Foraging Assemblages Volume 2 - Edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović - DUO
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Foraging Assemblages
Volume 2
Foraging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings
of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held
in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings
gather 121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost
Volume 2
every corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent
Mesolithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean
to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the
volumes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, Edited by Dušan Borić,
each with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Foraging Assemblages
reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization
of new territories at the end of the Ice
Age and the beginning of the Holocene
warming; the use of diverse landscapes
and resources; climatic instabilities
that influenced patterns of settlement
and subsistence; the organization of
settlements and dwelling spaces; the
formation of regional identities expressed
through various aspects of material culture
and technologies of artefact production,
use, and discard; aspects of social relations
and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary
practices; diverse ways in which Mesolithic
communities of Europe were transformed
into or superseded by Neolithic ways
of being; and how we have researched,
represented, and discussed the Mesolithic.
Volume 1 Volume 2
Transitions – Beginnings Technology
Colonization Social Relations,
Communication, Mobility
Landscapes
Rites and Symbols
Settlement
Transitions – Endings
Regional Identities
Representing and Narrating
People in Their Environment the Mesolithic
Foraging Assemblages
Volume 2
Edited by Dušan Borić,
Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Serbian Archaeological Society
The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University
Belgrade & New York
The NOMIS Foundation provided a grant in support of preparation and publication of this book
Publishers
Serbian Archaeological Society, Belgrade, Republic od Serbia
The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, USA
For Publishers
Adam Crnobrnja
David Freedberg
Edited by
© Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, Bojana Mihailović 2021
This publication is in copyright. No reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the authors.
First published 2021
Peer-reviewed by
Pablo Arias
Nuno Bicho
Clive Bonsall
Dušan Borić
Chantal Conneller
Emanuela Cristiani
Vesna Dimitrijević
Federica Fontana
Ole Grøn
Judith Grünberg
Lars Larsson
Dušan Mihailović
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Nicky Millner Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
T. Douglas Price
Rick Schulting 903(4)"632/633"(082)
Robert Whallon 902.2(4)(082)
FORAGING Assemblages. Vol. 2 / edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana
Copy-editing and proof-reading Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović. - Belgrade : Serbian Archaeological Society
Hannah Elmer ; New York : The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia
Dušan Borić University, 2021 (Belgrade : Publikum). - VIII str., str. 353-820 : ilustr. ; 29 cm
Design Tekst štampan dvostubačno. - Tiraž 400. - Napomene i bibliografske reference
uz tekst. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Registar.
Dušan Pavlić
ISBN 978-86-80094-15-1 (SAS)
Index compiled by ISBN 978-86-80094-16-8 (niz)
Mia Borić
Dušan Borić 1. Borić, Dušan, 1973- [уредник] 2. Antonović, Dragana, 1960- [уредник]
3. Mihailović, Bojana, 1963- [уредник]
Desktop publishing а) Археолошка налазишта, праисторијска -- Европа -- Мезолит -- Зборници
Marko Huber б) Археолошка истраживања -- Европа -- Зборници
Print run 400 COBISS.SR-ID 35939593
Printed by Publikum
ISBN
978-86-80094-15-1
978-86-80094-16-8
A CIP record of this book is available from the National Library of Serbia, Belgrade
Front Cover Illustration: Sculpted sandstone boulder named ‘Progenitor’ (inv. no. 41) from Lepenski Vir (National Museum in Belgrade)
Back Cover Illustration: Lepenski Vir during excavations (Photograph courtesy of of Alan McPherron)
Contents
VOLUME I
List of Contributors ix
Preface xxv
The Danube Gorges Mesolithic: The first fifty years (Dušan Borić) xxvii
Transitions – Beginnings 1
1 Introduction: Transitions – Beginnings (Dušan Mihailović and Robert Whallon) 3
2 Transition and tradition: Lithic variability in the cave of Vlakno, Croatia 5
(Dario Vujević and Mario Bodružić)
3 Workspace organization of a Final Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer camp 12
(Anton A. Simonenko and Olesya I. Uspenskaya Aleksandrova)
4 The problem of the Palaeolithic to Mesolithic transition on the Upper and Middle Don River 20
(central Russia) (Alexander N. Bessudnov and Alexander A. Bessudnov)
5 Early Holocene human adaptation and palaeoenvironment of the north-western Caucasus 29
(Elena V. Leonova, Olesya I. Uspenskaya, Natalia V. Serdyuk, Elena A. Spiridonova, Alexey S. Tesakov,
Elena V. Chernysheva, Pavel D. Frolov, and Elena V. Syromyatnikova)
6 Early Mesolithic of northern Bohemia: 2015 excavations (Jiří Svoboda) 36
7 The last hunter-gatherers of South Arabia: A review of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene 45
archaeological record (Yamandú Hieronymus Hilbert)
Colonization 53
8 Introduction: Colonization 55
9 First Mesolithic occupations at high altitudes in Vercors (Isère, France): The case studies of Les Coins I, 57
Roybon, and Gerland (Alexandre Angelin and Régis Picavet)
10 The Mesolithic site of Borovskoye 2 in light of the Pre-Boreal habitation in Karelia 64
(Sergey Lisitsyn, Alexey Tarasov, Nataliya Tsvetkova, and Stanislav Belsky)
11 The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter (Vilafranca, eastern Mediterranean Iberia) and the last hunters- 74
gatherers of northern Valencian country (Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal)
Landscapes 83
12 Introduction: Landscapes (Dušan Borić) 85
13 The missing landscapes and territories of Mesolithic Portugal 88
(Ana Cristina Araújo and Ana Maria Costa)
14 A comparative perspective on Mesolithic assemblages from different landscapes in Bohemia 94
(Katarína Kapustka, Jan Eigner, and Matthew Walls)
15 The Early Mesolithic of the Piave River basin: Mountain tops, riverbanks, and seashores? 102
(Federica Fontana, Davide Visentin, and Stefano Bertola)
16 Integrating communities and landscape: A wetland perspective from the Lower Rhine area 110
(Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz)
iv Contents
17 Tracing raw materials: Procurement strategies and movements in the Early Mesolithic, a case study from 118
Larvik, south-eastern Norway (Guro Fossum)
18 Local or imported? Tracking the provenance of flint raw materials of the Mesolithic habitants of Estonia 123
and northern Latvia with the help of geochemical methods (Kristiina Johanson, Aivar Kriiska, Jaan Aruväli,
Peeter Somelar, Kaarel Sikk, and Liina Sepp)
19 The Upper Dee Tributaries Project: Finding the Mesolithic in the mountains of Scotland 129
(Shannon M. Fraser, Gordon Noble, Graeme Warren, Richard Tipping, Danny Paterson, Wishart Mitchell,
Ann Clarke, and Caroline R. Wickham-Jones)
20 Surviving Doggerland (Caroline R. Wickham-Jones) 135
21 A Mesolithic moment in time: The Drumnaglea Cache (Peter Woodman† and Sarah Close) 142
22 Transient campsites, logistic campsites, and the cumulative taphonomy of Malham Tarn site A: 148
A persistent place in the northern Pennines (William A. Lovis and Randolph E. Donahue)
Settlement 157
23 Introduction: Settlements, dwellings, pits, and middens – still very far from a theory of everything! 159
(Ole Grøn and Nuno Bicho)
24 Of space and time: The non-midden components of the Cabeço da Amoreira Mesolithic shell mound (Muge, 162
central Portugal) (João Cascalheira, Nuno Bicho, Célia Gonçalves, Daniel García-Rivero, and Pedro Horta)
25 Looking for the ‘Asturian’ dwelling areas: New data from El Alloru and Sierra Plana de la Borbolla 169
(Asturias, Spain) (Pablo Arias, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Ana Cristina
Araújo, Marián Cueto, Patricia Fernández Sánchez, Eneko Iriarte, Inés L. López-Dóriga, Sara Núñez,
Christoph Salzmann, Carlos Duarte, Felix Teichner, Luis C. Teira, and Paloma Uzquiano)
26 Habitation areas in Asturian shell middens and site formation processes: Mazaculos II cave 177
(La Franca, Asturias, northern Iberia) and the new sites of El Total III and El Mazo
(Manuel R. González Morales)
27 Mesolithic settlement patterns and occupation of central and eastern Cantabria (Spain) 184
(Mercedes Pérez-Bartolomé)
28 Domestic life by the ocean: Beg-er-Vil, c. 6200–6000 cal BC (Grégor Marchand and Catherine Dupont) 191
29 Mesolithic pit-sites in Champagne (France): First data, key issues 198
(Nathalie Achard-Corompt, Emmanuel Ghesquiere, Christophe Laurelut, Charlotte Leduc, Arnaud Remy,
Isabelle Richard, Vincent Riquier, Luc Sanson, and Julia Wattez)
30 Some observations on the archaeological record of the (Late) Mesolithic in the northern Netherlands 202
(Marcel J. L. Th. Niekus)
31 Life on the lake edge: Mesolithic habitation at Star Carr 210
(Nicky Milner, Chantal Conneller, Barry Taylor, Mike Bamforth, Julian C. Carty, Shannon Croft, Ben Elliott,
Becky Knight, Aimée Little, Harry K. Robson, Charlotte C. A. Rowley, and Maisie Taylor)
32 Late Mesolithic shallow pithouse from Sąsieczno 4 (central Poland) (Grzegorz Osipowicz) 216
33 Mesolithic complexes on the right bank of the Vyatka River (the middle Volga Basin) 223
(Tаtyana Gusentsova)
34 Mesolithic hearth-pits and cooking-pits in western Sweden and south-eastern Norway: 227
When, where, how, and a bit about why (Robert Hernek)
35 Mesolithic ‘ghost’ sites and related Stone Age problems with lithics (Ole Grøn and Hans Peeters) 233
36 Sømmevågen. A Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic settlement complex in south-western Norway: 240
Preliminary results (Trond Meling, Hilde Fyllingen, and Sean D. Denham)
37 Mesolithic settlement on Utsira, western Norway: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in transition as reflected by 246
dwellings and site patterns (Arne Johan Nærøy)
38 Mesolithic dwellings from Motala, Sweden (Ann Westermark) 252Contents v
Regional Identities 259
39 Introduction: Regional identities (Rick Schulting) 261
40 Holocene foraging in the Dinaric Alps: Current research on the Mesolithic of Montenegro 264
(Dušan Borić, Emanuela Cristiani, Ljiljana Đuričić, Dragana Filipović, Ethel Allué, Zvezdana Vušović-Lučić,
and Nikola Borovinić)
41 New perspectives on the Mesolithic of the Sado Valley (southern Portugal): 274
Preliminary results of the SADO MESO project
(Pablo Arias, Mariana T. Diniz, Ana Cristina Araújo, Ángel Armendariz, and Luis C. Teira)
42 The ‘Asturian’ and its neighbours in the twenty-first century: Recent perspectives on the Mesolithic of 281
northern Spain (Pablo Arias, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, María J.
Iriarte-Chiapusso, Mercedes Pérez Bartolomé, and Jesús Tapia)
43 The Mesolithic in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Spain): The state of art 289
(Eduardo Ramil Rego, Natividad Fuertes Prieto, Carlos Fernández Rodríguez, Eduardo González Gómez de
Agüero and Ana Neira Campos)
44 The last foragers in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula: New evidence of human occupation during 295
the seventh/sixth millennia cal BC (Antoni Palomo, Igor Bodganovic, Raquel Piqué, Rafel Rosillo, Xavier
Terradas, Marta Alcolea, Marian Berihuete, and Maria Saña)
45 The Late Mesolithic of the south-western coast of Portugal: The lithic industry of Vale Marim I in focus 301
(Joaquina Soares, Niccolò Mazzucco, and Carlos Tavares da Silva)
46 The temporality of the Mesolithic in southern France (Thomas Perrin) 308
47 Re-evaluating the old excavation from Pinnberg, Germany 312
(Daniel Groß, Steffen Berckhan, Nadine Hauschild, Anna-Lena Räder, and Anne Sohst)
48 Exploring early Ertebølle: Results of preliminary assessments at a submerged site in the Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea, 318
Germany) and its potential (Julia Goldhammer, Annika B. Müller, Laura Brandt, Steffen Wolters, and Sönke Hartz)
49 Identifying regional practices in cave use during the Mesolithic in south-western Britain 324
(Caroline Rosen)
50 About time for the Mesolithic near Stonehenge: New perspectives from Trench 24 at Blick Mead, 330
Vespasian’s Camp, Amesbury (David Jacques, Tom Lyons, Barry Bishop, and Tom Phillips)
51 Secrets of Blue Maiden: The archaeology of a virgin island in the Baltic Sea 337
(Kenneth Alexandersson, Anna-Karin Andersson, and Ludvig Papmehl-Dufay)
52 Mesolithic site locations in the river valleys of Karelia, west of Ladoga Lake, Russia 345
(Hannu Takala, Mark. M. Shakhnovich, Aleksey Yu. Tarasov, and Anssi Malinen)
VOLUME II
People in Their Environment 355
53 Introduction: People in their environment (Clive Bonsall and Vesna Dimitrijević) 357
54 Late Glacial to Early Holocene environs and wood use at Lepenski Vir 359
(Ethel Allué, Dragana Filipović, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Borić)
55 Plant use at the Mesolithic site of Parque Darwin (Madrid, Spain) 367
(Marian Berihuete Azorín, Marta Alcolea Gracia, Raquel Piqué i Huerta, and Javier Baena Preysler)
56 A tale of foxes and deer, or how people changed their eating habits during the Mesolithic at Vlakno cave 374
(Croatia) (Siniša Radović, Victoria Pía Spry-Marqués, and Dario Vujević)
57 Coastal resource exploitation patterns and climatic conditions during the Early Mesolithic in the 382
Cantabrian region (northern Iberia): Preliminary data from the shell midden site of El Mazo (Asier García-
Escárzaga, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, Adolfo Cobo, and Manuel R. González-Morales)vi Contents
58 How ‘marine’ were coastal Mesolithic diets? (Rick J. Schulting) 389
59 The seasonality of hunting during the Mesolithic in southern Scandinavia (Ola Magnell) 398
60 Incremental growth line analysis of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus, 1758) from the kitchen 404
midden at Eskilsø, Denmark (Harry K. Robson, Søren A. Sørensen, Eva M. Laurie, and Nicky Milner)
61 Skellerup Enge: Evidence for a distinctive subsistence economy in western Denmark during 410
the early Ertebølle (Kenneth Ritchie, Søren H. Andersen, and Esben Kannegaard)
62 Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain 416
and north-western Europe (Nick J. Overton)
63 Size estimations of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube Gorges 422
(Ivana Živaljević, Igor V. Askeyev, Dilyara N. Shaymuratova (Galimova), Oleg V. Askeyev,
Sergey P. Monakhov, Dušan Borić, and Sofija Stefanović)
Technology 429
64 Introduction: Technology (Federica Fontana, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Mihailović) 431
65 Couteaux de Rouffignac: A new insight into an old tool 434
(Davide Visentin, Sylvie Philibert, and Nicolas Valdeyron)
66 The lithic assemblage of the Mesolithic station of Alp2 (pre-alpine mountain range of Chartreuse, northern 440
French Alps): Preliminary data (Jocelyn Robbe)
67 The First and Second Mesolithic of La Grande Rivoire (Vercors range, Isère, France): A diachronic 444
perspective on lithic technology (Alexandre Angelin, Thomas Perrin, and Pierre-Yves Nicod)
68 Techno-functional approach to a technological breakthrough: The Second Mesolithic of Montclus 452
rockshelter (Gard, France) (Elsa Defranould, Sylvie Philibert, and Thomas Perrin)
69 The late microblade complexes and the emergence of geometric microliths in north-eastern Iberia 457
(Dídac Román, Pilar García-Argüelles, Jordi Nadal, and Josep Maria Fullola)
70 Mesolithic raw material management south of the Picos de Europa (northern Spain) 464
(Diego Herrero-Alonso, Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, and Ana Neira-Campos)
71 New perspectives on Mesolithic technology in northern Iberia: Data from El Mazo shell midden site 470
(Asturias, Spain) (Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, John Rissetto, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, and
Manuel R. González Morales)
72 The conical core pressure blade concept: A Mesolithic chaîne opératoire (Tuija Rankama and Jarmo 476
Kankaanpää)
73 Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt 482
change? (Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther)
74 Shaori II: An obsidian workshop in Javakheti, Georgia 490
(Dimitri Narimanishvili, Petranka Nedelcheva, and Ivan Gatsov)
75 Finding, shaping, hiding: Caching behaviour in the Middle Mesolithic of south-eastern Norway 495
(Lucia Uchermann Koxvold)
76 Hafting flake axes: Technological and functional aspects of an assemblage from north-western Norway 499
(John Asbjørn Havstein)
77 Quantifying Irish shale Mesolithic axes/adzes (Bernard Gilhooly) 505
78 Technology of osseous artefacts in the Mesolithic Danube Gorges: The evidence from Vlasac (Serbia) 512
(Emanuela Cristiani and Dušan Borić)
79 Antler in material culture of the Iron Gates Mesolithic (Selena Vitezović) 520
80 Tools made from wild boar canines during the French Mesolithic: A technological and functional study of 526
the collection from Le Cuzoul de Gramat (France) (Benjamin Marquebielle and Emmanuelle Fabre)Contents vii
81 Lost at the bottom of the lake. Leister prongs from the Early and Middle Mesolithic 535
(Lars Larsson, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström)
82 Late Glacial and Early Holocene osseous projectile weaponry from the Polish Lowlands: 540
The case of a point from Witów (Justyna Orłowska)
Social Relations, Communication, Mobility 547
83 Introduction: Social relations, communication, mobility (Chantal Conneller) 549
84 Role of personal ornaments: Vlakno cave (Croatia) (Barbara Cvitkušić and Dario Vujević) 551
85 Marine shells as grave goods at S’Omu e S’Orku (Sardinia, Italy) 558
(Emanuela Cristiani, Rita T. Melis, and Margherita Mussi)
86 Visual information in Cabeço da Amoreira, Muge (Portugal): Shell adornment technology 567
(Lino André and Nuno Bicho)
87 Neighbours on the other side of the sea: Late Mesolithic relations in eastern Middle Sweden 574
(Jenny Holm)
88 Sedentary hunters, mobile farmers: The spread of agriculture into prehistoric Europe 579
(T. Douglas Price, Lars Larsson, Ola Magnell, and Dušan Borić)
Rites and Symbols 585
89 Introduction: Rites and Symbols (Judith M. Grünberg and Lars Larsson) 587
90 A portable object in motion – Complex layers of meaning embedded in an ornamented sandstone-object 590
from the Late Mesolithic site of Brunstad (Norway) (Almut Schülke)
91 Net patterns in Mesolithic art of north-western Europe (Tomasz Płonka) 595
92 Protective patterns in Mesolithic art (Peter Vang Petersen) 602
93 Mesolithic engraved bone pins: The art of fashion at Téviec (Morbihan, France) (Éva David) 610
94 Final destruction and ultimate humiliation of an enemy during the Mesolithic of southern Scandinavia 619
(Erik Brinch Petersen)
95 Archaeological remains of Mesolithic funerary rites and symbols (Judith M. Grünberg) 622
96 Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of 629
their mortuary practices (Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)
97 Depositions of human skulls and cremated bones along the River Motala Ström at Strandvägen, Motala 637
(Fredrik Molin, Sara Gummesson, Linus Hagberg, and Jan Storå)
98 Human–animal symbolism within a ritual space in the Mesolithic wetland deposit at Kanaljorden, Motala 644
(Fredrik Hallgren, Sara Gummesson, Karin Berggren, and Jan Storå)
99 What are grave goods? Some thoughts about finds and features in Mesolithic mortuary practice 649
(Lars Larsson)
100 Mesolithic companions: The significance of animal remains within Mesolithic burials 655
in Zvejnieki and Skateholm (Aija Macāne)
101 Pit or grave? ‘Emptied’ graves from the cemetery at Dudka, Masuria, north-eastern Poland 660
(Karolina Bugajska)
102 Beware of dogs! Burials and loose dog bones at Dudka and Szczepanki, Masuria, north-eastern Poland 668
(Witold Gumiński)
103 Shamans in the Mesolithic? Re-analysis of antler headdresses from the North European Plain 678
(Markus Wild)
104 Birds in ritual practice of eastern European forest hunter-gatherers 685
(Ekaterina Kashina and Elena Kaverzneva)viii Contents
Transitions – Endings 693
105 Transitions – Endings: Introduction (T. Douglas Price) 695
106 Modelling the empty spaces: Mesolithic in the micro-region of central Serbia 699
(Vera Bogosavljević Petrović and Andrej Starović)
107 How North Iberia was lost? The Early Neolithic in Cantabrian Spain (Miguel Ángel Fano and Miriam 706
Cubas)
108 Debating Neolithization from a Mesolithic point of view: The Sado Valley (Portugal) experience 713
(Mariana Diniz, Pablo Arias Cabal, Ana Cristina Araújo, and Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)
109 The Caucasian route of Neolithization in the Pontic-Caspian region 720
(Alexander Gorelik, Andrej Tsybriy, and Viktor Tsybriy)
110 The Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic of the Kama region, Russia: Aspects of the Neolithization process 727
(Evgeniia Lychagina)
111 The Late Mesolithic in western Lesser Poland: Spectators or participants in the Neolithization? 733
(Marek Nowak, Mirosław Zając, and Justyna Zakrzeńska)
112 Wetland sites in a dry land area. A survey for Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites in and around 740
the Zwischenahner Meer Lake, Germany (Svea Mahlstedt)
113 Forager-farmer contacts in the Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium) in the late sixth-early fifth millennia BC: 746
Evidence from the site of Bazel-Sluis (Erwin Meylemans, Yves Perdaen, Joris Sergant, Jan Bastiaens, Koen
Deforce, Anton Ervynck, and Philippe Crombé)
114 Ritual continuity between the Late Mesolithic Ertebølle and Early Neolithic Funnel Beaker cultures 750
(Søren Anker Sørensen)
115 Continuity and change: hunters and farmers in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, Östergötland, 756
eastern middle Sweden (Tom Carlsson)
116 The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in South Norway: Cylindrical blade technology as an indicator of 763
change (Dag Erik Færø Olsen)
Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic 771
117 Introduction: Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic (Nicky Milner) 773
118 Mesolithic movie stars: Analyzing rare film archives of the Muge excavations from the early 776
twentieth century (Ana Abrunhosa and António H. B. Gonçalves)
119 Elusive, perplexing, and peculiar? Presenting the Mesolithic to twenty-first century audiences (Don 785
Henson)
120 Public perceptions and engagement with the Jomon and the Mesolithic (Don Henson) 789
121 Building Mesolithic: An experimental archaeological approach to Mesolithic buildings in Ireland 796
(Graeme Warren)
Index 805Technology
73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade
technology in eastern Norway: Gradual
development or abrupt change?
Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther
The study of Mesolithic blade industries in northern Europe has contributed to gaining a deeper insight into
prehistoric technological choices by applying a dynamical technological approach. In this study, the authors
applied this approach to Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade industries in eastern Norway in order to
study regional developments. A total of 45 pressured cores derived from seven open-air sites excavated by
the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo (2010–2012) were analyzed taking into account metrical values and
technological traits. The results show three distinct phases in the studied material. The earliest phase (c. 7500–
7200 cal BC) was characterized by a standardized conical core concept. The second phase (c. 7200–6100 cal
BC) showed both conical and single fronted cores, while in the youngest phase (c. 5400–3900 cal BC) the
single fronted core concept was predominant. Based on previous experimental research, the authors argue
that this reflects a slow transition from the use of V-shaped holding devices in the Middle Mesolithic to pocket
devices and handheld reduction techniques in the Late Mesolithic.
Keywords: Mesolithic, Scandinavia, microblade technology, pressure blade technology
Introduction parts of the country. In western and central Norway, this
This article deals with the evolution of pressure blade tech- period is often referred to as Early Microblade Tradition
nology in Scandinavia with an emphasis on the Middle and (c. 8000–6500 cal BC), while in eastern Norway it is tra-
Late Mesolithic chronozones in eastern Norway. The study ditionally labelled as Phase 2, the Tørkop phase, or simply
of pressure debitage, its technological affinities, and evolu- the Middle Mesolithic (c. 8250–6350 cal BC) (Bjerck 1986,
tionary development has a long research history in the Old 2008; Glørstad 2004; Mikkelsen 1975). In the whole of
World (Crabtree 1968; Johnson et al. 1978; Inizan 2012). southern and central Norway, pressure debitage continues
Yet, it is only in recent years that this discourse has gained a throughout the Middle and Late Mesolithic techno-com-
foothold among Scandinavian researchers (Damlien 2015, plexes. However, research on local and semi-local develop-
2016; Røe 2015; Sørensen 2006a, 2006b, 2012; Sørensen et ments is still needed for a more detailed understanding of
al. 2013). This ongoing research continues to investigate the the evolution of this technology. In this paper, we discuss
consequences of a specific hypothesis: that pressure blade current research on the topic and present new data from
technology was invented once in prehistory, more specif- experimental replicative studies, as well as recent large-
ically in Upper Palaeolithic Siberia (Inizan et al. 1999). scale excavations in eastern Norway.
According to this hypothesis, pressure blade technology
continued to diffuse across vast distances for several mil- Archaeological contexts and
lennia: east to the Americas, south to Asia and the Middle representativeness
East, and west to Russia and the Baltic region, from where The majority of excavated Mesolithic open-air sites located
it eventually entered Scandinavia at the onset of the Middle in coastal regions of southern Norway have been shorebound
Mesolithic (c. 8200 cal BC). In the following, we will focus during the time of occupation. The gradual isostatic uplift of
on local developments within this western group. land in eastern Norway after the Weichselian enables relative
In Norway, pressure debitage is recognized as a de- dating of sites according to height above the present sea lev-
fining element of the Middle Mesolithic techno-complex el. Although radiocarbon dating still remains preferable, the
stretching from the northernmost to the southernmost accuracy of dating by sea level displacement has repeatedly73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 483
been proven to be accurate in these regions (Bjerck 2008;
Berg-Hansen 2009; Reitan and Persson 2013; Solheim 2013).
Due to changing sea levels throughout the Holocene, Meso-
lithic sites are rarely mixed and thus are well suited for chron-
ological studies. This situation is different in other regions of
Scandinavia, which lack evidence of the isostatic uplift.
In a recent study of Mesolithic blade industries in Den-
mark, Mikkel Sørensen (2012) focuses his analysis on Ul-
kestrup II and Sværdborg II, when discussing techno-com-
plex 3 (i.e. earliest pressure debitage in Denmark), and on
Mosegården III and Orelunden IX, both from Åmosen on
Zealand, when discussing techno-complex 4. From south-
ern Sweden, he refers to Ageröd 1:B and 1:D in Scania
(Sørensen 2012, 241, 247). Recent large-scale excavations
of Early, Middle, and Late Mesolithic open-air coastal sites
in eastern Norway have enabled more detailed studies of
chronological issues related to eastern Norway and Scan-
dinavia as a whole. These sites demonstrate the earliest in-
troduction of pressure technology on conical cores c. 8000
cal BC (Damlien 2015; Solheim 2013), followed by a period
characterized by a decrease in core size and the introduc-
tion of microcores exhibiting various morphologies. In the
following, this latter group will remain in focus.
Chronology and distribution of single
fronted pressure cores
Standardized microblade production on single fronted
cores occurs in Siberia and in the south-eastern Trans Bai-
kal area c. 17,000 BP (Hartz et al. 2010; Medvedev 1998;
Tabarev 2012). Jeffrey Flenniken (1987) proposed that these
Fig. 73.1. The location of the sites mentioned in the text.
cores, i.e. wedge-shaped cores, had been reduced by the use
Note that the map shows the modern-day shoreline.
of clamp device. His experimental results were later rep-
licated successfully by Andrej Tabarev (1997, 2012). This
technological concept spread to what is today recognized c. 7900 cal BC. Apart from this curious exception (Arangua
as the Butovo culture in the Moscow region and the Vere- Gonzales 2014; Damlien 2010), the handle core tradition is
tye culture located south-east of the Onega Lake, where it normally associated with the Late Mesolithic Nøstvet cul-
became predominant within blade producing communi- ture in eastern Norway (Carrasco et al. 2014; Glørstad 2011;
ties (Hartz et al. 2010; Sørensen et al. 2013). In these are- Jaksland 2000; Reitan 2014d). Thus, the late Nøstvet culture
as, partly also in Finland, a rising trend of single fronted demonstrates a strong resemblance with the Lihult culture
microblade cores is observed in the succeeding period, c. of western Sweden (Glørstad 2004).
8600–7600 cal BC (Hertell and Tallavaara 2011, 106). In Denmark, pressure debitage was introduced in the late
In northern Sweden, a microblade tradition based on Maglemose culture, c. 7000 cal BC, while the keeled core tra-
handle cores was introduced c. 7000 cal BC (Knutsson and dition is typical of the Kongemose culture from c. 6500 cal
Knutsson 2012). Conical and one-sided microblade cores BC (Sørensen 2012). Keeled cores vanished at the onset of the
are further characteristic of the Sandarna phase in western Late Mesolithic Ertebølle phase, along with pressure blade
Sweden (Andersson et al. 1988), while the handle core tra- technology in general (Sørensen 2012, 249). Further south,
dition is typical of the Late Mesolithic (i.e. Lihult culture) microblade technology characterizes the Late Mesolithic of
in southern Sweden (Nordqvist 2000). central Europe c. 7000 cal BC (Hartz et al. 2010, 166).
The earliest sites with single fronted microblade cores In the experimental literature on pressure blade technol-
(often termed keeled cores) in southern Norway are dated ogy, the clamp device for single fronted cores is contrasted
to c. 6500 cal BC, i.e. the late Middle Mesolithic (Carrasco with the V-shaped holding device, which in turn is adapt-
et al. 2014; Jaksland 2000), but there are some notable excep- ed for conical cores (Flenniken 1987; Pelegrin 2012). As
tions. One is a single keeled core in jasper from Stene Ter- mentioned above, in eastern Norway the transition from
rasse, an inland site in eastern Norway that could be dated to conical to single fronted cores, including handle cores, is484 Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther
Table 73.1. List of the sites mentioned in this study. All sites were excavated by the Museum of Cultural History in
Oslo (The Vestfoldbane Project 2010–2012).
Site masl Sea level dating Radiocarbon Period Morphological core types Reference
cal BC range cal BC
Sundsaasen 1 62-66 7500–7200 Middle Conical, bipolar, irregular Eggen 2014
Mesolithic
Gunnarsrød 7 55-59 7200–6800 Middle Conical, bipolar, Fossum 2014
Mesolithic irregular, one sided,
microbladecore,
platformcore
Langangen 48 6650 6800–6600 Middle Conical, bipolar, irregular, Melvold and
Vestgård 1 Mesolithic microbladecore, Eigeland 2014
platformcore
Gunnarsrød 6 46–47 6500–6100 Middle–Late Handle core, conical, Carrasco et al.
Mesolithic bipolar, irregular, one 2014
sided, platformcore
Vallermyrene 4 36–42 5400–5300 (a), 5500–5300 Late Mesolithic Handle core, microblade Eigeland and
5200–5100 (b) (a), 5300– core, platform core, Fossum 2014
4850 (b) Irregular, bipolar
Prestemoen 2 34–39 4900 Late Mesolithic Handle core, bipolar, Persson 2014
platform
Langangen 36 5000 4300–3900 Late Mesolithic Handle core, bipolar, one Eggen 2014
Vestgård 3 sided, multiple sides,
irregular
chronologically related to the Middle-Late Mesolithic tran- Results
sition. However, detailed knowledge about this transition Pressured cores were not the only core types found at the
is lacking. Was the transition abrupt? Or do we see a slow, analyzed sites. There were cores with multiple sides, sim-
regional development in technological choices? In order ple platform cores, irregular cores, and even bipolar cores.
to shed light on these questions, we analyzed a number of However, in the following we will focus on the pressured
pressured microblade cores recovered through recent exca- cores. As Figure 73.3 shows, the period c. 6100–5500 cal
vations in eastern Norway. BC represents a potential gap in our data, corresponding
to the early phase of the Late Mesolithic. We suggest that
Method the site material is representative for analysis of regional
Cores were selected from a cluster of Mesolithic sites in a developments. As expected, early-phase Middle Meso-
specific near-coastal area of eastern Norway (Fig. 73.1). The lithic sites were characterized by conical cores while han-
sites, located in Telemark county, were excavated by the dle cores were present on late-phase Late Mesolithic sites
Vestfoldbane project (2010–2013), a large-scale excavation (Fig. 73.3). However, the dynamical technological classifi-
project connected to the construction of a new railway. All cation showed that certain morphological features usually
excavations were undertaken by the Museum of Cultural associated with single fronted cores, such as flat platform,
History, University of Oslo (Carrasco et al. 2014; Eggen oblong core morphology, and single front exploitation,
2014; Eigeland and Fossum 2014; Fossum 2014a,b; Melvold were introduced already during the early seventh millen-
and Eigeland 2014; Persson 2014a,b; Reitan 2014a,b,c,d; Re- nium cal BC (Gunnarsrød 7, Langangen Vestgård 1). Con-
itan and Fossum 2014). A total of 45 pressure blade cores versely, simple and multi-facetted platform rejuvenation,
from seven different sites dated between c. 7500–4000 cal usually associated with the Middle Mesolithic, continued
BC were subject of our analysis (Table 73.1). Cores were into the early phase of the Late Mesolithic. These are not
analyzed by taking into account metrical values (Fig. 73.2) the finds one would anticipate from an abrupt transition in
and by applying a dynamical technological classification technological traditions, but rather from a slow process of
system (Sørensen 2006b). This system focuses on a variety technological change.
of morphological and technological traits: core type, plat- The Middle-Late Mesolithic transition was also transpar-
form rejuvenation, blade core morphology, core front ex- ent in the height/length ratio of pressured cores (Fig. 73.2).
ploitation, and platform front angle (Fig. 73.3). The period c. 7500–6600 cal BC was characterized by a73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 485
Fig. 73.2. Height/length ratios of all pressured cores analyzed in this study. Measurements are given in millimetres.
Round dots: Middle Mesolithic sites; squares: transitional Middle-Late Mesolithic sites; diamonds: Late Mesolithic
sites. Dates refer to sites as listed in the right column.
reduction in core height, while in the following period c. these became ‘flat’, like one specimen from Gunnarsrød 7
6600–4000 cal BC, we see an increase in core length. Inter- (c. 7200–6800 cal BC), measuring 16 mm in width and 6
estingly, the metrical values indicated a fixed height/length mm in length. This group was exclusive to Middle Mes-
ratio on conically shaped cores while one-sided cores olithic sites, and cores seemed to have been reduced with
showed larger variations in length. At first, this strength- the same method as conical cores, i.e. a V-shaped holding
ens the impression that conical cores were indeed reduced device.
by a technique that favoured a specific core morphology, (2) The second group consisted of cores with a narrow
while single fronted cores were subject to a reduction tech- front and pointed or flat base, usually with one exploited
nique with a broader scope. It seems like this latter tech- end. Such cores were made of flakes with a platform on one
nique could be applied to a wide variety of forms. side of the flake, and where microblades were subsequent-
Thus, a range of morphological features associated with ly reduced using the width of the flake as the core height.
single fronted cores occurred in our data within the time The original bulb on the flake was often visible on either
span of c. 7200–4000 cal BC. However, there are notable the left or right sides of cores. This group was first intro-
variations within the single fronted core group (Fig. 73.4). duced at Gunnarsrød 6 (c. 6500–6100 cal BC) but contin-
These can be ordered into three main groups: ued throughout the Late Mesolithic.
(1) The first are the cores with a conical form but with (3) The third group consisted of what is traditionally
only one side of the core having been exploited. Sometimes termed handle cores, i.e. cores made of flakes where the486 Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther
Fig. 73.3. Results from dynamical technological classification of 45 pressured cores from seven open-air Mesolithic
sites in Telemark county, eastern Norway. Abbreviated site names refer to Table 73.1.
ventral side is exploited as the platform, making the bulb a use-wear analyses on keeled cores identified wood pol-
of the flake visible on top of the platform. Platform reju- ish on central arrises (Karsten and Knarrström 2003, 49).
venation is rare on these cores. In our data, this group was These results were later replicated in a use-wear analysis of
exclusive to the Late Mesolithic. one core from Orelunden IX (Sørensen 2012, 248). Thus,
from a technological point of view, it is perfectly possible
Discussion that both the second and third groups of single fronted
In 1985, Errett Callahan published an important series of cores from the analyzed material were reduced by the use
experimental replications of microblade cores. He termed of a clamp device.
the cores either ‘clamped cores’ or handle cores, depending Further, by applying the definition of handle cores as
on the length. While distinguishing the two groups, Cal- ‘cores that were held by hand’ and by making the use of
lahan made the following note: ‘The smallest cores which Callahan’s experience from 1985, we found only one cer-
I could grip by hand tightly enough to allow the removal tain and three potential handle cores among the 45 ana-
of blades was about 5 cm in length. (…) Clamped cores, on lyzed pressured cores; these were from the Late Mesolith-
the other hand, may be used until their length is less than ic site of Vallermyrene 4. The remaining cores measured
1 cm’ (Callahan 1985, 33). The basic principle of the clamp less than 5 cm in length, and thus should be regarded as
device was later used by Flenniken (1987) and Tabarev clamped cores. Though Callahan (1985) only associated
(1997, 2012) when they replicated Upper Palaeolithic wedge the clamped core with the Late Mesolithic in Denmark,
shaped cores. Several authors have pointed out that the use the evidence presented here suggests that this technique
of clamp devices could result in particular use-wear, and was introduced already during the Kongemose culture in
thus at Tågerup in Scania, a Kongemosian settlement site, Denmark, the Sandarna in western Sweden, and in the late73. Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt change? 487
Fig. 73.4. Three variations within the single fronted core group. 1: single fronted conical core reduced by V-shaped
holding device, exclusive to Middle Mesolithic sites; 2: keeled/wedge-shaped core reduced by use of pocket
device, occurs on late Middle Mesolithic and Late Mesolithic sites; 3: handle core reduced either by pocket device
or handheld, exclusive to Late Mesolithic sites.
Crabtree, D. E. (1968) Mesoamerican polyhedral cores and pris-
Middle Mesolithic of Norway (c. 6500 cal BC). In eastern matic blades. American Antiquity 33(4), 446–78.
Norway, this technological concept continued to be used Damlien, H. (2010) Stene terrasse. En mellommesolittisk og
until the Neolithic transition c. 3900 cal BC (Glørstad 2011; senmesolittisk lokalitet med boligstruktur, ildsted og ko-
Reitan 2014d). kegroper. In K. Stene (ed.) Steinalderundersøkelser ved Rena
elv. Gråfjellprosjektet Bind III (VARIA 76), 276–309. Oslo,
Acknowledgements Kulturhistorisk Museum Fornminneseksjonen.
The authors would like to thank Associate Professor Per Damlien, H. (2015) Striking a difference? The effect of knapping
Åke Persson for granting us access to the archaeological techniques on blade attributes. Journal of Archaeological Sci-
material from the Vestfoldbane project. ence 63, 122–35.
Damlien, H. (2016) Eastern pioneers in westernmost territories?
Current perspectives on Mesolithic hunter–gatherer large-
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Stone Studies 2.
Sørensen, M. (2006b) Teknologiske tradisjoner i Maglemose-
kulturen. En diakron analyse av MaglemoseindustriensForaging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings
Foraging Assemblages
Volume 2
of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held in
Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings gather
121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost every
corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent Mes-
olithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean to
Volume 2
Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the vol-
umes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, each
with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The reader
Edited by Dušan Borić,
will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization of new
Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Foraging Assemblages
territories at the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene
warming; the use of diverse landscapes and resources; climatic instabili-
ties that influenced patterns of settlement and subsistence; the organiza-
tion of settlements and dwelling
spaces; the formation of region-
al identities expressed through
various aspects of material cul-
ture and technologies of artefact
production, use, and discard;
aspects of social relations and
mobility; symbolic, ritual, and
mortuary practices; diverse ways
in which Mesolithic communities
of Europe were transformed into
or superseded by Neolithic ways
of being; and how we have re-
searched, represented, and dis-
cussed the Mesolithic.
Volume 1 Volume 2
Transitions – Beginnings People in Their Environment
9 788680 094151
Colonization Technology
Landscapes Social Relations,
Communication, Mobility
Settlement
Rites and Symbols
Regional Identities
Transitions – Endings
Representing and Narrating
the MesolithicYou can also read
