DYNAMICS, EPHEMERIDES AND ASTROMETRY OFTHESOLARSYSTEM
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
SYMPOSIUM No. 172
DYNAMICS, EPHEMERIDES
AND ASTROMETRY
OFTHESOLARSYSTEM
Edited by S. FERRAZ-MELLO, B. MORANDO and J.-E. ARLOT
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
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OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
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UNION ASTRONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE
DYNAMICS, EPHEMERIDES
AND ASTROMETRY
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 172ND SYMPOSIUM OF THE
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION,
HELD IN PARIS, FRANCE, 3-8 JULY 1995
EDITED BY
S. F E R R A Z - M E L L O
Institute Astronomico e Geofisico,
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
B. M O R A N D O and J.-E. A R L O T
Bureau des Longitudes, Paris, France
Ifi.jll
K L U W E R A C A D E M I C PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
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International Astronomical Union. Symposium (172nd : 1995 : P a r i s .
France)
Dynamics, ephemer 1 des, and astrometry of the solar system :
proceedings of the 172nd Symposium of the International Astronomical
Union, held 1n Paris, France, 3-8 July, 1995 / edited by S. Ferraz
-Mello, B . Morando and J.-E. Arlot.
p. cm.
At head of title: International Astronomical Union.
Includes Index.
ISBN 0-7923-4084-1
1. Solar s y s t e m — C o n g r e s s e s . I. F e r r a z - M e 1 l o , S y l v l o .
II. Morando. Bruno. III. Arlot, Jean-Eudes. IV. Title.
QB500.5.I58 1995
523.2—dc20 96-2943
ISBN 0-7923-4084-1 (HB)
Published on behalf of
the International Astronomical Union
by
Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
©1996 International Astronomical Union
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying,
recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission
from the publisher.
Printed in the Netherlands
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Introduction xi
List of Participants xiii
PART I - INTRODUCTION
Bruno Morando (1931-1995) 1
B. M O R A N D O - Deux cents ans de Mécanique Céleste sous les auspi-
ces du Bureau des Longitudes (Lecture) 3
P A R T II - P L A N E T S A N D M O O N : T H E O R Y A N D EPHEMERIDES
P. B R E T A G N O N - Analytical solution of the motion of the planets
over several thousands of years. (Lecture) 17
E. M . STANDISH, Jr. and Χ X N E W H A L L - New accuracy levels for
solar system ephemerides. (Lecture) 29
Χ X N E W H A L L , Ε. M. STANDISH, Jr. and J. G. WILLIAMS - Plan-
etary and lunar ephemerides, lunar laser ranging and lunar physical
librations. (Lecture) 37
Ε. V . P I T J E V A - Using spacecraft range data and radar observations
for the improvement of the orbital elements of planets and parameters
of Mars rotation 45
J. L. SIMON - New semi-analytic theory of the four outer planets 49
J. R. DONNISON and D . F. MIKULSKIS - The orbital stability of the
Sun-Jupiter-Saturn system 53
M. GHIL, F. V A R A D I and W . M. K A U L A - On the secular motion of
the jovian planets 57
H. KINOSHITA and H. N A K A I - The motion of Pluto. (Lecture) .... 61
R. D V O R A K and E. L O H I N G E R - Pluto's Lyapunov numbers in dif-
ferent dynamical models 71
J. L A S K A R - Marginal stability and chaos in the solar system
(Lecture) 75
V . A . B R U M B E R G - Theory compression with elliptic functions.
(Lecture) 89
V. A . B R U M B E R G and S. A . K L I O N E R - Numerical efficiency of the
elliptic function expansions of first-order intermediary for general plan-
etary theory 101
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J. F. C H A N D L E R - Pulsars and solar-system ephemerides. (Lecture) 105
Κ. D . P A N G and Κ. Κ. Y A U - The need for more accurate 4000-year
ephemerides using lunar and spacecraft ranging, ancient eclipse and
planetary data 113
P A R T III - SATELLITES: T H E O R Y A N D EPHEMERIDES
L. D U R I E Z - Reviewing the theories of motion of the satellites of
Saturn. (Lecture) 117
P. J. M E S S A G E - Foundations of a theory of the motion of the orbit
plane of Hyperion 127
N. 0 . K I R S A N O V - The motion of Hyperion: On the accuracy of the
observations 137
Κ. X . SHEN and R. QIAO - Redetermination of the orbit of Iapetus. 141
A . V I E N N E , L. D U R I E Z and S. CHAMPENOIS - The Mimas-Tethys
and Enceladus-Dione systems 143
R. V A S U N D H A R A , J. -E. A R L O T and P. D E S C A M P S - New con-
stants for Sampson-Lieske theory of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter
from mutual occultation data 145
K. G. H A D J I F O T I N O U and D . H A R P E R - The effect of step-size on
the numerical integration of satellite orbits 151
P A R T IV - A S T E R O I D S : T H E O R Y A N D EPHEMERIDES
B. G. M A R S D E N - From telescope to M P C : Organizing the minor
planets. (Lecture) 153
A . L E M A I T R E - Numerical mean elements for asteroid orbits 165
B. E R D I - On the dynamics of Trojan asteroids 171
S. F E R R A Z - M E L L O - On the Hecuba gap 177
I. I. S H E V C H E N K O and H. SCHOLL - Chaotic asteroidal trajectories
exhibiting multiple bursts of eccentricity: A statistical analysis 183
N. A . S O L O V A Y A and Ε. M . P I T T I C H - Orbital stability of high in-
clination asteroids 187
M. E. S A N S A T U R I O , A . MILANI and L. C A T T A N E O - Nonlinear
optimisation and the asteroid identification problem 193
F. J. M A R C O , J. A . L O P E Z and M. J. M A R T I N E Z - A time-depend-
ent extension to Brouwer's method for orbital elements correction. . . 199
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M . C A R P I N O and Z . KNEZEVIO - Asteroid mass determination: (1)
Ceres 203
M . K U Z M A N O S K I - A method for asteroid mass determination 207
PART V - COMETS AND METEORS
J. Q. Z H E N G , M . J. V A L T O N E N , S. M I K K O L A and H. R I C K M A N -
Dynamics and orbital evolution of Oort cloud comets 209
V . B A T L L O - Hypothetical evolution of short-period comets 213
Ε. M. P I T T I C H and J. K L A Ö K A - Taurid meteoroids and asteroid
complex 215
D. A . A N D R I E N K O and Ι. I. MISHCHISHINA - Model of the comet
outbursts based on a fragmentation of ice grains in its atmosphere. . . 221
R. S. G O M E S and A . Y . M I G U E L O T E - A numerical analysis of the
process of capture into resonance 223
B. J. G L A D M A N , J. A . BURNS, H. LEVISON and M. J. D U N C A N -
Ejecta transfer between terrestrial planets 229
P A R T V I - E A R T H A N D D E F O R M A B L E CELESTIAL BODIES
J. G E T I N O and J. M . F E R R A N D I Z - Canonical treatment of dissip-
ative forces between Earth mantle and core 233
J. S O U C H A Y - New series of rigid and non rigid Earth nutation. Com-
parison with observations 239
Yu. V . B A R K I N , J. M. F E R R A N D I Z and J. G E T I N O - About the ap-
plication of action-angle variables to the rotation of deformable celes-
tial bodies 243
T. FUKUSHIMA - A numerical scheme to integrate the rotational
motion of a rigid b o d y 245
R. M O L I N A and A . V I G U E R A S - Analytical integration of a general-
ized Euler-Poinsot problem: Applications 249
V. S H K O D R O V and V . IVANOVA - On the tidal function between
two real bodies 251
P A R T VII - T H E CALCULUS OF P E R T U R B A T I O N S
J. D. H A D J I D E M E T R I O U - Symplectic mappings. (Lecture) 255
A. D E P R I T - L'algèbre symbolique en mécanique céleste. (Lecture) . . 267
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T . V . I V A N O V A - PSP: A new Poisson series processor 283
E. A . G R E B E N I K O V - On the generators of new methods of perturba-
tion theory 285
Y . A . R Y A B O V - Analytic-numerical solutions of restricted non-reson-
ance planar three-body problem 289
C. F R O E S C H L É , A . GIORGILLI, E. L E G A and A . M O R B I D E L L I -
On the measure of the structure around an invariant K A M torus. . . . 293
L. F L O R I A - On two-parameter linearizing transformations for uni-
form treatment of t w o - b o d y motion 299
P A R T VIII - G E N E R A L R E L A T I V I T Y . PHYSICS
M. H. SOFFEL - Relativistic equations of motion of celestial bodies.
(Lecture) 303
S. A . K L I O N E R - Angular velocity of rotation of extended bodies in
general relativity. (Lecture) 309
D. VOKROUHLICKY - Relativistic rotational effects: application to
the Earth-Moon system 321
J. M . G A M B I , P. Z A M O R A N O , P. R O M E R O and M . L. G A R C I A
DEL PINO - On the orbital motion description with a proper refer-
ence frame in a complete Schwarzchild field 325
Α . V . V I T Y A Z E V and A . G. B A S H K I R O V - Dynamical screening of
interactions in gravitating systems and the ephemeris time 327
P A R T IX - EPHEMERIDES R E P R E S E N T A T I O N
P. K. SEIDELMANN - Evolution of ephemerides representation and
diffusion. (Lecture) 331
S. DEB A R B A T - Des ephemerides astronomiques annuelles en prélimi-
naire à l'Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes 339
J. C. C O M A , M . L A R A and T . J. L O P E Z M O R A T A L L A - Fast evalu-
ation of ephemerides by polynomial approximation in the Chebyshev
norm 345
A . A . T R U B I T S I N A - Experience of numerical integration and ap-
proximation with applying Chebyshev polynomials for constructing
ephemerides of the solar system natural and artificial bodies 347
Yu. C H E R N E T E N K O , V . L ' V O V , V . SHOR, R. S M E K H A C H E V A
and S. T S E K M E J S T E R - Controlling the observational data on mi-
nor planets with the " C E R E S " software package 353
Ν. V . E M E L I A N O V - Ephemerides software of natural satellites 355
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P. R O C H E R and C. C A V E L I E R - Production d'éléments orbitaux de
comètes sur P C 357
M. T O U L M O N D E - Les diamètres du Soleil dans la Connaissance des
temps depuis 1795 361
PART X - SOLAR SYSTEM A S T R O M E T R Y
S. J. O S T R O - Radar astrometry of asteroids, comets and planetary
satellites. (Lecture) 365
D. PASCU - Long-focus C C D astrometry of planetary satellites.
(Lecture) 373
J. V . S C O T T I and R . J E D I C K E - Observation of small solar system
objects with spacewatch. (Lecture) 389
L. V . M O R R I S O N and M. E. B U O N T E M P O - Carlsberg optical astro-
metry of the outer solar system 399
A . S. K H A R I N , Yu. B. KOLESNIK and 0 . E. CHUICHENKO - A c -
curacy estimation of new sets of the Sun and Planets observations. . . 407
P. J. SHELUS, R. L. R I C K L E F S , J. G. RIES, A . L. W H I P P L E and J.
R. W I A N T - McDonald observatory lunar laser ranging: Beginning
the second 25 years 409
V . N. Y E R S H O V - Observation of the solar system bodies on board
the future russian astrometric satellite 415
R. V I E I R A M A R T I N S , C. H. V E I G A and M . ASSAFIN - Astrometric
observations of faint satellites 419
J. -E. A R L O T , W . T H U I L L O T , F. C O L A S , P. D E S C A M P S , J. B E R -
T H I E R , B. M O R A N D O , C. H. V E I G A , D . T . V U , Ch. R U A T T I , J.
L E C A C H E U X and P. LAQUES - The PHESAT95 campaign of o b -
servations of phenomena of the saturnian satellites 423
T . P. KISSELEVA - The results of photographic observations of Gali-
lean satellites with 26-inch refractor at Pulkovo 427
D. H. P. JONES - Limitations on the accuracy possible in astrometric
observations of the satellites of the major planets 431
G. A . G O N C H A R O V - C C D astrometry oriented analysis of digitized
multiple images (planets, satellites, etc.) obtained with the Pulkovo
PVC 435
D. H E S T R O F F E R and B. M O R A N D O - Solar system objects observ-
ed by Hipparcos 437
L. K. KRISTENSEN - Astrometry by asteroid occultations 443
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M . -L. B O U G E A R D , J. -F. B A N G E and A . B E C - B O R S E N B E R G E R -
Hipparcos minor planets: Towards an improvement of the model ana-
lysis by detecting influence factors 447
0 . P. B Y K O V - CCD-observations of asteroids: Accuracy and the
nearest perspectives for application of the Laplacian orbit determina-
tion method 451
A . M . SVESHNIKOV and M. L. SVESHNIKOV - The "black drop"
phenomenon and reduction of the Mercury transit observations 453
PART XI - REFERENCE FRAMES. STELLAR ASTROMETRY
J. K O V A L E V S K Y and M. FEISSEL - Reference Frames (Lecture) . . . 455
T . F U K U S H I M A - IAU standards - its future. (Lecture) 461
Ν. V . S H U Y G I N A and Ε. I. Y A G U D I N A - The FK5 equinox and
equator from combined radar and optical data of the near-earth aster-
oids 469
H. G. W A L T E R - Effects of precession uncertainties on planetary ephe-
merides 475
Yu. B . KOLESNIK - Residual rotation of the FK5 system from optical
observations of the Sun and planets 1960-1994 477
S. R Ö S E R - A n updated GSC as astrometric reference for minor planet
observations 481
A . L O P E Z G A R C I A and L. I. Y A G U D I N - Corrected G S C : Catalogue
for C C D observations 483
A . L O P E Z G A R C I A , L. I. Y A G U D I N and M . J. M A R T I N E Z - A p -
plication of GSC catalogue to minor planets plate reduction 487
G. D A M L J A N O V I C - The Hipparcos mission and the re-reduction of
Belgrad zenith-telescope observations 489
J. V O N D R A K - Indirect linking of the Hipparcos catalog to extraga-
lactic reference frame via Earth orientation parameters 491
V . I. ALTUNIN, V . A . A L E X E E V , E. L. A K I M , Τ . M . E U B A N K S , K.
A . R I N G H A M , R. N. T R E U H A F T and K. G. S U K H A N O V - Astro-
metry V L B I in space ( A V S ) 497
Ν. V . LEISTER, P. C. R. P O P P E , M. EMILIO and F. L A C L A R E -
Analysis of the Sun's observations with prismatic astrolabe 501
Yu. B. KOLESNIK - Three campaigns of solar observations with an
astrolabe at Simeiz 505
Index o f authors 507
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This symposium is devoted to the oldest of the branches of Celestial
Mechanics: the precise determination and prediction of the positions and
movements of Solar System bodies. For short, the problem of the con-
struction of ephemerides in strictu sensu. Since the antiquity, many human
activities rely on ephemerides and the increasing request of precision has
characterized this discipline throughout the time, with the use of the most
advanced techniques. The past is so full of great achievements that we are
always tempted to focus on them. But the scientific organizers of this Sym-
posium decided to look rather forward and to emphasize those subjects
which are expected to be at the center of the developments in the first
decades of the next century.
The problem of ephemerides construction cannot be solved without a
great deal of theory and observations. The existence of this scientific activity
since the antiquity led to many popular misconceptions. Many people, even
inside the astronomical community, still believe that Newton's laws with a
pinch of relativistic correction in the perihelion motions is the current state
of the art in Celestial Mechanics. In reality, however, it is no longer possible
to satisfy all accuracy needs without a full consideration of Einstein's gen-
eral relativity. Moreover, some particular observations are so accurate that
investigations on the correctness of some of Einstein's basic assumptions
are in progress. Another popular belief concerns the predictability of celes-
tial motions. It is sometimes called the Laplace demon, since the science
of Laplace's time was founded on the idea of full predictability of celestial
motions. However, Poincaré's work on Celestial Mechanics has shown that
chaotic behaviour is the rule in complex deterministic systems. Any devi-
ation grows exponentially and ephemerides valid forever are not possible.
This branch of Celestial Mechanics requests precise Physics, precise Mathe-
matics and, above all, precise observations. The next decades are promising.
The amount and accuracy of the available observational data is growing at
an exponential pace. Modern ephemerides already rely on data obtained by
radar and laser ranging, V L B I , V L A , space astrometry, millisecond pulsar
timings and accurate C C D ground-based observations.
This Symposium was held under the invitation of the Bureau des Lon-
gitudes, Paris, to commemorate its bicentennial. Bureau des Longitudes is
xi
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one of the main institutions devoted to the determination and prediction
of the positions and movements of the Solar System bodies and this Sym-
posium was the occasion to recognize its notorious achievements during
two centuries. The Symposium was presided by Dr. J. Kovalevsky, former
director of the Bureau des Longitudes and the leader of its transformation
into a modern research center.
The Scientific Organizing Committee was formed by Drs. J.E. Arlot,
V . A . Brumberg, A . Carusi, S. Debarbat, S. Ferraz-Mello (chairman), J.
Henrard, J. Kovalevsky, Y . Kozai, J.H. Lieske, A . Milani, B. Morando (co-
chairman), P. K. Seidelmann, Ye Shu-Hua and B. D . Yallop. The Sympo-
sium Wets sponsored by IAU Commission 7 (Celestial Mechanics), Commis-
sion 20 (Positions and motions of asteroids, comets and satellites), Com-
mission 4 (Ephemerides) and Commission 8 (Positional astronomy).
The Local Organizing Committee was formed by Drs. J.E. Arlot (chair-
man), A . Bec-Borsenberger, L. Bergeal, P. Bretagnon, N. Capitaine, J. Re-
naudineau and W . Thuillot. Local sponsors were the Ministère de l'Enseigne-
ment Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Insertion Professionnelle, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales,
Institut des Sciences de l'Univers, Institut Océanographique, Observatoire
de Paris, Délégation aux Célébrations Nationales and Conseil Régional
d'Ile-de-France.
These Proceedings include 20 lectures and 74 communications presented
at the Symposium. This is only a fraction of the 26 lectures and 136 con-
tributed papers presented at the Symposium. We are indebted to all authors
who understood the practical impossibility of publishing all papers and also
the strict limitations on the number of pages of those selected for publi-
cation. W e are also indebted to a great deal of referees who scrutinized
carefully all submitted papers.
This volume is dedicated to Bruno Morando, director of Bureau des
Longitudes from 1971 to 1984, member of the International Astronomical
Union since 1964, president of IAU Commission 4 (Ephemerides) from 1985
to 1988 and president of the Société Astronomique de France from to 1976
to 1979.
S. F E R R A Z - M E L L O A N D J.-E. A R L O T
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ALTAVISTA C . Α . , Facultad de Ciencias Astronomicas y Geofisicas, Universi-
dad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
ALTUNIN V . I., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, U.S.A.
A N D R I E N K O Dmitry, University of Kyev, Ukraine
A R L O T Jean-Eudes, Bureau des Longitudes, France
B A C C H U S Pierre, Université de Lille, France
B A I L L O N Jean-Bernard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France
B A N G E Jean François, Bureau des longitudes, France
B A R A N O V A . S., Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
B A R B O S U Mihail, Chambre 224, 41, rue Tournefort, Paris, France
B A S H K I R O V Andrei G., Institute of Planetary Geophysics, Moscow, Russia
B A T L L O Valérie, Bureau des Longitudes, France
B E C - B O R S E N B E R G E R Annick, Bureau des longitudes, France
B E H R E N D Raoul, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
BELL Steve, H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Royal Greenwich Observatory,
U.K.
B E R T H I E R Jerome, Bureau des Longitudes, France
B I Z O U A R D Christian, Observatoire de Paris, France
B O U G E A R D Mireille, IERS, Observatoire de Paris, France
B O U Q U I L L O N Alain, Paris, France
B R E I T E R Slawomir, Astronomical Observatory, A . Mickiewicz University,
Poland
B R E T A G N O N Pierre, Bureau des longitudes, France
B R U M B E R G Eugene, Institute of Applied Astronomy, R. A . S., Russia
B R U M B E R G Victor, Institute of Applied Astronomy, R. A . S., Russia
B Y K O V Oleg P., Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory, Russia
C A L A M E Odile, O C A / C E R G A , France
C A P I T A I N E Nicole, Observatoire de Paris, France
C A R P I N O Mario, Osservatorio Astronomico Di Brera, Italia
C A S O T T O Stefano, Dipartimento di Astronomia dell'Universita di Padova,
Italia
C H A N D L E R John, Harvard-Smithonian Center for Astrophysics, U.S.A.
C H A P R O N T - T O U Z E Michelle, Bureau des Longitudes, France
C H E R N E T E N K O Yulia, Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
C H O L L E T Fernand, Observatoire de Paris, France
xiii
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C O L A S François, Bureau des longitudes, France
C O M A Juan C , Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada, Spain
D A M L J A N O V I C Goran, Astronomical Observatory Belgrade, Yugoslavia
D E B A R B A T Suzanne, Observatoire de Paris, France
D E L M A S Christian, O . C . A . / C E R G A , France
D E P R I T André, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.A.
D E S C A M P S Pascal, Bureau des longitudes, France
D O G G E T T Leroy, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, U.S.A.
DONNISON J.R., Goldsmiths College, University of London, U.K.
D O U R N E A U Gé rard, Observatoire de Bordeaux, France
D U R I E Z Luc, Laboratoire d'Astronomie Université de Lille, France
D V O R A K Rudolf, Institut fr Astronomie, Austria
D Y B C Z Y N S K I Piotr Α . , Astronomical Observatory, A . Mickiewicz University,
Poland
E D E L M A N Colette, Bureau des longitudes, France
EL B A K K A L I Larbi, Dept of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Morocco
ELIPE Antonio, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
E L M A B S O U T Badaoui, Laboratoire des Systèmes Dynamiques U.F.R. de Mé-
canique, France
E M E L I A N O V Nicolai, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia
E R D I Balint, Department of Astronomy, Eotvos University, Hungary
E U B A N K S Marshall, U.S. Naval Observatory, U.S.A.
FAIDIT Jean Michel, Planetarium, Université Montpellier III, France
F E R N A N D E Z Silvia, Observatorio Astronomico Cordoba, Argentina
F E R R A Z - M E L L O Sylvio, Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico, Universidade de
Säo Paulo, Brasil
F L O R I A Luis, Dept. de Mat. Aplicada a la Ingenieria, Universidad de Valla-
dolid, Spain
F O L G U E I R A L O P E Z Marta, Instituto de Astronomia y Geodesia, Spain
F R O E S C H L É Claude, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
FUJISHITA Mitsumi, Kyushu Tokai University, Japan
F U K U S H I M A Toshio, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 301-150, U.S.A.
G A M B I Jose M . , Dep. Ingenieria, Universidad Carlos III, Spain
G E T I N O Juan, Dept. Matematica Applicada Fundamental, Universidad de
Valladolid, Spain
GHIL Michael, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, U.S.A.
G L A D M A N Brett, Cornell University, U.S.A.
G O F F I N Edwin, Hoboken, Belgium
G O M E S Rodney S., Observatorio Nacional, Brasil
G O N C H A R O V George Α . , Pulkovo Observatory, Russia
G R E B E N I K O V Eugeniu, Institut des Super-Ordinateurs/R.A.S.,Russia
GUSEVA Irina S., Pulkovo Observatory, Russia
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H A D J I D E M E T R I O U John D . , University of Thessaloniki, Greece
H A D J I F O T I N O U Katerina, Department of Mathematics, University of Thes-
saloniki, Greece
H A R P E R David, Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Uni-
versity of London, U.K.
H E M E N W A Y Paul D . , Astronomy Department, University of Texas, U.S.A.
H E N R A R D Jacques, Departement de Mathématique, FUNDP, Belgium
H E S T R O F F E R Daniel, E S T E C Keplerlaan 1, postbus 299, Netherlands
HILTON James, U.S. Naval Observatory, U.S.A.
H O H E N K E R K Catherine, Royal Greenwich Observatory, U.K.
I C H I K A W A Yuichi, Kyushu Tokai University, Japan
I C H T I A R O G L O U Simos, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
I N O U E Takeshi, K y o t o Sangyo University, Japan
I P A T O V Sergei, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, R. A . S., Russia
I V A N O V A Tamara V . , Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
J A N C A R T Sylvie, Fondation Biermans Lapotre, Ch 200 A , France
J E W I T T David, IFA, Honolulu, U.S.A.
JONES Derek, Royal Greenwich Observatory, U.K.
K A S P E R Johannes N., Institut für Astronomie, Universität Wien, Austria
K H O L S C H E V N I K O V Κ. Κ., Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg University,
Russia
KINOSHITA Hiroshi, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan
K I R S A N O V Nikolai 0 . , Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
KISSELEV, Α . Α . , The Main Astronomical Observatory, R.A.S., Russia
KISSELEVA Tamara P.,The Main Astronomical Observatory, R.A.S., Russia
K L I O N E R Sergei Α . , Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russia
K L O K A T C H E V A Ju., Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
K L O K O C N I K Jaroslav, Astronomical Institute, C.A.S., Czech Republic
K N E Z E V I C Zoran, Astronomical Observatory, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
KOLESNIK Yuri, Institute of Astronomy, Moscow, Russia
K O N A C K I Maciej, Institute of Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus University.
Poland
KOSEK Wieslaw, Space Research Centre, PAS, Poland
K O V A L E V S K Y Jean, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, C E R G A , France
K O Z A I Yoshihide, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan
KRISTENSEN Leif Kahl,Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University oi
Aarhus, Danemark
K U M A R Shiv S, University of Virginia, U.S.A.
K U R Z Y N S K A Krystyna, Astronomical Observatory, A . Mickiewicz University.
Poland
K U Z M A N O V S K I , Mathematical Faculty, Yugoslavia
L A R A - C O I R A Martine, Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada, Spain
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L A S K A R Jacques, Bureau des Longitudes, France
LE F L O C H J.C., Clichy, France
LE G U Y A D E R Claude, Bureau des longitudes, France
L E I S T E R Nelson Vani, Instituto Astronomico e Geofisico Universidade de Säo
Paulo, Brasil
L E M A I T R E Anne, Departement de Mathématiques, FUNDP, Belgium
LIESKE Jay H., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, U.S.A.
L O H I N G E R Elke, Institut für Astronomie, Universität Wien, Austria
L O P E Z M O R A T A L L A Teodoro, Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada,
Spain
L O P E Z - G A R C I A Alvaro, Astronomical Observatory, Valencia University,
Spain
M A K H L O U F Amar, Université d'Annaba, Algeria
M A N A R A Alessandro, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Italia
M A R C O - C A S T I L L O Francisco Jose, Departament de Matematiques, Univer-
sität Jaume I, Spain
M A R S D E N Brian G., Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, U.S.A.
M A R T I N E Z - U S O Maria Jose, Departament de Matematiques, Universität
Jaume I, Spain
M c H U G H Martin, Observatoire de Besançon, France
M E S S A G E P. J., Dept. Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Uni-
versity of Liverpool, U.K.
MICHEL Patrick, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, France
M I G N A R D François, O . C . A . / C E R G A , France
MILANI Andrea, Dipartimento di Matematica, Universita di Pisa, Italia
M I O C Vasile, Astronomical Institue, Astronomical Observatory Cluj-Napoca,
Romania
M I Z O N Y Michel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France
MOISSON Xavier, Paris, France
M O L I N A - L E G A Z Roque, Escuela Politecnica Superior, Spain
M O O N S M . , Department de Mathématique, FUNDP, Belgium
M O R A N D O B., Bureau des Longitudes, France
M O R R I S O N L.V., Royal Greenwich Observatory, U.K.
N E R O N D E S U R G Y Olivier, A.S.D./Bureau des longitudes, France
N E W H A L L Χ X , Jet Propulsion Laboratory, U.S.A.
O P R E S C U Gabriela, Institutul Astronomic, Romania
P A K V O R Ivan, Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, Yugoslavia
P A N G Kevin D . , La Canada, U.S.A.
PASCU Dan, U.S. Naval Observatory, U.S.A.
PINHEIRO Mery, Marseille, France
P I T J E V A Elena V.institute of Applied Astronomy, R. A . S., Russia
P I T T I C H Eduard M . , Astronomical Institute, S. A . S., Slovak Republic
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P R E T K A Halina, Astronomical Observatory, A . Mickiewicz University,Poland
P R O T I T C H - B E N I S H E K V . , Astronomical Observatory, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
QI Guan-Rong, Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, China
QIAN Zhihan, Shanghai Observatory, China
R A F F E R T Y Theodore J., U. S. Naval Observatory, U.S.A.
R A P A P O R T Michel, Observatoire de Bordeaux, France
R E Q U I È M E Yves, Observatoire de Bordeaux, France
R O C H E R Patrick, Bureau des Longitudes, France
R O M E R O P E R E Z , Inst, de Astronomia y Geodesia, Facultad de Ciencias
Matemâticas, Spain
R Ö S E R Siegfried, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Germany
R Y A B O V Yu.A., Moscow A u t o and Road Construction Engineering University,
Mathematics Dept, Russia
S A G N I E R Jean-Louis, Bureau des longitudes, France
S A N S A T U R I O Maria Eugenia, E.T.S. Ingenieros Industriales, University of
Valladolid, Spain
SCHOLL H., Observatoire de Nice, France
S C O T T I James V . , University of Arizona, U.S.A.
SEHNAL Ladislav, Astronomical Institut, C.A.S., Czech Republic
SEIDELMANN P. Kenneth, U.S. Naval Observatory, U.S.A.
SEKIGUCHI Naosuke, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan
SHELUS Peter J., McDonald Observatory, U.S.A.
SHEN Kaixian, Shaanxi Observatory, China
S H E V C H E N K O Ivan I., Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
S H K O D R O V Vladimir, Insitute of Astronomy, B.A.S., Bulgaria
SHOR V . Α . , Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
S H U Y G I N A Nadezhda, Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russia
SIMON Jean-Louis, Bureau des Longitudes, France
S M E K H A C H E V A R.I., Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
SOFFEL Michael, Theor. Astrophys., Uni.Tubingen, Germany
S O K O L O V Leonid L., Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg University, Russia
S O K O L S K Y Andrej, Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
SOLOVAYA Nina Α . , Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Russia
S O M A Mitsuru, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan
S O U C H A Y Jean, D A N O F , Observatoire de Paris, France
STANDISH E. Myles, Jr., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, U.S.A.
S T E L L M A C H E R Irène, Bureau des Longitudes, France
S T O E V Alexey, People's Astron. Observatory and Planetaria Yuri Gagarin,
Bulgaria
SVESHNIKOV Michail, Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
T A N G A Paolo, Instituto di Cosmogeofisica del C N R , Italia
T A Y L O R D . B., Royal Greenwich Observatory, U.K.
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T H O L E N David, Instute for Astronomy, U.S.A.
T H O M A S Fabrice, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, France
T H U I L L O T William, Bureau des longitudes, France
T I C H A Jana, Klet Observatory, Czech Republic
T I C H Y Milos, Klet Observatory, Czech Republic
T O U L M O N D E Michel, D A N O F , Observatoire de Paris, France
T R U B I T S I N A Anna, Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
T U P I K O V A Irina V . , Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
U R A S S., Cagliari Astronomical Observatory, C N R , Italia
VASILIEV Nikolai, Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Russia
V A S U N D H A R A Raju, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, India
V E I G A Carlos, Observatorio Nacional, Brasil
V E R N O T T E François, Observatoire de Besançon, France
V I A T E A U B., Observatoire de Bordeaux, France
V I E I R A - M A R T I N S Roberto, Dep. Astronomia, Observatorio Nacional, Brasil
V I E N N E Alain, Laboratoire d'Astronomie, Lille, France
V I G U E R A S C A M P U Z A N O Antonio,, Depto. de Matematica Aplicada y Es-
tadistica, Universidad de Murcia Spain
V O K R O U H L I C K Y David, Astronomical Institute, Charles University Prague,
Czech Republic
V O N D R A K Jan, Astronomical Institute, C. A . S., Czech Republic
V U D . T . , Bureau des longitudes, France
W A L T E R Hans G., Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Germany
W N U K Edwin, Astronomical Observatory, A . Mickiewicz University, Poland
W Y T R Z Y S Z C Z A K Iwona, Astronomical Observatory A . Mickiewicz Univer-
sity, Poland
Y A G U D I N Leonid, Astron. Obs., Valencia University, Spain
Y A G U D I N A Eleonora I., Astron. Obs., Valencia University, Spain
Y A L L O P Bernard D . , Royal Greenwich Observatory, U.K.
Y A O Zhen-Guo, Astrometry Department, U.S. Naval Observatory, U.S.A.
Y E R S H O V Vladimir, Pulkovo Observatory, Russia
Y O S H I D A Haruo, National Astronomical Observatory, Japan
Y O S H I K A W A Makoto, Communications Research Laboratory, Japan
Z A L A M A N S K Y Gilles, Observatoire de Besançon, France
ZECH Gert, Astronomisches Rechen Institut, Germany
ZHENG Jia-Qing, Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland
Z H E N G Xue-Tang,Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
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