Extraction And Purification Of Natural Dye From Bougainvillea Glabra Using For Cotton Fabrics
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Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741
Extraction And Purification Of Natural Dye From
Bougainvillea Glabra Using For Cotton Fabrics
Velvizhi V*1, Vijayalakshmi K.B. 1, Porkodi M1, ,1 Muruganathan U1 Asha K.R.T. 1,
Department of Biochemistry Government arts college Paramakudi
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Velvizhi V, Guest lecture, Department of biochemistry, Government arts college
paramakudi. E-mail: velvizhig4@gmail.com
Abstract
Bougainvillea glabra is one of the most important ornamental plant mainly growing in
garden and rich in red and pink pigments. In the present study, the dyeing pigments present in
flowers of Bougainvillea glabra were extracted by using four different solvent extraction
methods (acidic Bath, aqueous bath and alcohol bath at 1000C). The three different mordents
(Ferrous sulphate, coppersulphate and stannous chloride) were used to set isolated dye on
cotton fabric by forming a - ordination complex. The result revealed that, different shades of
pink and yellow color were obtained from the dye when subjected to mordent. The sample shows
the presence of certain colored product (Grey, yellow and light pink). The resultant sample was
treated with cotton fabric, the color get deposited, after repeated washing the color remain the
fabrics without any change. Thus, the color dye extracted from pink bougainvillea glabra flowers
can be used for coloration of Cotton fabrics as a natural dye.
Introduction
Colors in the day to day life of man are very prominent and unavoidable. It is associated
in the form of colored dress materials, hair, furnishings, upholstery etc. Dyes are mainly of two
types: natural and synthetic. As far as natural colors and dyes are concerned, India has a very
rich tradition of using natural dyes and also virtual monopoly in their production and
applications. Dyeing & printing was a craft up to the middle of nineteenth century. There are
many references in the literature and calico printing is an example. References are also available
for silk dyeing with natural colors in China before 2600 BC [1].
Dyes are one of the most important uses of the plants. Recently, interest in the use of
natural dyes has been growing rapidly due to the result of stringent environmental standards
imposed by many countries in response to toxic and allergic reactions associated with synthetic
dyes. As a result with a distinct lowering in synthetic dyestuff costs, the natural dyes were
virtually unused at the beginning of twentieth century [2]. Nowadays in most of the countries,
natural dyeing is practiced only as a handcraft and synthetic dyes are being used in all
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Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741
commercial dyeing processes. However with the worldwide concern over the use of eco-friendly
and biodegradable materials, the use of natural dyes has once again gained interest [3].
Dyeing of cotton and silk with henna, indigo, marigold etc. is reported. [4]. There is a
growing interest in the revival of natural dyes in textile coloration. In contrast, natural dyes are
environmental friendly, exhibit better biodegradability and generally have a higher compatibility
with the environment than synthetic dyes.
. Synthetic dye is not easily degradable and bio-accumulated in natural environment. It
has been estimated that, nearly 10, 00,000 tons of synthetic dye were used per annum. The
synthetic dye may cause pollution, skin diseases, health hazards to human and other important
organisms [5]. Hence the use of eco friendly and biodegradable dye has main concern in
worldwide. The natural dyes from plants were traced long time ago. In India 450 plants are found
to be good source of natural dye [6]. For the extraction of natural dye different plant parts are
used such as seeds, flowers, leaves and barks. In the present study, an alternative dye yielding
plant Bougain villeaglabra flower were studied for its potentiality for obtaining natural dye.
Bougain villeaglabra is a one of the most attractive and
cutflower, which is mainly used as anornamental flower. Bougain villeaglabra has thinner
branches that spread in many directions and have distinctive pointed triangle shaped bracts that
come in a range of whites, lilacs, mauves, and purples [7].
Materials And Method
i. sample collection:
The Bougainvillea glabraplant collected from garden.
Sample Extraction:
(i) soxhlet extraction:
The Soxhlet extraction was described by Franz Von Soxhlet (1879).
III. Phytochemical Analysis:
The determination of Carbohydrate was described by the Molicsh 1980. The
detection of Polysterols was described by the reducing sugar: (Fehling’s solution test),
Test for alkaloids: (Dragendorff’s test), The of saponin was characterion by the
Paclitaxel. The assessed of flavonoids by Anderson ( Lead acetate test), Test for steroids
:( Liebermann-Burchard’s test), The dection of Phenol was determined by method of
Hertog (1950). Protein was described by the method of Siegfried Ruhemann in 1910
(Biuret test). Column Chromatography was analysed by Govindaraj and Vivek (8), Uv-
Spetrocopy by Jain et al. (9).
Gc-Ms (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy):
Dye Praparation:
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Materials Required:
Source-Fresh flowers of Bougainvillea glabra collected from paramakudi area.
Substrate -The 100 % soft cotton fabric was used as substrate.
Chemical Mordant -The different chemicals such as Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4), Stannous
Chloride (SnCl4), Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), 95 % ethanol.
Methods:
Extraction of dye from petals Extraction of color dye was carried out by four different methods.
Aqueous Extraction Method:10 gm. fresh petals of bougainvillea glabra were boiled in 100 ml
distilled water at 1000C for 30 minutes. The decolorized petals were taken out from extraction
solvent.
Alkaline extraction methods:
In alkaline extraction method, 10 gm. fresh petals were boiled in 1 % Sodium
hydroxide for 30 minutes.
The decolorized petals were taken out from extraction solvent. Finally, filter the
solution and used for further study.
Acidic Methods:
In acidic extraction method, 10 gm. fresh petals were treated with 1 % of acidic
solution boil at 1000C for few minutes. Finally, filter the solution and used for
further study.
Alcoholic Extraction Methods:
In alcoholic extraction method, 10 gm. fresh petals were boiled in 50 % alcohol
for 30 min. filtrate was used for further study.
Scouring Of Cotton Cloth:
Cotton cloths used for dyeing were boiled in 10 % NaOH solution for 10 min. to
remove starch and other impurities from the cloth. The NaOH treated cotton
cloths were then thoroughly washed with cold distilled water.
Dyeing and mordanting the clean scouring cotton cloths were treated with
different Mordent such as Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4), Stannous Chloride (SnCl2)
and Copper Sulphate (CuSO4).
RESULT:
III. Phytochemical Analysis:
Test for carbohydrate Test for reducing sugar Test for tannins
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Test for saponin Test for phenol Test for alkaloid
Phytochemical (Figure 2.) A-aqueous,B-chloroform,C-ethanol
Table: 1
Phytochemicals Water Chloroform Ethanol
Carbohydrate + - +
Reducing sugar + + +
Alkaloids - - +
Saponins - + +
Tannins - - +
Flavonoids - - -
Steroids + - -
Terpenoids - - -
Phenols + + +
Antrhaquinones + - -
Glycosides - + -
Phlobotannins - - -
Protein + - +
Present (+), Absent (-)
VI. UV-Vis Spectroscopy:
i) The absorption of extraction in UV-Vis analysis :( Table: 2)
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S.no Cell name Concentration(µg) Absorption
1. Stock solution 10 µg/ml 0.470 µg/ml
2. Working solution 1 µg/ml 0.043 µg/ml
The Stock solution was 10µg/mlabsorpted in 0.470µg/ml and working solution was
1µg/mlabsorpted in 0.043µg/ml.
VII. GC-MS Analysis Report:
The GC-MS analysis and identified of component in nitrogen, hydrazine, Acetic acid,
hydrazine, (S)-(-)-2 Chloropropionic acid, Methylamine,Succinic anhydride,Carbon
monoxide,Nickel tetracarbonyl,N-Metyl-2,2 bis (trifluorometyl) aziridine,Butanedioic acid
cyclic hydrazide.,Carbonic dihydrazide, Nitrogen fluoride, Ethyl hydrogen oxalate, Amino
acethydrazide, Carbonyl sulfide, Propane, Formic acid, ethenyl ester, Methyl alcohol,
Aminocyanoacetic acid, Hydantoin
The Identified Of Component Structure:
Figure 3, 4 A an B shows that the presence of components are Nitrogen, Hydrazine,
Acetic acid, hydrazine(S)-(-)-2 Chloropropionic acid, Methylamine, Succinic anhydride, Carbon
monoxide, Nickel tetracarbonyl, N-Metyl-2,2 bis (trifluorometyl) aziridine, Butanedioic acid
cyclic hydrazide, Carbonic dihydrazide, Nitrogen fluoride, Ethyl hydrogen oxalate, Amino
acethydrazide, Carbonyl sulfide, Propane, Formic acid, ethenyl ester, Methyl alcohol,
Aminocyanoacetic acid, Hydantoin were identified.
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Journal of Information and Computational Science ISSN: 1548-7741
S.no Compound name Formula Molecular Structure
weight
1. Nitrogen N2 28
2. Hydrazine H4N2 32
3. Acetic acid, hydrazine C2H6N2O 74
4. (S)-(-)-2 Chloropropionic C3H5CIO2 108
acid
5. Methylamine CH5N 31
6. Succinic anhydride C4H4O3 100
7. Carbon monoxide CO 28
8. Nickel tetracarbonyl C4NiO4 170
9. N-Metyl-2,2 bis C5H5F6N 193
(trifluorometyl) aziridine
10. Butanedioic acid cyclic C4H6N2O2 114
hydrazide
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11. Carbonic dihydrazide CH6N4O 90
12. Nitrogen fluoride F2N2 66
13. Ethyl hydrogen oxalate C4H6O4 118
14. Amino acethydrazide C2H7N3O 83
15. Carbonyl sulfide COS 60
16. Propane C3H8 44
17. Formic acid, ethenyl ester C3H4O2 72
18. Methyl alcohol CH4O 32
19. Aminocyanoacetic acid C3H4N2O2 100
20. Hydantoin C3H4N2O2 100
Chemical mordant:
Ferrous sulphate (Feso4) stannous chloride (Sncl2) copper sulphate (Cuso4)
Cotton fabrics (Fig.no 20)
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Table-4: Rating Of Fastness Properties Of Dye And Mordent.
S.no Solvent Cotton fabrics
1. Aqueous Good
2. Alkaline Good
3. Acidic Good
4. Alcoholic Good
The different shades of grey and yellow were obtained from solvent extraction with combination
of Mordent (Fig.no21, 22 and 23).
i) Before the cotton fabrics absorption the color Figure 5.
Figure.5 Application of different mordants react with different extract on cotton fabrics.
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Ii) After The Cotton Fabrics Absorption Color Figure 6.
Figure.6 Application of different mordants react with different extract on cotton fabrics.
III) Washing The Cotton Fabrics To Not Remove The Color Absorption Figure 7.
Aqueous Alcohol
Acidic Alkaline
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Fig.no 23: Application of different mordants react with different extract on cotton fabrics.
Aq- Aqueous extraction, Alk- Alkaline extraction, Alc-Alcoholic extraction, Ac- Acidic
extraction, F- Ferrous sulphate, S- Stannous chloride, C-Copper sulphate
Discussion
Colors in the day to day life of man are very prominent and unavoidable. It is associated
in the form of colored dress materials, hair, furnishings, upholstery etc. Dyes are mainly of two
types: natural and synthetic. S Dyeing & printing was a craftup to the middle of nineteenth
century. They, also available for silk dyeing with natural colors in China before 2600 BC. Caves
of Ajanta & Bag (6thcentury AD) are undoubted proof of the natural colors. Numerous specimens
of dyeing and printing of ancient period are still available in the museums. All this happened due
to the excessive use of synthetic dyes which is esteemed around 1million tons per annum of
which more than 50% were azo dyes. After the advent of synthetic dyes in the middle of 19th
century, natural dyes were bandoned as a part of history due to neglect for about 150 years. It is
only during thelast two decades, when concern for environment as well as carcinogenicity in
synthetic dyes created an interest in biodegradable, eco-friendly, non-toxic and aesthetically
appealing natural dyes [10].
The present study was undertaken to find out the phytochemicals present in Bougain
villeaglabra flowers extract and comparative study between B.glabra ‘choisy’ and B.
glabra‘califorina gold’. Fresh flowers and bracts of botanically identified plant was collected
andwere processed for preparation of plant extract using specified technique.The plant
extractwas then subjected for different qualitative chemical tests to investigate the chemical
profileof B.glabra extracts. Analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, Flavonoids,
phenoliccompounds and tannins in the extract as confirmed by implying different qualitative
testsspecified for these phytochemicals.
Synthetic dyes are today's established dyes for applications such as textile coloration.
However, there are some serious drawbacks of these new dyes. Therefore, there is increasing
interest in the natural dyes. The present study was emphasized to use the optimized extraction
conditions so as to get maximum amount of the dye from bracts of Bougainvillea glabraJuss.
Taguchi design was implemented to know optimum extraction conditions: 150 micron particle
size, 1:20 solid-solvent ratio, one hour extraction and enzyme addition as assistance for
extraction. The dye was extracted from both optimized and control experiments. Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy techniques were used to identify
chemical nature of the extracted dye. The absorbance, mass transfer rates and dye yields were
compared. The optimized extraction showed mass transfer rate of about 3.3 times enhanced than
that in the control extraction. The yield was 9.88 % more in case of optimized extraction [11].
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated using red bougainvilleaglabra flower
dye extracts as natural dye sensitizers at three dye pH values of 1.23, 3.0, and 5.7. Water was
used as dye-extracting solvent. DSSCs from dye extract of pH 3.0 had the highest photocurrent
density Jsc of 3.72 mA/cm2 and fill factor FF of 0.59. While the DSSCs from dye sensitizer pHs
of 1.23 and 5.7 had Jsc of 1.13 and 2.27 mA/cm2, and fill factors of 0.43 and 0.61, respectively.
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The maximum powers Pmax of the DSSCs were 0.50, 1.64, and 0.94 mW/cm2 for dye sensitizer
pH of 1.2, 3.0, and 5.7, respectively [12].
This investigation aimed to extraction and purification of natural dye in bougainvillea
glabra for using cotton fabrics. The pink colored Bougainvillea glabra flowers were collected
from paramakudi area and subjected to extraction using ethanol. After extraction the samples
were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The presence of alkaloid, saponins, tannins, reducing
sugar and cardigo glycoside were identified. The extract was subjected to column
chromatography. The pure sample was collected. The collected sample was subjected to GC-MS
analysis. The presence of components are Nitrogen, Hydrazine, Acetic acid, hydrazine(S)-(-)-2
Chloropropionic acid, Methylamine, Succinic anhydride, Carbon monoxide, Nickel
tetracarbonyl, N-Metyl-2,2 bis (trifluorometyl) aziridine, Butanedioic acid cyclic hydrazide,
Carbonic dihydrazide, Nitrogen fluoride, Ethyl hydrogen oxalate, Amino acethydrazide,
Carbonyl sulfide, Propane, Formic acid, ethenyl ester, Methyl alcohol, Aminocyanoacetic acid,
Hydantoin were identified. Dry powder of the sample was extracted with acidic bath, alkaline
bath, aqueous bath and alcohol bath at 1000C. Chemical mordants were added Such as Ferrous
sulphate, Copper sulphate and stannous chloride. The sample shows the presence of certain
colored product (Grey, yellow and light pink). The resultant sample was treated with cotton
fabric, the color get deposited, after repeated washing the color remain in fabrics without any
change. Thus, the color dye extracted from pink bougainvillea glabra flowers can be used for
coloration of cotton fabrics as a natural dye.
The color of the stained dye was grey in color. The hot dyeing procedure of this plant
extract showed grey color when it was stained at 1000C in a water bath and in the meantime
the stained cloth at room temperature showed pink color. Moreover the stannous chloride,
ferrous sulphate,copper sulphatemordant treated cloth the staining process was little bit increased
and it was the formation of grey color at room temperature and at 450C treatment it was
light pink in color.
The different color shades were obtained from various extracts of pink Bougainvillea
glabra flower. The extracts shows variation in color and which is mainly depends upon the
extraction solvents. The Rating of fastness properties of dye and Mordent are given in the
(Table-4).The color strength also depends upon use of Mordent. Mordents are the metals salts
having tendency to co-ordinate with dye and fibers. The aqueous extract gives gray colored
shade with combination of Mordent such as FeSO4, SnCl2 while, in combination with CuSO4
gives dark black colored shade on cotton fabrics. The brown, yellow and Spanish olive color
shades were obtained in alkaline extract with FeSO4, SnCl2 and CuSO4 Mordent respectively.
The acidic extract with FeSO4, SnCl2 and CuSO4mordant gives pink, dark red and copper
colored shades respectively. While, alcoholic extract gives Black color with FeSO4, violet with
SnCl2 and dark pink shade with CuSO4 Mordent. They obtained various color shades with three
different Mordent viz. FeSO4, SnCl2 and CuSO4.
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Conclusion
The results of the present investigation showed the flower extract of Bougainvillea
glabra have potential to be a natural coloring agent. The obtained from present investigation
revealed that, the pink bougainvillea glabra flower has the desying potential as a source for
cotton dying. Dyes obtained from pink bougainvillea glabra can be used as cost effective and
economically commercial for various industries such as textile, cosmetics, leather, food and
pharmaceuticals. The extract was examined under visible and UV light for the proximate
analysis at 200-480 nm. Further, the sample analysis in GC-MS for separated the components.
The presence of component in Nitrogen Hydrazine, Acetic acid, hydrazine(S)-(-)-2
Chloropropionic acid, Methylamine, Succinic anhydride, Carbon monoxide, Nickel
tetracarbonyl, N-Metyl-2,2 bis (trifluorometyl) aziridine, Butanedioic acid cyclic hydrazide,
Carbonic dihydrazide, Nitrogen fluoride, Ethyl hydrogen oxalate, Amino acethydrazide,
Carbonyl sulfide, Propane, Formic acid, ethenyl ester, Methyl alcohol, Aminocyanoacetic acid,
Hydantoin. So, the pink bougainvillea glabra naturally contain the colored pigments. Which
naturally dyeing, the dyeing purpose produced into dye using cotton fabrics.
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