Harvard Style Reference Guide - Adapted for The IIE
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IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Harvard Style Reference Guide – Adapted for
The IIE
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 1 of 42
IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Harvard Style Reference
Guide Adapted for
The IIE1
Different academic institutions, and the faculties within those institutions, make use of different kinds of referencing systems. Given the wide
variety of instances in which you may need to reference, this guide provides more detail with regards to specific examples of how you might
use the Harvard style of referencing in your academic writing within the context of The IIE.
Specific guidance on the principles of referencing, paraphrasing and use of sources may be found in the prescribed text for The IIE’s various
Academic Literacy modules, but this guide provides clear examples of the various instances in which you might need to reference.
This document is presented in a table format, with the type of source in the first column, followed by its practical execution in paraphrased and
quoted examples, and its final appearance in the reference list in the last column. Please note that while most of these examples are real titles,
many examples refer to hypothetical (imagined) texts to demonstrate the style.
Special notes on referencing are also included at the end of this document to guide you through some of the more common questions on
referencing practice.
Please remember that there are a number of ways that each style is implemented and that even if the faculty you are studying in uses the
Harvard style of referencing, it might still use slight variations of this method. Law students, for example, use a completely different reference
method for law modules, so will only use Harvard for non-law modules. As such, you should always ensure that you follow the required style
guide as provided by your faculty/ lecturer.
1 This text has been adapted for The IIE by Cheryl Siewierski as an additional resource for students and is based on guidance in Chapter 2 and 6 of the following title:
Siewierski, C. 2015. An Introduction to Scholarship: Building Academic Skills for Tertiary Study. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 2 of 42
IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023 Table of Contents Book (one author)...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Book (two authors) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Book (three or more authors) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Books (same author, multiple publications) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Book (editor/s).......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Book (chapter of edited book) ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 eBook (online database/ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 website ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Poem (from a book/website).................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Journal article........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Journal article obtained from an online database/website ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Newspaper or magazine article (printed and online) ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Website ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 YouTube/TEDx- type videos.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Blog article ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Card and board games........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Online video games ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Artworks/Images/figures ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Online images/figures ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Pinterest images ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Tables and diagrams .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Film (cinema, video, DVD format)......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 TV series................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Television/ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 YouTube commercials ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Newspaper, magazine or journal advertisement ................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Interviews and personal communication ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26 © The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 3 of 42
IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023 Conference proceedings ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Dissertations and theses (unpublished work) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Organisation as author ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Acts/Bills/White and Green Papers of parliament .............................................................................................................................................................. 29 Dictionaries and online dictionaries ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Module Outlines/Guides/ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Learn material .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Source integration (multiple sources)................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Secondary referencing ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Own photographs .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Own drawings .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Information from diary/personal journal ............................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Scripts or manuscripts ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34 Pamphlets................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35 Instagram post ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Facebook post ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Twitter post ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 TikTok post ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Code snippets/computer program from the Internet .......................................................................................................................................................... 37 App ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38 Sound Clip/music .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Radio ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Podcast ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Special notes on referencing ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 1. Quoting errors................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 2. Publisher names and locations ................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 3. Citing URLs ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 4. More about the ‘year’ reference ................................................................................................................................................................................ 41 © The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 4 of 42
IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023 5. Latin abbreviations for missing information (date, place, or publisher) ........................................................................................................ 42 © The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 5 of 42
IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Book (one author) Hüther (2006) argues that According to Hüther (2006: 6), ‘… the Hüther, G. 2006. The compassionate
psychological and social decisions are most important decisions a human brain: How empathy creates
of central importance to human brain being can make in the course of his intelligence. Boston: Trumpeter.
development. life are psychosocial in nature.’ • Author surname (comma);
• Initials (full-stop between
Psychological and social decisions ‘… [T]he most important decisions a initials) (full stop);
are of central importance to human human being can make in the • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
brain development (Hüther, 2006). course of his life are psychosocial in • Name of book (italics) (no
nature’ (Hüther, 2006: 6). unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
• Edition number (if not first
edition) in numerical form and
superscript ordinal, and
lowercase ed (full stop);
• Place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 6 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Book (two authors) Strunk and White (2000) argue Strunk and White (2000: 72) argue that Strunk, W. and White, E.B. 2000. The
that overwriting should be ‘[r]ich, ornate prose is hard to digest …’ elements of style. 4th ed.
avoided, since it makes Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.
understanding and engaging with It is best to steer clear of
texts difficult for readers. overwriting, since ‘[r]ich, ornate • Author surnames, initials
prose is hard to digest’ (Strunk & (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’) (full
Overwriting must be avoided, since White, 2000: 72). stops between initials);
it makes understanding and • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
engaging with texts difficult for • Name of book (italics) (no
readers (Strunk & White, 2006). unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
Note: When the reference forms • Edition number (if not first
part of the text when referencing, edition) in numerical form and
the use of the ampersand (&) is superscript ordinal, and
not permitted, as in the first lowercase ed (full stop);
example above. However, when • Place of publication (city,
the authors are not used as part of not country) (colon);
the text, and in brackets instead, • Publisher name (full stop).
the ampersand (&) should be
used.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 7 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Book (three or First use … Davis, G., Pecar, B., Santana, L. and
more authors) Davis, Pecar, Santana and Burke Davis, Pecar, Santana and Burke Burke,
(2014) assert that all fields that (2014: 3) suggest that ‘if the work A. 2014. Statistics for the social
engage in data collection do, in involves creating or collecting data, … sciences using Excel®: A first
essence, make use of statistics. then statistics will typically be involved course for South African students.
in some way.’ Cape Town: Oxford University Press
All fields that engage in data Southern Africa.
collection do, in essence, make use ‘[I]f the work involves creating or
of statistics (Davis, Pecar, Santana collecting data, … then statistics will • Author surnames, initials
& Burke, 2014). typically be involved in some way’ (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’) (full
(Davis, Pecar, Santana & Burke, 2014: stop after last set of initials);
Note: The first time that you 3). • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
mention a source with multiple • Name of book (italics) (no
authors (three or more), all authors’ unnecessary capitalisation in
names must be used. title sentence case) (full stop);
After first use … • Edition number (if not first
Davis et al. (2014) … … Davis et al. (2014: 34–35) … … edition) in numerical form and
(Davis et al., 2014). (Davis et al., 2014: 34–35). superscript ordinal, and
lowercase ed (full stop);
Note: You may use the first author’s • Place of publication (city,
surname and the abbreviation et al. not country) (colon);
(‘and others’) to represent the • Publisher name (full stop).
additional authors after first (full) use.
Note that et al can be used for in-text
citations, but it may not be used as
part of a reference list. The phrase et
al. should also always be followed
with a full stop
regardless of its position in a sentence.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 8 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Books (same Different years … Smith, R.G. 2015a. Approaching
author, multiple Note: When the same author has Smith (2015a: 7; 2011: 3) has pedagogy the ‘wrong’ way around.
publications) more than one text but in different repeatedly argued that schools could Pretoria: InventaPress.
years, then arrange these be more successfully transformed if
chronologically. we approach them ’the wrong way Smith, R.G. 2015b. Changing
around.’ policy paradigms. 2nd ed. Cape
An expert in the field of teaching Town: Education House.
and learning, Smith (2015a; 2011) Please note: If multiple publications
has repeatedly argued … from the same author make the same Smith, R.G. 2011. Turning school
point and they were published in policy on its head. Sandton:
different years, then references Fairbooks.
should be cited in chronological order
(from most recent to oldest). • Author surnames, initials
Same (and different) year … (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’) (full
Please note: When the same author Teaching and learning expert stop after last set of initials);
has more than one text in the same Robert Smith (2015a: 16; 2015b: • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
year, use the letters a, b, c to 21; 2011: 45– • Name of book (italics) (no
distinguish between them and then 47) has long held that … unnecessary capitalisation in
arrange the titles alphabetically in title sentence case) (full stop);
your reference list. • Edition number (if not first
edition) in numerical form and
Teaching and learning expert superscript ordinal, and
Robert Smith (2015a; 2015b; lowercase ed (full stop);
2011) has • Place of publication (city,
repeatedly stated … not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 9 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Book (editor/s) Loubser (2005) posits that … According to Loubser (2005: 25) Loubser, C.P. ed. 2005.
‘[a]lmost all … deforestation occurs in Environmental education: Some
Steffen and Bluestone (2011) clarify the moist forests and open woodlands South African perspectives.
this of the tropics.’ Pretoria: Van Schaik.
concept by …
‘Almost all … deforestation occurs in Steffen, A. and Bluestone, C. eds.
The concept …. (Steffen & Bluestone, the moist forest and open woodlands 2011. World changing: A user’s
2011). of the tropics’ (Loubser, 2005: 25). guide for the 21st century. New
York: Abrams.
Please note: In-text references to Steffen and Bluestone (2011: 54) argue
editors are the same as for authors. that ‘[t]he fair-trade movement … has • Editor(s) surname(s), initials
set the stage for fair-trade-label[l]ing (joined by ‘and’, not ‘&’)
initiatives in twenty countries.’ (comma after initials of first
author) (full stop after initials);
‘The fair-trade movement … has set • ‘ed’ for single editor, ‘eds’ for
the stage for fair-trade-label[l]ing multiple editors (no brackets)
initiatives in twenty countries’ (Steffen (full stop);
& Bluestone, 2011: 54). • Year (no brackets) (full stop).
• Name of book (italics) (no
unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
• place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 10 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Book (chapter of Davis (2014) argues that … Davis (2014: 95) argues that Davis, C. 2014. The aims of
edited book) ‘[r]esearch as a process is determined research. In: du Plooy-Cilliers, F.,
It is essential that students and redetermined by the choices you Davis, C. and Bezuidenhout, R.M.
understand the continuous nature make on a continuous basis.’ eds. 2014. Research matters.
of research decisions (Davis, Claremont: Juta, Chapter 5: 72-
2014). ‘Research as a process is determined 81.
and redetermined by the choices you
make on a continuous basis’ (Davis, • Chapter author surname/s,
2014). initials (full stop between and
after initials);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Name of chapter (no italics)
(full stop);
• ‘In’ (colon) initials and surname
of editor(s) (comma) ‘ed’/‘eds’
(full stop);
• Name of book (italics) (no
unnecessary capitalisation in
title – sentence case) (full stop);
• Place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (comma);
• Chapter reference (colon);
• Page numbers of the
chapter in the book (full
stop).
Please note: The title of the
publication (book) is in italics, not
the title of the chapter.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 11 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
eBook (online Cox (2008) proposes that … Cox (2008: x) argues that ‘[f]or the Cox, A. 2008. The short story.
database/ writer, formal distinctions are fluid and Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars
website Short stories can be considered the short story will find its own length.’ Publishing. [eBook]. Available on
an innovative literary form (Cox, EBSCOhost at:
2008). ‘If reading and writing a novel means http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.
dwelling in a haunted house, then iielearn.ac.za/login.aspx?direct=true&
Please note: In-text references for the equivalent in the short story is db=
eBooks should follow the same format the overnight stay in the spooky e000xww&AN=539843&site=ehost-
as those for books, based on the hotel room from which we may never live [Accessed 31 October 2017].
number of authors/ editors). recover’ (Cox, 2008: xiv).
Please note: As shown above,
Please note: In-text references for reference list for eBooks combine the
eBooks should follow the same format format for books (based on the
as those for books, based on the number of authors/editors) with the
number of authors/editors). format for websites.
Make sure that you have cited the
permalink (persistent link) to any
eBooks etc. and not any temporary
‘session’ URLs you may have been
working with. Session URLs, which
are used during most database
searches, such as those conducted on
EBSCOhost, expire as soon as you
have finished working and so will not
assist your reader in following your
source’s citation. See Special note 3.
Citing URLs for further details.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 12 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Poem (from a Gcina Mhlophe’s (2013) poetry ‘Say No, Black Woman / Say No / Mhlope, G. 2013. Say no. In: Moffett,
book/website) speaks to the struggles of Black When they give you a back seat’ H. Seasons come to pass: A poetry
South African women during (Mhlophe, 2013: 272, lines 32–34) anthology for Southern African
apartheid. students. Cape Town: Oxford
Please note: When quoting multiple University Press Southern Africa, 271–
The imagery in this line focuses lines from a poem, separate each line 272.
on a representation of trauma using a forward slash ( / ) as shown in
(Mhlophe, 2013: 271, line 15). the example above. Line number(s) of Mhlope, G. 2013. Say no. [Online
the quoted line(s) must always be poem]. Available at:
Please note: Page numbers are only included in- text as shown. http://www.gcinamhlophe.co.za/
indicated in-text when a poem has gcinamhlophe-poetry.html
been published within a book. Line [Accessed: 09 February 2018].
number(s) must be included in-text
when paraphrasing specific line(s) of Please note: Specific line numbers are
a poem. not included in the reference list
entries of poems.
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Journal article Spaull (2013) argues that a bimodal …. According to Spaull (2013: 438), South Spaull, N. 2013. Poverty and
Africa is dealing with ‘… an ongoing privilege: Primary school inequality in
crisis’ in education. South Africa. International Journal of
Educational Development, 33(2):
436-447.
• Author surname/s, initials
(full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of article (sentence case)
(full stop);
• Name of Journal (title
case) (comma);
• Volume and issue number in
round brackets (no space)
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 13 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
(colon);
• Page numbers of the article
(full stop).
Note: The title of the publication
(journal) must appear in italics, and
not the title of the article.
Journal article Barker (2009) believes that a According to Barker (2009: 7), Barker, R. 2009. A qualitative
obtained from an realistic researcher designs ‘choosing a simple design for thematic analysis of Facebook
online simple projects. research makes it more realistic.’ profiles. Journal of Qualitative
database/website Research, 42(1): 7–14. [Online].
DOI: 10.1177/1745691612442904
[Accessed 31 October 2015].
Barker, R. 2009. A qualitative thematic
analysis of Facebook profiles. Journal
Note: Remember to use DOIs as far of Qualitative Research, 42(1): 7–14.
as possible in the references list for [Online]. Available at:
journal articles! (see http://pps.sagepub.com/content/7/3/20
Section B for more detail) 3
.short [Accessed 22 July 2021].
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 14 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Newspaper or Du Preez (2014) surmises that … Du Preez (2014) surmises that Du Preez, S.P. 2014. Smarter than he
magazine article ‘politically, the president has played looks. Politics Today, 4 October 2015: 3.
(printed and Gcoyi (2015) argues that we should his cards well – even if his social
online) reject the current consideration of cards have him heading for a fold.’ Gcoyi, T. 2015. Diplomatic missions are a
foreign policy as an exclusive tool critical component of foreign policy
for making economic gains. ‘[W]e should disabuse ourselves of implementation. Daily Maverick, 18
the notion that foreign policy exists November 2015. [Online]. Available at:
only for the pursuit of economic http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinioni
ends’ (Gcoyi, 2015). sta/ 2015-11-18-diplomatic-missions-are-
a- criticalcomponent-of-foreign-
policyimplementation /#.VlHaUHYrLcs
[Accessed 19 November 2015].
Website In one year alone, air-pollution According to the World Health World Health Organisation. 2015. WHO
related diseases were responsible Organisation (2015), ‘[i]n 2012 … 7 calls on countries to protect health from
for millions of death (World Health million people died from air pollution climate change, 17 November 2015.
Organisation, 2015). related diseases, making it the [Online]. Available at:
world’s largest single environmental http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/
Note: Please do NOT include the health risk.’ statements/2015/climate- change/en/
web address (URL) in the in-text [Accessed 20 November 2015].
citation. As with any reference,
your in-text citation requires the Note: The same guidelines that are used to
same first two points of reference refer to authors of books, chapters and
you would include in your articles in journals are used to indicate the
reference list: usually the ‘author’, author(s) of Internet articles. The first date
and the date of publication. refers to the year in which the website was
most recently updated (usually found at the
bottom of the web page). Where possible,
provide the full date of publication of the
article – this may not, however, always be
available.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 15 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
YouTube/TEDx- Kant asserts that an objective moral Three Minute Philosophy – Immanuel
type videos reality is possible if three maxims are Kant. 2009. YouTube video, added by
employed (see Three Minute CollegeBinary. [Online]. Available at:
Philosophy – Immanuel Kant, 2009). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw
OCmJevigw [Accessed 22 July 2021].
Blog article Levenstein (2014) argues that the Levenstein (2014) asserts that ‘… the Levenstein, D. 2014. China seems to
Chinese government appears to Chinese authorities understand the appreciate true importance of gold,
understand the value of gold for future importance of gold as an investment BDLive Markets, 25 September 2014.
planning in ways that other and as a backing for future currency.’ [Blog]. Available at:
governments do not. http://www.bdlive.co.za/blogs/markets/
2 014/ 09/25/blog-china-seems-to-
appreciate-trueimportance-of-gold
[Accessed 22 July 2021].
• Author surname, initials (full
stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of blog entry (sentence
Note: Try to avoid citing blog articles case) (comma);
if you are looking for credible • Name of blog (title case)
evidence – they are, generally, of a (comma);
more subjective nature and should
• Date and month of entry;
be treated as such.
• [Medium] (full stop);
Respected journalists/political
analysts/thought leaders in various • Available at: URL (Please
areas should be used as far as note: All hyperlinks need to be
possible if you do wish to use a blog active!);
for citing purposes. • [Date, month and year of
access] (full stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 16 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Card and board On describing the game, Horton Horton, M. 2019. We’re doomed!
games (2019) argues that it highlights the game of global panic [Board
important qualities of collaboration, Game]. Hillside, NY: Breaking
retaliation, diplomacy and Games.
conspiracy.
• Author/publisher if no
author information;
• Year of publication;
• Title of the game followed
by [Board Game];
• Place of publication;
• Publisher.
Online video This is a fun-filled game for ninjas, Sugg, D. 2017. Fortnite [Online
games shooters, builders and explorers Digital Game], PS4. Poland: Gearbox
(Sugg, 2017). Publishing.
• Author/publisher if no
author information;
• Year of publication;
• Title of the game followed by
[the format, e.g. Online Digital
Game] and console type;
• Place of publication;
• Publisher.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 17 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Artworks/Images/fi Please note: The caption of the figure Gardener (2012) points out the In the Reference List: Gardener, A.
gures should state where you obtained the ‘Picasso’s (1907) Les demoiselles 2012. Art Through the Ages. London:
figure, the medium, the measurements d’Avignon (Figure 1) is a seminal work Thames and Hudson.
and the collection (where relevant). in the history of 20th century art.’
The caption is typed not in bold text, in • Author surname (comma);
single spacing, and both the figure and • Initials (full stop);
caption are centre-aligned. When you • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
replicate an image from a source, add • Title (full stop);
a citation below the image to • City of publication (colon);
acknowledge the source.
• Publisher (full stop).
Also, remember to number the figure.
In the List of Figures:
Picasso’s (1907) work, Les
Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
demoiselles d’Avignon (see Figure
demoiselles d’Avignon. Oil on canvas.
1), is perhaps one of the most iconic
243.9 x 233.9cm. Museum of Modern
examples of …
Art, New York.
Figure 1: Picasso, P. 1907. Les
As evident in Figure 1, Picasso used demoiselles d’Avignon. Oil on canvas.
• Figure number (colon);
the muted tones and different 243.9 x 233.9cm. Museum of Modern
viewpoints characteristic of Cubism Art, New York. (Gardener, 2012: 372) • Artist/Creator surname (comma);
since early 20th century... • Initials (punctuation
between initials) (full stop);
• Author surname (comma);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Initials (punctuation
• Title of artwork/image/figure (full
between initials) (full stop);
stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Medium/media (full stop);
• Title of artwork (full stop);
• Measurements (full stop);
• Medium/media (full stop);
• Location of artwork/image
• Measurements (full stop);
(full stop).
• Location of artwork/image
(full stop);
• Citation below image
to acknowledge the
source.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 18 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Please note: the caption is typed in
single spacing, and the both figure
and caption is centre-aligned.
Remember to number the figure.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 19 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Online Please note: When referring to the figure or In the Reference list: Nova
images/figures image, include the figure number. The title of Entertainment. 2015. 15 faces turned
the figure should be in italics when referred to into amazing optical illusions.
in-text. [Online]. Available at:
http://www.smoothfm.com.au/entertai
In Khoklov and Khutsan’s (s.a.) image, The Art n ment/15-faces-face-paintingoptical
of the Face – Optical Illusion nr. 13, it is illusions#sthash.b7V3MKES.dpuf
evident that … [Accessed 18 June 2015].
In the List of Figures:
Figure 1: Khokhlov, A. and Kutsan,
V. [s.a.]. The Art of Face – Optical
Illusion nr.13.
Figure 1: Khokhlov, A. and
Kutsan, V. [s.a.]. The Art of
Face - Optical Illusion nr.13.
(Nova Entertainment, 2015)
• Author surname
(comma) and
initials (full stop) (if
available);
• Year (no brackets)
(full stop) (if
available – if not,
use [s.a.]);
• Title of image/figure (full
stop);
• Add a citation below
the image to
acknowledge the
source.
Note: If no author/artist is
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 20 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
evident, use title first, then
date, then source. Caption is
typed in single spacing, and
figure and caption are centre-
aligned. Number the figure.
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Pinterest images Please note that images on Pinterest are Jessmegan. 2020. Sustainable interior
images pinned and are mostly linked or saved design for your study room. [Online].
from other websites. When using an image Available at:
from Pinterest to reference, rather use the link https://www.instagram.com/p/B89QdQoBT
where it was saved from (original link). Tl/ [Accessed 05 April 2021].
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 21 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Original source of the above
Example referencing
Figure 2: Jessmegan. 2021. Sustainable interior
design for your study room (Jessmegan, 2021).
Intext citation example:
In Figure 2, Jessmegan (2021) image demonstrates
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 22 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
an example of sustainable interior designs for a study
room.
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Tables and Refer to tables and diagrams in the Note: When you replicate a table or Henry, P.J. 2015. An overview of South
diagrams same way that you would to the diagram from a source, add a citation Africa’s currency volatility: 1995 to
overall author/editor of the title. below it to acknowledge the source. 2015. Johannesburg: Stock
Also, remember to number the Merchants: 34, table.
In Table 1, Henry (2015: 34) outlines table/diagram accordingly.
…. Henry, P.J. 2015. An overview of South
Africa’s currency volatility: 1995 to
As is evident in Figure 3, 2015. Johannesburg: Stock
Henry’s (2015: 23) claim that Table 1: Currency fluctuations in Merchants: 23, figure.
… South Africa (Henry, 2015: 34)
Figure 3: Fluctuations in Rand value
over two decades (Henry, 2015: 23)
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 23 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Film (cinema, Jay Gatsby affects a superior Jay Gatsby’s frequent affected The Great Gatsby. 2013. Directed by
video, DVD education with frequent utterances of utterances of ‘Old sport’ (The Great Baz Luhrmann. [Film]. California:
format) old English phrases in his public Gatsby, 2013) belie his … Warner Bros.
moments (The Great Gatsby, 2013).
NB: Both DVDs • Title of film (full stop);
and videos can Please note: ‘Film’ is from the British • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
contain ‘films’; English vocabulary, whilst ‘movie’ is • Director (full stop);
thus, rather state from the American English • [Type of medium] (full stop);
‘film’ unless vocabulary. • City (or countries if not
referring to a available) (colon);
music video. • Distribution company(s) (full
stop).
TV series In Fringe (2005), Olivia’s character is ... Please note: Television (TV) Fringe. 2012. The bullet that saved
programmes are usually referred to the world, Series 5, episode 4.
by their titles, in italics. The name of Directed by David Straiton. Written
the specific episode should also be by Alison Schapker. [DVD]. First
mentioned if possible. broadcast 2012. California: Fox.
• Series title (full stop);
• Year of broadcast (no
brackets) (full stop);
• Episode name, series and
number (sentence case) (full
stop);
• Directed by (full stop);
• Written by (full stop);
• [Type of medium] (full stop);
• Date/ Year of first broadcast
(full stop);
• Broadcasting organisation’s
location and name (full stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 24 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Television/ South African Tourism’s (Meet Meet South Africa. 2014. South
YouTube South Africa, 2014) advert … African Tourism. Directed by Dean
commercials Blumberg, Velocity Africa, 22 May
2014. [Brand video]. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=zv1MU_Nh8ck [Accessed 20
November 2015].
Please note: TV commercials should
be referred to by the name of the
product or service. The date and
specific name of the commercial
should be given where possible, as
well as the names of the director and
producer (if known). The date and TV
channel on which it was broadcast
should be given if relevant.
Newspaper, Note: Print advertisements in The Land Rover (2015: 12) Land Rover. 2015. Getaway, March
magazine or magazines are referred to by the advertisement employs a 2015:
journal name of the product or service and romanticised notion of nature to drive 12.
advertisement the magazine, journal or newspaper home its message.
in which they were
located.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 25 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Interviews and According to political science Leon (2013) claims that there are 23 Leon, S. 2013. Political analyst,
personal experts, there are a total of 23 different forms of government.’ Institute for Security Studies.
communication different forms of government (Leon, [Personal interview]. 10 June 2013.
2013). Note: For the reference list, you need
the full name of the person with whom • Author surname, initials (full
the interview was held, his/her stop);
position and affiliation, and the date/s • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
of the interview/s. You also need to • Title or occupation of
indicate what format the personal interviewee (full stop);
communication assumed [Personal • [Personal interview]/
interview] [Telephonic conversation] [Telephonic conversation]/
[Email conversation] [Forum message] [Email conversation]/[Forum
message] (full stop);
• Date of interview (full stop).
Conference Professional public relations are Anderson (2011) sees Anderson, A.A. 2011. Public
proceedings becoming increasingly important in ‘…professional public relations Relations challenges in emerging
both the public and private sector becoming increasingly important in countries. Public Relations
(Anderson, 2011). both the public and private sector.’ Possibilities Conference. 19–23
September 2011. New York, NY:
United Nations.
• Author surname, initials (full
stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of conference paper (no
italics) (sentence case) (full
stop);
• Conference title (italics)
(sentence case) (full stop);
• Date of conference (full stop);
• Place of conference (colon);
• Conference organisers (full
stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 26 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Dissertations and Siewierski (2015) argues that … Siewierski (2015: 3) found that ‘… a Siewierski, C.L. 2015. What teachers
theses massive 76% of sampled teachers in think about teacher unions: a stratified
(unpublished work) Note: Dissertations and theses follow this study … rejected outright the probability survey of central Gauteng
the same conventions as for the use of unprotected strikes to achieve teachers. MEd dissertation. University
author(s) of books, with the exception union goals.’ of the Witwatersrand.
that the title of the dissertation or
thesis, if unpublished, is not typed in • Author surname (comma);
italics. • Initials (no punctuation
between initials) (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Title of dissertation (full stop);
• Unpublished dissertation
qualification name (full
stop);
• University or tertiary
institution from which the
dissertation was obtained.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 27 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Government
Publications
Organisation as According to the Department of According to the Department of Department of Basic Education.
author Basic Education (2013), early Basic Education (2013: 2), 2013. Dinaledi schools and the
childhood ensuring that ‘… children are adopt-a-school programme.
learning is … provided with the correct level and Pretoria: Department of Basic
kind of learning at the early stages Education.
Early childhood learning is an of learning is vital’ to their long-
essential component of the term academic success. • Name of government
education process (Department of organisation (full stop);
Basic Education, 2013) Ensuring that ‘… children are • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
provided with the correct level and • Title of document (title case)
kind of learning at the early stages of (full stop);
learning is vital’ to their long-term • Place of publication (full stop);
academic success (Department of • Publisher (full stop).
Basic Education, 2013: 2).
Note: Government publications are
usually freely available via
government portals on the Web – if
you access the title from this space,
simply use the normal website
referencing format to indicate the
URL and date accessed etc.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 28 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Acts/Bills/White According to the Department of ‘Despite very significant growth, For White/ Green Papers:
and Green Papers Higher Education and Training South Africa still has a post-school Department of Education. 2013.
of parliament (2013), a focus on social … education and training system that White paper for post-school
does not offer sufficient places to education and training: Building an
Please note: Government the many youth and adults seeking expanded, effective and integrated
publications include items such as education and training’ (Department post-school system (White Paper).
government gazettes, Acts and of Higher Education and Training, Pretoria: Department of Higher
Laws and Green or White Papers. 2013: 2). Education and Training.
The authors are often government
departments. If documents do not • Name of department/author
have page numbers, refer to the (full stop);
relevant section of the Act or Paper. • Year (no brackets) (full stop);
Citing these is also more • Name of Act or Bill (full stop);
appropriate when referring to legal • Place of publication (full stop);
documents like the Constitution. • Publisher (full stop).
For Acts/Bills:
Labour Relations Amendment Bill, No.
77D of 2001. 2001. Cape Town:
Government Printers.
• Name of Act or Bill (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Chapter (or paper) (full stop);
• Place of publication (full stop);
• Publisher (full stop).
Note: Government documents are
freely available online through a
government portal – where these are
the source you should also include
the relevant URL and ‘accessed’
information as per usual website
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 29 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
reference.
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Dictionaries and According to the Oxford English Etymology can be defined as ‘a Oxford English Dictionary. 2010.
online dictionaries Dictionary (2010), etymology can chronological account of the birth and Oxford: Clarendon.
be defined as ... development of a word’
(Dictionary.com, [s.a.]). • Name of Dictionary (title
case) (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• Place of publication (city,
not country) (colon);
• Publisher name (full stop).
Dictionary.com. [s.a.]. [Online].
Available at:
http://www.dictionary.reference.com
[Accessed 22 July 2021].
• Name of Online Dictionary
(title case) (full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• [Type of medium] (comma);
• Available at: URL (Please
note: All hyperlinks need to be
active!);
• [Date, month and year of
access] (full stop).
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 30 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Module The IIE (2014) argues that a The IIE (2014: 64) posits that ‘... a The IIE. 2014. Leadership in
Outlines/Guides/ change in leadership in a change in leadership in a democracy education [EDML8419 Module
Learn material democracy can have an effect on can significantly impact on education.’ Outline]. The Independent Institute
education. of Education: Unpublished.
The IIE. 2014. Leadership in
education [EDML8419 Learn]. The
Independent Institute of Education:
Unpublished.
• Author (always The IIE,
unless otherwise specified
(full stop);
• Year (no brackets) (full stop);
• [Specific nature of material
used] (no italics) (full stop);
• Unpublished (full stop).
Source integration Elmore (2009) and Rincón-Gallardo Please note: When we make use of Ferraz, C. 2005. The use of
(multiple sources) (2007) both claim that celebrities’ source integration, we cannot make celebrities in public relations.
names and pictures are often used in use of direct quotes. London: Penguin.
the pre- promotion of special events.
Please note: When we use source Simon, S.S. 2007. The role of
Celebrities’ names and pictures are integration in brackets, the sources celebrities in corporate
often used in the pre-promotion of are ordered from oldest and then in communication. New York, NY:
special events (Ferraz, 2005; Simon, alphabetical order and separated Norton.
2007). by a semi-colon.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2023 – Page 31 of 42IIE Quick Reference Guide 2023
Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Direct Quote Reference List
Secondary Barber and Mourshed (2007, cited Barber and Mourshed (2007: 41, Barber, M. and Mourshed, M. 2007.
referencing in Spaull, 2013) suggest that cited in Spaull, 2013: 24) argue that How the world’s best-performing
teachers are the key to good ‘the quality of an education system school systems come out on top.
education. cannot exceed the quality of its New York, NY: McKinsey &
teachers.’ Company. Cited in: Spaull, N. 2013.
The quality of teachers determines South Africa’s education crisis: The
the quality of the education system ‘[T]he quality of an education system quality of education in South Africa
itself (Barber & Mourshed, 2007, cannot exceed the quality of its 1994- 2011. Parktown: Centre for
cited in Spaull, 2013). teachers’ (Barber & Mourshed, 2007: Development & Enterprise.
41, cited in Spaull, 2013: 24).
• Author cited and details of
Note: source from which secondary
Secondary reference is cited (as above).
referencing is a very • Cited in: Author(s) and
common source in which the
requirement - most secondary reference
reputable authors appears.
use other reputable
authors to support Note: This is technically just two
their claims. Pay references connected with ‘Cited in’
close attention to – as such, use the format for
how this is done. referencing that is relevant for your
You need to indicate particular needs (you might, for
both references! example, need to cite an online
reference and a journal article, or two
journal articles etc.).
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