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Indonesian Journal of Environmental
Management and Sustainability
e-ISSN:2598-6279 p-ISSN:2598-6260
Research Paper
River Pollution and Human Health Risks: Assessment in The Locality Areas
Proximity of Bengawan Solo River, Surakarta, Indonesia
Aboyitungiye Jean Baptiste1 *, Suryanto2 , Evi Gravitiani1 , Ngezahayo Eric1
1 Faculty of Economics &Business, Economic Studies and Development, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36, Kentingan, Kec. Jebres, Kota
Surakarta, Jawa Tengah 57126 Indonesia
2 Faculty of Environmental Science, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36, Kentingan, Kec. Jebres, Kota Surakarta, Jawa Tengah 57126
Indonesia
*Corresponding author e-mail: aboyitu@gmail.com
Abstract
Bengawan Solo River experiences a critical environment characterized by impurity and unsanitary on the part of its coasts.
The locality inhabitants do not take the waste to appropriate places. This waste adorns streets, tributaries rivers and therefore
ends up in the Bengawan Solo river during the rainy season. The discharge of waste in these various unconventional and
unofficial places causes all kinds of nuisances, degrades the conditions of life and health of the population, and especially
worsens the state of insalubrity of the river. This study goes over the problems of household waste management and potential
impacts on the resident health surrounding the areas of Bengawan solo river. In the light of the results obtained, waste
constitutes mountains of garbage dumped in the sides of the river, the gutters, along the rails, and especially in illegal dumps
and very often, in places of stagnation of water. It turned out that this waste has an impact on the health of populations.
From the objective through qualitative analyzes to research subjects, this research gives recommendations and contributions
on Indonesian waste management regulations towards health risks prevention of inhabitants surrounding the riverbanks.
Keywords
Health, pollution, waste management, environment, landfilling.
Received: 5 February 2021, Accepted: 2 March 2021
https://doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2021.5.1.13-20
1. Introduction of life now exerts an extremely diverse and ever-increasing
Environment pollution by human activities-generated waste influence on environmental heath (UNEN, 2020). Across
has been an issue since the 19th century (Uglietti et al., the country, a statistically significant decrease in air pollu-
2015). This problem has become global because, with the tion has come from COVID-19 lockdowns (Caraka et al.,
2020). This unexpected opportunity to observe air pollu-
advancement and development of technology, the amount of
tion patterns linked to human activity and containments
waste is increasing every year at an exponential rate (Sima
et al., 2020). Current statistics show that the amount of will be invaluable for a better understanding of how reg-
waste emitted is expected to increase by 3.4 billions tons ulations on air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions
over the next 30 years (WB, 2018). Moreover, in addition to can have. an impact on climate change. The decline in-
poverty, unemployment, health, housing, and environmental tensity of human activities had also led to environmental
recovery (Mollona et al., 2019). On the other hand, more
problems, many cities are increasingly under the influence
waste such as disposable masks, medical and biohazardous
of household waste produced by their populations (Bhakta,
2020). waste, antibacterial soaps and gels, and single-use items
Indonesia, considered as the first megalopolis of South- has increased pollution in water and on land (Sangkham,
east Asia, with an estimated population of over 273,523,615, 2020). Per capita waste generation has increased globally
these population, which aspire to a development dynamic over the past 50 years (Gutberlet and Uddin, 2017), cities
generate between 7 and 10 billion tons of waste per year,
likely to improve their lives, are faced with the harmful
and according to the World Bank, this Figure is expected
consequences of waste on the quality of life, the environment
and public health (Surya et al., 2020). The expansion of to increase or even double in African and Asian cities by
villages, population growth, the universal spread of the way 2050 Figure 1. This is strongly and positively correlated
Baptiste et. al. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 5 (2021) 13-20
(Colombijn and Morbidini, 2017). Environmental problems
that arise include clogging of rivers and waterways due to
garbage, becoming a source of disease, causing pollution to
groundwater, soil layers, as well as air pollution (Ferronato
and Torretta, 2019). Waste management involves a wide
range of different actors and different practices and the form
in which the waste is treated is important. The diverse form
of waste management institutions or agencies in the country
are limited and encounter several problems (Qodriyatun,
2015), we will mention:
Financial constraints due in particular to insufficient
Figure 1. Waste Generation Projection by Region
financial resources mobilized for waste management in the
(Millions of Tons/Year)
cities. This results in an insufficient number of vehicles,
personnel, containers, but also in the absence of taxes and
charges specific to waste management, which makes it diffi-
cult to develop a cost recovery system.
The technical constraints, mainly linked to the inade-
quacy of the material resources mobilized for the collection
and transport of waste, the absence of technical prescrip-
tions and control standards for the various operations of the
waste management system (collection, transport, transfer,
treatment, etc.), but also to waste disposal methods that are
not up to the standard. Without forgetting the problem of
illegal, uncontrolled, and often badly located dumps, which
constitute a public health problem. Besides, these landfills
are often located near residential areas and large cities to
reduce transport costs, which creates foul odors.
Figure 2. Pollution audit: Waste and Health Risks Constraints are linked to the incivility of the inhabitants
and which refer to aspects of education and awareness.
According to the Indonesian Marine Hotspot, 2018, the
with population growth and consumption growth Figure 2, capacity or ability of the agencies or waste managers in
(Abdel-Shafy and Mansour, 2018). different cities is smaller than the amount of waste to manage.
Waste collection in Indonesia has been a critical issue The amount of national waste generation is 175,000 tons
(Global Plastic Action Partnership , GPAP). Yet rates col- per day or the equivalent of 64 million tons per year if using
lection vary largely by income households levels (Brotosusilo the assumption of 0.7 kg of waste produced per person per
et al., 2020). It is often mischief to think of technology as the day (KLHK, 2019). It is revealed that the existence of
solution to the problem of unmanaged and increasing waste. various forms of solid waste management institutions makes
Technology is not a panacea and is usually just one factor it difficult for guidance to be carried out by the central
to consider when managing solid waste. Most of the waste government. As a result, the absence of mismanagement
generated by households still ends up in final disposal sites. of basic infrastructure will have serious consequences for
Meanwhile, the capacity of the disposal sites for garbage, human and environmental health.
especially in big cities is getting full. Data from the Min- Currently, most poor city dwellers are more vulnerable
istry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK, 2019: Indonesia to hazards and natural disasters as they live in informal
language) in February 2019, released that Indonesia cur- settlements and unsafe sites where basic services are often
rently produces at least 64 million tons of waste piles every lacking (Abunyewah et al., 2018). Many live in tens of thou-
year. Based on these data, about 60 percent of the waste sands of small urban centers and in hundreds of thousands
are transported and dumped to the TPA, 10 percent of the of large towns with several thousand inhabitants that can
waste is recycled, while the other 30 percent is not man- also be considered small urban centers. In these neighbor-
aged and pollutes the environment. It is often supported by hoods, the surface dumping of solid waste generates soil and
traditional and informal management structures. However, water contamination as well as emissions of methane and
as the population continues to increase and the culture of other gases, posing risks to human and environmental health
consumption continues to increase, traditional methods and (Boelee et al., 2019). The problem of household waste is
informal waste disposal (dumped into rivers, ditches, oceans, becoming more and more worrying because of the polluting
or dumped carelessly) create problems for the environment nature, even toxic, in some cases (Ferronato and Torretta,
2019). Much more, the overflow of runoff due for the most
© 2021 The Authors. Page 14 of 20Baptiste et. al. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 5 (2021) 13-20
part to the obstruction of the gutters following the storage
of waste in pipes, rivers, streams on the public highway is
the basis of very significant material and human damage
(Ayilara et al., 2020). In some communities, the dumps are
in the open next to the houses. These different dumps are
reservoirs of harmful insects and microbes responsible for
several deadly diseases, which constitute real public health
problems (Khatri and Tyagi, 2014).
Within Audi, 2019 study on solid waste, waste is cur-
rently scattered in nature without respecting hygiene rules
and legislation on waste management. Thus, this waste can
spread in the environment by the percolation of leachate, the
runoff of leaching water towards neighboring watercourses,
or even by degassing the volatile compounds trapped in the
matrix of the waste which escapes into the outside air or by Figure 3. Waste Dump on The Riverbanks-Bengawan Solo
flying debris and dust. This study goes over the problems
of household waste management and potential impacts on
the resident health surrounding the areas of Bengawan solo
overcome discriminatory practices that limit their chances in
river. From the objective, this research should give and
life. It is a collective learning process that enables people to
contribute any recommendation about waste management
determine and improve their livelihoods. This includes mak-
that pollutes the river.
ing information available, as information reduces uncertainty
Can mistreated waste harm our lives?
and expands options for decision making.
The accumulation of waste quantities in a city generates
On the riverbanks of Bengawan Solo river, it is common
problems that degrade its living environment: foul odors,
to see wild discharges that multiply especially with moun-
breeding grounds, pollution of the air, water, soil, etc. As
tains of rubbish that develop in the collection points to the
attested by Godswill et al., 2020, waste is material, other
right-of-way of the roads Figure 3. The edges of the surface
than radioactive material, called to be eliminated or treated
water are degraded because of the discharge of waste by
by reasons and with a specific elimination process. The
the population. Also, some biomedical waste from clinics,
disposal of this waste, which is the responsibility of local
care utensils for children, and sludge from inappropriate
communities, poses problems of cost and choice of sites.
waste from septic tanks are discharged into these places
How to get rid of these multiple amounts of household waste
without treatment. Such a practice is at the root of the
in a profitable way and without causing damage to the
disturbance of the aquatic environment by excessive depo-
environment and human health? Organizational, technical
sition of mineral elements. This phenomenon corresponds
and institutional deficits, inadequate infrastructure as well
to eutrophication or dystrophication according to WHO,
as a lack of good citizenship push people to leave their
2014, which may have repercussions on aquatic resources.
waste anywhere (Qodriyatun, 2015). The mistreatment
Besides, waste affects the receiving environments through
of this waste can cause nuisance and impacts on the soil,
its discharge (nature pollution). This can lead to substances
water, air, fauna, flora, and human health. Studies like
produced by leaching from the soil and from solid wastes
Palaniveloo et al., 2020 have already shown that household
to contaminate underground and surface sources, thus exac-
waste is a source of pathogenic microbes. Infection with
erbating the problems caused by insufficient access to safe
resistant microbes delays the healing of disease increases the
drinking water and sanitation. One of the corollaries of such
rate of mortality and morbidity with subsequent economic
a situation is the increased risk of disease transmission (M.T
consequences (Dadgostar, 2019).
et al., 2019).
Waste has an impact on the living environment (WHO,
Water is the main vector of pollution generated by wastes
2020). They occupy large areas that increase with the evo-
abandoned or disposed of in unsatisfactory ecological con-
lution of the population and time. The absence of their
ditions (Palaniveloo et al., 2020). Thus, the pollution of
removal offers a sad sight because they pollute the living
groundwater which contributes to the drinking water supply
environment (visual quality of the landscape). Such a situa-
appears to be the result of infiltration and the diffusion of
tion tarnishes the image of the city by obstructing gutters
leachate in the permeable or cracked subsoil. As for the pol-
and drainage works for wastewater and rain. The situation
lution of surface water, it can result from the overflow and
is worsened especially during the rainy season with conse-
flow of leachate storage basins in the hydrographic network
quences such as pollution of groundwater and surface water
or from runoff water causing part of the waste to deposit in
as well as degradation of the human environment.
yards of water.
Capacity building in waste management is about social
Apart from dealing with the problem of environmen-
and political relationships that aim to empower people to
© 2021 The Authors. Page 15 of 20Baptiste et. al. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 5 (2021) 13-20
tal damage, the Bengawan Solo watershed has also been
polluted by its rivers. The existence of pollution by liquid
waste has resulted in a decrease in the quality of its tributary
rivers (Roosmini et al., 2018). Water quality has continued
to decline over the years to a year, this is illustrated by
the results of the measurement of the pollution load for
BOD, COD, and NH3 N carried out in the Central Java
Province Prokasih. The Ecoton research team collected
water samples from seven locations on the Bengawan Solo
river, representing the upstream, middle, and downstream
segments from August to October 2020. After testing them,
the research team discovered microplastic contamination in
the upstream part of Ngawi Regency at 76 particles per 100
liters. The amount of microplastic pollutants increased in
the downstream area and was found between 115 and 119
particles per 100 liters on the north coast of the province
of East Java. They revealed that the consequences are not
only for aquatic life but poses threat to human health as Figure 4. Bengawan Solo River Map in Surakarta
well.
According to Fernández-González et al., 2020, integrated
and sustainable waste management should not be given top
priority but must go beyond technical aspects to include
various key elements and supports of sustainability to ensure
the success of any waste management project. As attested
by the Indonesian news brief and action alert Tristan, 2018,
Indonesia has failed to take action to manage waste. With
65 million tons of waste produced per day, 15 million tons Figure 5. Relation Human Activities and Environment
end up in ecosystems and communities. Poor municipal
waste management leads to a significant increase in GHG
emissions from landfills and lower quality of life. The vast areas on the map Figure 4 show the study locations.
majority of methane-released organic waste material is still
uncaptured. With 24% of waste unmanaged and plastic 3. Research findings and discussions on percep-
consumption increasing, Indonesia is falling behind in waste tions of resident health risks
management. Poor waste management is one of the irrefutable sources of
harm to human health (WHO, 2020). Indeed, the substances
2. Approach and location description included in household waste are likely to cause adverse
This study uses first a narrative review and a qualitative effects or damage to human health. Figure 4 establishes a
approach to report the environmental issue of the Bengawan relationship between poor waste management, health, and
Solo river. The physical settings are based on reports docu- environmental quality. When not well managed, they attract
mentation, field observation, location of vulnerable places animals such as stray dogs, cats, rats, mice, etc., pests like
such Mojo Bridge and Jurug Bridge, and informal interview mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches but also harm the health
on respondents living in the location. To triangulate the of the population. These insects are the dominant factor in
evidence in the qualitative study, a semi-structured question- the creation of vector production nests offering bioecological
naire is used as the basic tool to collect primary data and conditions favorable to the development of pathogenic germs
intends to explore the behavior of individuals in the study (viruses, bacteria, parasites) responsible for many diseases
area concerning waste management and health risks and to and causing several diseases including malaria, hepatitis,
understand how they affect the phenomena in question. yellow fever, typhoid fever, diarrhea, cholera.
Bengawan Solo River Figure 4 is the longest river on Residents meet at the place complain about the unsani-
the island of Java. The river has a length of 548.53 km tary conditions of their place of residence because of waste
and crosses two provinces, namely Central Java and East accumulation which brings problems such as mosquitoes,
Java. This river has its upstream on the slopes of Mount flies and which can also cause diseases, the foul odors. In-
Lawu and flows through various big cities such as Wonogiri, habitants are aware of the dangers that threaten them due
Solo, Ngawi, and Bojonegoro before finally emptying into to waste exposure: ‘In these neighborhoods, we are anes-
the Java Sea. Due to budget constraints, we are limited thetized by odors, also the condition of these small rivers
to the location which is nearby our University. The circled leaves something to be desired and this has harmful con-
© 2021 The Authors. Page 16 of 20Baptiste et. al. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 5 (2021) 13-20
sequences on our health, but whos ’worry!’. They deplore time hereafter studying. Others hurt themselves all the
the lack of money and the absence of composting garbage time with sharp objects. Despite all this, people continue
and when that exists, they are not emptied regularly, which to engage in such activity.
leads people to throw the garbage nearby. ‘We throw the The awareness of some people in these places to protect
rubbish in a corner under the bridge, sometimes we find the environment is minimal. The proof is that there are still
dead animals, clothes and sometimes the remains of food’. people who fish in the banks of the river without worrying
Some accuse the weakness to the informal institution re- about the water foul-smelling. The discharge of untreated
sponsible for waste collection. The essence of the problem wastes into river banks can have serious effects on human
would be controlled because nobody controls the work of health and the environment, including outbreaks of food
the collectors and when they come to collect the trash, they and water-borne vector diseases, as well as pollution, loss of
just pick up the easy-to-recover garbage and leave the rest, biological diversity, and ecosystem services. The exposure
without anyone being worried. Residents complain about of vulnerable groups, including children, to partially treated
the discomfort and annoyance over the garbage. or untreated wastewater, requires special attention. Limited
Residents recognize that the problem is above all an knowledge of the health risks associated with the use of
education problem and that a great responsibility rests wastewater, due to poverty and poor education, contributes
with the citizens who must change their behavior if the to these risks.
institutions also do the necessary: People are not civilized, We are poor. We can only suffer the consequences of
no follow-up, it is necessary that there is a control and this poverty. Everything is thrown in this viaduct and when
sanctions can inflict on the malicious. In neighborhoods near it is time, the rain will take all far from here. Our children
rivers of water, it is often families with children, considered often have pimples on their skin, they have diarrhea, and
to have no anchoring or emotional connection with the are often injured by picking up objects from in. Look at
living neighborhood, who are accused of urban ignorance that kid covered in scabies. This is one of the consequences
and anarchic waste in the neighborhood. of the discharge.
The comments of some of our interlocutors during the For the risks associated with the presence of waste to
surveys confirm these results: be reduced, the population that produced this waste must
Thank you for giving me the speech, because the prob- be involved in the management process. If the household
lems of this garbage dump are numerous nearby. Before, doesn’t make effort to take her waste to recyclers. He burns
when the trucks and people came to drop the waste here, we it, or throw it into the nearby stream, the health risks return
didn’t say anything. But afterward, when the mess started, to him and the community.
we drew people’s attention to the state of the landfill and The hypothesis of this text highlights a so-called self-
its unsuccessful misdeeds. We are forced to block access to management system that corresponds to the informal man-
people coming to unload theirs here by writings. And that agement system. The term self-management highlights the
too nothing has come of it in practice. Over time, with the fact that populations without access to dump collection are
smell of the garbage that we breathe in, many epidemics those who organize their tours. If these practices have a cer-
and many other diseases can strike very soon (especially our tain usefulness, they generate the production of many risks.
children). Sincerely, Sir, nobody knows who does this but The health of residents or the local environment is greatly
it’s between us. affected by this self-management. Finally, it is important
From the field observations made to the entourage, peo- to support the poorest and most marginal populations in
ple do not care about these warning signs ”Dilarang mem- waste process management.
buang sampah disini” Translated into the Indonesian lan- A resident questioned at the place expresses himself in
guage “It is forbidden to throw trash here”. When people these terms;
throw garbage in these places, for example, they think that If I’m not mistaken it has been since yesterday, the water
these places do not belong to them rather belong to the in here is like that, blackish-brown looks like it has been hit
government. The community does not think that the place by waste. Usually, it is before the rainy season or when the
of waste collection is a public place for which they are also downstream area starts to rain, the water in Bengawan Solo
responsible. This is due to a lack of knowledge and public turns cloudy, usually for a while. But this time I think the
awareness of the impact of waste. worst is compared to the previous ones because this is like
Approaching in the same sense, another declares: being subjected to waste, he said.
Waste is a source of disease. For those who want to Residents demand the right to cleanliness, more clean-
preserve their health, it is not good to stay nearby this place liness, and hygiene for the collective good, especially the
for even a second, let alone a dump, given the smell it gives inhabitants of disadvantaged localities where passers-by are
off. So, our kids are sick all the time, even us. As if that forced to cover their noses in front of the piles of garbage
were not enough, some people come to fish here without on their way. Without any treatment, small business has
worrying about the waste that emerges with unbearable no choice but discharge their waste in here Figure 6, one
odors. But what to do? Every day our children took their of the interlocutors said. During the rainy season, all types
© 2021 The Authors. Page 17 of 20Baptiste et. al. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 5 (2021) 13-20
waste looking for bottles, boxes, or paper to resell for their
livelihood. These people are looking for all kinds of vials,
syringes, plastic bags, scrap metal. Also, direct contact with
littered garbage can increase the risk of diseases transmitted
by animals (such as rats and mosquitoes). Piles of garbage
and standing water can put a person at risk for dengue fever.
Both malaria and dengue fever, if not treated immediately,
can lead to various complications and even death. Garbage
Figure 6. Waste Discharge at The Route Edges-River
scattered about due to littering habits can also increase the
Mojo Bridge.
risk of leptospirosis. Usually, these bacteria are found in the
urine of animals such as rats and cows. A person can become
infected with leptospirosis if they are in contaminated water
of trash will be seen here. To reduce the smell and pile of for a long time or through contact with open wounds.
garbage, I sometimes burn it with a liter of oil.
Burning garbage can cause neighborhood disturbances, 4. Conclusion and Forwards Implications
whether through the odors or smoke emitted. On the other
The narrative review presented in this article explores the im-
hand, if fires are poorly controlled, they can cause fires. The
pacts of unsustainable waste management on human health.
compounds from burning waste can increase the risk of lung
In an interdisciplinary approach, the qualitative method
infections and disorders of the nerves, heart disease, and
adopted was a combination: stories have become raw data.
cancer (Nti et al., 2020).
The end of our work which explores attitudes and practices
Even though waste management projects in communities
of the population towards waste management near the Ben-
are well designed from a technical point of view. The systems
gawan Solo river has allowed us to make several observations:
for their implementation can fail if planners do not take into
waste management remains one of the major challenges for
account the dynamics of social acceptance. The discharge of
these inhabitants. Indeed, like along the river, Mojo Bridge
waste to unsuitable places often meets strong resistance from
and Jurug Bridge are in the grip of an invasion of the
public opinion, due to a lack of awareness and confidence
quantities of household waste produced by the population
in the risks to human health. Awareness and education
surrounding the place. The partial collection of waste has
are the main instruments to overcome social, cultural, and
created mountains of rubbish visible everywhere along the
consumer barriers.
river and has caused the open gutters to be filled, resulting
The results of a later study carried out by an environ-
in a multiplication of insects and pests (flies, cockroaches,
mental expert from Sebelas Maret University have shown
mosquitoes, rats, etc.) to health. Population growth and
that infections (caused by endocrine hormones from chicken
above all the improvement in living standards which has
waste), diarrhea, and skin diseases are the main health prob-
resulted in the modification of the consumption patterns of
lems cited in these neighborhoods. Residents of located
the populations have led to increased production of those
districts are exposed to the poor sanitation system, in par-
waste of various kinds: plastic waste, electronic equipment
ticular the respiratory problems such as the irritation of
waste, batteries, solvents, which must be managed properly
the bronchi or asthma in reaction to the pollution, young
and sustainably.
children are much more exposed than adults because those
The study made it possible to understand that the major
chicken waste can accelerate puberty and interfere with
orientations proposed do not put forward effective policies,
reproduction, the author concludes.
programs, and/or projects for a better consideration of waste
From a certain dose, polluting substances have a toxic
management. Besides, the other mark of disarticulation is
effect on a living being (Manisalidis et al., 2020). This
that the public authorities which must play the central role
means that when they enter the body, they are harmful to
in the organization and the financing of the collection, elim-
its survival or health. On aquatic organisms, if there are still
ination, treatment, and/or recovery of waste are struggling
types of fish that can survive in a polluted environment, one
to ensure good management. Indeed, these powers have not
of them is a broomstick: the content of waste will enter the
yet managed to mobilize the necessary resources to ensure
fish body, if it is consumed by humans, it will cause itching
the activities of this sector. With their top priority being to
of the skin, diarrhea, decreased nervous system, kidney
get waste out of sight, they often choose simplistic and easy
disorders, reproductive system, blood circulation disorders,
methods characterized by carelessness. However, poor waste
Minamata disease, kidney cancer, liver and blood, skin
management is a threat to the environment, human health,
disorders, respiratory system, eye disorders, liver, respiratory
quality of life, and the economy. Insofar as the generation,
organs, gastrointestinal tract. The risk for humans can come
collection, transport, and treatment of waste can contribute
from the consumption of these aquatic organisms that have
to the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in
been in contact with water, fish, crabs, and crustaceans, etc.
the atmosphere, pollution of surface and groundwater as
The informal recyclers at waste disposal sites scour the
well as soil.
© 2021 The Authors. Page 18 of 20Baptiste et. al. Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability, 5 (2021) 13-20
Besides, for a rational, efficient, and ecological manage- formation of waste-pickers’ cooperatives: a comparison
ment of waste, the study proposes to the authorities through between Brazil and Indonesia. DECISION, 44(2); 91–101
Environment institutions, the launch of the political reform Dadgostar, P. (2019). Antimicrobial Resistance: Implica-
activities necessary for the establishment of selective collec- tions and Costs. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume
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compliance with health and environmental standards. The Fernández-González, J. M., C. Dı́az-López, J. Martı́n-
vision to be defended consists of achieving a zero-waste soci- Pascual, and M. Zamorano (2020). Recycling Organic
ety based on optimizing waste prevention and treating waste Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: Systematic Literature
as a resource within the framework of a circular economy of Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends.
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Ferronato, N. and V. Torretta (2019). Waste Mismanage-
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We appreciate the support of the Institute of research and International Journal of Environmental Research and Pub-
community Service (LPPM) during our research. The views lic Health, 16(6); 1060
and comments expressed are those of the authors. Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP), . t. I. N. P.
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