EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF POTTED DURIAN SEEDLINGS
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Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research Vol. 17(1), 2009: 67-77
EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF POTTED DURIAN SEEDLINGS
TO Phytophthora DISEASES
M ur yat i , Li z a Oct ri ana, Deni Em i lda ,
P anca J arot S ant os o and Di ah S unarw at i
Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute, Jl. Raya Solok-Aripan Km 8
PO Box 5 Solok, WEST SUMATRA, 27301
e-mail: mooryati@yahoo.com
(Received February 14, 2009/Accepted April 15, 2009)
AB ST R ACT
This research was aimed on evaluating the effect of organic fertilizers on
susceptibility of durian seedlings to Phytophthora palmivora. The green compost,
chicken manure and rice husk, alone or in a mixture, significantly increased seedling
survival. Therefore, such growing media composition should be taken into account as
one of the elements of integrated Phytophthora control in durian. On the other hand,
goat manure has a ruinous effect on the growth and survival of durian seedlings and
shall be avoided in durian orchards.
Key words: Phytophthora palmivora, durian, organic fertilizers, control
INTRODUCT ION 11.086 tons of this fruit at a cost of
11.730.903 US$. This indicates that
Durian is one of the important Indonesia is still open for durian
fruit in Indonesia. Its production has market and for developing durian
risen as much as 42.4% during 4 last orchards.
years; from 525.064 tons in 2002 to There are several constraints in
747.848 tons in 2006 (Anonymous, developing durian orchard in Indo-
2007). However, even though this nesia. One of the most important is
country is one of the biggest durian Phytophthora palmivora. This soilborne
producers in the world, it was pathogen causes many diseases in
reported that Indonesia imported various tissues of durian, includingMuryati et al.
root rot on root, collar rot/foot rot toward the infection zone (Drenth
and patch canker on stem, leaf blight and Guest, 2004; Linderman, 2003;
on leaf, and fruit rot on fruit. (Lee Ristaino and Johnston, 1999).
and Lum, 2004). When Phytophthora Some wild species of durian were
attacks roots, the symptom will apear reported to be resistant to root rot
on upper parts of the plant such as (Shamsudin et al., 2000; Kanzaki et
leaf yellowing, particularly at the al., 1997). Hence, these materials
shoot tips, leaf shed, slowed plant should be used as durian rootstock.
growth, and possibly limb dieback Durian varieties with good quality
occurring at early stages of the are then grafted onto these rootstocks
disease (Hagan, 2008). to produce marketable durian trees
This disease destroyed many that are resistant to P. palmivora.
durian orchards in Indonesia. This Meanwhile, biological control can be
can be indicated by very small applied by using antagonist fungi like
supply of superior durian fruits on Gliocladium sp., Trichoderma sp.,
the market even though the farmers P. fluorescens. This measure can also
have planted many superior durian be incorporated with other control
varieties. According to Drenth and measures to control P. palmivora
Sendall (2004), this pathogen caused (Drenth and Guest, 2004; da S. Costa
losses in durian orchards in Indonesia et al., 2000).
varying from 20-25% with economic Phytophthora palmivora can also
value about US$ 780.000.000. The be controlled by using organic ferti-
pathogen also destroyed up to 30% lizers such as manure and compost
durian orchards in Penang, Malaysia because they can stabilize soil pH
(Hasan and Siew, 2000) and up to 54% and be appropriate for developing
in Australia (Zappala et al., 2002). antagonistic microorganism (Liu et
Integrated management of P. pal- al., 2007; Drenth and Guest, 2004;
mivora could be reached by incor- Linderman, 2003; Aryantha et al.,
porating several control measures, such 2000). Organic matters can induce
as planting resistant varieties, biological systemic resistance in plants due to
control, manipulation of the environ- the presence of microorganisms in
ment by reducing humidity in orchards composts (Hoitink et al., 2000). It
through pruning, weeding and impro- has been reported that certain plant
ving soil drainage (Purwantara et al., growth promoting microorganisms
2004). Poor aeration of the growth (PGPM) could enhance defensive
media may promote the growth of activity and stimulate plant resistance
Phytophthora and increase vulner- against soil borne pathogens (Kilic-
ability of plant to infection as well. All Ekici and Yuen, 2003; Zheng et al.,
Phytophthora species grow better under 2005)
water lodging. In this condition the It is important to choose the
spores germinate and produce sporangia appropriate organic fertilizer for con-
that release zoospores which are trolling disease because composition of
moving actively or passively in water organic matter has important effect on
68 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77…organic fertilizers on susceptibility…to Phytophthora…
development of plant diseases. Hoitink 10) Soil + compost + goat manure +
et al. (2000) stated that each type of rice husk (3 : 1 : 1 : 1).
compost has its own properties that 11) Soil + compost + chicken manure +
must be considered during its utili- rice husk (3 : 1 : 1 : 1).
zation. 12) Control (soil without organic
The aim of the research was to matter).
evaluate the effect of organic matter The organic matters used in this
composition in the growing media on experiment were the materials avail-
the control of P. palmivora infecting able for farmers and usually used for
durian seedling. fertilizing their orchards.
MATERIAL AND M ETHODS Preparation of P. Palmivora ino-
culum and plant inoculation
The research was conducted in the
P. palmivora used in the experi-
screen house of Indonesian Tropical
ment was S-20-Sut strain from
Fruit Research Institute from January
a collection of Indonesian Tropical
to December 2007.
Fruit Research Institute, isolated
from durian root infected by
Material
P. palmivora in North Sumatra. The
Durian seedlings of five cultivars postulate Koch had also been tested
were planted in the plastic pots (10 l in to ensure that the pathogen gave the
volume). The experiment was arranged same symptom on the tested durian
in a completely randomized design seedlings.
consisted of 12 treatments and 10 The isolate was cultured on PSM
replications. The five unit samples (Phytophthora Selective Medium)
were used in each replication. The for 7 days. To multiply and sporulate
treatments, various media composi- the fungi, 15 Petri dishes (10 cm in
tions for potted durian seedlings, diameter) of P. palmivora culture
were as follows: were mixed with 1 litre of papaya
juice and shaken for 2 days to get
1) Soil + cow manure (1 : 1).
density of spore suspension 10 7
2) Soil + goat manure (1 : 1).
spore/cm3 (counted with haemocy-
3) Soil + chicken manure (1 : 1).
tometer). Two-month-old durian
4) Soil + green compost (1 : 1).
seedling s were then inoculated
5) Soil + rice husk (1 : 1).
with 10 ml/pot of such prepared
6) Soil + compost + cow manure (2
P. palmivora suspension by soil
: 1 : 1).
drenching.
7) Soil + compost + goat manure (2
: 1 : 1).
Soil sampling and Phytophthora
8) Soil + compost + chicken manure
(2 : 1 : 1). baiting
9) Soil + compost + cow manure + Soil sampling was done every
rice husk (3 : 1 : 1 : 1). month to observe the dynamic of
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77 69Muryati et al.
Phytophthora and other microbes as times in a proportion of 1 : 10 to
well in each media. Twenty five obtain final dilution 10-3, 3) One cm 3
grams of media were taken from of diluted suspension was put into
each replication and the samples 9 cm Petri dish and 10 cm3 PDA or
taken from the same treatment were NA media were added. After
bulked. To analyse the dynamic of incubation at 26oC for 5 days, the
Phytophthora growth in each treat- morphology of developed cultures
ment, the baiting was done using was observed under microscope in
apple fruit. The procedures of Phy- order to determine their affiliation to
tophthora isolation from the soil systematic groups.
were as follows: 1) The surface of Observations were done on:
apple fruits was sterilised with 70%
alcohol and then air dried; 2) Three 1. The density of microbial popula-
holes 5 mm in diameter were made tion. The density of bacteria was
in each apple using cork borer, where determined based on the number
each hole represented a replication; of colonies per gram of soil
3) Three grams of soil sample were sample (Schaad et al., 2001)
put into each hole and covered with while the density of the fungi
cellulose tape; 4) The apples with was determined based on the
soil samples inside were then number of spores per gram soil
incubated at room temperature for sample (Barnet, 1962).
3 days, 5) After incubation, usually 2. The number of plants showing
rot symptom appeared on the edge of Phytophthora symptoms (die
the inoculated holes. The edge of the back, yellowing of the foliage,
rot symptom on the apple was sliced, leaf shed) and/or dead plants due
inoculated on PSM medium and to Phytophthora.
incubated for 3-5 days; eventually the 3. The plant growth rate (number of
cultures were observed to investigate leaves, diameter of stems, height
the presence of Phytophthora. of plants). The observations were
Observations were also made on made at 2 week intervals.
the presence of other microorganisms
as well. For this purpose, the soil Statistical analysis. The data were
samples were cultured on the PDA subjected to analysis of variance and
medium for fungi and on the NA means were separated by LSD test at
medium for bacteria. The proce- p ≤0.05. The relationships between
dures were as follows: 1) Ten grams the parameter observed were
of soil sample were mixed with 90 analyzed by correlation analysis (p ≤
cm 3 of sterile distilled water and the 0.05) followed by analysis of
mixture was gently shaken 2) One regression (p ≤0.05). The regression
cm 3 of soil/water suspension was model showing the highest R2 was
taken out and put into test tube chosen as the fitted model. All
containing 9 ml distilled water. The calculations were performed using
suspension was then diluted three the statistical program SPSS 2000.
70 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77…organic fertilizers on susceptibility…to Phytophthora…
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4). This might be explained by the
fact that the better growth of plant
led to the better defence against
Addition of goat manure to the pathogen infection (induced resistance).
growing media resulted in a strong Similar results were obtained by Tan et
increase of durian seedling mortality al. (2008) who reported that the
(Tab. 1). This phenomenon may be incorporation of chicken manure into
explained by the lowest microbe the potting mix resulted in enhanced
diversity in the media containing survival of P. palmivora-infected
goat manure. The regression analysis papaya plants, stimulation of root
showed that there is a significant regeneration, and reduction of P. pal-
positive correlation between the mivora to undetectable levels within
number of microbes present in the 4 weeks. The enhanced survival of
media and the survival rate of the infected papaya and durian plants
seedlings (Fig. 1). grown in chicken manure-amended
The high microbe diversity present potting mix was attributed to the higher
in the media tended to promote high levels of antagonistic microorganisms,
competition among the microbes, such as Actinomycetes, which led to the
hence, the ability of Phytophthora to suppression of the pathogen.
infect plant became lower. This fact There are several ways in which
is in accordance with the principle of organic matters in the soil can in-
biological control of Phytophthora, directly control Phytophthora, namely:
that the improvement of the environ- 1) Increasing the activity of the
ment, especially of the rhisosphera, indigenous microflora, resulting in
is important to support the antago- suppression of pathogen population
nistic microorganisms in suppressing through competition or specific
Phytophthora infecting the plants. inhibition (Konam and Guest, 2002;
Adding organic matter to the soil is Broadbent and Baker, 1974); 2)
the key factor to stimulate antagonistic Releasing degrading compounds such
activity (Linderman, 2003; Bulluck et as carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrites,
al., 2002). saponins or enzymes that are generally
The use of goat manure mixed toxic to Phytophthora (Tsao and
with soil for durian media not only Oster, 1981); 3) Acting as a trap, since
caused the highest mortality of durian Phytophthora will be attracted to and
seedling but also was unfavourable for encyst on organic matter (Grant et al.,
their growth. The most favourable 1985); 4) Inducing plant defence
media for durian growth was the soil mechanisms (Gilpatrick, 1969); and 5)
mixed with green compost, chicken Creating an environment that stimulates
manure, and rice husk, since the root development by physically
highest of leaves number, stem inhibiting Phytophthora (Turner and
diameter and plant height as well as Menge, 1994).
100% seedling survival were Experiments with the soil baiting
observed in these treatments (Fig. 2- have shown that the organic matters
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77 71Muryati et al.
T a b l e 1 . Effect of growth media composition on survival of durian seedlings
Mean percentage of
Treatment dead plant
[%]
1. Soil + cow manure (1 : 1) 2 a*
2. Soil + goat manure (1 : 1) 18 b
3. Soil + chicken manure (1 : 1) 0 a
4. Soil + green compost (1 : 1) 0 a
5. Soil + rice husk (1 : 1) 0 a
6. Soil + compost + cow manure (2 : 1 : 1) 4 a
7. Soil + compost + goat manure (2 : 1 : 1) 4 a
8. Soil + compost + chicken manure (2 : 1 : 1) 2 a
9. Soil + compost + cow manure + rice husk (3 : 1 : 1 : 1) 0 a
10 Soil + compost + goat manure + rice husk (3 : 1 : 1 : 1) 0 a
11. Soil + compost + chicken manure + rice husk (3 : 1 : 1 : 1) 0 a
12. Control (soil without organic matter) 4 a
*Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by LSD test at p ≤0.05
20
The percen tage of dead plant (%)
10
Y = 172.853 – 61.471X + 5.4464X2
2
R = 0.585; P = 0.019
0
-10
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
The number of microbes (number of colony/gr soil)
Figure 1. Relationship between the number of microbes in the growing media and the
survival of durian seedlings
72 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77…organic fertilizers on susceptibility…to Phytophthora…
25
23
Th e n u m ber of du rian leaves
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1
7 7
00 2007 20 07 2007 2007 2007 2007 20 07 200 2007 2007 007 2007 007
/ 5 /2 5 / 5 / 6 / 6 / 7 / 7 / 8 / / 9/ / 0/ 0/ 2 / 11/ 1/ 2
2 / / / / / / / 4 /9
15 30 14 26 12 26 10 20 4/ 1 23/ 1 6 2 1 /1
Observation date
T reatment 1 T reatment 2 T reatment 3 T reatment 4
T reatment 5 T reatment 6 T reatment 7 T reatment 8
T reatment 9 T reatment 10 T reatment 11 T reatment 12
Figure 2. Effect of growth media composition on development of leaves on durian
seedling
8
7.5
7
The diameter of durian stem (mm)
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 7 07
20 /2 0 /20 /20 / 20 / 20 /2 0 /2 0 20 /20 / 20 00 /2 0
/5/ /5 /5 / 6 / 6 / 7 /7 /8 /9/ / 9 0 0/2 1
2 4 1 /1 1
15 30 14 26 12 26 10 20 4/ 23 6/
Observation date
T reatment 1 T reatment 2 T reatment 3 T reatment 4
T reatment 5 T reatment 6 T reatment 7 T reatment 8
T reatment 9 T reatment 10 T reatment 11 T reatment 12
Figure 3. Effect of growth media composition on stem diameter of durian seedlings
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77 73Muryati et al.
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
Plant height (cm)
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
7 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 7 07 07 7 07 7
00 00 00 00
5/ 2 5 /20 5 / 20 6/ 20 6/ 20 7 /2 0 7 /2 0 8 / 20 9/2 9 /20 0 /20 0/2 1/ 20 1/2
2 / / / / / / / / 4 / / 1 /1 1 /1
15 30 14 26 12 26 10 20 4/ 23 6/ 21
Observation date
T reatment 1 T reatment 2 T reatment 3 T reatment 4
T reatment 5 T reatment 6 T reatment 7 T reatment 8
T reatment 9 T reatment 10 T reatment 11 T reatment 12
Figure 4. Effect o growth media composition on height of durian seedlings
T a b l e 2 . Phytophthora propagules isolated from growth media before and after
artificial inoculation
Propagule incidence
one month after inoculation (months)
Treatment
before
1 2 3 4
inoculation
1 – + + – –
2 – + + – –
3 – + + – –
4 – + + + –
5 – + – – –
6 – + + – –
7 – – + – –
8 – + + – –
9 – + + – –
10 – + + – –
11 – + + – –
12 – + + – –
Note: – = absent; + = present
did not affect the Phytophthora inci- increasing diversity of microorga-
dence in the soil (Tab. 2). However, nism in the soil, which in turn hinters
the presence of organic matter could Phytophthora activity due to com-
generate a favourable condition for petition mechanism. In other words,
74 J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 17(1) 2009: 67-77…organic fertilizers on susceptibility…to Phytophthora…
in the suitable plant growth media, Broadbent P., Baker K.F. 1974. Behavior
Phytophthora does not threaten the of Phytophthora cinnamoni in soils
plant because of existing competitors suppressive and conducive to root
and increased plant defence reaction. rot. AUSTRAL. J. AGR. RES. 25:
121-137.
CONCLUSION Bulluck L.R., Brosius M, Evanylo G. K.,
Ristaino J.B. 2002. Organic and
1. Growing media supplemented with synthetic fertility amendments
compost, chicken manure and rice influence soil microbial, physical
husk were the best compositions for and chemical properties on organic
promoting durian seedling’s growth and conventional farms.
and limiting the incidence of P. pal- http://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc
mivora-related plant mortality. This e? Accessed on 9 June 2008.
composition is, therefore, recom- da S. Costa J.L., Menge J.A., Casale
mended as a component of the W.L. 2000. Biological control of
Phytophthora root rot of avocado
integrated durian orchard mana-
with microorganisms grown in
gement components.
organic mulches. BRAZILIAN J.
2. Goat manure has a ruinous effect MICROBIOL. 31 (4): 239-246.
on the growth of durian seedling Drenth A., Guest D.I. 2004. Phyto-
and does not provide protection phthora in the tropics. In: Drenth A.,
against P. palmivora attack. dan Guest D.I. (eds), Diversity and
Management of Phytophthora in
Acknow ledgment : We wish to Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph
thank: Dr. A. Soemargono and Ir. Sri 114, 238 p.
Hadiati, MSc. for their comments in Drenth A., Sendall B. 2004. Economic
impact of Phytophthora diseases in
the preparation of the manuscript;
Southeast Asia. In: Drenth A., Guest
Anang Wahyudi and Subhana for their D.I. (eds), Diversity and Mana-gement
valuable assistance during the study. of Phytophthora in Southeast Asia.
This study was funded by the DIPA of ACIAR Monograph 114, 238 p.
Balitbu Tropika fiscal year 2007. Gilpatrick J.D. 1969. Role of ammonia
in control of avocado root rot with
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WPŁYW NAWOŻENIA ORGANICZNEGO NA
ĆSIEWEK DURIANA NA CHOROBY
WRAŻLIWOŚ
POWODOWANE PRZEZ Phytophthora
Muryati , Liza Octriana, Deni Emilda,
Panca Jarot Santoso i Diah Sunarwati
ST RE S Z C ZE NI E
Celem badań był o określenie wpływu róż nego organicznego nawoż enia na
wrażliwośćsiewek duriana na Phytophthora palmivora. Kompost z roś lin, nawóz
kurzy i ł
uski ryż
u, zastosowane osobno lub w ich mieszankach, istotnie podwyższał y
zdrowotnoś ćsiewek duriana. Tak więc te nawozy organiczne powinny byćwzię te
pod uwagęjako czynniki integrowanej ochrony siewek duriana przed Phytophthora.
Sł
owa kluczowe: Phytophthora palmivora, durian, nawozy organiczne, ochrona
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