IMPACT REPORT - NGO Shipbreaking Platform
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IMPACT REPORT 2018 2019
1
ABOUT US EDITORIAL
The NGO Shipbreaking Platform is a The coalition quickly evolved from requirement for recycling of EU flagged Cases such as the FPSO North Sea
coalition of environmental, human- being a European Platform to a global vessels at EU audited and approved Producer, whose import, beaching and
and labour rights organisations one, including NGOs based in the ship recycling yards. After hearing breaking the Bangladesh Supreme
working to promote safe and major shipbreaking countries India, the Platform’s evidence that EU list of Court ruled illegal; the detainment
environmentally sound ship recycling Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey. It approved ship recyclers had sufficient of Diamond Offshore units by the
capacity to recycle Europe’s end-of-life Scottish Environment Protection
globally. The Platform was first now has 18 member organisations
ships, Commissioner Vella determined Agency following an alert by the
created in September 2005 after and six partners in 12 countries. The
to put the list into operation without Platform; and notifying Bangladesh
the few NGOs working on the issue Platform is recognised by United delay. and Indian authorities on exports of
noticed that a broader base of support, Nations agencies, the European Union mercury-laden floating units exemplify
a stronger network of organisations and leading media outlets as the pre- The Platform worked closely with law our efforts to counter this trend. In
from ship-owning and shipbreaking eminent international civil society enforcement officials and legal firms in 2019 with support from Norway’s
countries, and a long-term approach advocacy organisation on ship 2019 to hold shipowners accountable government pension fund, KLP, and the
were needed to challenge the political recycling. for breaking ships in dangerous and European Commission, the Platform
clout of the shipping industry. polluting yards. The Leigh Day law reported on the demolition for end-of-
firm broke new ground when it sued life floating oil and gas units. We will
the shipping consortium, Maran UK, continue to focus on the oil and gas
These past two years the Platform for the fatal accident of a worker who sector in 2020 with support from Royal
has won support for sustainable ship died breaking the company’s ship in Academy of Engineering and Lloyds
VISION MISSION recycling in the financial sector while
raising the stakes for ship owners
who break their ships irresponsibly on
Bangladesh and for failing to exercise
due diligence when the company sold
its ship for breaking at the substandard
Register Foundation.
Looking forwards change will come
South Asian beaches. New milestones yard. Elsewhere, the Norwegian through leadership, incentives and
Our vision is that vessels are recycled To advocate for clean, safe and just in international law and corporate police economic crime unit, alerted accountability. This year the Board
accountability have made these past by the Platform, is for the first time added a new position to the Secretariat
in facilities that ensure clean, safe and ship recycling globally in respect of
two years encouraging and motivating. investigating a Norwegian ship-owner, to cultivate leadership within the
just practices, offering decent and human rights, core labour standards
as well as its insurance company and shipping and financial sectors. We
safe jobs. Our commitment to finding and environmental justice, and for Recognizing the power of the financial surveyor, for intent to illegally export a continue to push for incentives such
sustainable global solutions is based the prevention of dirty and dangerous sector to motivate the decisions of vessel for scrapping in South Asia. Taking as using recycled scrap steel in public
on the respect for human rights and practices, such as the dumping of ship owners, the Platform Secretariat note of the Platform’s contribution to procurement or levying port fee
the principles of environmental justice, end-of-life vessels on the beaches of reached out to marine insurers in these and other criminal cases, Europol deposits that return to the owner
producer responsibility, ‘polluter pays’ developing countries. 2019. As a result of these efforts, last year invited the Platform to brief its after a ship is recycled at an approved
and clean production. the International Union of Marine organization on illegal exports of end- yard. Integrating ship recycling with
Insurers, which represents over 40 of-life ships. ship building may innovate design,
national marine insurance associations provide a stable recycling platform
and 90 percent of the world’s marine On the ground, the “Life Boat Project” or new opportunities for currently
insurance premium, announced that led by Platform members, BELA, OSHE marginalized shipbreaking workers. Yet
ship recycling would be one of their and YPSA empowered workers by despite its complexities, shipbreaking
environmental, social and governance providing a safe space where workers isn’t rocket science. Technologies for
focus areas. Our work with banks could meet in solidarity, learn about safer recycling exist. The Platform
and investment funds further saw the their rights, and receive legal and has documented over 400 deaths in
Norwegian Central Bank divest from medical assistance. The Secretariat the shipbreaking yards since 2009.
Evergreen shipping company in 2018 managed a three-year grant from the Companies can save lives by recycling
for selling its ships for breaking on the US State Department to coordinate their ship on a quayside or in drydock,
beaches of Bangladesh. the project, which is now self-directed in countries with capacity to manage
by workers in Chattogram. In India, our hazardous waste and to provide human
We are further thrilled to report new data and research were instrumental and environmental protections.
laws that will move ship owners away in helping journalists and researchers
ABOUT THIS REPORT FIND US ONLINE from dangerous scrapping and towards expose the appalling labor conditions
sustainable ship recycling. The Basel behind the greenwash campaigns in
Ban Amendment, long advocated Alang.
by the Basel Action Network and
Published by: NGO Platform on Shipbreaking (asbl) Printed on 100% recycled, chlorine-free paper using www.shipbreakingplatform.org other Platform members, became High levels of mercury and other Helen Périvier
Rue de la Linière 11, B - 1060 Brussels vegetable ink.
international law in 2019 and bans hazardous wastes make scrapping of President of the Board
Twitter: @NGOShipbreaking
Edited by: Ingvild Jenssen, Nicola Mulinaris, Special thanks to photographers C. F., Cato Facebook: /shipbreakingplatform
developed EU and OECD nations floating oil and gas units especially NGO Shipbreaking Platform
Sara Costa, Teg Malla Gustavson, Konstantin Novakovic, Andreas from exporting hazardous wastes to dangerous and are a concern as their
Ragnarsson and Stefan Tschumi developing countries. In addition, oversupply is sending more of such
Design: Giulia Morandini the Platform Secretariat successfully units for breaking on the beaches
We thank the European Commission and countered industry efforts to delay the of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Cover photo: © C. F. the LIFE programme for their support.
2 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 6 Editorial 01 Getting the Legal Framework Right 14
What is the Problem? 04 Making Business do the Right Thing 17
8 10 06 20
Facts & Figures Our Outreach in the Press
and on Social Media
Monitoring the Problems of 08 A Vibrant Global Network 22
Shipbreaking in India
12 13
Monitoring the Problems of 10 Financial Statement 23
Shipbreaking in Bangladesh
14
Monitoring the Problems of 12 Who We Are 24
Shipbreaking in Pakistan
17
Monitoring Ship Recycling Elsewhere 13 Support our work 26
4 5
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
© C.F.
Just as the goods they transport, DIRTY PRACTICES DANGEROUS PRACTICES exposed to toxic fumes and substances by the worst yards. By using middlemen
ships too become waste when they Millions of tons of hazardous wastes Shipbreaking is according to the at the shipbreaking yards. that change the registration, flag and
reach the end of their operational are exported to South Asia in the form International Labour Organisation name of the vessel on its final voyage, SUSTAINABLE
lives. When compared to sinking or
abandonment, recycling is by far the
of end-of-life ships each year. Ships (ILO) one of the most dangerous jobs
in the world. When conducted on tidal
Carried out in large part by the informal
sector, shipbreaking in South Asia is
ship owners also seek to avoid any
legal or reputational risks linked to the
SOLUTIONS
contain numerous toxic materials such
most environmentally-friendly and as asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyl beaches, without proper infrastructure rarely subject to occupational health increasingly criticised beaching yards.
economically sound way of getting rid (PCBs), oil residues and heavy metals. to allow for rapid emergency response and safety controls or inspections. Most Hiding behind concealed corporate
of old ships, as it ensures the reuse Unless these materials are properly and the safe use of heavy lifting cranes, workers are employed on day-contracts. structures and flags known for their
of valuable resources such as steel. managed, there is a risk of exposure the danger workers are exposed to, of They work long hours without holidays, poor implementation of international
Ship recycling is, however, a heavy course, increases. and trade unions are prevented from maritime law and which are particularly Clean and safe methods of ship
that can harm both workers and the
and hazardous industry that exposes effectively organising them. Children popular with cash buyers, such as recycling are available. The
environment. When ships are grounded,
both workers and the environment On the South Asian beaches unskilled are especially vulnerable to toxins Comoros, Palau and St Kitts and most sophisticated method is to
pulled and broken apart on intertidal
to a great number of risks, and migrant workers are deployed by the and dangerous conditions, and child Nevis, it is extremely challenging for dismantle the ship in a dry dock
mudflats, there are no means to contain
today, only a fraction of end-of-life or remediate pollution. Instead, the thousands to break down the vessels labour in hazardous industries, such authorities to trace and hold ship where it can be recycled under
vessels are disposed of in a safe and tide washes away debris, paint chips manually. Without protective gear, they as shipbreaking, is therefore banned owners accountable for these illicit similar conditions to those under
environmentally sound manner. and oil spillages. The pollution, as well cut wires, pipes and blast through ship by both international and national practices. which it was built, maintained and
as the uprooting of coastal vegetation, hulls with blowtorches. Accidents kill or legislation. Yet, in Bangladesh an repaired throughout its operational
!
Most ships are taken apart under including protected mangrove forests, maim numerous workers each year, and estimated 13 percent of the workforce life: in a fully contained industrial
rudimentary conditions on the beaches endanger the biodiversity of the coastal the situation is worsened by the fact are children. site with the help of heavy
of Alang in India, Chattogram in areas and affect the livelihoods of the that in the vicinity of the shipbreaking machinery. A more widely practised
Bangladesh and Gadani in Pakistan. local fishing communities. beaches there are no hospital facilities AVOIDING RESPONSIBILITY: CASH BUYERS alternative is pier-side demolition,
There, vessels are grounded capable of providing the necessary AND FLAGS OF CONVENIENCE SHIPBREAKING ON THE BEACH as in China, Europe and the US.
deliberately during high tide. Breaking In most cases, the hazardous substances medical treatment to severely injured With the exception of responsible Here the ship is moored long-side at
operations usually take place during low built into the structure of the vessels workers. shipping companies that directly a quay, cut horizontally, and heavy
HIGH RISK OF ACCIDENTS AND
tide when the ship is not submerged by are not even properly identified and engage with recycling facilities in OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES parts are lifted onto shore with the
the sea. The human and environmental therefore harm workers unknowingly. Loss of life and serious injuries are Europe, Turkey, US or China, the vast help of cranes. The lower part of
toll of the shipbreaking activities on Large amounts of hazardous materials caused by suffocation, explosions, fall majority of ship owners sell their LACK OF PROPER MEDICAL AND the hull is then brought on a slipway
these three beaches is devastating due are further either illegally dumped or from great height and crushing down obsolete vessels to so-called ‘cash HEALTHCARE FACILITIES and cut in a contained environment
to the lack of adequate infrastructure, resold in local markets. In Bangladesh of heavy steel plates. Since 2009, the buyers’. Cash buyers are scrap-dealers and impermeable surface. Under
equipment and procedures to prevent and Pakistan there is no waste Platform and its local members have specialised in the trade of end-of-life BREACH OF LABOUR RIGHTS the EU Ship Recycling Regulation,
accidents and pollution. treatment, storage and disposal facility. documented at least 400 fatalities vessels, Any deal struck with a cash the European Union (EU) maintains
In India, it is furthermore still legal to re- at the beaching yards. Due to the buyer is hence a demolition deal. EMISSIONS TO AIR, SEA AND GROUND a list of approved ship recycling
Ship owners, on the other hand, earn sell asbestos contaminated materials. lack of transparency in the industry, IN INTERTIDAL ZONE facilities. This list provides ship
(USD) millions more by selling their it is expected that the actual number Ship owners obtain the highest price, owners, and all stakeholders in the
obsolete vessels to yards that use The beaching yards were set up without of workers that have been killed or upfront and in cash, for their end-of- POOR OR NO TREATMENT OF supply chain management, with
the low-cost method of beaching maimed is much higher. Many more life asset when selling to a cash buyer. HAZARDOUS WASTES
environmental impact assessments a clear reference for sustainable
and exploit vulnerable workers, local having been made, and they continue workers suffer from occupational Price is a clear and primary indicator solutions.
LACK OF TRANSPARENCY
communities and fragile ecosystems. to operate without being subject to diseases, including cancer and of the final scrapping destination, and,
thorough environmental monitoring. asbestosis, years after having been currently, the highest prices are offered
6 7
THE GLOBAL SHIPBREAKING CRISIS
FACTS & FIGURES
© C.F.
Each year the NGO Shipbreaking number of ships sold to South Asian their poor implementation of maritime
Platform collects data and publishes shipbreaking yards: 106 ships in total. law. Legislation based on flag state
TOTAL an annual list of ships dismantled
worldwide. In 2018 and 2019, 1418
vessels were dismantled. 987 of these
Since the Platform’s first compilation
of data in 2009, Greek shipping
companies have unceasingly topped
jurisdiction alone will not be successful
in shifting the industry towards better
practices. The Platform is therefore
MAIN SHIPBREAKING
DESTINATIONS
WORLD’S WORST SHIPPING
NATIONS
ships were sold for dirty and dangerous the list of owners that opt for dirty and calling for incentives that incorporate
NUMBER OF SHIPS DISMANTLED breaking on the beaches of South Asia. dangerous shipbreaking. the polluter pays principle, such as a BANGLADESH BEACHED SHIPS
WORLDWIDE Whilst ship owners are increasingly return-scheme for ships collected at 419 ships SHIPS DISMANTLED
portraying themselves as conscious of The number of European-owned and/ ports during operational life. OFF THE BEACH
the problems caused by shipbreaking, or European-flagged vessels beached 15,785,755 GT
70% 987 vessels were the Chattogram shipbreaking yards in 2018 and 2019 amounted to 271 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
sold to South Asian
beaching yards
in Bangladesh – where the protection ships. In terms of tonnage, European INDIA 108 04
of the environment and workers’ ship owners, from the EU and EFTA
“”
health and safety is particularly poor states, are responsible for almost one 453 ships
– remained the preferred scrapping third of all ships sold for breaking to GREECE
1418 destination worldwide in terms of the beaching yards. The EU controls 8,584,610 GT
97 17
tonnage dismantled. 40% of world operational fleet and
thus has a particular responsibility to PAKISTAN
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Most vessels scrapped in the biennium find solutions to the shipbreaking crisis 115 ships
were tankers, followed by general cargo and reverse the trend of unsustainable “Companies sell their end-of-life tonnage 81 44
ships, container ships, bulk carriers, roll- recycling. to the beaching yards as that is where 4,500,306 GT
on roll-offs, passenger vessels and oil they can make the highest profit. But INDIA
platforms. Looking at the size of vessels Out of the 271 European vessels these are profits made on the back of
GROSS TONNAGE (MILLION) scrapped on the beaches of South Asia, that were beached, only 10 were still
CHINA 62
DISMANTLED WORLDWIDE exploited workers and fragile ecosystems.
Pakistan received the largest vessels sailing under a European flag during 51 ships
The beaching yards are furthermore toxic
followed by Bangladesh, while Indian the last voyage. 27 vessels that had SOUTH KOREA
hotspots, and, without a proper clean-up, 728,352 GT
yards scrapped more medium-sized otherwise been operating under 51 05
89% 28,9 million GT beached the pollution caused by more than three
ships. Turkey tends to recycle smaller European flag, swapped to a non-EU
vessels on average. Thus, the larger the flag of convenience just weeks before decades of reckless shipbreaking will TURKEY
continue to harm the local environment SINGAPORE
vessel the more likely that it will end up hitting the beach in an attempt to
220 ships
on a beach in Pakistan or Bangladesh – circumvent EU law. The most popular and the communities that depend upon it 49 01
32,4 where the conditions are known to be end-of-life flags for vessels scrapped for many years to come.” 2,132,149 GT
the worst. on the beaches in 2018 and 2019 were RUSSIA
Comoros, Liberia, Palau, Panama and St Ingvild Jenssen, NGO Shipbreaking 45 28
United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Kitts and Nevis. The flags of Comoros, REST OF THE WORLD
Platform Executive Director and
Greece top the list of country dumpers Palau and St Kitts and Nevis are almost Founder 160 ships
in 2018 and 2019. UAE owners were exclusively used by cash buyers at CHINA
responsible for the highest absolute end-of-life. These are flags known for 671,929 GT 33 40
8 9
MONITORING THE PROBLEMS OF
SHIPBREAKING IN INDIA
higher. Furthermore, serious injuries Disregard of the negative ALERTING AUTHORITIES OF ILLICIT detect mercury contamination beyond recordings and discussions with
are rarely recorded and occupational environmental impact of the beaching PRACTICES: THE YETAGUN
WHAT IS THE ISSUE? diseases are not documented at all. method, including hazardous The Platform, European Environmental
the slops. E-mails and confidential
documents obtained by Dutch
several workers that dismantled the
YETAGUN revealed a shocking account
operations in the intertidal zone, Bureau (EEB) and Zero Mercury investigative journalists at Zembla of the actual conditions at the beaching
The beach in Alang, India is one of The companies involved, as well as remain serious concerns, as does the Group warned Indian authorities of show that SBM Offshore, the owner of yard. Workers are not provided with
the main destinations for end-of- local authorities, seek to thwart public lack of proper accommodation and the breach of international waste laws the FSO, attempted to conceal the high appropriate personal protective
life vessels. Dangerous working scrutiny of the deplorable conditions medical facilities for workers. Asbestos related to the export of the mercury- concentration of mercury in the ship’s equipment and were completely
conditions and pollution in Alang were in Alang. They also seek to greenwash contaminated materials can be resold laden FSO YETAGUN, and urged India steel, in order to avoid clean-up costs. unaware of the poisonous mercury
first documented by Greenpeace in the beaching method with the handing in India and there is no proper disposal to halt the import of the contaminated In their statements to Zembla, SBM contamination. Several stated that full
1998. Following legal actions taken out of misleading and privately issued site for PCBs. ship. Despite an initial rejection, the Offshore and the Indian shipbreaker safety gear is distributed only when
by local NGOs, the Indian Supreme certificates (see box on Statements permission to import the vessel was maintained that the demolition was inspections take place. Toxicologists
Court directed the industry to align of Compliance with the Hong Kong eventually given. The circumstances carried out in a safe way, and held forth a that have reviewed the documents on
itself with national and international Convention). under which the beaching and breaking so-called Statement of Compliance with the hazardous materials onboard the
labour and environmental laws. The of the vessel were allowed remain the Hong Kong Convention (see box) YETAGUN say it is impossible that no
Government responded by adopting WHAT HAVE WE DONE? and inspection report - both issued by high levels of mercury were detected
“”
unclear, but documents obtained by
the Ship Recycling Code in 2013 and the Platform show that the Indian Japanese classification society ClassNK during cutting operations, as claimed by
the setting up of a waste reception authorities admitted lacking capacity to - as evidence. However, undercover ClassNK.
facility. Workers now receive a very DEBUNKING INDUSTRY GREENWASHING
basic training. Yet, the conditions in In the reports “Where ships go to die”
Alang remain deplorable as revealed by and “The Hypocrisy of Better Beaches”,
the Platform, independent journalists the Platform teamed up with Belgian
and researchers that have been able to “There are serious breaches of national journalist Gie Goris, Editor in Chief of
visit the yards despite access becoming laws aimed at the protection of workers’ MO* Magazine, to have a closer look at
increasingly challenging. Reports and
undercover footage expose breaches
rights at the shipbreaking yards. the practices in Alang and the political
context behind the illegal trade of toxic WHAT ARE STATEMENTS OF COMPLIANCE
Enforcement and monitoring of labour
of labor rights, disregard for even the
most basic health and safety standards,
laws continue to be a major challenge in
waste ships. In Alang, Gie Goris met
workers deprived of their rights and
WITH THE HONG KONG CONVENTION?
and extremely polluting practices. Yard
Alang. Local authorities do not even have risking their health and safety on a daily
owners are operating with impunity. an updated database on the number of basis for a meagre wage. With a focus
workers at the shipbreaking yards, which From four yards in Alang receiving the comply with Hong Kong Convention are unreliable or blatantly deceptive,
on Swiss ship owners, it was revealed
first Statements of Compliance (SoC) requirements, the standards set by will for example qualify for obtaining
According to local sources at least renders it difficult to ensure the welfare of how companies such as container giant
with the Hong Kong Convention in the convention have been strongly a Statement. For these reasons, it is
14 workers died at the yards in 2018, the workforce. There is an urgent need for MSC, use the Alang beach to dispose of
2015, more than 90 yards, out of a criticised for being too weak, ignoring widely acknowledged by experts on
making it one of the worst years for the coordination at all levels, involving local their floating toxic waste while boosting
total of 154 yards, are now reported also crucial issues such as labour rights ship recycling that the Statements do
Alang shipbreakers in terms of fatalities. and national authorities.” their profits. The stark contradiction
to have obtained such a Statement. and downstream waste management. not provide the guarantee that the
In 2019, two deaths were recorded between sustainability promises and
The industry push to make beaching The Statements do not look into a conditions at the yard are safe and
at yards that are upheld by industry actual practices, as well as the lobbying
Dr Geetanjoy Sahu, Associate yards seem “green” has been promoted given practice of a yard, nor do they environmentally sound. Yet, they are
stakeholders as having undergone the for double standards by embedded
Professor at Tata Institute of Social through the proliferated hand-outs look into the adequacy of the claimed used to mislead stakeholders to believe
most improvements. Due to the lack policymakers in Europe was uncovered.
Sciences (TISS) of these Statements. Whilst these compliance. With a check-list approach, that operations are sustainable.
of transparency in the sector, the real The research received Public Eye’s
privately issued Statements assess poor quality environmental monitoring,
number of fatalities is expected to be “Investigation Award”.
the possibility for a given yard to even when the results of the monitoring
10 11
Of particular concern at the law; trainings on occupational health The Platform was quick to alert both
shipbreaking yards in Bangladesh and safety; and alternative vocational the UK and Bangladesh authorities
is the employment of children. It is trainings to child workers so that they about the illegal export. Platform
illegal under Bangladesh’s Labour Act can gain the skills to find an employment member organisation BELA succeeded
to employ children and adolescent which does not put their health and life in requesting an injunction on the
workers in hazardous industries such at risk. breaking of the vessel in 2017 based
as shipbreaking. Yet, in a recent study on the detection of radiation levels
issued by the University of Chattogram, More than 100 complaints were filed in higher than permitted. In a milestone
it was found that 13 percent of the the Labour Court under the LIFEBOAT judgement, on 14 November 2019, the
workers were under the age of 18. project on issues including verbal Supreme Court of Bangladesh finally
Whilst exploitation of the youngest termination, lack of medical treatment declared that the import, beaching and
children seems to have ceased since the and unpaid wages. The vast majority of breaking of the FPSO NORTH SEA
MONITORING THE PROBLEMS OF publication of a previous report by the
Platform and member organisations,
the cases were successfully resolved.
One particular case set an important
PRODUCER was illegal. The Court
further noted with dismay the incessant
Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) precedent for increased compensation violations of national and international
SHIPBREAKING IN BANGLADESH
© C.F.
and International Federation for Human in the case of injury or death of a laws by the shipbreaking industry, and
Rights (FIDH) in 2008, many young worker. With the help of the LIFEBOAT passed several directions upon the
teenagers between 15-17 years old are project, the mother of Shochindra, an government to regulate the sector in
now offered work during nightshifts. under-aged worker who was killed in line with earlier rulings.
an accident on 21 May 2017, issued
Holding the industry to account at the charges against one of the largest After winning the case on the illegal
local level for the damage it causes shipbreaking companies, Kabir Steel. import and beaching of the NORTH
National laws are poorly implemented emergency first aid equipment is is challenging. The yard owners are Kabir Steel’s Managing Directors were SEA PRODUCER, the Platform is now
due to weak enforcement capacity, available at many yards, nor do workers well connected both economically and summoned to appear in Court and urging the UK to hold the ship owners
WHAT IS THE ISSUE? or deliberately ignored as a result of automatically receive financial support politically. The capacity of local labour ordered to pay 500.000 BDT (5.500 and cash buyer GMS accountable for
industry pressure. End-of-life vessels for necessary medical treatment. inspectors is almost non-existent. EUR) as compensation to Shochindra’s the illegal export of the FPSO. Criminal
In terms of tonnage, the Chattogram are imported with fake documents Local activists, journalists and workers mother. Whilst the amount remains investigations have been initiated by
yards have become the world’s top claiming that they are toxic-free. As a who have been vocal about the dire meagre, it was five times more than the UK environmental agency.
destination for end-of-life vessels. The consequence, toxins are not properly conditions at the yards have thus found the average compensation fixed by
conditions there are abysmal. Concerns detected nor safely removed. The little support, and have even been the Bangladesh Labour Act. Risking
include dire working conditions, high coastal ecosystem and the local threatened. three months imprisonment if the
fatality rates, exploitation of child communities depending on it are amount was not paid, Kabir Steel’s
“”
workers, severe pollution of air and devastated by toxic spills. Currents and Directors settled. The case prompted
the marine environment as well as the tides distribute the pollutants not only an important milestone for the
uncontrolled dumping of hazardous along the coast, but also further inland WHAT HAVE WE DONE? increase of compensation amounts,
which effectively became double by
wastes. Journalists, including from during the monsoon season. Since
National Geographic, the Guardian and Bangladesh has no storage, treatment an amendment of the Bangladesh
Al Jazeera, have brought back shocking and disposal facility for hazardous LIFEBOAT PROJECT Labour Law in 2018. Now, shipbreaking
reports on the human rights abuses and wastes, these toxics are simply dumped With support from the US State workers are entitled to 200.000 BDT “The judgment is important in that it has
environmental degradation caused by or re-sold on the second-hand market, Department, the Platform and its (2.200 EUR) compensation from yard expressly called the import, beaching
the shipbreaking activities. causing further harm to surrounding *At least 44 workers died members Bangladesh Occupational owners via the Labour Court.
and breaking permits illegal, and for the
communities. The World Bank has Safety, Health and Environment
Foundation (OSHE), Bangladesh MAERSK’s TOXIC TRADE: THE NORTH SEA first time a breaker has been put off the
In 2009, a land-mark decision by estimated that between 2010 and 2030
Environmental Lawyers Association PRODUCER breaking operation and the government
the Supreme Court ordered the Bangladesh will have imported 79.000
closure of the shipbreaking industry tons of asbestos; 240.000 tons of PCBs (BELA), and YPSA implemented a three- In August 2016 the FPSO NORTH has been given the steering. It is even
as none of yards held the necessary and 69.200 tons of toxic paints that year project, the LIFEBOAT project, SEA PRODUCER was beached in more important because it has required
environmental clearance to operate. originate from end-of-life ships. aimed at promoting internationally Chattogram, Bangladesh. The ship the government to regulate the dubious
After only two months of closure the recognised labour rights in the was allowed to leave the UK based on roles of the cash buyers and restrict import
yards were, however, allowed to re- Out of the three South Asian shipbreaking sector and strengthening false claims that it would be further from grey- and black-listed flag registries.
open with incomplete authorisations shipbreaking beaches, the Platform has the engagement of the Child Labour operationally used in the Tin Can port This will surely make it difficult for the
in hand and little change in practice. In by far recorded the highest number of Elimination Committee. The Platform’s in Nigeria. The owners of the FPSO, unscrupulous players to treat Bangladesh
2016, the Supreme Court therefore fatalities in Bangladesh. In 2018 and member organisations in Bangladesh Danish A.P. Moeller Maersk and
as a dumping ground.”
issued a contempt ruling against both 2019, the Platform documented the assisted the most vulnerable workers Brazilian Odebrecht had in fact sold the
the authorities and shipbreaking yard stories of 44 workers who were killed by providing free medical camps; legal ship to the largest vessels’ scrap dealer,
assistance to workers that have suffered cash buyer GMS, through a St. Kitts and Syeda Rizwana Hasan, Supreme Court
owners for continued breaches of and 46 who suffered severe injuries.
national environmental and labour laws. There is no ambulance available to injuries, or to the families left behind Nevis post box company, and the FPSO Lawyer and Director of Bangladesh
Whilst the case is still ongoing, yards bring injured workers to the closest following a fatal accident, so that they was towed thereafter directly all the Environmental Lawyers Association
continue to operate in blatant breach of specialised hospital located an hours’ *At least 46 workers were can obtain the compensation they are way from the UK to the shipbreaking
entitled to get according to Bangladesh yards in Bangladesh.
the Courts decisions. drive away from the yards. Not even severely injured
12 13
MONITORING THE PROBLEMS OF
© Novakovic
© Navaleo
SHIPBREAKING IN PAKISTAN OTHER RECYCLING DESTINATIONS
“”
available at the yards, it was also a the back of China’s efforts to crack
WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
major challenge to bring severely burnt
workers to the nearest hospital in TURKEY REST OF THE WORLD down on pollution and waste producing
industries in the country, and follows a
Karachi. Despite attempts by local and ban on the import of a large number of
The conditions at the shipbreaking regional authorities to better regulate hazardous wastes, including plastics.
Turkey dismantled 220 ships in 2018 EUROPEAN UNION
yards in Pakistan are not any better. As safety procedures at the yards, in the
and 2019, including several drilling In December 2016, the EU published
in India and Bangladesh, the yards in beginning of 2017, five workers lost INDONESIA
“Gadani, once one of the world’s largest ships and platforms. In comparison to the list of ship recycling facilities that
Gadani operate directly on the beach their lives in another explosion on a Smaller vessels are known to be
shipbreaking hubs, has now lost that South Asia, Turkey dismantles smaller are approved according to the EU
without any impermeable and drained tanker. This led to a moratorium on broken in Indonesia. Recent media
vessels, many of them either EU-owned Ship Recycling Regulation and located
working areas to protect the sea and the import of tankers imposed by the status. There is no doubt that the major investigations revealed appalling
or EU-flagged. Aliaga is also a preferred in EU Member States. 34 out of 41
sand from pollution. As there is no government. Yet the ban was lifted in explosion on 1 November 2016 that killed destination for EU navy vessels. facilities approved so far are located social and environmental conditions
infrastructure to deal with hazardous 2018, without concrete measures in at least 30 workers on the spot and severely at a breaking yard located in Cilincing,
in the EU. These yards are currently
waste in Gadani, dangerous and place, such as mandatory gas-free-for- burnt even more, revealed the catastrophic North Jakarta.
Although Turkish yards do not beach mainly recycling government-owned
polluting substances – such as asbestos, hot-work, to prevent the reoccurrence conditions at the yards and prompted both vessels, the landing method which and smaller vessels, and operate grossly
PCBs and residue oils – are simply of these tragedies. PHILIPPINES
inquiry and adoption of more stringent is used also poses environmental under-capacity. They have signalled that
dumped behind the shipbreaking area. In the Philippines, the government has
Figures, however, clearly show a
safety regulations. However, whilst the challenges, as the risk of slag and paint the promise of a larger market share
chips falling into the water is high. would prompt investments to enlarge planned the construction of a ship recy-
Workers’ health and safety are significant decline in shipbreaking safety at workplace as a result has slightly
Through engagement with NGOs the yards so that they could recycle cling yard on the island of Negros. The
blatantly ignored in Gadani, and activities in 2018 and 2019. This improved, no change occurred in beaching construction is financed by Japanese
practices. That the coastal environment is and labour rights groups, the Turkish more as well as larger commercial ships.
trade unions, such as the IndustriAll- development is caused by several corporation Tsuneishi Heavy Indus-
Ship Recyclers Association remains
affiliated Pakistan National Trade factors, including the devaluation of now slowly showing signs of recovery is tries Inc. The Platform is assisting rep-
attentive to constantly improving the UNITED STATES
Union Federation (NTUF), have voiced the Pakistani Rupee and imports of not due to any upgraded environmental industry practice, and the yards are In the US, facilities are able to resentatives of local NGOs PDG and
strong concerns related to the systemic cheap metal billets from neighbouring management at the yards, but is rather Save Hinoba-an Movement in halting
open to independent researchers. recycle vessels in a safer and more
breaches of basic labour rights. Most countries, and has resulted in the is a result of the significant decrease in the project, which currently involves
environmentally friendly way than
of the shipbreaking workers in Gadani closure of the majority of the yards and the number of ships coming for breaking land-grabbing of agricultural grounds
Six yards in Aliaga are currently included on the beaches of South Asia. Most
are migrant workers from the poorest thus the return of migrant workers to and will negatively affect local commu-
on the beach. Any attempts to revive the on the EU list of approved ship recycling facilities are located in Brownsville,
regions of Pakistan. their home villages. nities, their livelihoods, as well as the
industry in Pakistan must ensure that the facilities. In order to make it on the EU Texas. One of these facilities has been
list, the yards are subject to on-site included on the EU List. coastal environment.
Following the explosion of 1 November recycling operations take place in industrial
zones where both the environment and assessments of their environmental and
2016 of the ACES tanker, there has
workers can be protected.” social performance. CHINA
been increased awareness, nationally
Several Chinese yards that have the
and internationally, of the dangers faced
capacity to recycle a substantial amount
by the workers in the shipbreaking Dr. Irfan Khan, NGO Shipbreaking of large vessels alongside piers and in
yards in Pakistan. Many workers lost Platform Board Member docks are currently out of business.
their lives in the explosion that took
As of 1 January 2019, China closed
the Pakistani military three days to
the market for the recycling of foreign
extinguish. Without any ambulances
flagged ships. This decision comes on
14 15
GETTING THE
LEGAL FRAMEWORK RIGHT
© C. F.
the Hong Kong Convention which does supported by Belgium and Greece and In January 2018, the Platform alerted Warranty Surveyor Aqualis Offshore
Scottish Environmental authorities are now scheduled to be heard by the
WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
not ban beaching; does not regulate
the downstream management of
it became apparent that there was
an urgent need to counter the fake MILESTONE (SEPA), of the imminent illegal export of Court. After having been detained
Under international environmental
hazardous wastes; sets no standards
for labour rights; and provides no
news with reliable data. The Platform
reviewed historic data on the breaking SEATRADE CASE three floating rigs from the Cromarty
Firth. The rigs had been sold to cash
in Norway for more than a year, the
HARRIER was allowed to leave for
law, end-of-life vessels are considered independent certification and auditing of EU flagged vessels and effectively buyer GMS by Diamond Offshore. SEPA recycling in Aliaga, Turkey. However,
hazardous waste. The export of scheme for the recycling facilities. showed that all EU flagged ships, both halted the movement of the platforms a major oil spill in the Izmir region
On 15 March 2018, the Rotterdam
hazardous wastes to developing in terms of tonnage and size, could have and pre-defined the cold-stacked rigs caused by the vessel on its final voyage
District Court sentenced, on the
countries from the EU is prohibited On 30 December 2018 the new EU easily been recycled at one of the 35 as hazardous waste. The units are to the Turkish recycling yard led to
basis of the EU Waste Shipment
under the EU Waste Shipment Ship Recycling Regulation became facilities that at the time were approved currently still being detained, and are the arrest of the ship. The HARRIER
Regulation, shipping company
Regulation. On 5 December 2019 the applicable. The standard for safe and by the EU. Indeed, many of these sites not able to leave Scotland unless the remained stuck at the Turkish recycling
Seatrade for the intent to illegally
Basel Convention’s Ban Amendment, environmentally sound ship recycling are operating grossly under-capacity. recycling destination is allowed under yard for more than one year as cash
export four vessels for scrapping in
which prohibits the export of hazardous set by the EU is an important step in the The conclusions of the report were the EU Waste Shipment Regulation. The buyer Wirana simply “vanished” after
India.
waste, including end-of-life ships, from right direction. picked up by the press, enforcement Platform also alerted local oil and gas having delivered the ship, dodging
developed to developing countries authorities and Members of the trade unions of the case and has worked both the clean-up costs and fine issued
Seatrade was heavily fined, and two
became applicable at the international European Parliament. This left the ship with National Union of Rail, Maritime by Turkish authorities . The recycling
of its executives were also banned
level. However, European and owners in quite an embarrassing and Transport Workers (RMT) to raise operations finally started in February
from exercising the profession as
international law governing the trade of
end-of-life ships is easy to circumvent
WHAT HAVE WE DONE? position, and also convinced EU
Commissioner Karmenu VELLA that
director, commissioner, advisor or
the issue of the decommissioning
of floating oil and gas structures in
2020 – three years after the attempt
to illegally export the vessel to Gadani,
employee of a shipping company
for ship owners. Under the pretext of DEBUNKING FALSE INDUSTRY ARGUMENTS there was no need to postpone the both the Scottish Parliament and UK Pakistan.
for one year. This decision was a
continued operational use or repair The Platform published a report on the application date of the new law.. Parliament, demanding that the UK
major milestone in the Platform’s
work, most ship owners do not declare recycling capacity that is available on government develop a strategy for the The Platform is now engaging with also
campaign as, for the first time,
their intent to dispose their vessels and the EU List of approved ship recycling Today, the EU List has been expanded safe and clean recycling of the North Europol and Interpol on ‘illegal ship-
a shipping company was held
thus escape from law enforcement. facilities in September 2018 together to include 41 approved ship recycling Sea structures. breaking’. They aim at enhancing col-
criminally liable for the illegal
with member organisation Transport facilities. Whilst several Indian beaching laboration between different national
trade of end-of-life ships. The
The industry-driven International & Environment. As the application date yards have applied for approval, none In Norway, the HARRIER case is under police forces. To raise broader public
Prosecutor’s request that the
Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted for the EU Ship Recycling Regulation of them have been able to prove that investigation by the Economic Crimes awareness, the Platform has worked
Seatrade executives face prison
the Hong Kong Convention in 2009. It was approaching, the European they meet the standards set by the Division of the police. The ship owner closely with investigative journalists fo-
was only waived in light of this
has so far not entered into force due to shipping industry sought to undermine Regulation. and cash buyer have been charged cusing on specific cases of illegal exports
being the first time such criminal
the lack of ratifications, and has been the Regulation by claiming that it for their attempt to illegally export of waste ships: Dutch investigative
charges had been pressed. This
denounced for its weak standards by could not become applicable without HOLDING INDUSTRY TO ACCOUNT FOR the vessel to Pakistan. The insurance journalists published a damning report
ground-breaking judgement sets
more than 100 global environmental considerable recycling capacity added ILLICIT PRACTICES company and Marine Warranty for offshore company SBM that sold a
an important precedent for holding
and human rights organisations, the to the list. Their call was for the EU to The Platform has prompted several Surveyor are both under investigation mercury contaminated tanker to Alang,
ship owners accountable for selling
UN Special Rapporteur on Human accept facilities in Alang, India, under criminal investigations by EU for having aided the intended illegal India; BBC investigative journalists re-
vessels, via shady cash-buyers, for
Rights and Toxics, legal experts and the false pretext that without those enforcement authorities against export. Cash buyer Wirana has already leased their report on the illicit practic-
dirty and dangerous breaking in
European policy makers. 90 yards at yards, EU flagged vessels would not shipping companies involved in the been fined 7 million NOK (approx. es of Diamond Offshore and cash buyer
order to maximise profits.
the Alang beach in India already claim have enough capacity available for illegal export of end-of-life vessels to 640.000 EUR), and the cases against GMS, as well as the connivance of local
that they meet the requirements of their recycling. The industry push was South Asia beaches. both ship owner EIDE and Marine Indian authorities, in March 2020.
16 17
© Cato Gustavson / KLP
MAKING BUSINESS
DO THE RIGHT THING
© C.F.
Criminalising illegal conduct plays bonds and inclusion of requirements transition to Circular Economy models. Ship owners’ lack of due diligence when
a key role in changing corporate
incentive structures. Sufficiently high
to use sustainably recycled scrap
steel originating from ships in public
BELA and FIDH joined the Belgian
Federal Police in a second debate that WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
selling to cash buyers is increasingly
highlighted by law enforcers and the MILESTONE
and dissuasive penalties, also for
inciting, aiding and abetting offences
procurement would further encourage
investments in high quality recycling.
focused on corporate liability for toxic
trade. The event was organised during The vast majority of ship owners do not
financiers of shipping.
INVESTORS
need to be ensured. Within that scope,
the liability of auditors, insurers and To raise awareness on how to boost
the Brussels 15 Days for International
Solidarity with the support of the City
take responsible decisions when getting
rid of their old ships. Instead, they sell
Companies globally are increasingly
expected to make sure that their
DIVESTING
private certification schemes, should be a toxic-free future in line with the of Brussels, and included also the their vessel to scrap dealers known as business, including their supply chain In January 2018, the Norwegian
explored and accounted for. Circular Economy, the Platform and its performance With Bare Hands LIVE. cash buyers. These companies offer management, operate in line with Central Bank decided to exclude four
member organisation FIDH, organised ship owners the highest price – upfront international human rights standards ship owners, including Evergreen,
FOCUS ON THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY in October 2019 two panel debates and in cash – for end-of-life vessels. and does not cause harm to the from the Government Pension
The Platform advocates for the adoption moderated by chief editor of MO* They will manage the ship on its last environment. Faced with this demand Fund Global (GPFG), the world’s
“”
of incentives to facilitate a level playing Magazine. The UN Special Rapporteur voyage, as well as rename and reflag - and often with a much more public largest sovereign fund. The exclusion
field and increase the supply of ships on Toxics and Human Rights gave an it, often to the worst performing flags profile than most ship owners - banks, was made public and with written
to facilities with high environmental opening key-note speech. Platform in the world, as part of their business pension funds and consumer brands, explanations. Both the breach of
and safety standards. A return-scheme member organisation Basel Action model. upon which international shipping international human rights and
for ships where moneys are collected Network (BAN) presented the depends, are taking steps to ensure the severe environmental damage
during operational life from all vessels Circular Economy and waste trade, Registering also the ships under responsible ship recycling. caused by beaching were highlighted
trading in European waters has before being joined on stage by the anonymous post box companies, it as reasons for the divestments.
According to the Council on Ethics
been proposed at the EU level and is European Environmental Bureau (EEB) “Repeated legal calls in the importing becomes challenging for authorities to
supported by NGOs, trade unions and and the UN Special Rapporteur to hold cash buyers accountable for their of GPFG, selling a vessel to a
countries are falling into deed ears simply beaching yard via a cash buyer “is a
industry stakeholders. The use of green discuss measures that will support the because the rich nations are declining illicit business practices. Ship owners
will claim that their responsibility consequence of an active choice on
to take care of their waste. While the EU the part of the company that owned
ends upon concluding a deal with a
has come forward with a set of rules, it is
cash buyer, and thus seek to avoid any WHAT HAVE WE DONE? the vessel to maximise its profit. In
high time that the public agencies work the Council’s opinion, that company
CALL FOR ACTION to bridge the gap between laws and their
implementation and save lives and the
financial, liability or reputational risks
linked to the scraping of their vessels PROMPTED ENGAGEMENT FROM FINANCIERS must shoulder an independent
responsibility for doing so. There
at the increasingly criticised beaching Profits made on the back of people and
environment.” yards. the environment are not acceptable are better ways of dismantling ships
We call upon the European Union to lowcost method of beach-breaking.
with the slowly increasing focus on that are readily available to the ship
maintain high standards when Wa also call upon the Member
owner, but these are more expensive”.
publishing its list of approved ship States to support the introduction Syeda Rizwana Hasan, Supreme Court Selling to a cash buyer has, however, environmental, social and governance
become increasingly difficult to use criteria for investments. Through This precedent-setting divestment
recycling facilities and not to give of a financial scheme based on the Lawyer and Director of Bangladesh was followed by Norwegian pension
in to shipping interests that want polluter pays principle that would Environmental Lawyers Association as a pretext for not knowing that the what is known as “negative screening”,
asset will be scrapped. The higher price investors are using the annual lists fund KLP that excluded the same
to continue earning dirty money by incentivise ship owners to opt for a
offered by the cash buyer is also a clear that the Platform publishes on global companies. Both investors have
using the dangerous, polluting and ship recycling facility on the EU list.
indication of where the vessel will be dumpers to screen their asset values. signalled that they may take further
scrapped. action on companies that break their
vessels also in India.18 17 19
© Stefan Tschumi
ENSURED ENGAGEMENT FROM to screening their business up against So far, the only structure which operated authorities on the export of three Platform was also asked to share its
MARITIME INSURERS Environmental, Social and Governance in the North Sea and has been traced tankers owned by Petrobras that were experiences working on human rights WORST SHIP-DUMPING
Following investigations in Norway (ESG) issues. to a South Asian beaching yard is the exported to India in breach of UNEP’s corporate liability at events organised COMPANIES
on the possible criminal liability of FPSO NORTH SEA PRODUCER. The Basel Convention, and also in relations by Amnesty International and partner
insurance companies in aiding illegal HIGHLIGHTING EMERGING CHALLENGES Platform has, however, revealed that to the auctioning of the French aircraft organisation European Coalition for 2018
waste trafficking, the Platform has been With the oil and gas sector seeing a units operating in East Asia have been carrier Clemenceau’s sister ship, the Corporate Justice (ECCJ). SINOKOR
solicited to present the shipbreaking downturn since 2014, the Platform sold for scrapping to the beaching yards SÃO PAULO. In the latter case, and due
issue to the insurance sector. In June 11
has documented an increasing number with false inventories claiming that they to the large amounts of asbestos still RECOGNISING BEST PRACTICE
2019 the Platform spoke at an event of offshore units sold for scrap. More are free of mercury contamination. on-board, the Platform has effectively Recycling vessels sustainably
organised by the largest P&I ship than 200 floating oil and gas structures With support from the Royal Academy worked with the global Ban Asbestos is possible. In 2019, the NGO 2018
insurer, Gard. Underwriters, brokers have been documented by the Platform of Engineering and Lloyds Register Network and urged both French and Shipbreaking Platform commended NORDIC AMERICAN TANKERS
and shipping companies were present, as scrapped globally since 2015 – an Foundation, the Platform will continue Brazilian authorities to ensure the Dutch ship owner Van Oord for best 8
and co-presenters on the ship recycling estimated 40% of these assets ended to focus on the particular end-of-life proper dismantling of the vessel in an corporate practice. Van Oord sold its
issue included DNB bank, Wilhelmsen up on South Asian beaches, where they challenges of the oil and gas sector. EU approved facility. end-of-life ships to EU-listed yards for 2019
shipping company and a shipping were broken up under conditions that recycling and has had a long-standing
EVERGREEN
lawyer. Jointly, all presentations offered cause irreparable damage to the coastal FOCUS ON BRAZIL FOCUS ON HUMAN RIGHTS DUE DILIGENCE commitment to safe and clean ship
strong arguments for sustainable ship environment and put workers’ lives Also in Brazil there is an increasing The Platform has engaged with the UN recycling. Other companies that have 11
recycling from an environmental, labour and health and safety at risk. Mercury inventory of oil and gas units that Special Rapporteur on Human Rights had a sustainable ship recycling policy
rights, legal, financial and ethical point of and radioactive contamination are of will need to be decommissioned in and Toxics, as well as NGOs, lawyers and in place for many years include Boskalis, 2019
view. In September 2019, the Platform particular concern on so-called floating the coming years. Via presentations researchers that focus on corporate CSL, Deme Group, Grieg Star, Hapag BERGE BULK
was invited to speak at the Annual production and storage units. at conferences on ship recycling and accountability. These exchanges have Lloyd, Heerema, Jan de Nul, Samskip
Conference of the International Union offshore decommissioning organised by brought valuable insights in other and Wallenius Wilhelmsen. 4
of Marine Insurers (IUMI) in Toronto, The Platform published a report on SOBENA in Rio de Janeiro, the Platform sectors, such as coco-farming and
Canada. IUMI represents more than the decommissioning of floating oil has engaged with Brazilian ship recycling textiles, that also face similar problems
40 national marine insurance and
CALL FOR ACTION
and gas structures that have operated yards, environmental authorities and with regards to poor conditions and
reinsurance associations, and through in the North Sea. These units are major shipping and oil & gas companies weak auditing schemes that are not
their respective memberships cover effectively covered by the EU Ship such as Petrobras and Vale. The aim able to detect violations, in some cases
more than 90 per cent of the world’s Recycling Regulation and / or the has been to enhance awareness on even designed not to detect violations We call upon ship owners globally list of ship recycling facilities. We
marine insurance premium. Following EU Waste Shipment Regulation. The the issue in Brazil, where several as a way of hiding exploitation. The EU to use modern industrial ship also call on cargo owners and the
the conference, the Platform has report outlines clear indicators for yards could potentially meet the EU Ship Recycling Regulation provides recycling facilities - off the beach financers of shipping to demand
been contacted by several insurance when assets in the North Sea are standard and recycle regional tonnage in that sense for a strong case of EU - that can ensure clean and safe clean and safe ship recycling from
companies for advice on how they can likely to be decommissioned and in a sustainable manner. Currently, auditing practices in third countries and practices in line with international the ship owners they do business
contribute to raising the standards of identifies solutions for their safe and Brazilian companies are selling their could be used as an example to follow environmental and labour rights’ with by including contractual clauses
ship recycling. IUMI further announced environmentally sound recycling. The obsolete tonnage for breaking on the in also other sectors and supply chains. standards. We expect shipping that require the use of ship recycling
that ship recycling would be one of report was launched during an event beaches of South Asia. The Platform In light of the Platform’s successes in companies to exercise due diligence facilities on the EU list.
their future focus areas with regards hosted by pension fund KLP in Oslo. has alerted Brazilian environmental prompting criminal investigations, the and use the upcoming EuropeanYou can also read
