IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers - April 2019 - EY
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Contents Introduction....................................................................................... 3 Why are the IBORs being phased out?................................................. 4 Current state of play........................................................................... 4 A word on BBSW................................................................................. 5 Key challenges for Australian insurers................................................. 7 1. Developing, issuing and trading new products................................. 7 2. Repapering legacy contracts.......................................................... 7 3. Managing financial risks................................................................ 8 4. Adjusting models and curves......................................................... 9 5. Enhancing systems and data infrastructure..................................... 9 6. Managing tax and accounting outcomes.......................................... 9 Next steps for Australian insurers....................................................... 10 Conclusion......................................................................................... 10 Our Australian IBOR team................................................................... 11 2 | IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers
Introduction Ongoing efforts by global regulators and major banks to phase out the use of interbank offered rates (IBORs) will have a significant impact on Australian insurers. The IBORs play a critical role in financial markets, acting as reference rates for cash products and derivative contracts held by a wide array of market participants. The IBORs are also extensively embedded throughout a range of processes, systems and models across industries and market segments, including both general and life insurers. After more than forty years in operation, the end of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) after 2021 will be particularly consequential. LIBOR is presently used to price around USD 370 trillion of financial contracts daily across the globe. It also serves as a critical benchmark rate of performance measurement for investment securities and as a proxy rate for wholesale funding. Many Australian insurers have exposure to LIBOR-linked funding or capital instruments. For those with offshore liabilities, LIBOR may additionally act as an input into discounting, valuation and regulatory cost of capital models. The runway to prepare for transition is short. IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers | 3
Why are the IBORs being phased out? Several interrelated factors have led to a fundamental review of the IBORs’ robustness since the global financial crisis: 1. Liquidity has significantly reduced within interbank unsecured funding markets, primarily driven by the introduction of liquidity standards requiring banks to maintain a stable funding structure more reliant upon longer-term funding. 2. IBOR panel banks are increasingly reluctant to submit quotes based on expert judgement, rather than underlying transactions, due to concerns around litigation and allegations of misconduct. 3. Criminal convictions and panel bank fines for misconduct relating to the manipulation of IBORs across various jurisdictions have further stoked concerns around systemic risks related to the maintenance of these key financial benchmarks. Current state of play Transition governance engaged directly with large financial institutions to ensure that they are responding with urgency. As IBOR transition For the abovementioned reasons, regulators and industry accelerates, banks and insurers should expect further enquiries bodies globally have undertaken a series of initiatives to restore from other regulatory bodies in the jurisdictions in which they confidence in major interest rate benchmarks. These initiatives operate. have been led by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) Official Sector Steering Group (OSSG). ARR-linked product issuance and Given unsuccessful initial attempts to reform the IBORs to be more transaction based, industry efforts are now focused liquidity on replacing IBORs with overnight nearly risk-free alternate With the final determination of the ARRs by the central bank reference rates (ARRs) that conform to the benchmark principles working groups, various government, banking and corporate put forward by the International Organisation of Securities institutions have started to issue associated debt securities, Commissions (IOSCO). especially linked to the US and UK ARRs (“SOFR” and “SONIA” respectively). While some of this activity has been designed Central bank-coordinated working groups have consequently to promote readiness to accommodate the new benchmarks been established in all key IBOR jurisdictions to facilitate (systems, processes and approvals), some issuers are proactively an orderly transition. These working groups have identified seeking first-mover-pricing and reputational advantages. different ARRs for the major IBOR currencies, and are now focused on seeking market consensus around term ARRs ARR-linked futures and swaps have also been launched in some and new contractual “fallback” provisions to minimise markets, again mainly referencing SOFR and SONIA. Liquidity market disruption in the event of IBOR discontinuations. The in these derivatives markets will be critical for market hedging International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) has also purposes. It will also be key to convincing transition participants played a critical role in this fallback consultation process for that such derivatives can serve as a robust basis for forward- derivative instruments. looking term ARRs to be potentially set in due course. While working groups acknowledge the strong demand for term ARRs for cash markets, debate continues around the most appropriate Regulatory involvement rate set method (e.g., forward-looking vs. compounded While ultimately viewed as a voluntary, industry-led initiative, in arrears). regulators globally have indicated that they view IBOR transition to be a matter of critical systemic importance. As a result, the Clearing houses have also announced their intention to replace UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced in 2017 existing overnight index rates with ARRs for calculating that it would no longer persuade or compel panel banks to price alignment interest (PAI). CME Group (leading global make LIBOR submissions after the end of 2021. Given panel derivatives market place) has already adopted SOFR for PAI banks’ concerns around litigation in relation to LIBOR quote and discounting, with LCH (UK and European clearing house submissions, it is widely accepted that LIBOR will not be reliably organisation) expected to transition from the Federal Funds Rate published beyond this date. to SOFR for all USD-denominated swaps in the second half of 2020. This development will be a key catalyst to the trading of Considering the tight timeframe, regulatory authorities in the ARR-linked swaps, especially where existing trades referencing UK, Switzerland, Singapore and Hong Kong have consequently IBORs are also transitioned. 4 | IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers
A word on BBSW The use of the Bank Bill Swap Rate (BBSW) as a reference rate is widespread across Australian insurance firms’ investment, funding and derivative product portfolios. While Australian insurers should prioritise addressing the impacts of IBOR transition in the first instance, the viability and use of BBSW must also be monitored. Recent reforms by the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have established a firm foundation for BBSW to comply with the IOSCO Principles for Financial Benchmarks. Under the ASX’s new waterfall rate set methodology, BBSW is now largely transaction based for the critical 3- and 6-month tenors. ASIC’s financial benchmark reforms, including its Financial Benchmark Administration Rules and Financial Benchmark Compelled Rules, have improved BBSW’s robustness and bolstered market confidence in this critical credit benchmark. However, despite these changes and the articulated support from the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), we believe that certain market dynamics may challenge the systemic importance of BBSW over coming years. Cash Rate-linked debt instruments are expected to be issued by local market participants from 2019. Australian firms looking to convert future ARR-linked exposures back to AUD may prefer to use cross-currency interest rate swaps referencing the Cash Rate, to avoid the credit exposure associated with using BBSW against a risk-free ARR. Illiquidity in certain BBSW tenors (particularly the 1-month) may encourage users to reference other BBSW tenors or potentially other benchmarks. All these factors may reduce demand for BBSW-linked cash and derivative products over time. The new methodology strengthens BBSW by anchoring the benchmark to a greater number of transactions. This should help to ensure that BBSW remains robust. Guy Debelle RBA Deputy Governor May 2018 IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers | 5
Figure 1: Current state overview of key IBORs and their ARRs As illustrated below, substantial differences exist between working groups’ approaches and progress with respect to ARR development and consultation on fallback provisions and term ARRs. Market participants face a significant challenge in developing and executing transition programs based on incomplete information, contingent timelines and divergent approaches on key variables (e.g., fallback trigger events for cash and derivative instruments). Jurisdiction UK US EU Switzerland Japan IBOR GBP LIBOR USD LIBOR EURO LIBOR EONIA EURIBOR CHF LIBOR JPY LIBOR JPY TIBOR, EUROYEN TIBOR Administrator IBA IBA IBA EMMI EMMI IBA IBA JBATA Type Term Term Term Overnight Term Term Term Term Secured/ Unsecured Unsecured Unsecured Unsecured Unsecured Unsecured Unsecured Unsecured unsecured Submission vs. Submission Submission Submission Hybrid Submission Submission Submission Submission Transaction To coexist with ARR ARRC proposing Permanent Permanent pre-cessation discontinuation discontinuation Trigger triggers based TBD TBD N/A TBD TBD of LIBOR of LIBOR on Benchmark announced by announced by IBORs Cash products Discontinuance the IBA or FCA the IBA or FCA Events ARRC proposal Fallback consultation status Product types due Q2 2019 for FRNs, synd. TBD TBD N/A TBD TBD TBD TBD loans, bilateral loans and securitisations Index cessation Index cessation Index cessation Index cessation events as TBD TBD TBD events as events as events as Trigger per ISDA Consultation Consultation N/A Consultation per ISDA per ISDA per ISDA Derivatives (ISDA) Benchmarks due 1H 2019 due 1H 2019 due 1H 2019 Benchmarks Benchmarks Benchmarks Supplement Supplement Supplement Supplement Compounded TBD TBD TBD Compounded Compounded Compounded Term setting in Consultation Consultation N/A Consultation setting in setting in setting in adj. arrears due 1H 2019 due 1H 2019 due 1H 2019 arrears arrears arrears TBD TBD TBD Historical Historical Historical Historical Credit adj. Consultation Consultation N/A Consultation mean/median mean/median mean/median mean/median due 1H 2019 due 1H 2019 due 1H 2019 ESTER Reformed ARR SONIA SOFR SARON TONA From October 2019 EURIBOR Administrator BoE FRBNY ECB, FSMA, ESMA EMMI SIX BoJ Type Overnight Overnight Overnight Term Overnight Overnight Secured/ Unsecured Secured Unsecured Unsecured Secured Unsecured unsecured Submission / Transaction Transaction Transaction Hybrid Transaction Transaction ARRs Transaction Working group RFRWG ARRC WGERFR NWG CJYIRB Considering both forward- and Daily backwards- WG members N/A presently N/A NWG plans backward-looking rates Term rate Planning compounded favour OIS- EURIBOR a backward- consultation forward-term rate by 1H 2020 EONIA is an already has Proposing publication of quotes-based overnight compounded “prototype rates” by Dec 2020, status rate Forward rate by different forward- rate rate and production rates end-2021 looking rate tenors by mid-2021 Benchmark administrators Alternate reference rates (ARRs) BoE Bank of England ESTER Euro Short-Term Rate BoJ Bank of Japan SARON Swiss average rate overnight ECB European Central Bank SOFR Secured overnight financing rate EMMI European Money Markets Institute SONIA Reformed sterling overnight index average FRBNY Federal Reserve Bank of New York TONA Tokyo overnight average rate IBA ICE Benchmark Administration Working groups JBATA Japan Bankers Association TIBOR Administration RFRWG Working Group on Sterling Risk-Free Reference Rates RFRWG Working Group on Sterling Risk-Free Reference Rates ARRC Alternative Reference Rates Committee SIX SIX Swiss Exchange WGERFR Working Group on Euro Risk-Free Rates NWG The National Working Group on Swiss franc Reference Rate CJYIRB Cross-Industry Committee on Japanese Yen Interest Rate Benchmarks 6 | IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers
Key challenges for Australian insurers The discontinuation of the IBORs will present Australian insurance firms with a range of material challenges across business areas and functions including trading, operations, legal, underwriting, actuarial, risk and finance. 1. Developing, issuing and trading new To avoid such scenarios, market participants, including Australian insurers, will need to renegotiate these longer- products dated legacy IBOR-linked contracts with their clients or The ability to develop, approve, issue and price new counterparties to either: ARR-linked products will be critical in meeting client and 1. Change the contractual reference rate to an investor demands over the coming years, as well as to ARR-linked benchmark maintaining competitive market share. Crucially, continuing to issue IBOR-linked products to clients or investors without 2. Amend the fallback language to clarify what should adequate disclosure of the associated IBOR discontinuation happen if the referenced IBOR ceases to be published. risks may result in charges of misconduct, and ultimately, The amendment of fallback language is seen to be the most litigation. achievable of these options in the short term. However, Insurers will additionally need to ensure they can issue significant commercial and logistical challenges still exist in and book funding instruments such as floating-rate notes carrying out this task. (FRNs), as well trade in ARR-linked derivatives, Commercial challenges so they may adequately fund and risk manage their Commercially, some value transfer between contractual operations respectively. counterparties is likely to occur, either at the time of the 2. Repapering legacy contracts renegotiation itself or in a fallback trigger event. This is due to two structural features of the ARRs that distinguish Remediation of the “back book” will likely be an area them from the IBORs: of significant disruption during IBOR transition. If left unaddressed by end-2021, legacy investment, funding and 1. The ARRs are overnight rates, unlike the IBOR rates, derivative instruments linked to IBOR reference rates will which have daily fixings across different tenors. have to rely on the fallback provisions within their contracts 2. The ARRs are nearly risk-free, and do not contain a for valuation and fulfillment purposes. This is likely to lead credit risk spread as embedded within the IBORs. to several challenges, given: The combination of these factors entails that ARR levels 1. Existing fallback mechanisms were only designed will differ from the IBORs at any given time. While ISDA and for temporary benchmark publication disruptions. various working groups are establishing methodologies to Should a reference rate be permanently discontinued, appropriately account for these features (i.e., by including it is generally understood that initial fallback additional term and credit spread adjustments in the provisions to “survey” panel banks for an alternative fallbacks), some value transfer is still inevitable. rate would be unenforceable. Contractual counterparties may therefore be reluctant A highly probable outcome in such a circumstance is to renegotiate their contracts even with new proposed that a floating-rate instrument will effectively convert fallbacks, given the potential for negative revaluations to fixed, referencing the last-published IBOR mark or contractual triggers coming into play, such as thereafter. This would have several unfavourable requirements to pledge additional collateral. Where consequences, including the potential forced sale of clients or counterparties believe that insurers have acted assets or liabilities. inappropriately throughout the outreach or repapering 2. Existing fallbacks are inconsistent between, and process, they are also likely to litigate. often within, product types. This would lead to hedge dislocation, where cash products and their hedging derivative fallbacks differ. IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers | 7
Logistical challenges as Figure 1 illustrates, the Alternative Reference Rate Committee (ARRC) in the US is proposing pre-cessation Repapering legacy legal contracts will also present fallback triggers for cash products, opposed to the significant logistical challenges. Simply locating relevant standard cessation fallbacks put forward by ISDA for contracts and determining any provisions to be amended derivatives. Different term rate calculation methodologies will be difficult where documents have not been digitised. are also being proposed by different working groups, with IBOR contractual references may be more general in nature some preferring forward-term fixings based off derivatives too, such as embedded in inter-company financing terms, markets, and others leaning towards backwards- leases or external outsourcing contracts. compounding calculations. With respect to impacted financial instruments, repapering Insurers will have to risk manage these contingencies derivative contracts is expected to be significantly more as well as enhance their models and systems to account straightforward than for cash products. The existing ISDA for new market features such as cash flows calculated framework has led to a high degree of standardisation on a compounded-in-arrears basis. Inconsistent fallback across derivative contracts. ISDA additionally intends to rates between legacy cash products and their hedging publish a protocol to streamline the fallback repapering derivatives will result in profit or loss should the fallbacks process across multiple counterparties, though adherence be triggered. Inconsistent trigger events between to this protocol will be voluntary and direct outreach hedging and hedged items (i.e., “cessation” versus “pre- to some counterparties will likely still be required by cessation” triggers) will result in timing mismatches and Australian insurers. expose counterparties to uncertain periods of fixed-rate The lack of contract standardisation across cash-based payments from triggered cash products. Renegotiating products, however, will preclude a protocol-driven solution the contractual reference rate at different times for in most circumstances. This will make the contractual hedging and hedged items will similarly introduce basis. renegotiation process significantly more cumbersome, These timing issues are likely to complicate duration especially where there are multiple counterparties to the management strategies for some insurance firms. This same transaction. FRN contracts, for example, typically may be particularly significant for insurers with Matching require unanimous consent of noteholders to amend Adjustment Portfolios under EU Solvency II rules. The contractual terms. The potential for contract frustration in impacts on insurers’ cash feeder or liquidity funds will also such scenarios is higher. need to be assessed. 3. Managing financial risks Cross-currency interest rate swap (CCIRS) dynamics will also need to be considered as a source of financial risk. As IBOR transition unfolds, Australian insurers, like other Australian insurers typically swap offshore IBOR-linked market participants, will simultaneously hold both IBOR- investments or funding exposures back to AUD via CCIRS and ARR-linked positions on their balance sheets. Migrating with LIBOR on one leg versus BBSW on the other. However, the affected IBOR back book over to ARRs will take time using an ARR-BBSW CCIRS in the future will introduce a and introduce a host of new financial risks that need to be credit spread differential between the risk-free and credit managed. benchmark legs respectively. This differential will become This will be particularly difficult given the various timelines more pronounced during periods of market stress, where and divergent approaches being adopted for certain the risk-free ARR levels and credit-based benchmarks (such currency ARRs and between product types. For example, as BBSW) are likely to diverge. 8 | IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers
While this BBSW credit exposure may be managed to These will each have downstream impacts that will need some extent via basis swaps between BBSW and the RBA to be revised, including cashflow projections, liability Overnight Cash Rate (Cash Rate), the associated additional discounting, data feed inputs and any new interest transaction costs and potential capture under uncleared rate risk models. Any operational cross-dependencies margin and clearing rules may act as a disincentive to (e.g., proprietary vs. vendor systems, links to asset hedge these additional risks using such instruments. managers) should also be appropriately incorporated in Australian insurers may opt to mitigate this credit exposure to implementation plans. Early outreach to critical third in the future by moving away from BBSW-linked CCRIRS parties should be prioritised to allow sufficient time to and instead hedging such offshore ARR-linked exposures specify and implement required platform enhancements. using CCIRS linked to the RBA Overnight Cash Rate (which is risk free). This development alone would require 6. Managing tax and accounting significant changes to procedures and infrastructure. outcomes Transitioning to ARRs will pose significant tax and 4. Adjusting models and curves accounting challenges. Amending cash or derivative To appropriately price and risk manage new and contracts may entail tax being recognised immediately and renegotiated positions, Australian insurers will have to payments on realised gains brought forward. enhance several internal models. Actuarial assumptions Broader market dynamics may encourage assets and may have to be revised, as will asset valuation techniques, liabilities to be transitioned on different timelines, yield curves, economic scenario generators (ESGs) and exacerbating existing discrepancies between regulatory capital projection methodologies. Shifting to ARRs for and IFRS-reported balance sheets. Such divergence is likely existing contracts will have an immediate impact on to impact life insurers particularly, given the longer-term position valuations, both directly (via the interest rate nature of this business. variable), and indirectly for instruments with embedded optionality (which also depend on interest rate volatility Hedge accounting will be disrupted, with up-front as a price input). APRA regulatory capital models may assessments of the economic relationship between additionally need to be rebuilt, redocumented, revalidated hedged items and their hedging instruments becoming and reapproved by the regulator. more challenging should significant structural basis exist. Critically, finance teams will need to determine whether The impact on non-interest rate derivative risk models and changes in benchmark rates represent a substantial business models that rely on interest rate ‘feeder’ models modification of the terms of hedged items. They will have will also need to be assessed and potentially remediated. to determine whether a new ARR should be considered Existing pricing mechanisms and curves will need to be a permitted ‘hedgeable risk’, and whether a change maintained in parallel, at least during the transition period, in hedged risk should trigger a de-designation or re- for firms to accommodate legacy IBOR-linked positions in a designation. Hedged items and their hedging derivatives multi-rate environment. may need to be booked separately at fair value, resulting in 5. Enhancing systems and data potential net income volatility. infrastructure Finally, IBOR transition is occurring at a time of significant change within the insurance industry with accounting Insurers with significant IBOR exposure will likely need to standard IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts becoming effective implement changes to a wide range of proprietary and for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2022. third-party platforms. Robust historical data sets for ARRs This may indirectly impact assets and liabilities if Australian will need to be sourced and integrated into valuation, insurers use an IBOR-based discount rate. booking, trading and risk management systems, as well as collateral management and accounting platforms. IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers | 9
Next steps for Australian insurers The work conducted by the various working groups and ISDA will not be enough to enable transition to ARRs alone. Australian insurers, like other market participants with IBOR exposures, must be proactive in addressing the challenges ahead. We recommend that Australian insurers take the following steps during 2019 to best ensure readiness and mitigate the significant risks associated with this fundamental market transformation. Identify and nominate a senior executive to be responsible for assessing, planning and coordinating all 1 Transition IBOR transition activities across the enterprise Conduct a comprehensive IBOR impact assessment across products, legal contracts, risk exposures, 2 Impact assessment models, business processes and infrastructure 3 Coordination Mobilise an IBOR transition program office to coordinate transition activities across the enterprise 4 Innovation Prepare to offer new products and financial instruments linked to ARRs 5 Exposure Develop an inventory of legal exposures and contracts that mature after 2021 6 Governance Define an enterprise-wide governance framework for the IBOR transition program Define a knowledge and education strategy for all internal stakeholders to heighten awareness of 7 Knowledge transition risks, challenges, and the firm’s transition plan External Define a communication strategy for all external stakeholders (counterparties, investors and regulatory 8 communication agencies) on the potential impact of IBOR transition on the activities with the firm Communicate to the board the firm’s exposures to IBOR-linked products and financial instruments, Internal 9 legal contracts, technology infrastructure; changing risk profile; impact on financial resources and communication program governance Prepare for onsite supervisory examination that assesses the state of readiness to transition from 10 Regulatory IBORs to ARRs Conclusion The impacts of IBOR transition will be felt and divergent approaches across working groups and internationally. Australian insurers, like other financial product types. Given the complexity of transformation market participants, must act promptly to assess required, we recommend that Australian insurers the IBOR dependencies across their products, legal prioritise broad stakeholder engagement. Outreach to contracts, models and systems. New products must affected clients and counterparties will help refine new be designed and issued to maintain market share and product strategy and minimise risks of reputational minimise risks of litigation. New ARR-linked funding damage and contract frustration. Early engagement sources should be explored and appropriate hedging with regulators will help ensure that potential capital mechanisms embedded. Legacy IBOR-linked contracts impacts are well understood and that model changes are maturing beyond end-2021 must be renegotiated approved within an adequate timeframe. Liaison with with clients and counterparties. Systems and models vendors is similarly critical to specify required platform must be enhanced to price, book and risk manage new enhancements and shape product pipeline. ARR-linked exposures. The viability of BBSW must be Addressing these challenges will require resources and monitored simultaneously. expertise be drawn from across all lines of business and Assessing the impact of transition may itself be enterprise functions. Given the tight timeline and the a significant undertaking. Where material IBOR risks of inaction, we recommend that Australian insurers dependencies exist, designing a transition roadmap will mobilise swiftly to address the challenges ahead. be particularly challenging given contingent timelines 10 | IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers
Our Australian IBOR team Grant A Peters Oceania Insurance Leader +61 2 9248 4491 grant.peters@au.ey.com IBOR governance and program management Damien Jones Andrew Bangura Partner, Capital Markets Advisory Senior Manager, Capital Markets Advisory +61 2 9248 5236 +61 2 9276 9235 damien.jones@au.ey.com andrew.bangura@au.ey.com Hayley Watson Antony Collins Partner, Financial Accounting Advisory Manager, Capital Markets Advisory +61 3 8650 7544 +61 2 9248 4862 hayley.watson@au.ey.com antony.collins@au.ey.com Risk Warrick Gard Brendan Counsell Partner, Actuarial Services Partner, Actuarial Services +61 2 9248 4484 +61 2 9276 9040 warrick.gard@au.ey.com brendan.counsell@au.ey.com Steven Nagle Michael Seminatore Partner, Quantitative Risk Senior Manager, Financial Services +61 2 9276 9010 Risk Management steve.nagle@au.ey.com +61 2 9276 9295 michael.seminatore@au.ey.com Legal Michelle Segaert Dorothy Mioduszewska Partner, Financial Services Law Director, Financial Services Law +61 2 9248 4641 +61 2 8295 6080 michelle.segaert@au.ey.com dorothy.mioduszewska@au.ey.com Technology and data management Glenn Rogers Tim Brookes Partner, Financial Services IT Advisory Senior Manager, Financial Services IT Advisory +61 3 8650 7670 tim.brookes@au.ey.com glenn.rogers@au.ey.com IBOR transition: Impact on Australian insurers | 11
EY | Assurance | Tax | Transactions | Advisory About EY EY is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services. The insights and quality services we deliver help build trust and confidence in the capital markets and in economies the world over. We develop outstanding leaders who team to deliver on our promises to all of our stakeholders. In so doing, we play a critical role in building a better working world for our people, for our clients and for our communities. EY refers to the global organisation, and may refer to one or more, of the member firms of Ernst & Young Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. Ernst & Young Global Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, does not provide services to clients. For more information about our organisation, please visit ey.com. © 2019 Ernst & Young, Australia. All Rights Reserved. APAC No. AUNZ00001056 IN1010865 ED None This communication provides general information which is current at the time of production. The information contained in this communication does not constitute advice and should not be relied on as such. Professional advice should be sought prior to any action being taken in reliance on any of the information. Ernst & Young disclaims all responsibility and liability (including, without limitation, for any direct or indirect or consequential costs, loss or damage or loss of profits) arising from anything done or omitted to be done by any party in reliance, whether wholly or partially, on any of the information. Any party that relies on the information does so at its own risk. Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation. ey.com
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