Exogenous application of moringa leaf extract influences growth, flowering and vase life of snap dragon (Antirrhinum majus) cultivars
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Pure Appl. Biol., 11(2):456-464, June, 2022
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110045
Research Article
Exogenous application of moringa leaf
extract influences growth, flowering and
vase life of snap dragon (Antirrhinum
majus) cultivars
Abdullah Jan1, Fahad Noor1*, Subhan Uddin2, Haider Mukhtar1,
Muhammad Ramzan2, Muhammad Raheel1, Zahid Hussain3 and
Shakoor Wisal4
1. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, the University of Agriculture Peshawar,
KPK, Pakistan
2. Department of Agriculture Mechanization, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
3. Department of Agronomy, Bacha khan university Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
4. Department of Human nutrition, Bacha khan university Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
*Corresponding author’s email: fahadnoor795@gmail.com
Citation
Abdullah Jan, Fahad Noor, Subhan Uddin, Haider Mukhtar, Muhammad Ramzan, Muhammad Raheel, Zahid
Hussain and Shakoor Wisal. Exogenous application of moringa leaf extract influences growth, flowering and vase
life of snap dragon (Antirrhinum majus) cultivars. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp456-464.
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110045
Received: 03/05/2021 Revised: 16/07/2021 Accepted: 16/08/2021 Online First: 26/08/2021
Abstract
Plant-derived bio-stimulants such as Moringa leaves extract are known for increasing the growth and
yield of horticultural produce besides having no toxic effects as compared to synthetic fertilizers.
Keeping in view its importance a field experiment entitled “Exogenous application of Moringa leaves
extract influences growth, flowering and vase life of snapdragon cultivars” was carried out at
Malakander Horticulture Research Farm, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during winter,
2019. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with a factorial arrangement
having two factors i.e. Cultivars (Potomac and Rocket) and Moringa leaf Extract (MLE) concentrations
(0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) replicated three times. Cultivars and MLE concentrations significantly affected
the studied parameters. Statistical analysis showed that Rocket cultivar produced maximum numbers of
leaves plant-1 (126.50), stem diameter (11mm), plant height (100cm), number of florets spike-1 (34),
flowering duration (39days) and vase life (6days) as compared to Potomac cultivar. Similarly, most
number of leaves plant-1 (114), stem diameter (11mm), plant height (99cm), number of florets spike-1
(35), flowering duration (44 days), and vase life (8days) was recorded in plants treated with 30% MLE
extract. It is concluded that 30% MLE for exogenous application and Rocket cultivar for commercial
production is recommended in agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley.
Keywords: Bio stimulants; MLE concentration; Potomac cultivar; Rocket cultivar
Introduction flowering plant [1]. Its family is
Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is a Plantaginaceae and its origin is the
perennial herbaceous ornamental plant but Mediterranean region [2]. Snapdragons are
mostly treated as a winter annual seasonal available in varying sizes but mostly they
Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 456Jan et al.
are tall attaining a height of 2-3 feet in pots (MLE) is one of the important plant derived
and parterres. Leaves are lanceolate and bio-stimulant. It is now gaining attention
are 3 inches in length. The Inflorescence is for its growth promoting characteristics.
a spike. The dense spikes produce tubular Both macro-and micro-nutrients, such as N,
or butterfly-shaped florets. Snapdragon P, K, Ca, B, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Na and Fe are
flowers are available in a wide array of present in adequate quantities in moringa
colours such as white, purple, red, yellow, leaves [12]. MLE is a great source of amino
orange, pink, and bicolour [3]. Flower acids, ascorbate, zeatin, minerals, and many
spikes can be utilized as a cut flower, alone other compounds which are responsible for
or in mixed bouquets. Snapdragon is also promoting growth. These growth promoters
grown in flower beds in the parks and affect plant growth in many ways and
landscape gardens. Snapdragon is widely improve defence mechanisms against
recognized in the world for its colourful abiotic stresses balancing the endogenous
petals and sweet scent [4]. concentration of plant growth regulators
Chemicals (inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, [13]. Foliar applications of MLE at
etc.) used for increasing production are not different growth stages influence vegetative
favourable both for the environment and and floral traits and increase the quantity
mankind due to nitrification, leaching and and size of corms in gladiolus as compared
other adverse effects [5, 6]. Inorganic to untreated plants [14]. It also increases
fertilizers quickly release nutrients in the plant height, number of branches, leaf area,
soil which are available to weeds resulting biomass yield and volatile oil content in
in more infestation of weeds. These weeds geranium as compared to control plants
then compete with the main crop for water, [15]. Experiments with Freesia hybrids
nutrients, and other resources resulting in shows that corm soaking and foliar
decreased production [7]. The increased application with MLE at 1%,2%,3%and 5%
cost of these chemicals is also a barrier to increased seed germination by 50%,
increasing production [8, 9]. Overuse of resulted in the tallest plants with shortest
inorganic fertilizers causes soil salinity and production time, the maximum number of
causes the plant to spend more energy on flowers, leaf area and cut-flower quality
water absorption and ultimately the plant traits and long vase life along with leaf
completely wilts [10]. These reasons chlorophyll content [16]. Combined
compel the researchers to explore alternate applications of MLE and nutrients (K and
ways for increasing the production of Zn) results in low fruit drop and increased
horticultural produce and reduce the fruit set, yield, and fruit quality parameters
reliance on chemical inputs. in mandarin [17].
One of the ways to increase production is The present experiment was conducted to
the use of plant-derived bio-stimulants find the effectiveness of moringa leaf
(PDBs). “Plant bio-stimulants are extract on growth, flowering and vase life
substances and or micro-organisms which of snapdragon cultivars suited for
stimulate the natural processes to enhance commercial production. The study is also
nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, an effort to reduce the use of chemicals and
tolerance to abiotic stress and crop quality explore novel ways to increase production.
when applied to plants”. PDBs can increase Materials and Methods
plant growth, improve physiological Experimental site
processes which results in increased The field experiment was conducted at
nutrient uptake, growth, and tolerance to Malakander Horticulture Research Farm,
abiotic stresses [11]. Moringa leaf extract
457Pure Appl. Biol., 11(2):456-464, June, 2022
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110045
the University of Agriculture Peshawar Stem diameter (mm)
Pakistan during November 2019. It was computed at the base of the plant by
Experimental procedure Vernier caliper [20].
Randomized complete block design Plant height (cm)
(RCBD) with two factors was used for the It was noted from the base to the tip of the
experiment. Factors in the experiment were plant by measuring tape.
three MLE concentrations (w/v) (0 %( Number of florets spike-1
Control), 10%, 20%, 30 %) and two It was calculated by counting total no of
snapdragon cultivars (Rocket and florets in a spike.
Potomac). Total treatments were eight and Spike length (cm)
total experimental units were 24. There It was measured with the help of measuring
were three replicates. In each treatment tape.
there were 10 plants. Flowering duration (Days)
Nursery sowing It was considered from the day of anthesis
The seeds of snapdragon cultivars were to the day when most of the florets in the
bought from a reputed seed store in spike were dead and lost its color. Also
Peshawar, Pakistan. Seeds were sown in evaluated visually.
trays in nursery in November 2019 and Vase life (Days)
transplantation to experimental field was When lower third of the spike was opened,
carried out in January 2020 when seedling it was harvested and placed in the vase
reached the size of 3-4 true leaves. Row to containing standard sucrose solution. The
row distance was 60 cm and plant to plant days were counted from time when the
distance was 30cm. spike was kept in the vase. When 5o% of
Treatment of moringa leaf extract the florets were wilted the vase, life was
Moringa leaves were obtained from considered terminated [21]. Statistical
Moringa trees of Malakander Farm. The analysis
leaves were washed and rinsed with The data was recorded and subjected to
distilled water. The leaves were then Factorial Randomized Complete Block
crushed using a clean mortar and pestle. Design. Statistix 8.1(statistical analysis
The dried leaves were then transferred to software) was used for calculating ANOVA
the beakers each containing 100ml of sterile and LSD values [20]. When F values were
distilled water. The solution was filtered significant, the mean comparisons were
using muslin cloth after 3 hours [18]. performed by using Least Significance
Extract concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% Difference (LSD) test at 5% level of
w/v were prepared by dissolving 10g, 20g significance [21].
and 30g of the filtered extract in 100mls of Results and Discussion
sterile distilled water in a beaker Number of leaves plant-1
respectively [19]. The extract was sprayed Results showed that snapdragon cultivars
on the aerial parts of the plant at three stages and MLE concentrations significantly
i.e. 5 leaves, 7 leaves and floral bud stage. increased number of leaves plant-1while
Studied parameters their interaction was found non-significant
Number of Leaves Plant -1 (Table 1). Among the cultivars, Rocket
It was calculated by counting total number produced maximum number of leaves
of leaves of the plant throughout life cycle. plant-1 (126.50) as compared to Potomac
Internode length (cm) (79.83). The means for different MLE
It was measured by using measuring tape. concentrations showed that foliar spray of
30% concentration produced maximum
458Jan et al.
number of leaves plant -1(114) which was findings also agree with [24] who reported
different from other treatments. Minimum that MLE at the rate of 10 % concentration
numbers of leaves plant-1 (91.67) were increased the number of leaves plant-1in
produced by control (0%) treatment. It is okra. Similar findings were reported by
obvious from the results that snapdragon [25] in sweet corn and [26] in garlic.
plants responded positively to increasing Internode length (cm)
MLE concentrations (0-30%). This Data analysis revealed that the snapdragon
response might be due to higher cultivars and MLE concentrations
concentration of cytokinin in MLE which significantly influenced the internode
are responsible for cell division and length whereas, their interaction showed a
chlorophyll biosynthesis [22]. Moringa non-significant difference (Table 1). Mean
leaves are also rich in several micro values for internode length of cultivar
nutrients such as Magnesium which is showed that
constituent of chlorophyll [23]. These
Rocket has greater internode length (2.5cm) analysis of the data showed that the stem
as compared to the internode length (1.5cm) diameter was significantly affected both in
of cultivar Potomac. The increase in case of snapdragon cultivars and MLE
internode length of cultivars might be due concentrations. The interaction between the
to the genetic makeup. Mean values of cultivars and MLE concentrations was non-
internode length for different MLE significant. Between the cultivars, Rocket
concentrations also showed significant recorded maximum stem diameter (11mm)
differences. Highest internode length and minimum stem diameter (9mm) was
(2.5cm) was recorded for 30% MLE observed for Potomac. In case of MLE
concentration which was different from concentrations there was significant
other treatments. Minimum internode difference among the means. Maximum
length (1.5cm) was recorded for 0% stem diameter (11mm) was observed in
(control) treatment. As far as the interaction plants sprayed with 30% MLE
was concerned the cultivars and MLE concentrations which was different from
concentrations had a non-significant effect. other treatments and minimum stem
The increase in internode length of cultivars diameter (9.1mm) was recorded for 0%
with increasing (0-30%) MLE (control) treatment. Increase in stem girth
concentrations might be because of MLE might be due to the increase in endogenous
on stem elongation as MLE increase concentration of plant hormones such as
nutrient uptake and increase growth [10]. auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin as
The results are also in line with the findings moringa leaves are rich in plant hormones
of [27] who reported that MLE at the ratio especially zeatin [29]. These results are also
of 1: 30 resulted an increase in growth confirmed by [30] who found improvement
parameters of cowpea. [28] also reported an in vegetative traits of sacred basil by
increase in growth and yield of tomato by spraying 2%MLE with other chemicals.
foliar spray of MLE at the ratio of 1:32. [31] also studied increase in growth of
Stem diameter (mm) peppers which were treated with exogenous
The data regarding the stem diameter are application of MLE at the ratio of 1:10 and
presented in (Table 1). The statistical 1:20.
459Pure Appl. Biol., 11(2):456-464, June, 2022
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110045
Table 1. Foliar spray of MLE influences the growth, flowering and vase life of
Snapdragon cultivars
No of Leaves Internode length Stem Diameter Plant Height
Treatments
plant-1 (cm) (mm) (cm)
Cultivars
Potomac 79.83B 1.5B 9B 77B
Rocket 126.50A 2.5A 11A 100A
LSD at 0.05 1.3595 0.0749 0.07 1.17
MLE concentrations
0%(Control) 91.67D 1.5D 9.1D 78D
10% 100.17C 1.7C 9.5C 84C
20% 106.83B 2,2B 10B 93B
30% 114A 2.5A 11A 99A
LSD at 0.05 1.9226 0.1060 0.09 1.66
Interaction
C x MLE
Significance ns ns Ns ns
Mean values followed by different letter differ from each other at 5% level of significance; ns represents non-
significance
Plant height (cm) hormones in Moringa leaves. This agrees
From the data analyzed it is observed that with the findings of [32] who reported that
the snapdragon cultivars and MLE exogenous application of 10% MLE
concentrations significantly affected plant increased the plant height of the ber plant.
height while their interaction was found [33] also concluded that foliar application
non-significant (Table 1). Mean values of of MLE at 1:32 concentration increased the
plant height for cultivars indicated that plant height in maize. The results are also in
cultivar Rocket showed the highest plant accordance with [34, 35] who found that
height (100cm) as compared to the plant exogenous application of MLE increased
height (77cm) of Potomac. Mean values for plant height in tomato and beans
MLE concentrations also showed Number of florets spike-1
significant difference among them. Highest Data presented in (Table 2) indicated that
plant height (99cm) was recorded for snapdragon cultivars and MLE
treatments sprayed with 30% MLE concentrations significantly affected
concentrations which was significantly number of florets spike-1. Their interaction
different from other treatments. Lowest was found non-significant. Maximum
plant height (78cm) was noted in control number of florets spike-1 (34) were recorded
treatment. The interaction between in cultivar Rocket as compared to cultivar
cultivars and MLE concentrations was also Potomac (25). There was also significant
significant. Highest plant height (109cm) difference among the means of MLE
was observed in Rocket sprayed with 30% concentrations. Data analysis showed that
MLE concentration whereas minimum exogenous spray of MLE at 30% resulted in
plant height (66cm) was recorded for maximum number of florets spike-1 (35)
Potomac sprayed with 0% MLE (Control) which was different from other means.
treatment. The increase in plant height Minimum number of florets spike-1 (25)
might be due to the higher concentration of was seen in (0% MLE) control plot. As
amino acids, nutrients and growth MLE is a growth enhancer so it may have
460Jan et al.
resulted in increased accumulation of which the maximum flowering duration
photosynthates which lead to increased was for 30 days. Among the means of MLE
reproductive growth. These findings are concentrations it was noted that exogenous
also reported by [15] who sprayed freesia application of 30% MLE resulted in longest
hybrids with MLE at 1%,2%,3%and 5% flowering duration of 44 days. It was
and concluded that maximum number of significantly different from other means.
flowers were produced by treated plants as Shortest flowering duration of 25 days was
compared to control. [36] also reported reported in control plot. The increase in
maximum number of flowers in cotton flowering duration may be because of
when applied MLE 45 days after blooming. MLE, as it maintained the relative water
Spike length (cm) content in gladiolous as reported by [39].
The data regarding spike length of Limited research has been carried out on
snapdragon stated that cultivars and MLE extending the bloom period using
concentration had a significant effect MLE.MLE should be used in different
(Table 2) on the spike length. The concentrations and sprayed prior to bloom
interaction between the cultivars and MLE to check in detail the effect of MLE on
concentration was not significant. Mean extending the bloom period.
value of spike length for cultivars showed Vase life (days)
that more spike length (24cm) was recorded The analysis of variance revealed that
in cultivar Rocket as compared with the snapdragon cultivars and MLE
spike length (14cm) of cultivar Potomac. concentration had significant effect on vase
Though both the cultivars were subjected to life (Table 1) and their interaction was
same cultural practices and treatments the found non-significant. The means data for
variation in spike length may be due to their cultivars indicated that maximum vase life
genetic constitution or both cultivars have (6 days) was observed in the cultivar
different receptivity to foliar spray of MLE. Rocket as compared to the cultivar Potomac
Means for MLE concentrations also in which the vase life was 5 days. In case of
exhibited significant difference. Plants MLE concentrations the means showed that
sprayed with 30% MLE has taller spikes 30% MLE lead to maximum vase
(23cm) which was significantly different life(8days) and was different from other
from other means. Shorter spikes (15cm) means. Minimum vase life of 3 days was
were recorded in (0%MLE) control seen in (0%) control treatment. MLE reduce
treatment. This increasing trend exhibited ion leakage and suppress microbial growth
by the plants with the exogenous at the stem base and might be the reason for
application of MLE might be due to the longevity of flowers. These findings are
presence of gibberellins in moringa leaves. also in harmony with [40] who stated that
Gibberellins play key role in essential for MLE at 1:20 and 1:30 significantly
growth-enhancing activities, flowering increased the vase life of cut roses by 5 and
initiation and fruit development [37, 38]. 8 days as compared to distilled water. [39]
Flowering duration (days) reported that spikes treated with 3% or 4%
Flowering duration of snapdragon was MLE extended the vase life by 10 or 9 days
significantly influenced by cultivars and as compared to control treatment. MLE is a
MLE concentration and their interaction novel preservative whose role as a flower
was non-significant as evident from the preservative is not fully known. Role of
(Table 2). Data revealed that cultivar rocket MLE should be further explored in
exhibited maximum flowering duration of increasing flower longevity as it is
39 days as compared to cultivar Potomac in ecofriendly and inexpensive.
461Pure Appl. Biol., 11(2):456-464, June, 2022
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110045
Table 2. Foliar spray of MLE influences the growth, flowering and vase life of
Snapdragon cultivars
No of Florets Spikee Length Flowering Duration Vase Life
Treatments
spike -1 (cm) (days) (days)
Cultivars
Potomac 25B 14B 30B 6B
Rocket 34A 24A 39A 5A
LSD at 0.05 0.8022 0.3915 0.6191 0.4964
MLE concentrations
0%(Control) 25D 15D 25D 3D
10% 28C 18C 31C 5C
20% 30B 21B 38B 6B
30% 35A 23A 44A 8A
LSD at 0.05 1.1344 0.5537 0.8756 0.3510
Interaction
C x MLE
Significance ns ns Ns ns
Mean values followed by different letter differ from each other at 5% level of significance; ns represent non-
significance
Conclusion snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). Int J
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Authors’ contributions preservative solutions on vase life and
Conceived and designed the experiments: S keeping quality of Snapdragon cut
Din & H Mukhtar, Performed the flowers. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 11: 29-35.
experiments: F Noor & A Jan, Analyzed the 5. Gomez J, Flores-Felix JD, Garcia-Fraile
data: M Raheel & A Jan, Contributed P, Mateos PF, Menéndez E, Velázquez E
reagents/ materials/ analysis tools: Z & Rivas R (2018). Probiotic activities of
Hussain, S Wisal & M Ramzan, Wrote the Rhizobium laguerreae on growth and
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