Discourse Analysis of the Political Speech of Prime Minister Imran Khan during the Belt and Road Forum using Halliday and Fairclough's Framework ...
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 8, (2020), pp. 2756-2765
Discourse Analysis of the Political Speech of Prime Minister Imran Khan
during the Belt and Road Forum using Halliday and Fairclough's Framework
Samar Ali1, Muhammad Ajmal2 & Farah Faryyad3
1
M.Phil Linguistics Scholar, Department of English Language & Literature, University of
Lahore, Pakistan. samaraalisheir@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language & Literature, University of Lahore,
Pakistan. muhammad.ajmal2@ell.uol.edu.pk
3
M.Phil Linguistics Scholar, Department of English Language & Literature, University of
Lahore, Pakistan. sshahzadkhan13@yahoo.com
Abstract:
This study is designed to explore the salient linguistic features of the political speech delivered by the
Prime Minister Imran Khan at the event of the Belt and Road Forum. The aim of this research is to
examine how the language helps to build the ideology of the political leaders. How Political leaders
choose special lexicons to manifest their power of thought to the audience. In this research paper, the
Halliday’s ideational metafiction has been used to investigate how the political leaders control the mind
of the mass through their ideology. To achieve the main goal of this study, the analysis of the obtained
data is conducted using the Halliday and Hasan's (1976) framework. The results of this study revealed
that the political speeches which were delivered at the event of the Belt and Road Forum has distinctive
features which are different from those features of the usual speeches of political leaders during the
normal circumstances.
Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Ideational metafiction, Halliday and Fairclough model
1. Introduction
A language is a means of communication. It assists with introducing thoughts and considerations before
others. The language of an individual mirrors its social personality. Language performs various jobs in the
public eye which can be seen in governmental issues, organizations, training, religion and numerous
different territories. The utilization of the language is normal to the point that it turns out to be difficult to
recognize what number of capacities a language acts in a general public. The language of activity in a
specific setting is called talk. It is utilized to signify language past sentence level and incorporates a
progression of writings. As indicated by Tischer (2000, p. 42), ''talk is an expansive term with various
definitions, which 'coordinate an entire palette of implications''. Sunderland (2002) adds the relational
concentration to this definition, focusing on that talk isn't just a supra-sentential component yet that it is
practical as far as language use, which implies that it imparts implications in a specific setting. Likewise,
talk is utilized to allude to the language specific to certain social circumstances (for example Study hall
talk).
The noteworthy component of the DA is to contemplate the composed and spoken content in social
settings. DA principally worried about the inward structure of writings. Halliday introduced another
methodology of deliberate practical semantics (SFL) against it. In negligible words, text ought to be
created, secured and afterward place into a social setting. In this way, one can express that there is a
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Vol. 29, No. 8, (2020), pp. 2756-2765
critical connection among language and society. Fairclough introduced a methodology which is grounded
in the joined investigation of language and social hypotheses. A fundamentally the same as area was
presented toward the finish of the 1970's, which is known as Critical Discourse Analysis. The focal point
of CDA is to examine how text is spoken to, abused and oppose different powers in the social and
political setting. CDA additionally researches how social force is embroiled through language. The
essential work in CDA is crafted by Norman Fairclough who has introduced the three dimensional
structure. The fundamental motivation behind this system is to break down how talk is polished (created
1.1Research objectives
The research objectives are given to:
Discover how language works to reproduce social and power relationship in society
Investigate the political discourse of Imran Khan as a social practice
Find out the ideology through different techniques of Critical Discourse Analysis
1.2 Research Question
The research questions are given as follows:
1. How do the different strategies of Fairclough model present the relationship of power and
social interaction?
2. How does the language affect the power of justice in a nation?
3. Which type of ideology is used in political discourse of Imran Khan?
1.3 Significance of the study
Basic Discourse investigation comes from a basic hypothesis of language which considers the to be of
language as a social practice. Every social practice are attached to explicit chronicled settings and are the
methods by which existing social relations are repeated and challenged. Basic Discourse examination
starts from the suspicion that methodical asymmetries of intensity and assets among speaker and audience
and authors can be connected to their inconsistent access to phonetic and social assets. Along these lines,
the presupposition of basic talk investigation is at establishments like schools' go about as guard of
authority of rambling assets: the talks text types, lexical and linguistic structures of regular language use.
Talk and language in regular day to day existence may work ideologically; they might be utilized to make
topsy-turvy relations of intensity and specific printed depictions of social universes.
2. Literature Review
Van Dijk’s (1977) conception of discourse is to see it as text in context. According to Van Dijik, CDA
deals with analysis of any written and spoken discourse from the perspective of power relation inequality
and hidden relations of meanings with social practices. Halliday’s view (1978) holds the concept that
language is a social act and people communicate in social setup.
Brown and Yule (1985) assert that language not only deals with description but also withwhat people do
in the social contexts. Discourse is a wider term than text. “I shall use the term discourse to refer the
whole process of social interaction of which a text is just a part” (Fairclough 1989). Gee (1990) puts an
argument that discourse interprets the texts with different approaches by keeping in mind socio-political
relations contexts.
(Luke, 1997) claims CDA is instrumental for describing, interpreting and critiquing social life reflected in
text. Fairclough and Wodak (1997: 271-280) both consider that CDA addresses social problems related to
power, culture and history. CDA not only interprets the texts. Carroll (2004) presents his view that
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Critical discourse gives different angles for the analysis of a text as it functions as a theoretical framework
(theory) and method (how to use data for the analysis).
3. Research methodology and Theoretical framework
Basic Discourse investigation has been taken as an examination. For this reason, qualitative method is
utilized based on Fairclough model with ten inquiries including jargon, punctuations and printed structure
in this discourse. This strategy is utilized to pick up understanding for shrouded importance and thoughts
to decipher those content which are hard to explore subjectively. In this examination, a political discourse
of PM Imran Khan is chosen to investigate in context of Critical Discourse Analysis, particularly in
context of Fairclough modular. This discourse is utilized to find the shrouded belief systems and socio-
political connection. The hypothetical work of Norman Fairclough can be viewed as suitable on the
grounds that it gives huge base to dissecting jargon, syntactic highlights and talk practice of Imran Khan's
discourse. It analysis text through three dimensions, such as
Text analysis(description)
Processing analysis(interpretation)
Social analysis(explanation)
3.1 Data Collection
The script of Imran Khan’s speech has been taken from the internet, http://www.spencifo.com/news/the
complete speech of Prime minister Imran Khan at the Belt and Road Forum-2019 (see appendix), for
doing critical discourse analysis. It is delivered an address at the opening ceremony of the Second Belt
and Road Forum in Beijing.
4. Data Analysis
Repeated words and phrases
Table 1
Word(s) Word’s Derivative Frequency (times)
Distinguished Participants 4
Ladies and gentlemen 2
Belt and Road 4
People 7
Pakistan/Nation/Government/country National/Pakistani 9
Cooperation 5
China Chinese 5
Poverty Alleviation 3
Plant planted 4
Billion trees 3
President 3
Transforms Transforming/Transformational 3
Economic Corridor Economy 4
Development 2
Country Countries 2
Efforts 3
Gwadar 2
Trade 2
Prosperity Prosperous 2
Work 2
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Data has been collected from the Imran Khan’s speech at the Belt and Road Forum 2019 to unveil the
explicit and implicit motives of speaker and his ideology toward power and social relations by using
Fairclough tri-mode model. Data is analyzed in three phases that are text analysis, discourse practice
analysis and social practice analysis.
a) Text analysis
Text analysis is a necessary part of discourse analysis and of discourse-based interpretive political
analysis. Fairclough (1989) is a critical evaluation of two approaches to interpretive political analysis
which have been influential in political and policy studies. Words show experiential values and themes in
themselves. Among different types of people. Over wording plays dual purpose to show commitment of
speaker emphatically and obligations. Table 1 shows the most frequent vocabularies those are the themes
of this text such as “Pakistan (country, nation)” the people (leaders, partners) and the powers (United
Nations) and social relation between president and his nation. Vocabulary plays important role and carry
particular meanings and ideologies. Vocabulary choices not only show the speaker attitude and state of
mind but also produce, control and maintain the relationship between speaker and audience. There are
many ideologies contested words such as “Pakistan and China”, “economic corridor”, “cooperation.”
There are also examples of re-wording in speech such as “distinguished participants”, “Ladies and
gentlemen”, “BRI” etc. Examples of over wording are “inequality and barrier, anti-corruption crime,
ocean is vast”. The main meaning relations in a text are synonymy antonymy and hyponymy.
Synonyms have the similar substitutable meanings with a little difference like development and progress,
collaboration and connectivity, ehsas and feeling are synonyms, they describe the same ideology in an
indirect way. In hyponymy meaning of one word is included into the meaning of another word. Speech
also has hyponyms “(Nation) people, men, partners. They represent a class and have common interests.
Antonyms stand for opposition like “, vision and reality, poverty and prosperity, equal and inequality,
hope and despair” etc. The ideology behind these words is to highlight the differences prevailing in the
society and the speaker wants to root out these differences with iron hand.
The speaker used a word of euphemism in speech’ white-collar crimes’ because speaker has clear ideas
about the situation of his nation and he used clear words when he counted social evils like poverty and
geopolitical uncertainty. this study also has a lot of formal and informal expressions such as “Esteemed
world leaders”, “prosperity”, “hope and happiness”, “thank you”, “insha-Allah”, informal expression
“massively, despair, confrontation”, etc. formality makes speech serious and authentic while informal
expressions create intimacy between speaker and audience.
Words show expressive values and implicit or explicit views of speaker. In this speech the speaker has an
explicit and direct viewpoint that he wants to tell realities about the economic situation with the help of
China to a substantial progress. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally
denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another or suggest a likeness and are linked with
abstract ideas. Speech also has metaphor like “The ocean is vast because it rejects no rivers” these words
are used to show intensity, significance and vastness of issues.
The analysis of grammatical features helps us to know about participants and their identities.
Grammatical features deal with what types of processes and participants are dominant in the text. Text of
speech has wider collection of sentences such as SVO (which involves two participants and shows
actions), SV (involves just one participant and deals with events, if participant is animate then it will not
be event but an non directed action or patient less action) and SVC (takes one participant, verb and
attribution). In SVO one participant is called agent and other is known as patient. Agent acts on the
patient. Agent and patient can be animate and inanimate. Speech is a combination of participants and
SVO and SVC are dominant in this speech. Some examples of participants from the text are given below:
SVO → “I congratulate President Xi Jinping”
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SV → “Pakistan energy supplies have increased”
“I suggest”
SVC→“I want to thank China and its leadership”
“We are changing Pakistan’s landscape”
Table 2
Types of processes Frequency of use
1 Material 27
2 Relational 5
3 Mental 4
4 Verbal 6
5 Behavioral 5
6 Existational 0
Material process is a process of ‘doing’. The process is usually indicated by a verb expressing an action
either concrete or abstract. There are usually two participants in the process; actor and goal. From the
above table, material process is good choice in the address to demonstrate the situation of Pakistan and
China in the different spheres of life. And it can also arouse the confidence of China and its leadership for
their unwavering support for Pakistan.
Relational process is a process of being, shows the relationship of participants with Pakistani Nation,
economic situation and its issues. The process accounts for a large proportion in this address to elaborate
the relationship between two countries, their ideas and beliefs. Such an elaboration can reach the PM
Imran Khan’s aim of making the deep-rooted friendship, partnership and brotherhood with China remains
strong, resilient and unbreakable, standing tall in the face of every challenge.
Mental process is a process of feeling thinking and seeing. The mental process as a process of sensing,
appeals to the audience’s inner ideology to connect the political beliefs, ambition with their expectation,
hope in a clear and emphasized way. Imran Khan realized that the Belt and Road Forum will take a
concrete shape.
Verbal Process is a process of saying, consists of saying verbs, it includes sayer “the addresser”, verbiage
“what is being said” and receiver “the addressee”. In this speech the speaker clearly talked about China
Pakistan economic Corridor(CPEC) and other socioeconomic issues.
Behavioral Process is a process of physiological and psychological behavior. It is regarded as a mixture of
mental and material process. According to speaker, the BRI tried to provide the modal of collaboration
and shared prosperity.
Agency has a significant role in any text. Sometimes, writer or speaker hides agency intentionally and
mostly political personality use it knowingly. But in current text there are hardly two and three examples
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of unclear agency because speaker wants to assign duties to participants. For this purpose, most of speech
is in active voice.e.g,
1) The presence of so many leaders today is proof that we choose hope over despair.
Same case is with active and passive sentences, speaker is fully aware of what he has to say and done that
is the reason he overall speaks in active voice mode but in some places he used passive voice. e. g,
1) Some of these points have already been touched by President Xi Jinping.
There is a small number of nominalization in the speech such as “aggression” legalization” while there is
a good collection of positive sentences in the speech. Ideology behind the positive use of sentences is that
speaker does not want to use involved and obscure language and he didn’t use any negative sentence
because he wants exact response from his audience.
In current speech text declarative mood is used excessively and there is use of grammatical question many
times in the text and fairly good number of imperative mood has been used in the text e. g,
1) We should establish a BRI tourism Corridor to promote people to people contact. (Imperative)
2) We will launch a project to plant 100 billion trees in the next two years. (Declarative)
3) How our infrastructure gaps are being plugged? (Interrogative)
Relational and Expressive Modality
Table 3
Relational Frequency(times) Expressive Frequency (times)
Shall 2 Will 3
Should Would
Must 1 Can 5
2
There are two types of modality Relational (shows level of authority) and Expressive (deals with
probability of truth) modality. The modal verbs are used and imply that the speaker is somehow in
position to give such commands. According to Statistics, it is obvious that modal verbs are used to convey
the addresser’s attitude and judgment. Compare with other verbs, modal verbs are easily identified and
understood. The concept of modality shows the realization of authority. Modal words are can, could,
shall, should, may, might, must, will, would etc. they show speaker or writer authority and ideological
interests. e.g,
1) I must say, whether the members like it or not.
2) Members of Pakistan ready to collaborate, or they should promote people to people contacts and
intercultural understanding.
3) We will work together to realize a future of hope and happiness.
4) I would request to Mr. President to help me.
5) We shall have to speak the truth.
6) We can mitigate the effects of climate change for our coming generation.
Use of Pronouns
Table 4
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Pronoun Frequency Pronoun Frequency
You 2
I Their 2
We 6 Our
9 7
In this speech text “We” indicates the dominance of the speaker including audience and the people of
country. People of Pakistan trust him and he trusts people of Pakistan. “we” shows the inclusive tendency
of intimacy and the use of “I” shows he was very confident about his personal abilities and the people of
Pakistan’s support. “you” in this text is not used as traditional for enemies or others but for the speaker’s
nation. By using “you” speaker wants to involve them physically and mentally in social power
relationship. So, they can take part willingly and actively. Here “you” shows the collective approach of
the speaker to make her audience to work with him.
b) Processing Analysis
Processing analysis deals with interpretation, according to Fairclough (1997) it has two types:
institutional practice and discourse practice. For Fairclough, “discourse practice straddles the division
between society and culture on the one hand and discourse, language and text one the other” (p.60). This
may be termed as connective values of formal features of text. It connects different parts of the text and
creates relationship between text and context. Interpretation part covers the inter-textuality and
constitutive inter- textuality.
Any text based on seven connective elements that bring connectivity in the text such as Inter- textuality,
cohesion, coherence, acceptability, informativity, intentionality and situationality. Current piece of
analysis has all these elements. Speaker practices all of these formal and contextual links to make his
ideology impressive, logical and integral part of discourse practice. For this purpose, he uses many
cataphoric references and in this text “it” is used the most of time, demonstrative determiners, logical
connectors to reinforce the cohesion in the text to make sure the flow of ideas as a well-connected
phenomenon between speaker and his audience.
The current text has use of simple and complex sentences that indicate the seriousness of the occasion and
all are connected with each other by using logical connecters, conjunctions, cohesive devices, repetition
of words and references. Logical connectors always use in two separate sentences while conjunctions are
used with two clauses to link them and create coherence in spoken and written. Different types of logical
connectors can be seen in the text such as negation, conjunctions, disjunctions, implications.
1) I congratulate President Xi Jinping and the Government of people’s Republic of China. (Logical
connector)
On the other hand, this speech is full of complex sentences carry subordinate and coordinate conjunction.
Coordinate conjunctions show equality or opposition and contrast of ideas and describe reason and cause
while subordinate conjunctions show one main clause with dependent clause. It provides extra
information, stress and background to understand the claim. E. g,
1) Pakistan will continue to work on the basis of mutual respect and equal opportunity, with China and
other BRI partners, for a better future of our people. (Equality of ideas)
2) We are changing Pakistan’s economic landscape and Insha-Allah the destiny of our people. (Sequence
of events/ information)
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3) I take this opportunity because I want to invite all of you to avail of our liberal foreign investment
regime and participate in our economy, in particular infrastructure, railways, dams, IT and manufacturing.
(Cause and Effect)
These conjunctions show the speaker attitude towards the nature of social issues and consequences of the
events. This information is useful for audience to understand the whole picture of situation. The text of
speech is full of inside and outside references devices. It not only shows the textual links but also the
contextual links. First paragraph is the example of inside and outside reference. (See appendix) in that
paragraph writer does not mention how “unprecedented revolution occurred in Sub- Continent” and
which scheme of division was chosen for the people of Sub- Continent. Examples of inside and outside
references are as this, that, he, she, it etc.
Inside and Outside References Mean
Table 5
References Mean Frequency Times
That 2
This 4
It 5
Demonstrative determiners have been used in speech to maintain inside and outside of the text. In the
sentence given below a cataphoric reference has been used where “it” is reference item while “China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor” are linguistic referent
1) It is my privilege to speak at the second Belt and Road Forum for International Corporation.
2) As the Belt and Road transforms from vision into reality, this gathering of partners and friends
affords useful platform for taking stock and setting the agenda.
3) So that we can mitigate the effects of climate change.
There is absence of control in turn taking speaker does not control the participants turns by equally using
of pronoun “you”.
Current speech has larger structures of sentences in itself. Such long structures are created by using sub-
ordinate, co-relative conjunction, relational pronoun, co-ordinate conjunction. These structures are created
to support the sequence and flow of idea without any interruption. e. g,
1) Firstly, to undertake joint efforts to mitigate climate change. In our Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, we
successfully planted a billion trees. President of Chile has already elaborated on this. We launched a
nationwide project to plant 10 billion trees. I suggest we launch a joint project to plant 100 billion trees in
the next two years, so that we can mitigate the effects of climate change for our coming generations.
2) to create a Poverty Alleviation Fund that supplements national efforts in the fight against poverty and
malnourishment. In Pakistan, we have recently launched a targeted poverty alleviation program called
Ehsas, or feeling.
In this speech we can see the good use of both inter- textual and constitutive inter-textuality. textual and
whole ideas and parts of discourse are well connected in this phase of interpretation and independent
identity and tendency of discourse practice very well.
c) Social Analysis
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In this last phase of Fairclough model (1995), speech has been analyzed in socio- cultural context of
communicative events. Imran Khan’s speech has a great political and cultural value. It was a formal
address by Imran Khan who is elected as a Prime Minister of Pakistan at the opening ceremony of the
second Belt and Road Forum in Beijing.
This speech carries two purposes; first, he wants to show his gratitude toward the President of China for
this international. Second, he wants to take into account the China –Pakistan Economic Corridor with
greater emphasis on agricultural cooperation and economic development. PM Imran Khan also discusses
the socioeconomic uplift and poverty elevation. The speaker says that in this geopolitical uncertainty, the
BRI offers a platform of partnership and deep cooperation in different fields of life. He states that we will
start a next phase of CPEC to expend China-Pakistan free trade agreement. He discusses about the deep-
rooted friendship between two nations and the economy of these countries in particular I infrastructure,
railways, dams, IT and manufacturing To remove upcoming problem, he describes the effects and asks
them to be united for yourself and their state, he further highlights the upcoming challenges related to
social and economic fields. And this is the ending note of his speech that serves a master stroke to achieve
the participants.
Conclusion and Implications
To conclude, we can say that the main aim of this current study was to find out the linguistics devices that
show the speaker ideology and how these linguistics devices create link between speaker and audience
and how they reveal the political and social stances, relationships and issues as well as the hidden agendas
and ideology of speaker. Imran Khan’s speech is rich of these elements and he skillfully used these
tactics, devices and strategies to make clear his ideology for his audience and chose and practice them
with a great mastery and care and became successful to win his audience confidence and provide glimpse
of his determination and a roadmap for future tasks. His speech shows a direct way and balance exercise
of power throughout the speech.
Implication of this current study can be defined in theoretical and practical terms. Theoretical means
language can be used to shape the ideology and make the mind of others as PM Imran Khan did with
selected vocabulary choice to create a particular impact on audience. Study has the implication on
practical level for the theory of political discourse analysis and critical as well as for future researchers
who are interested in the speeches of great personalities who served humanity with sincerity.
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