FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...

Page created by Audrey Farmer
 
CONTINUE READING
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
FEB/APR 2021
ILLIBERAL
DEMOCRACY
                                            Cover by Marija Staneviciute

The New Global Order

info@thenewglobalorder.com   Rome, Italy
www.thenewglobalorder.com    22 June 2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface _________________________________________________________________________ 1

Death and Detention: The Price that Journalists Pay in Democracies ________________ 2

Myanmar Military Coup: An Ensuing Crisis of Democracy ___________________________ 8

Trans Lives in the Visegrad Four: An Overview _____________________________________ 13

Russian Protest: Anti-Corruption, Pro-Navalny, and Violent _________________________ 17

Navalny: Harbinger of Democracy or Flash in the Pan? ___________________________ 22

ISSUE 2                  ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                  2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
1

PREFACE

About The New Global Order
The New Global Order (TNGO) is an international, independent, nonprofit think tank founded
in 2018. TNGO stems from the need of young and politically active people, such as the team
of collaborators that work on this project, and from the hope of being able to make discussion
spring from simple comments to articles, opinions or thoughts on current global phenomena.

The New Global Order writers, editors, and contributors are independent authors of original
contents, with the mission of pursuing a more authentic paradigm of journalism vis-à-vis the
brutalization of mass-media communication and news outlets.

The February/April 2021 Issue
With the COVID-19 pandemic challenging polities through economic recession and growing
political tensions, the spread and rise of illiberal democracy has continued throughout the first
half of 2021.

The second ever issue of TNGO is a collection of selected articles and analyses published by
the think tank in the period February-April 2021, encompassing political trajectories of
democracies worldwide in the struggle between the pitfalls endangering civil and political
liberties and widespread reactions from the civil society.

Acknowledgements
The present issue features pieces written by Political Analysts Erika Fedorova, Luca De
Cristofaro, Arianna Babraj and Shary Mitidieri. The original cover for the issue was made by
Marija Staneviciute. Original illustrations for the article Trans Lives In The Visegrad Four: An
Overview was made by Rossella Gangi. Editors Filippo Romeo Angeli, Clara Browne-Amorim,
Giacomo Di Capua, Arianna Babraj and Matthew Lynes have contributed to the revision of this
issue. The final formatting of the issue was made by Editor in Chief Giacomo Di Capua.

For questions or further information, please email info@thenewglobalorder.com.

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                        2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
2

DEATH AND DETENTION: THE
PRICE THAT JOURNALISTS PAY IN
DEMOCRACIES
By Erika Fedorova | May 13, 2021

Since 1993, 1,439 journalists have been        the Caribbean region represented 40% of
killed across the world over their work. One   killings in 2019; Asia and the Pacific region
hundred fifty-six of these deaths occurred     represented 26%; West Asia and North
between 2018 and 2019, with an additional      Africa           represented             18%.
42 deaths in 2020. In the region of West
Asia and North Africa, with numbers            Despite being democracies, Mexico, Brazil,
peaking in Iraq, Syria, Algeria, and           and the Philippines are among the countries
Afghanistan are countries with the highest     with the highest number of journalist
number of journalists killed. Although,        deaths. If not killed, many journalists are
countries such as Mexico, Honduras,            subject to varying threats and punishments,
Colombia, and Brazil, in Latin America and     such as detainment or public defamation.
the Caribbean, as well as the Philippines
and India, have had increased journalist       The majority of journalists’ deaths occur
deaths in recent years. Latin America and      outside of armed conflict and terror attacks.
                                               Many journalists are killed at their offices,
ISSUE 2                    ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                    2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
3

while working on specific assignments, such       journalists? Jonathan A. Solis points to the
as investigative reports, and while covering      press safety paradox. A democracy’s
domestic protests. Some are also killed           openness and enablement of journalists to
outside of their specific work context, such      speak and disperse information freely
as at their home. The victims tend to be local    heighten the risk of them being
to the area where they are killed. Many are       harmed/killed for their work. This is
political journalists. Hence, these deaths        because this freedom empowers journalists
contribute to the alarming trend of               to investigate sensitive topics, which begin
journalist killings by central governments,       to pertain to issues like government
or government-linked groups, as a result of       corruption. As a result, journalists are killed
reporting on internal political crises, such as   for unearthing such issues.
corruption and human rights abuses.

Linked to this is also the issue of impunity.     JOURNALISTS KILLED ON
Rarely do cases of journalist deaths achieve
justice for the victims. However, there has
                                                  THE STREETS OF MEXICO
been a slight increase in cases being
                                                  Mexico is one example of a democracy
resolved in recent years. In 2018, 11% of
                                                  demonstrating the press-safety paradox.
journalist deaths were resolved; this rose to
                                                  The country has become notorious for its
12% in 2019, and 13% in 2020. Initiatives by
                                                  journalist deaths. In 2020, Mexico had the
international organizations, like the UN,
                                                  highest death toll in the world, with 14
have worked to curtail impunity in cases of
                                                  journalists killed. Its democratic image has
journalist deaths.
                                                  become tarnished by cases of native
                                                  journalists being either attacked or killed
THE PRESS-SAFETY                                  for their reporting. This work usually
                                                  involves revealing the practices of organized
PARADOX                                           crime groups however, many have also been
                                                  found to have been reporting on crime and
Journalist killings in democracies are            corruption by the government.
violations of those very democracies. The
role that journalists perform in democratic       Mexico also has one of the highest rates of
societies, including the sharing of political     impunity over journalists’ deaths in the
information and scrutiny of public offices, is    world. Over 90% of cases are unresolved.
viewed as crucial to upholding the                This is contributed to by frequently negative
democratic elements of such societies.            sentiment        by     the      government,
Where journalist deaths do occur in such          namely President Andrés Manuel López
democracies, governments are expected to          Obrador. Obrador’s administration has
implement protective instruments that             attacked the country’s media workers in the
safeguard journalists, allowing them to           past for supposed false reporting. Yet, it has
continue performing their role, and in turn,      simultaneously recognized violence against
safeguarding democracy.                           journalists in the country, pledging to put an
                                                  end to it. This has done little to end such
Scholarship outlines that countries’              violence, however, as cases continue to rise.
protective mechanisms for journalists, their      Moreover, several of these cases still reveal
citizens’ demand for information, and the         connections between journalist deaths and
perception that journalists safeguard             public officials.
democracy, should lead to fewer journalists
being killed for their work. However, does        One of the most recent cases occurred in
this concern the same democracies whose           March 2021, when co-founder and editor of
leaders     are     the     ones     killing      La Prensa de Tlaxcala, Alberto Amaro

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                      2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
4

Jordán, was almost driven off a road in Tetla   A prominent case resurfaced in late 2020. A
de la Solidaridad. Although not a death, this   reporter      for    the     newspaper     La
case reveals the high level of threat Amaro,    Jornada, Miroslava Breach Velducea, was
a journalist, faced at the hands of a public    killed by an unknown shooter near her
official. The driver of the attacking vehicle   home in Chihuahua, in March 2017. This
was identified as the mayor of Tetla de la      followed a series of anonymous threats,
Solidaridad: Eleazar Molina Pérez. The          which Breach received as a result of her
incident followed Amaro’s reporting on the      reporting work. Authorities linked the
mayor in the run-up to elections for federal    attack to a local criminal group, Los Salazar,
congress, and his alleged links to corruption   which Breach was reporting on for trying to
in property investment. Once identified,        get its members elected as mayors around
Molina was taken to a local state prosecutor.   the state. A development in December
                                                2020 revealed that one of the suspects in
However, he was released without being          the murder, Hugo Amed S., former mayor of
charged. Not only does this case depict the     Chínipas, was arrested. Amed was
danger journalists face for reporting on        suspected to have been passing on
corruption by elected officials, but it also    information about the Breach to the gang,
contributes to the country’s high level of      yet again proving the corrupt connections
impunity. Although, the attack is relatively    that continue to exist between officials and
recent; organizational pressure may             criminals in the country.
promise accountability.
                                                Lydia Cacho underwent severe abuse for her
                                                work. In 2005, she published a book

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                    2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
5

revealing a child pornography ring in           which strengthened rights for media
Mexico, to which she connected several          workers and created space for free speech.
politicians. Cacho was detained in the state
of Puebla for alleged defamation. She was
tortured while in police custody. In
February 2020, Mexican authorities
arrested Mario Marín, the governor of
Puebla at the time of Cacho’s arrest and a
culprit in her treatment. Former Puebla
public security secretary Adolfo Karam is
also believed to be responsible but has not
been arrested yet.

Most journalist deaths in Mexico have,
however, been exclusively linked to criminal
gangs. One example is the death of Jorge        Myanmar has a relatively fresh relationship
Miguel Armenta Ávalos, who was shot by a        with democracy, one which became recently
group of men in Cajeme. Armenta and his         destabilized. Nevertheless, the influence of
staff had been reporting on violence and        figures like Aung San Suu Kyi has
murders by criminal gangs in the local area.    empowered Myanmar’s civilians to enact
The Mexican Government, through its             their democratic rights. With this, a
Federal Mechanism for the Protection of         transition into a democratically elected
Journalists, publicly condemned the killing,    government       has    also    empowered
calling for clarification on the case.          democratic institutions in the country, one
                                                of which is journalism.
JOURNALISTS DETAINED                            This empowerment was exemplified at
AT PROTESTS IN                                  protests across the country, as civilians
                                                remained vocal in demanding that the
MYANMAR                                         military Government reinstate Suu Kyi’s
                                                party, the National League for Democracy.
Although not all journalists targeted by        Journalists played a crucial role in not only
governments are killed, many are still          transmitting information about the military
prosecuted. The ‘hot spots’ for these arrests   coup and ensuing protests across the
in democracies tend to be large-scale           country and internationally but also
protest movements. Recent protests              strengthening the demands of protestors by
occurring in Myanmar, against the February      giving them a platform. Performing such
military coup, have contributed to a            roles, journalists in the country are still
worldwide pattern of journalists being          fighting to maintain democratic principles
arrested      for    reporting    on    such    and, in this fight, are empowered by Suu
events. Myanmar’s military leaders have         Kyi’s democratic movement. For this
ordered several journalists to be detained      reason, many continue to be prosecuted by
for being present at protests and reporting     the country’s military leaders.
on them. These detainments have been
enacted under laws banning the spreading        PROTECTION
of ‘false’ information. Such prosecutions
have therefore countered the progress that      MECHANISMS
Myanmar has made in parting with its
media repression – progress landmarked by       Protection mechanisms for journalists are
initiatives like the 2014 News Media Law,       rooted in democratic principles. The UN

ISSUE 2                    ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                     2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
6

Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists                  continue to decline. 2020 had the lowest
and the Issue of Impunity stresses the                       number of journalist deaths, 42; a further
priority to create a free and safe                           decline from 2019’s 57 deaths. However,
environment for journalists around the                       governments and ruling groups who tend to
world. An overarching purpose for this is to                 violate journalistic, and hence democratic,
strengthen democracy. The Plan states a                      principles may simply become more covert
commitment to help countries develop                         in their methods. Furthermore, as the
mechanisms to accommodate freedom of                         press-safety paradox highlights, the risk to
expression and freedom of information –                      report remains in a free and open
two key pillars of a democratic society. It                  democracy, discouraging more journalists
also aims to lower impunity for crimes                       from doing their work.
against journalists. This is outlined by
encouraging states to be active in resolving
cases of journalist deaths and responsive to                 Although instruments like the UN Plan of
the UN in providing answers for these cases.                 Action still raise some doubts about their
Tackling impunity, therefore, intends to                     success in protecting journalists, it was only
heighten transparency and accountability –                   in recent years that the phenomenon of
not just within a case itself, but also within               journalist deaths gained such high-profile
a government responsible for delivering                      institutional recognition. Yet, this has
justice and setting a precedent for a state’s                promptly succeeded in raising global
respect for democratic principles.                           awareness of the plight of journalists, the
                                                             varying contexts in which attacks occur, and
Through re-asserting the key role that                       the link journalists create to the
journalism     plays    in    strengthening                  preservation of democracy. One major
democratic societies, the Plan shows that                    contributor to this raised awareness has
attacks on journalists are themselves                        been the recognition that most journalist
violations of democratic principles, and                     attacks occur internally within a state,
their aftermath can be too if not resolved                   against local media workers, rather than
accordingly. Increasingly institutionalized                  against     foreign    reporters      covering
recognition of journalist deaths, with a                     international cases, which typically gain the
focus on journalists’ role in cultivating                    most public attention. This, therefore,
democracy, puts more organizational                          increases public discourse on the press-
pressure on governments to respect and                       safety paradox and how states’ internal
protect their country’s journalists. At best,                democratic instruments are either upheld
attacks against journalists worldwide will                   or violated.

                                                                                                       Photo footage
       (1) Cover picture: A demonstration against the killing of journalists in Mexico. Source: The Knight Foundation
                    (2) Protestors holding images of murdered journalist Miroslava Breach Velducea. Source: Reuters
                                      (3) Journalists covering Myanmar protests running from police Source: Reuters

ISSUE 2                         ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                                      2021
FEB/APR 2021 ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY - The New Global Order - The New Global ...
8

MYANMAR MILITARY COUP: AN
ENSUING CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY
By Erika Fedorova | May 12, 202

On February 1, the Myanmar military
enacted a coup d’état against the governing     LEADING UP TO A
National League for Democracy (NLD). The
party’s leadership, including former State
                                                MILITARY COUP
Counsellor of Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi,        Myanmar       military’s    coup     was    a
and former President, Win Myint, are still in   demonstration against the country’s
detainment. The military, led by General        November 2020 general election. In the
Min Aung Hlaing, currently controls the         election, the NLD won a majority of seats in
government, having declared a year-long
                                                both houses of parliament and hence, the
state of emergency. The country is now in a     mandate to form government. The military
democratic crisis; each side alleges            immediately contested the result, claiming
violations of a relatively recent, fragile      that the opposition, the Union Solidarity
democracy. Added to this is intensified civil   and Development Party (USDP), was the
unrest, as protests against the military have   rightful winner. The claims were based on
persisted across the country and Min Aung
                                                allegations of ‘irregularities’ in the voting
Hlaing’s government has continued to crack      process, amounting to an undemocratic
down on the civilians calling for the NLD to    election.
be reinstated.

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                    2021
9

Myanmar’s former President, and former            However, the military’s motive extends
general of the military, Thein Sein, currently    farther than the 2020 election. The NLD’s
leads the military’s favored party: the           rule posed a conflict of interest with the
USDP. The Party became regarded as an             increasingly side-lined military. The coup is
avenue for members of Myanmar’s military          largely seen as an undemocratic response to
to enter government. On the other hand, the       Aung Sang Suu Kyi’s undemocratic arrival
NLD also posed a rising threat to the             to power in the first place. Her position as
military, with Aung San Suu Kyi, a                State Counsellor, essentially the leader of
prominent anti-military rule activist and         Myanmar, was regarded as a sidestep
pioneer of democracy, at the forefront.           around the military-drafted constitution,
Election results confirmed that the NLD           which specifically highlighted that those
remained popular among Myanmar’s                  with foreign family members (Suu Kyi was
people, maintaining Suu Kyi’s continued           widowed by a British husband) were not
status as a favorable leader for a country        allowed to be President. Furthermore, the
recovering from military dictatorship.            coup re-instated military dominance
                                                  following several NLD proposals to reduce
After failing to contest the results with the     military power in the country. Such
Union Election Commission (UEC),                  proposals included the revision of the
however, Myanmar’s military imposed a             military’s hold of a quarter of seats in
state coup. Fears of a state coup were            parliament. The coup, therefore, answered
already prevalent in January, especially          to perceived violations of the military’s own
after General Aung Hlaing suggested               democratic instruments by the NLD and
revoking the country’s constitution under         Aung San Suu Kyi.
certain circumstances. Military chiefs
attempted to alleviate these fears, however,
assuring they will abide by the constitution.
Nevertheless, a state coup was enforced
shortly after, with the military claiming it to
be constitutional. This stand against NLD
rule also symbolized a refusal to accept
further decline to the military’s power in the
country. Now at the helm of government
again, the military has suppressed the
democratic movement led by Aung San Suu
Kyi, while claiming to be acting
democratically.

A CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY                             In spite of this, the majority of Myanmar’s
                                                  population continues to vocalize its support
At the core of the military coup and the clash    for the NLD, and especially Aung San Suu
between Myanmar’s competing regimes is a          Kyi. Following encouragement from the
crisis of democracy. The military move to         party itself, protests across the country have
overhaul the NLD was rooted in allegations        been demanding that the NLD be reinstated
of election fraud. The new junta government       into government. Considering the role she
maintains that the election process and its       played in scaling down the military’s power
results were undemocratic, stemming from          in Myanmar, and consequently instilling
a culmination of factors such as poor-            civic rule through the NLD, Aung San Suu
quality ballot boxes. Hence, the election was     Kyi is widely regarded as seen as
declared fraudulent.                              spearheading       Myanmar’s        democratic
                                                  milestones, and hence a favorable leader for

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                     2021
10

the country. In contrast, Min Aung Hlaing,       While this would leave some possibility for
as a military general, represents the            Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD to
oppressive instruments of authoritarian          eventually regain leadership of the country,
military rule that have kept Myanmar from        the dialogue surrounding the military’s
democratizing for decades.                       planned future election largely avoids the
                                                 prospect    of    NLD     rule. Min Aung
Although refusing to respond to civilian         Hlaing’s assertion that the coup was
demands, the military asserts that its           inevitable and necessary for the military to
priorities during the state of emergency will    “steer the country” suggests he no longer
be to unearth the alleged election fraud and     sees a pathway for Myanmar to include the
manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite            leadership of the NLD and Suu Kyi. This
overhauling an elected government, the           would therefore amount to extensive
military’s approach is that of a perceived       democratic violations, as any positioning of
commitment to respecting democracy. This         the NLD in future government would be
is not the first military coup to have taken     entirely discarded, despite the popular
place in Myanmar, yet it is more pacified.       support of the party.
This complements the notion that repeating
history is no longer an option in Myanmar,
which has seen exceptional democratic            CIVIL LIBERTIES
milestones in recent years, regardless of
recent events. By asserting that there is a      What further diminishes the prospect of a
commitment to investigate election fraud         future democratic government in Myanmar
and deliver a new general election in a year’s   is the new regime’s crackdown on the civil
time, the military is more or less               unrest that has ensued following the coup.
demonstrating some respect for the               Attesting to the majority vote for the NLD
country’s relatively new democratic              party, vast numbers of Myanmar’s civilians
boundaries.                                      took to the streets to protest the military’s

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                     2021
11

actions and demand the re-installment of        government. Furthermore, by legally
the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi into               accusing protestors of inciting hatred
government. In response, the new regime         toward the military, the current government
imposed numerous repressive tactics             has extended its capacity to suppress the
against protests, which have grown bloodier     electoral decision.
by the day.

Initial steps taken by the military to          THE INTERNATIONAL
suppress protests included disruptions to
communication across the country; local
                                                SPHERE: CONDEMNATION
media channels and internet services,           AND SUPPORT
including access to social media sites like
Facebook and WhatsApp, have been cut.           The international sphere has demanded
Furthermore, police forces turned out in        that Aung San Suu Kyi, Win Myint, and
large numbers to dissuade protest groups        other ministers and party officials, be
from growing. During the first weeks of         released from detainment. International
protests, some police forces were present in    leaders have threatened action against
riot gear, injuring protestors with rubber      Myanmar’s military for the take-over of the
bullets and water cannons. The response to      state, and for the crackdown on pro-
the protest movement has since escalated,       democracy       protestors.     The US has
as over 100 killings of protestors have now     announced sanctions against ten military
been reported across Myanmar, and more          officials and companies they are linked to.
protestors have also disappeared. Activists     The UK has also voiced its reproach towards
and journalists continue to be arrested; over   Myanmar’s military, calling for the vote of
2,000 people have now been detained             the      people    to      be     respected.
following the military coup. Myanmar’s
ruling      military     has      threatened    Although international support for Aung
lengthy prison sentences for protestors         San Suu Kyi has declined following
partaking in the anti-coup and anti-military    Myanmar’s 2017 Rohingya crisis, she is still
demonstrations.                                 highly revered in the international arena for
                                                her role in freeing Myanmar from military
The ensuing civil unrest signifies              rule. On the contrary, Min Aung Hlaing has
widespread dissatisfaction with the             less international respect as the primary
military’s decision to overhaul an elected      perpetrator of the persecution of
civilian government. Chanting phrases,          Myanmar’s Rohingya minority, during
such     as “We     demand       democracy!”,   which 700,000 thousand Rohingya fled to
thousands of protestors have called out the     Bangladesh following a brutal crackdown by
military coup as undemocratic and               Myanmar’s        military,    which      was
illegitimate. Military actions to suppress      internationally branded as ethnic cleansing.
these protests have contributed to the          The International Criminal Court’s case
popular anger, as they demonstrated             investigating Aung Hlaing’s crimes against
further restrictions to civic freedoms, such    humanity is ongoing.
as freedom of speech and freedom of
assembly, and in some cases, violations of      In condemning the coup, international
their very basic human rights such as the       governments and institutions have affirmed
right to life. These repressive actions have    the importance of democratic principles.
therefore also contributed to the country’s     Responding to the situation, the United
current democracy crisis, as the military       Nations Security Council has stressed “the
continues to crack down on civilians who        need to uphold democratic institutions and
maintain they have elected the NLD as their     processes”. The UNSC has also called for

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                    2021
12

“dialogue and reconciliation in accordance                 highlighted the crackdown Myanmar’s
with the will and interests of the people of               civilians have faced, as well as the shutdown
Myanmar”. International attention has                      in communication services, restricting their
therefore not been focused on the practices                ability to access and transmit information.
of the coup alone, but also on the repression              International statements are therefore
of Myanmar’s citizens who have been                        outlined by democratic values and rooted in
protesting the coup as a result. The UN High               support for Myanmar’s electorate and their
Commissioner for Human Rights has                          right to choose a government.

                                                                                                    Photo footage
   (1) Cover photo: A military checkpoint on the way to Myanmar’s congress compound in Naypyitaw Source: Reuters.
                                                                        (2) General Min Aung Hlaing Source: AFP.
                                           (3) Protestors showing their support for Aung San Suu Kyi Source: EPA.z

ISSUE 2                        ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                                    2021
12

ISSUE 2   ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY   2021
13

TRANS LIVES IN THE VISEGRAD
FOUR: AN OVERVIEW
By Arianna Babraj and Luca De Cristofaro| March 27, 2021

COVID-19 According to GLAAD, the term              The issue of forced sterilization lies at the
‘transgender’ describes an individual whose        heart of the Czech Republic’s categorization
gender identity is different from the sex they     as a ‘red state’ by Transgender Europe, and
were assigned at birth. More specifically,         like the rest of the V4 nations, legal gender
gender identity is a person’s internal and         recognition      requires     a mental    health
personal sense of being a man or a woman,          diagnosis, which further stigmatizes and
or for some individuals who do not feel like       discriminate against the ability to freely
they fit into either being a man or a woman,       dictate     one’s    gender     through     self-
                                                   determination. The        requirement to      be
a non-binary identity might best describe
                                                   diagnosed with transsexualism by a sexologist
who they understand themselves to be. The
                                                   and a physician qualifies the individual for
term ‘trans’ encompasses both transgender          hormone treatment. Once the transition
and transsexual, which can describe                initiates, the individual must select a
someone who has undergone a gender                 temporary gender-neutral name to use during
reassignment through medical processes. It         their ‘trial year’ in the new, chosen gender.
is important to understand that not all            After this year, the individual must appear
transgender individuals go through, or want        before a panel of doctors, psychologists, and
to go through, sex reassignment.                   lawyers, who determine if the individual is in
                                                   the appropriate mental state to qualify for
Central European nations belonging to the          gender reassignment surgery, and it is only
Visegrad Four (V4) – The Czech Republic,           after this surgery that the individual can apply
Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia – are often          for document changes to reflect their chosen
some of the most politically and socially          gender.
conservative members of the European
Union. However, each of these nations is           These types of policies have ramifications in
different in their treatment of and history        trans individuals’ everyday lives including
with trans individuals.                            extreme       difficulties    with       official
                                                   documentation. Forced sterilization is
                                                   expensive with the average cost of female
THE CZECH REPUBLIC                                 sterilization being roughly 5,000 euros, and
                                                   male sterilization (vasectomy) being at
The Czech Republic is generally considered to      least 500        euros. Other      life-altering
be one of the most progressive states within       legislation includes forced divorce, which
the Visegrad Four. One distinct marker of          greatly impacts an individual’s personal life
Czech society is the lack of dominant religious    and often is not what that individual would
values. Unlike Poland or Hungary, the secular      choose for themselves or their partners.
nature of the Czech Republic generally
exempts them from religiously-motivated            The process is complex and has the potential
homophobia. Hot button issues like same-sex        to make those in the midst of it feel isolated or
marriage have garnered enough attention and        ostracized, and the future of trans rights in the
approval to receive legislative responses. That    Czech Republic remains uncertain. While
said, when focusing more closely on trans          there was a major legal victory against forced
rights, there remains a discomfort with non-       sterilization was brought jointly by
binary identities, likely rooted in traditional    Transgender Europe and ILGA-Europe in
attachment to gender and race norms.               2015, in which the court determined that it

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                         2021
14

was a violation of human rights, the Czech
Association of Sexologists held firm in its      This new law is not big news to the Hungarian
belief that castration should be a legal         trans community as the legal gender changes
requirement in the formal gender recognition     have been halted since 2017. Now, all the
process. The case was brought up under the       requests accumulated throughout the years
European Social Charter, and may take time       will be denied. The piece of legislation is not
before anything really changes. Further, there   only hindering people who just began their
remains a fear that, in the wake of rising       transition, but also trans men and women
nationalism and neo-Nazism in the region,        who have had their documents legally
such movements could have a lasting              changed before. With the wording “sex at
influence on the societal positioning of trans   birth”, every trans person is in danger of being
rights in the Czech Republic.                    outed by their official documents.
                                                 The Hungarian government’s feelings
                                                 towards the LGBT+ community did not get
HUNGARY                                          better in 2021. In January, Orban’s
                                                 government decided to pass a bill forcing
Hungary is one of the worst-performing           publishing      companies to      introduce    a
countries when it comes to the protection of     disclaimer on books with topics related to
trans rights. In May 2020, in the midst of a     sexual orientation and gender identity. Due to
global pandemic, the Hungarian parliament        this hostile environment, many LGBT+
passed a law that defines gender-based on        people, especially trans individuals, are taking
“sex at birth”, thus legally not recognizing     advantage of European mobility and moving
trans identities.                                to EU countries with more favorable

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                       2021
15

legislation. In an interview with Agence           questionable relationship with women’s
France-Presse, Ivett Ordog, a 40-year-old          bodies (see abortion laws in Poland) and the
engineering     manager,       recounted     the   terrible relation with its LGBT+ community,
reasoning behind her relocation and it is          good news for transgender Poles came up in
correlated to the anti-trans bill passed in May.   October. A Polish court ruled in favor of a
Ordog stated that the constant coming out in       transwoman, confirming that it is not
public places puts trans people in danger,         permitted to discriminate against trans
“usually nothing bad happens, but every time       people in the workplace. The woman in
you have to prepare for the worst, when you        question is Joanna, hired by a security
are outed in front of staff or a large audience,   company while undergoing the legal process
you never know if someone might come after         of formally changing her gender identity. At
you”.                                              the beginning of the recruitment, Joanna did
                                                   not have any problem in the workplace.
                                                   However, when the employer found out her
POLAND                                             documents identified her as “male”, he made
                                                   her wear a male uniform and gave her
In March 2019, Swidnik was one of the first        humiliating tasks. This new ruling sets an
municipalities to start to declare themselves      unprecedented standard of protection for the
as “free of the LGBT ideology” (Strefa wolna od    Polish trans community.
ideologii LGBT). The municipalities were
passing motions that rejected what they
considered “LGBT ideology” in their homes,
workplaces, and, most importantly, schools.
These resolutions passed, at first, in the rural
and conservative areas of the country to then
reach a third of Poland “free of LGBT”. There
were waves of new municipalities declaring
themselves as “LGBT-free” and the peaks
were in the months prior to the elections, both
the European elections and national elections.
State-controlled media has been campaigning
harshly       against   gender       minorities,
by shaming and deadnaming the trans
community on their outlets.

Formally changing a person’s gender identity
                                                   SLOVAKIA
is a lengthy and difficult process in Poland. In
an interview with Vice, Anton, a Polish
journalist,     described      the     systemic
discrimination when going through the              While other Visegrad Four countries’ policies
process of legalization of one’s gender            are more distinct, Slovakia’s general
identity. Recalling his own experience, Anton      atmosphere around LGBT issues remains
described the various steps towards his            vague. Even though its neighbors have intense
gender transition, starting from the “really       processes required to be recognized as trans,
long process of diagnosis” usually performed       or are very openly transphobic, Slovakia’s
by a psychotherapist. When the expert              relatively progressive nature has not been
diagnosis gender dysphoria, then the person        sufficient enough to make it a beacon for
can have access to hormone treatments. In          LGBT rights. In fact, it is actually the lack of
order to change the gender in legal                clear legislation that provides a breeding
documents, Anton states that part of the           ground for inhumane treatment of trans
process is “to sue your parents for wrongly        individuals.
assuming your gender when you were born”.
Despite Poland being known for its

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                        2021
16

As of 2016, Slovakia, unlike all other V4                  quality of trans lives by creating a state of
countries, does not require gender                         uncertainty.
reassignment treatment. However, further
legal requirements are murky and are instead               In September 2019, the Minister of
usually dictated by norms and individual                   Health refused to sign legislation known as
judges, lawyers, and medical professionals.                the Professional Guidelines to Unify Medical
Even the government portal, Slovensko,                     Procedures for Issuing Medical Opinions on
states that ‘the transition process is not                 Gender Reassignment, which had been
comprehensively regulated in the Slovak                    prepared in 2019 by the previous government
Republic’. Steps in the transition process that            with the help of medical professionals and
are very clearly laid out in other nations, like           trans advocates. These guidelines would have
mandatory divorce, are not a legal obligation              abolished forced sterilization and other
in Slovakia, but are still often insisted upon by          medical interventions required for legal
healthcare providers involved in the                       gender recognition. This is now the third
transition.                                                Minister to refuse to move the process
                                                           forward.
Unfortunately, in July 2016, birth registries
began requiring medical certifications that
trans individuals had undergone sterilization,             Talks had continued through January 2020,
making it effectively compulsory for trans                 until they were stalled by the elections and the
individuals to be sterile in order to change               outbreak of COVID-19. For now, it seems that
their legal documents. Even though this shift              the political and medical will to introduce
was not legislative in nature and actively                 proper, clarifying legislation on trans rights in
contrasts Slovakia’s Criminal Code and the                 Slovakia remains unattainable until there is a
International Covenant on Civil and Political              significant shift in citizen and governmental
Rights (2015), which both determine forced                 priorities.
sterilization to violate human rights, its
impacts are, nonetheless, real. The lack of                The EU plays an important role in the future
clear legislation poses significant challenges,            of trans rights in Central Europe. A court
just like the presence of outwardly                        case in France that ultimately made forced
discriminatory practices because it allows for             sterilization of trans individuals illegal, set a
extremely liberal interpretations of the                   precedent for the entire EU, was ultimately
unregulated procedures. In a country where                 brought to the EU Court of Human Rights and
the word for ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are the same in            made illegal Union-wide in 2017. Practically,
the local language, the lack of clarity in the             however, this has not been implemented
language surrounding what it means to be                   Union-wide and remains effective in many
trans in Slovakia ultimately impacts the                   countries including the Czech Republic and
                                                           Slovakia.

                                                                                                          Photo footage
                                         (1) Cover picture (on pag. 12): illustration by TNGO illustrator Rossella Gangi.
                                               (2) Trans Rights Europe and Central Asia Map 2019. Source: TGEU
                                                          (3) Rainbow Europe Map 2020 Source: Rainbow Europe
                                            (4) Comparative Analysis of Trans Rights in the V4. Source: Equaldex

ISSUE 2                       ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                                           2021
17

RUSSIAN PROTEST: ANTI-
CORRUPTION, PRO-NAVALNY, AND
VIOLENT
By Luca De Cristofaro | February 11, 2021

On Saturday 23 January, from Moscow to           governmental figures only counted 4,000
Sakhalin, tens of thousands of Russians went     demonstrators.
to the streets to show their support for
Russia’s opposition leader, Aleksei Navalny,     If Reuters’s numbers are confirmed, it would
and to protest his unlawful detention. As a      be the biggest protest in Russian history.
result, more than 3,000 demonstrators were       Daria Kozlova, a local activist, commented to
arrested with almost one-third of the            TNGO that the support shown to Navalny
detainees being held in the capital. According   should not be understood as being “pro-
to Reuters, almost 40,000 people took part in    Navalny” as not everyone is a fan of the
the demonstration in Moscow alone, although      journalist and politician, but instead, “[they]

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                      2021
18

are fighting for free speech, for democracy,      after his detention, Navalny’s team released
[and] for fair and transparent trials.”           an investigative report describing a secret
                                                  palace on the Black Sea built for the Russian
                                                  President, Vladimir Putin.
ABOUT NAVALNY
                                                  The investigation is very thorough and
Navalny recently went back to his home            includes financial details, floor plans, and
country after being hospitalised in Germany       photos of the area and the various people
for many months due to Novichok poisoning.        involved. The main objective of the
One theory holds that Russia’s Federal            investigation     was    to reveal   financial
Security Service (FSB) tried to poison            manipulation and the schemes put in place
Navalny, although the everlasting president of    by Putin to protect himself and his closest
the Kremlin, Vladimir Putin, has denied the       circle. The report can be found in video
allegations.                                      format on YouTube and in written format on
                                                  an FBK-owned website, which includes
It is not the first time Navalny has been         photos and other documents. The report on
hospitalized due to induced health                the website is in Russian, and so is the video
complications. In 2019, he was poisoned           on YouTube, however, the almost-two-hour
while in jail, and in 2017 his sight was          long video has English subtitles for
damaged because an attacker threw liquid          international listeners.
antiseptic at him. When asked about why he
decided to return to Russia, Navalny said that
he did not leave Russia by choice, but because    PROTESTERS
he had to be flown to Germany for medical
attention. He continued by saying that it         The crowd of protesters was mainly composed
would not be right for him to “call for a
                                                  of younger Russians, a generation that hopes
revolution from Berlin”.
                                                  for a democratic and equal Russia.

ARREST
Once he arrived in Moscow, Navalny was
arrested by the police and has had his
internationally-covered hearing on February
2. The judicial hearing carried a dire sentence
for the Russian politician, who now
faces more than two years in prison. The day

                                                  The Kremlin is obviously aware that the
                                                  majority of the protesters are young adults,
                                                  which is why some preventive measures were
                                                  put in place to avoid the large gathering of
                                                  youths in the streets. One of the main
                                                  strategies was a joint action with some
                                                  universities, which scheduled mandatory
                                                  classes on January 23rd for all of their
                                                  students. Furthermore, some universities
                                                  have threatened to expel students caught
                                                  protesting.

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                     2021
19

                                                 and water, and some were even assaulted and
Emphasizing the threat of the youth to           tortured while locked up.
Russian authorities, police went as far as       Protesters have also been subjected to a series
to detain children. Russia’s Commissioner        of violent police tactics at demonstrations.
for Children’s Rights, Anna Kuznetsova,          Countless amounts of video footage across
confirmed that at least 300 minors were          social media shows protesters being beaten,
detained across Russia on Jan. 23. The           dragged, and deliberately knocked over by
majority of them had not been directly           police. Several cases have shown protesters
participating in the protests yet were still     being suddenly abducted by people in police
taken and questioned by the police.              vans and unmarked vehicles. Some people’s

POLICE BRUTALITY
OVD-Info,     a    Russian     pro-democracy
organisation, reported that 3,435 people were
detained at rallies across the country on
January 23rd. This is on top of activists who
were detained due to their association with
Navalny, including his wife, Yulia Navalnaya,
as well as his aide Lyubov Sobol and his
lawyer          Vladlen          Los. Amnesty
International dubbed these arrests as
preventive detention: arresting individuals on   injuries required medical attention and a
bogus charges because they are deemed a          handful of protesters had to be hospitalised.
political threat. Daria Kozlova explains that    Journalists present at the protests also faced
once detained, protesters were held for an       violence from the police and were detained,
excessive amount of time, with lack of food      despite being marked as press.

ISSUE 2                     ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                      2021
20

Russian authorities had announced prior to          right to peaceful assembly. Hence, they have
the protests that they would be declared            merely energised the protests which are also
illegal, warning of a tough crackdown.              demanding stronger democracy. Internally,
However, organisations and different nations        the government and state media have framed
have stated that this hardly justifies the extent   protesters as violent provocateurs. State
of repression faced by peaceful protesters who      prosecutors have already opened criminal
were not inciting violence. Daria points out        cases against protesters for violence toward
that internal state and media channels largely      the police. St. Petersburg prosecutors,
failed to clarify that several protest organisers   however, are investigating the violence used
had attempted to get permits for the rallies in     by police against protesters.
order to legalise them, yet their requests were     Police violence has been a common
denied.                                             denominator of most protests that have
                                                    occurred in Russia, and across the world, over
                                                    the past year. While causes and national
BRUTALITY: THE BIGGER                               contexts have differed, the repressive tactics
                                                    used by Russian police closely resemble the
PICTURE                                             repressive tactics used by police forces in
                                                    the US, Belarus,     and Nigeria in       2020.
Police violence during the protests                 However, we have seen from Russia’s protests
demonstrates an extensive violation of              that international cases have failed to deter
organisational procedures, summarises               internal movement. Russian protesters most
Daria. As several human rights organisations        likely expected violence, yet this did not stop
have outlined as well, these breaches indicate      them. Police brutality is, therefore, losing its
clear attempts to suppress free speech and the      effectiveness as a mechanism to suppress
                                                    assembly and free speech.

ISSUE 2                       ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                        2021
21

INTERNATIONAL
                                                              social media platforms, and pre-emptively
                                                              arresting potential participants. This follows
                                                              years of tightening restrictions on and
RECEPTION                                                     repressive actions against civil society,
                                                              independent media, and the political
Over recent days, the international                           opposition”.
community has been calling on the Kremlin
to release Mr. Navalny, but to no avail. The                  Josep Borrell, High Representative of the
answer foreign affairs officers who contacted                 European       Union     for      Foreign
the Kremlin would get was to “mind their own                  Affairs, commented on Twitter on Jan. 23
business”. In a Facebook post, a spokesperson                 stating:
for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
stated that the international community
should “respect international law…not
                                                              “I deplore widespread
encroach on national legislation of sovereign                 detentions, disproportionate
states, and address problems in [their] own
country”.                                                     use of force, cutting down
In an official press statement, the US State                  internet and phone
Department condemned the use of violence
by    police    against    journalists  and
                                                              connections”.
demonstrators, adding that prior to
                                                              The meeting held on Jan. 25 with EU Foreign
Saturday’s events “the Russian government
sought to suppress the rights to peaceful                     Affairs Ministers was inclusive as it did not
assembly and freedom of expression by                         reach a unanimous decision on the
harassing protest organisers, threatening                     sanctions against Russia.

                                                                                                         Photo footage
         (1) Cover picture: A protester waving a flag: ‘In the fight, you will gain your right’, 23 January Source: FBK
                                           (2) A protester’s sign reading ‘Russia is not your room for dirt’ Source: FBK
                            (3) The number of protestors in attendance from each age group Source RANEPA Institute
                                                             (4) A police barricade in Moscow Source: Protestny MSU
                                                         (5) An injured protestor Source: Valery Tenevoy, avtozaklive
                                                                               (6) Protesters, January 23 Source: FBK

ISSUE 2                         ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                                        2021
22

NAVALNY: HARBINGER OF
DEMOCRACY OR FLASH IN THE PAN?
By Shary Mitidieri | February 16, 2021

The arrest of Alexey Navalny upon his return       democracy protests in Russia are the first step
to Russia has triggered widespread protests.       in that process. The Guardian described the
For many, they represent the first step            upheaval, triggered by Navalny’s detention, as
towards democratization. This article,             a “tidal wave of contempt and disgust”
though, argues that things are more                towards a repressive regime.
complicated. The first problem is that
Navalny is a much more controversial figure        In addition to that, it compared “courageous,
than he seems. In fact, his idea of democracy      charismatic, highly intelligent, witty and
might be very different from the Western           politically savvy” Navalny to the “charmless”
concept of democracy. The second problem is        Putin. The New York Times went even further,
less idiosyncratic and more strategic. Namely,     painting the picture of heroic protesters
the Russia regime seems willing to lock up         “braving bitter cold and attempts at
Navalny for quite some time. And this alone,       intimidation“. In truth, these protests, which
could leave protestors without a leader and        involved a large number of young people, do
without purpose.                                   signal an increasing discomfort with the
                                                   government. Without a doubt, it does take
During President Biden‘s inauguration, poet        courage to face police violence and even,
Amanda Gorman said that her country is “not        possibly, detention.
broken, but simply unfinished“. The
underlying meaning of that verse is that
democracy is not a state; it is a process, and a   But are these marches the first domino
lengthy one. For many, the pro-Navalny, pro-       falling? Are they the first sign that Putin’s grip

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                          2021
23

on power is faltering, or mere “disorder” that      and overt support is off the table, the West has
will be repressed? At least two reasons,            its hands tied.
though, cast doubt on the possibility that
democracy will prevail.
                                                    ALEXEI NAVALNY: A
THE “WEAKNESS” OF THE                               LIBERAL OR A
PROTESTS: THE LACK OF                               NATIONALIST?
INTERNATIONAL
SUPPORT
The first problem is the tepid reaction of
Western leaders. For sure, the United States
condemned the “harsh tactics” used against
protesters, and Joe Biden’s incoming
National       Security    Adviser,      Jake
Sullivan, called for Navalny’s immediate
release. The President of the European
Commission Ursula von der Leyen stated that
“detention of political opponents is against
Russia’s international commitments”. But,
reading between the lines, they were merely
condemning police violence and arbitrary            A second issue could be the figure of Alexei
detentions. No leader questioned the                Navalny himself. For now, the global press
legitimacy of the Russian regime itself.            seems to appreciate him. He has been called
                                                    the “best hope for liberalization in Russia”.
On this basis, Bellingcat‘s Andrew Higgins          Charming, tall, good-looking and capable of
said that the reaction to Navalny’s arrest was      using social media, Alexei Navalny has all it
“utterly toothless”. Plus, he added that Russia     takes to appeal a vast public. And his
does not care about sanctions. As a matter of       poisoning in August 2020 made him more
fact, Putin seems less than impressed with the      popular than ever. In fact, a Levada poll
magnitude of the protests. The Kremlin Press        showed that, in 2013, only 1% of interviewees
Secretary, Dmitri Peskov, claimed that the          would have voted for him. Now, 20% of
size of demonstrations was largely overstated.      responders approve of him.
Indeed,       the 40.000       protesters      in
Moscow pale in the face of a population of 12       Despite this, his xenophobic, far-right
million. In other words, the protests still seem    sympathies could come back to haunt him.
far away from constituting a true mass              Navalny started his political career in the
movement.                                           Russian United Democratic Party, Yabloko. In
                                                    2007, the Party expelled him due to his
Certainly, this is not the first time that          nationalist activities. He then went on to
Western actors seem paralyzed when                  found the nationalist-oriented movement
confronted with baffling Russian behavior.          “The People”. In 2011, he founded the “Anti-
After all, in “realpolitik” terms, this makes       Corruption Foundation,” mixing people of
sense.     Democracies      are    bound    to      different backgrounds, including the far-
the principle of non-interference in the            right. He has indulged several times in the use
domestic affairs of foreign countries.              of racial slurs.
Furthermore, Russia has significant economic
and political ties with several European
actors. Thus, as sanctions do not seem to work

ISSUE 2                       ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                        2021
24

In 2013, he participated in the Russian March,    people declared a deep concern about
a parade uniting Russian nationalist              immigration. Thus, Navalny’s take on the
groups. He has also endorsed a nationalist-       issue is not that unpopular. But in a
led campaign called Stop “Feeding the             fragmented, complex, stratified society such
Caucasus”. In addition to that, he supported      as Russia’s, this comes at a price. As Navalny’s
the 2008 war against Georgia and the              popularity grows, so do his critics. As of
annexation of Crimea in 2015. So, it may be       September 2020, 50% of Levada interviewees
true that Navalny has been breathing on the       declared that they disapprove of him.
regime’s neck when it comes to corruption.
But it seems that the prospected legal, lawful    Navalny may face some time in prison; three
Russia should be for Russians only. Further,      years and five months, at least. Will he
Navalny is a hound when it comes to               become another Khodorkovsky? And, if so,
unmasking the regime’s hypocrisy but, so          how does he plan to maintain his political
far, lacks an organic political outlook. In       activity and visibility? Even for his
short, it remains unpredictable what the          supporters, a jailed leader may not constitute
quality of a democracy represented by him         a winning horse. Sure, his arrest triggered
would entail.                                     protests all over the country. But, as stated
                                                  above, their magnitude was not overly
                                                  impressive. Furthermore, how long will it be
NAVALNY: FROM A                                   before people go back to “business as usual”,
                                                  in the face of repression?
VICTIM TO THE FACE OF
                                                  Finally, the fact that the protests intersect
A NEW RUSSIA?                                     democratic and pro-Navalny stances may
                                                  discourage international support. The US or
It may be predictable that in countries with no   the EU may call for his release, but would
democratic history or culture of human rights,    they back him as a presidential
the “people’s choice” can often be a populistic   candidate? It is not a given that they would
choice. After all, in 2013, 27% of the Russian    perceive him as a better alternative to Putin in

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                       2021
25

light of his nationalistic stance. Plus, active            Since then, Russian authorities have launched
Western intervention would be a double-                    three other legal cases against Navalny and in
edged sword. Were they to pressure Russia,                 August 2020, he was poisoned with a nerve
Putin may play the card of depicting Navalny               agent called Novichok. Unsurprisingly, Putin
as a Western “stooge“, a kind of rhetoric that             dismissed the accusations that he himself was
still works on loyalists, and may further                  to blame, even though only state-owned
undermine Navalny’s popularity.                            military laboratories can develop Novichok
                                                           and it cannot be obtained by private
                                                           individuals. This     strongly implies    that
PROTESTS MAY FAIL, BUT                                     Russian authorities were behind the attack.
                                                           Apparently, this was still not enough. Navalny
THE REGIME IS STILL                                        received treatment for the poisoning in
                                                           Germany, and the moment he came back to
FALTERING                                                  Russia, the police arrested him. In fact, the
                                                           Russian prison authority accused him
Without a doubt, none of what is stated above              of breaching the terms of the suspended
represents a justification for Navalny’s arrest            sentence handed to him in 2014. Ironically, he
or for the institutional harassment he suffered            would not need to leave the country if had he
in the past. For example, in 2014, Navalny was             not been poisoned.
sentenced to five years in prison for
embezzlement and Russia’s supreme court                    The outrage of the Russian people is more
had to come into play to overturn the                      than        understandable.     Corruption,
sentence. The European Court of Human                      oppression, abuse of power, and even
Rights declared the case “arbitrary and                    assassinations are all too common in Putin’s
manifestly unreasonable“.                                  Russia. But can Navalny be the face of a
                                                           renewed,          democratic        Russian
However, his opposition to Putin’s regime has              Federation? For now, it seems unlikely, but
come back to haunt him, time and time again.               still possible.

                                                                                                      Photo footage
                             (1) Protester in Russia holding the sign “one for all and all for one”. Source: BBC News
                                                              (2) A picture of Alexei Navalny. Source: Daily Herald
                                     (3) Russian Police arrests Navalny upon landing in Moscow. Source: Euractiv

ISSUE 2                      ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY                                                        2021
You can also read