide greater certainty and confidence with GPT's Environmental Management and it is seeing tangible results. In February for stakeholders. System and the delivery and assurance this year, Brisbane and its surrounding areas Applying our enterprise-wide Risk of environmental performance targets. experienced severe flooding, which caused Management Framework, GPT’s Risk Team widespread damage and power outages for monitors the operation of risk management Strategy many businesses and buildings in the city. processes and assists in the identification, GPT’s overarching business strategy is Centrally located on the Riverside precinct, assessment, treatment and monitoring of outlined in the Our Strategy section of our iconic One One One Eagle Street and identified risks. The Risk Team supports the The GPT Group 2021 Annual Report. In Riverside Centre locations were highly Leadership Team, the GPT Board, the Funds 2021, the Group’s strategy was refined exposed due to the continued swelling of Management Board, and their respective to include ESG leadership as a strategic the Brisbane River. However, key capital committees, in ensuring that the Group priority that will drive our ability to works and risk management activities that manages risk appropriately. create value in the future. The proactive were undertaken following the 2011 flood identification and management of key Climate change risk is included on GPT’s event, ensured that both buildings were risks and opportunities, including those Key Risk Dashboard, which is reviewed protected and accessible. related to climate change, support every six months by the Board Sustainability the achievement of the Group’s strategy. and Risk Committee and quarterly by the Leadership Team. The Committee receives quarterly updates on the status of the actions and commitments disclosed in the metrics and targets section of GPT’s Climate Disclosure Statement. 14 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
BUSINESS GROUP RISK DIRECTORS' FINANCIAL OVERVIEW PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT STATEMENTS Since 2018, GPT’s Energy Management Metrics and Targets Plan has paid particular attention to GPT monitors its direct climate impacts the risks of rising energy costs and and reports on emissions, energy, water reduced reliability of supply as the grid and waste for each property annually. transitions from ageing coal-fired power Our Environment Dashboard includes a to renewable energy. portfolio-level summary for all key metrics The Plan has three key pillars – — electricity, water, fuels, recycling, and decarbonisation, resilient energy supplies emissions — since 2005. and partnerships. Energy efficiency GPT obtains independent external anchors our decarbonisation strategy, assurance over sustainability performance with our average building efficiency data including the following climate change improving by over 50% since 2005. metrics: energy consumption and energy This has delivered both emissions production in base building and tenancies, reductions and significant financial Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas savings to mitigate rising energy prices. emissions, water consumption, waste Additionally, progressive procurement generated, and materials recycled by grade. when buying energy means GPT can optimise energy purchases at less volatile GPT sets environmental performance and times in the market cycles. On-site solar PV resilience targets, driven by operational (photo voltaic arrays) projects also reduce optimisation programs and capital upgrades. exposure to energy market increases. Medium to longterm operational emissions targets are also set at a portfolio level to In addition, the Group has been inform energy procurement and offsets. implementing innovative energy resilience plans with its energy partners. These GPT obtains external certification of its demand-side flexibility programs use carbon neutral status through the Australian predictive technology to better match our Government Climate Active for Buildings energy consumption to supply availability, Certification, which covers material Scope 1, allowing us to use less energy when there 2, and 3 emissions. are supply constraint issues in the grid. In addition, GPT’s corporate activities and Backup generators are utilised when there business premises, including its travel and are severe supply constraints, and GPT consumables, have been certified as carbon are now starting to introduce large battery neutral by Climate Active since 2011. storage into buildings to further improve resilience. With these processes, we describe our buildings as ‘Smart Energy Hubs’ that are part of the solution for Find out more us all to transition to a renewable and GPT's Climate Disclosure sustainable future. Statement is available on our In implementing these three strategies, website: www.gpt.com.au GPT will see minimal impact on the cost of operating its buildings due to energy market volatility over the next 18 months and it is closely watching the 2024 markets for any longer-term risks. One One One Eagle Street and Riverside Centre, Brisbane THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022 15
DIRECTORS’ REPORT Directors’ Report The Directors of GPT RE Limited, the Responsible Entity of General Property Trust, present Auditor’s independence declaration their report together with the financial statements of the General Property Trust (the Trust) A copy of the auditor’s independence and its controlled entities (the trust consolidated entity) for the half year ended 30 June declaration as required under section 2022. The trust consolidated entity together with GPT Management Holdings Limited and 307C of the Corporations Act 2001 is set its controlled entities form the stapled entity, The GPT Group (GPT or The Group). out on page 18 and forms part of the General Property Trust is a registered scheme, GPT Management Holdings Limited is Directors’ Report. a company limited by shares, and GPT RE Limited is a company limited by shares, each of which is incorporated and domiciled in Australia. The registered office and principal Rounding of amounts place of business is Level 51, 25 Martin Place, Sydney NSW 2000. The amounts contained in this report and in the financial statements have been The Directors’ Report for the half year ended 30 June 2022 has been prepared in rounded to the nearest hundred thousand accordance with the requirements of the Corporations Act 2001 and includes the dollars unless otherwise stated (where following information: rounding is applicable) under the option » Operating and Financial Review, including a review of the Group’s operations available to GPT under ASIC Corporations and financial position, on pages 1 to 15 (Rounding in Financial/Directors’ Reports) » Information on the Directors on page 16; and Instrument 2016/191. GPT is an entity to which the Instrument applies. » Auditor’s Independence Declaration on page 18. Events subsequent to reporting date On 15 August 2022, the Directors declared a distribution for the half year ended 30 June 2022 of 12.7 cents per security, being $243.3 million which is expected to be paid on 31 August 2022. On 1 July 2022, GPT acquired parcels of land at 865 Boundary Road, Truganina for consideration of $34.0 million. The parcels of land will be classified as investment property under development and inventory respectively. Other than the above, the Directors are not aware of any matter or circumstances occurring since 30 June 2022 that has significantly or may significantly affect the operations of GPT, the results of those operations or the state of affairs of GPT in the subsequent financial years. Directors The Directors of GPT Management Holdings Limited and GPT RE Limited at any time during or since the end of the half year are: Chairman, Non-Executive Director Vickki McFadden (joined the Board in March 2018, appointed Chairman in May 2018) Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director Bob Johnston (joined the Board in September 2015) Non-Executive Directors Anne Brennan (joined the Board on 1 May 2022) Tracey Horton AO (joined the Board in May 2019) Angus McNaughton (joined the Board in November 2018 and retired on 11 May 2022) Mark Menhinnitt (joined the Board in October 2019) Michelle Somerville (joined the Board in December 2015) Robert Whitfield AM (joined the Board in May 2020) 16 THE GPT GROUP INTERIM REPORT 2022
You can also read