IMPACT OF ENZYMES AND FIBRE ON GUT HEALTH - Xavière Rousseau, AB Vista Balchem Real Science-Lecture Series
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IMPACT OF ENZYMES AND
FIBRE ON GUT HEALTH
Xavière Rousseau, AB Vista
Balchem Real Science-Lecture Series
08th June 2021
OUTLINES 1. Gut and health 2. Enzymes beyond nutritional matrix value 3. Fibre : what’s new and how to optimise their inclusion to ensure good gut health
GUT AND HEALTH
FREE OF ILLNESS WITH HIGH ABILITY TO COUNTERACT ANY ENTERIC CHALLENGE
(gut epithelium = physical and chemical protection from the antigenic components)
EVERYTHING THAT ALLOW EFFECTIVE NUTRIENT DIGESTION – ABSORPTION - FERMENTATION
GUT INTEGRITY GUT FUNCTIONALITY
(absorption (immunostimulation –
- pathogens- homeostatic inflammatory
balance) response)
1. Ensure Effective digestion and absorption (digestion-absorption process)
2. Having an optimal and balanced microbiome + Limit pathogens growth (gut integrity) + beneficial fermentation
3. Good immune status (innate and acquired mucosal immune response) and low inflammatory response
pH
DIGESTION PROCESS
Stomach/crop/PV/gizzard
GUT HEALTH
Digestion Duodénum
FIBRE
ENZYMES
Jéjunum
Non
Digestible
digestible
Absorption
Microbes load Iléum
Non digestible
but fermentable
Colon
FIBRE Fermentation
Caeca
Le charme discret de l’intestin, Actes Sud, 2017
PHYTASE AND GUT HEALTH
PHYTASE & GUT HEALTH
Phytate reduces protein solubility
Regular phytate
content in Phytate reduces amylase activity in intestinal mucosa
broiler diets 18 a a
a
Amylase Activity (U/mg)
a
16
Cowieson et al., 2011
14 b
c
12
10
…….. Phytase(FTU/kg) 0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Phytic P(%) 0.22 0.44
Liu et al., 2008
PHYTASE & GUT HEALTH
Stomach/crop/PV/gizzard # de novo protein-phytate complex formation
# Refractory to pepsin digestion
# Hyper-secretion of pepsin and HCl
Duodénum # Extra mucin secretion
Jéjunum
# Increased flows of endogenous amino acids
# Pre-bound dietary protein less readily digested
Iléum
# Compromised amino acid uptakes
#Reduced absorption of dietary and endogenous amino
Colon acids
Caeca
Protein fermentation
• Increase pH
• Toxic substances
PHYTASE & GUT HEALTH
CONSIDERING PHYTASE BEYOND MATRIX VALUE
Release key nutrients : Zn, Fe, Cu
…
IP 6 to 1 hydrolysis to facilitate
ALP work
Inositol production
Phytate IP6 + ip5 +
IP4 + IP3+ IP2 down
HIGH DOSE OF PHYTASE AND ZINC_SWINE
Release key nutrients : Zn, Fe, Cu …
High dose of phytase improves Zn absorption
120
High dose of phytase reduces weaning diarrhoea
100
by average 6%
Zinc serum (µg/dl)
C
80
Day 0 to 10 post-weaning
60 B 1.6
B Without QB
A 1.5
40 Superdose QB
1.4
20 A
Faecal score
1.3
0 1.2
0 1750 3500 0 2500
1.1
Zinc (mg/kg) from zinc oxide Quantum Blue (FTU/kg)
1
0.9
100 1000 1250 1750 2000 2500 3000 3500
Zn (ppm)
AB Vista, Internal data
HIGH DOSE OF PHYTASE AND COPPER
Meta-analysis of phytase effect on copper digestibility in Release key nutrients : Zn, Fe, Cu …
18 broilers
16
ADG - W-42d (g/day)
14 490
Cu digestibility (%)
No Quantum Blue
12 470
10 450
Quantum Blue
ADG (g/d)
2000 FTU/kg
8
430
6
4 410
2 390
0 370
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 350
Phytase dose FTU/kg 0 62.5 125 250 0 62.5 125 250
Notes: 12 experiments; 80% with old Aspergillus phytase
Mean copper dose in trials 36 mg/kg diet Copper (ppm)
Jongbloed et al, 2010; IPS3
Cordero et al, 2017HIGH DOSE OF PHYTASE AND IRON
Release key nutrients : Zn, Fe, Cu …
Trial 1 - No Superdosing Phytase Trial 2 - Superdosing Phytase
115 115
110 110
Relative Difference (%)
Relative Difference (%)
105 105
100 100
95 95
P < 0.05
90 243 247 1.30 328
90 Trend Trend
1.33 316 2.17 2.14
85 85 256 282 1.30 1.22 322 343 2.12 2.06
80 80
ADG FCR ADFI Scour ADG FCR ADFI Scour
Score Score
Note: Standard Diet = 200 ppm Iron, All piglets were iron
supplemented, weaned at 28 d
Std Std + 150 ppm Organic Iron Ref: Customer Commercial Study
Iron supplementation improves performance and reduces scour when
superdosingINOSITOL RELEASE AND GUT HEALTH
0.24 P
P P P P
0.20 P
P P P P 0.16 P
P P P P 0.12 P
P 0.08 P
P
0.04 P
P P
P P
P P P
P P P
P P
Release key nutrients : Zn, Fe, Cu …
IP 6 to 1 hydrolysis for ALP work to produce inositolINOSITOL
99.8 % of free inositol can
be absorbed
Co-transported by:
SMIT1
SMIT2
HMIT
Once in the cells inositol
acts as a building block
for:
2nd messengers (IP3, PIP2, PIP3)
Phytate (IP5)
Huber, 2016; Croze and Soulage, 2013HIGH OF PHYTASE INCREASE EXPRESSION OF INOSITOL
TRANSPORTERS IN JEJUNUM
Greater transport of inositol in the jejunum may indicate greater phytate breakdown
SMIT1 SMIT2 HMIT iALP
HMIT Linear P < 0.05
4 iALP Linear P < 0.05
SMIT1 Quadratic P = 0.10
3.5 SMIT2 Quadratic P < 0.05
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 500 1500 4500
Jejunum
Walk et al., 2018WEANING DIARRHOEA - PROPOSED MECHANISM
Zn
Alkaline
phosphatase
Weaning
stress
LPS antigenicity
Increased
E. Coli populations
Diarrhoea
Phytase
Bedford, personal communicationAP - LPS
Increase commensal
bacteria growth to control
intestinal disordersAP REDUCES E. COLI INFLAMMATION
Beumer et al .,2003WEANING REDUCES AP
0.6
Suckling Weaned at 10d
0.5
AP activity U/mg protein
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Duodenum Prox jej Distal jej
early weaning decreased small intestinal IAP V(cap), IAP catalytic affinity,
and IAP gene expression, and this may in part contribute to the
susceptibility of early-weaned piglets to increased occurrence of enteric Lackeyram et al., 2010
diseases and growth-check. 10d weaned pigs fed weaner for 12d or suckled till 22dCHICK ALP ACTIVATED BY ZN AND MG
Standard in
the gut
Concentration in
the gut
Chick ALP inhibited by phytatePHYTASE APPLICATION IN GUT HEALTH
Increase digestibility of protein => lowering putrefaction in the hindgut
Cowieson et al, 2015
Releasing key nutrients : Zn, Cu, Fe that have beneficial effect on gut health
Increase ALP activity by Zn release to produce more inositol
• Reduction of enteric inflammation => Weaning diahrroea decrease
• Need to consider very high level of phytase to produce relevant concentrations of inositol
antioxydant effect => woody breast
• Better blood oxygenation : woody breast and ascites incidence reductionNSP ENZYMES AND GUT HEALTH
NSP ENZYMES
1. Opens up feedstuff cell walls (insoluble fibre)
May also provide energy from constituent sugars
2. Reduces intestinal viscosity (soluble fibre)
Wheat and barley diets
3. Produces oligosaccharides (prebiotics)ARABINOXYLANES
Xylo-oligosaccharidesNSP ENZYMES
Ab Vista 2020. Commercial doses of all enzymes used on 1% wheat AX.
oligosaccharidesECONASE XT INFLUENCES INTESTINAL
FERMENTATION IN BROILERS
0.23
500%
7
Control Econase XT
400% 6
% Over control
Control
0.14
5
Xylanase activity U/mg
Econase XT
300%
4
200% 3
68.36
31.42
29.49
58.27
0.18
2.47
0.06
0.05
5.18
0.05
2.43
4.90
0.05
0.14
2
100%
1
0% 0
Acetic acid Propionic Butyric Lactic acid Acetic acid Propionic Butyric Lactic acid Gizzard Ileum Caecum
acid acid acid acid Gonzalez et al., 2019
21-days 41-days
Gonzales-Ortiz et al., 2016Koh et al., 2016
THE EFFECT OF ECONASE XT ON LIVABILITY
(SWINE)
100
98
96 95.5
94
% Livability
92.9
92
90
88
86
84
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6 Trial 7 Trial 8 Avg
P < 0.08
SEM = 1.04
Control Econase XT
Mechanism, EXT has an indirect effect by increasing xylo-oligomer production that is
fermented by microbes in the lower GI tract which increases VFA production especially
butyrate which can improve microbial profile and is energy for enterocytesFIBRE AND GUT HEALTH
FIBRE : CHARACTERISTICS_CRITERIA
TOTAL DIETARY FIBRE
Crude Fibre & NDF
Crude protein
NSP
LIGNIN CELLULOSE HEMICELLULOSE PECTIN
Total dietary fibre
NDF
Individual AAs
ADF
CF Towards a better characterisation of the
functionality of fibre :
AB Vista White paper, 2020
solubility and fermentabilityFIBRE & PHYTASE
Phytase effect, P=0,011
Relative PG (g/kg BW) Hull inclusion, L: PFIBRE & MICROBIOME
Non
Digestible
digestible
100%
90%
Non digestible 80%
but fermentable TDF
70%
60% Feed for
the
50% bacteria NSP in raw materials chickens 2% to 43%
FIBRE 40% ATTD
30% De Vries 2015
20%
10%
0% In swine NSP ileal digestibility is 12%
Feed composition Ileal digesta fecal digestibility around 68%
composition Bach Knudsen et al.,2014 Midwest p35
Protein Starch Fibre Fat OthersFIBRE & MICROBIOME
Also where enzymes
improving protein
digestibility will help
Apajalahti, 2005FIBRE _ SOLUBLE A+X
mFCR, 0-10d mFCR, 25-42d
1.175 1.785
Linear, P=0.0011 1.780 Linear, P=0.0256
1.17 1.775
R² = 0.8749
R² = 0.588 1.770
mFCR, 25-42d
mFCR, 0-10d
1.165 1.765
1.760
1.16 1.755
1.750
1.155 1.745
1.740
1.15 1.735
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
soluble A+X soluble A+X
Gomes et al.,2021 under publicationFIBRE _ SOLUBLE A+X & MICROBIOME
mFCR, 0-10d mFCR, 25-42d
1.18 1.785 R² = 0.8749
1.780
Linear, P=0.0011 Linear, P=0.0256
1.17 1.775
R² = 0.588 1.770
mFCR, 25-42d
1.16 1.765
mFCR, 0-10d
1.760
1.15
1.755
1.750
1.14 Linear, PFIBRE & MICROBIOME
day 14 day 35
TRT
TNF-α, pg/ml TNF-α, pg/ml
GS-CON 9.6b 42.5c
GS-Stimbiotic 9.3b 39.3c
Stimbiotic use decreased PS-CON 18.8a 73.9a
by 24% TNF alpha at
35d where MOS & FOS PS-Stimbiotic 14.1ab 55.9bc
had no effect Dirty conditions increased
ab ab
PS-FOS 15.0 69.3 TNF alpha (95% & 76%
at 14 et 35d respectively)
PS-MOS 15.7a 68.7ab vs clean conditions =
SEM 0.8 2.6 inflammatory reaction
P-Value 0.012FIBRE & MICROBIOME
Inclusion of Signis reduced FCR by 17 points compared to SBP (1.49 vs. 1.66, P=0.011) at 42 days post-weaning.
50.0
45
45.0
40.0
35.0
%
30
30.0
26
25.0
20.0
15.0
Antibiotic treatmentsCONCLUSIONS Gut health is dependant on many factors => nutritional tools are available to get animals able to ensure optimal gut integrity and capacity to cope with any gut challenges 1. Enzymes are relevant tools by their effect in increasing nutrient digestibility of protein, amino acids, minerals, fibre but there is probably much more to extract than we thought. Targeting maximum inositol release can help to control diarrhoea in piglets and breast myopathies incidence : high dosage of phytase application 2. Controlling the AXOS arriving in the hindgut to get beneficial fermentation : NSPase 3. Having a better monitoring of fibre characteristics and understanding the requirement of the animals to adapt the fibre fraction would be a key as to help for a proper and quick adequate microbiome establishment All the 3 above are relevant tools , are interlinked and the strategy needs to be adjusted following the target
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Think also enzymes application beyond
nutritional matrix
&
Look at fibre as the feed for gut microbiomeTHANKS FOR LISTENING
Xaviere.rousseau@abvista.comYou can also read
