Decision-Support Toolbox - The Food Systems Helena Posthumus, Jonne Bosselaar & Herman Brouwer - WUR E-depot
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The Food Systems
Decision-Support Toolbox
Helena Posthumus, Jonne Bosselaar & Herman Brouwer
LICY
O B J E CT
IV ACTORS AR ACTERISTIC B E H AV I O U R COM
MENDATI
ON
PO ES CH S RE S
The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Contents
What is the food system decision Doing a food system From analysis
support toolbox? analysis to actions
General introduction Introduction for food system analysts utting a food system analysis
P
Food system analysis process Three analytical components into action
Introduction for policy makers Quality principle A: System thinking
Defining a food system objective Quality principle B: Stakeholder involvement ource overview
S
Quality principle C: Equity & inclusiveness Colophon
The Toolbox
1. System actors
2. System characteristics
3. System behaviour
2
The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
What is the food system
decision support toolbox?
Content
General introduction
Food system analysis process
Introduction for policy makers
Defining a food system objective
3
The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
General introduction
Why this toolbox? From the very start you will need to be clear about The toolbox is not exhaustive: many other tools are
who leads the analysis, and who will determine (or available that can be used in the analysis. We have
This toolbox has been developed to collate different tools own) the recommendations at the end. We strongly organised a selected number of tools into three
and methods that can be used for food system analysis. advocate for the inclusion of local stakeholders from categories: awareness tools, exploration tools, and
It is specifically based on systems thinking for food within the food system. The choice of ‘who to invite analytical tools (see Introduction for food system
system analysis, with the aim to formulate actionable to the table’ during the entire process will influence analysts for more detail). This allows the user to make a
recommendations that can bring about systemic change. the findings of the analysis, the recommendations for choice whether to conduct a ‘light-touch’ analysis, or an
It describes both the process of a food system analysis, as intervention, and the level of ownership or buy-in of interdisciplinary research project, or anything in between.
well as a set of tools that can be used at different stages. local stakeholders. Therefore, we recommend engaging For a light-touch analysis, for example, you can organise
a wide range of stakeholders, to incorporate their tacit a multi-stakeholder workshop and select a number of
The toolbox does not present a stepwise recipe for a knowledge into the analysis and to co-create both a joint awareness tools to trigger discussion and collect insights
food system analysis; it is rather a cookbook that aims to understanding of the food system and ownership of the into the food system. In addition, exploration tools can
inspire anyone with an interest in food systems to get in- recommendations (see stakeholder involvement). There be used to dive into a few areas where you identified
volved in food system analysis, regardless of whether you is valuable wisdom to be collected from the voices that knowledge gaps or conflicting viewpoints among
are a policy maker, practitioner, or researcher. It helps to are often less heard. stakeholders. If a deeper understanding is desired, a
make informed strategic decisions on the design of pol- combination of exploration and analytic tools can be used
icies or interventions in the domains of food, agriculture How to use the toolbox? for a comprehensive food system study.
and development. The food system analysis as described
in this guide is thus understood as an ex-ante assessment This toolbox describes the process of doing a food The three components in the analysis and the quality
to inform the policies, strategies, or programs that seek system analysis, the quality principles we believe such an principles described in this toolbox are essential parts
to contribute to systemic change in a food system. analysis should adhere to, the different components of of a food system analysis. The choice of tools is yours –
the analysis, and tools that can be used for the analysis. depending on context and availability of your resources.
For whom is this toolbox? Within the analytical process, we distinguish three
components: system actors, system characteristics and
The toolbox intends to inspire a variety of users: system behaviour. Each component focuses on a different
• Policy makers who may want to commission a dimension of the system, but it is not necessary to do
food system analysis in order to inform new policy the analysis in this particular order. Rather, the different
development, and foresight processes. components can be done in parallel or iteratively, where
• Researchers who want to use a combination of different components can be repeated to dive deeper into
research and participatory methods to better specific issues or parts of the food system. For example,
understand cause-effect relations in a food system. the first cycle could be a light-touch analysis to identify
• NGOs who want to develop a holistic intervention to the key issues and root causes, followed by a second cycle
improve food system outcomes (e.g. food & nutrition to explore potential leverage points in more detail.
security), addressing specific bottlenecks.
4
The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Food system analysis: the process
O B J E CT ACTORS AR ACTERISTIC B E H AV I O U R MENDATI
LICY I VE CH COM ON
PO S S RE S
Policy Objectives Food System Actors Food System Characteristics Food System Behaviour Recommendations
The starting point of any System actors entail every A food system has many The different elements within This final stage explores the
analysis is the broader policy individual, group and different elements, including a food system do not act space for potential interventions
goal or question that will be organisation that is somehow drivers, activities and outcomes. independently. As elements directed at the leverage
addressed, including the level of involved in, or affected by, the To get insight, one needs to interact, systems reveal patterns points. The findings of the food
intervention and/or target group. food system. With their actions understand the trends of these of behaviour that determine the system analysis are combined
It is the answer to the question: and interactions they shape, components on the basis of key outcomes. Examining causal to formulate actionable
‘Why this food system analysis?’ reshape or block the food indicators, as well as synergies relationships make it easier to recommendations.
The goal defines the direction system. Identifying the interests and trade-offs between them. understand system behaviour,
and boundaries of the food and influence of different and to identify leverage points
system analysis. actors, and the underlying power for system change.
dynamics and structures, helps
to inform your engagement
strategies.
5The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
User stories
POLI
CY
O B
Example A Example B
JE
Commissioner: Dutch embassy Commissioner: International NGO
CT
IVE
Objective: Food losses in rural-urban Objective: FNS intervention in fragile
S
There are different ways to use this toolbox, depending on food supply chains state
the purpose and the context of the food system analysis. Boundaries: Rural-urban trade Boundaries: National scale country Y
Here are two user stories as examples of how to navigate corridors and actors country X
this toolbox.
AC
TO
Stakeholder mapping
Example A: A Dutch embassy wishes to develop a new
RS
Stakeholder mapping Stakeholder mapping Stakeholder workshop
programme to address food losses in rural-urban food Quick assessment to identify key stakeholders Quick assessment to • Interest and influence
• Stakeholder characteristics and roles identify key stakeholders matrix
supply chains, with the aim to improve food & nutrition • Journey mapping • Stakeholder identification • Force field analysis
security and income generation in country X. Anecdotes • Power ranking
of (post-harvest) food loss have triggered interest in System actors
this topic and the embassy tries to figure out which Desk study with
key informants
interventions could potentially have significant impact. CHAR
AC
Poltical economy Food system
• Power mapping
TE group discussion characteristics
Although the embassy staff has general knowledge of the Food system
key stakeholders
• Power & system Food system
Quick scan
RI
characteristics behaviour characteristics
agricultural sector in this country, there is a lack of insight
ST
• Five A’s • Literature review
Scoping study
ICS
Scoping study
into the rural-urban food supply chains and how these • Minimum cost of a • Interviews
• Nutrition gaps
are influenced by dynamics in the broader food system. healthy diet analysis
• Nutrition -sensitive • Rapid sector
Therefore, the embassy wants to commission a food
value chain tool, adding assessments
system analysis to get insight into potential intervention food loss to analysis • Literature reviews
System
areas that could achieve multiple objectives (reduced behaviour System • Interviews
food loss, youth employment, nutrition security, income BE Desk study behaviour • Policy ananlysis
HA
generation). • Causal loop Desk study with
VI System behaviour diagrams System
OU System behaviour key informants
R group discussion • Label arche- behaviour
Large stakeholder workshop • Planning for
key stakeholders Stakeholder
Example B: An international NGO has been working on • QQ diagram types succes
• Label archetypes workshop
food and nutrition security and value chain development • Behaviour over time • SWOT analysis
• Breaking the cycle • Breaking the
• Innovation brainstorm • Stakeholder
for many years. They are now planning to expand their validation cycle
activities into country Y, which is a fragile state. This is • Futures wheel
the first time that the NGO will work in a fragile state, and RECO
MM
E
they realise that they will have to use new approaches and
ND
partnerships to make the intervention successful. In order
AT
Selection of intervention Programme
IO
Defining ToR with stakeholders
to get a better understanding of the underlying causes areas (geographic area, design with key
NS
• Prioritizing and ranking of ideas system components, target stakeholders
of the food insecurity, the power dynamics and driving • Draft Theory of Change groups) • Comparing proposals
factors underlying the conflict, and potential stakeholders • Draft Theory of Change
for partnerships, the NGO decides to carry out a food • Action planning
system analysis first.
6The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Introduction for policy makers
Whether you are working at a ministry, government A good food system analysis should include at Commissioning a food system analysis
institution, donor agency, investor, or an NGO, if you are least the following elements:
active in the field of food, agriculture or development, Any policy maker who is considering commissioning a
chances are high that your work involves efforts • Understanding the trends of key indicators that food system analysis should expect the following:
to address challenges in food systems that result represent desired outcomes, drivers and activities,
in undesirable outcomes, such as food insecurity, such as food security, economic activities, • The analysis gives up-to-date insights into the current
inequality, environmental degradation or unemployment. environmental effects, or wellbeing. status and trends of the food system under focus,
Understanding the multi-faceted challenges and • Insights into system processes that reveal interaction including the areas of interest.
opportunities within the food system is essential effects within the food system resulting in desired or • The analysis takes a systems perspective, meaning it
to be able to develop effective interventions. This undesired outcomes. also looks how different drivers, factors, processes and
toolbox provides you with building blocks to conduct • Understanding the influence and interests of specific actors influence each other.
a food system analysis that can be used to formulate actors that shape the food system, or are affected by it. • The analysis includes the motivations and influence of
recommendations for policy and programming. This includes insights into power dynamics or diversity different actor groups, and who is included or excluded
in how different actors can engage (or not) and are from the benefits.
A Food System approach is increasingly used as affected, both positively and negatively. • A variety of stakeholders are actively engaged in the
a framework to understand and shape strategic • These insights allow the identification of leverage analysis.
interventions and policies related to agriculture and points for system change that can inform • The analysis has an applied perspective, producing
food & nutrition security. Drawing from the UN Secretary recommendations for strategy. actionable recommendations on how to best intervene
General’s Zero Hunger Challenge, a food system is defined in the food system, including whom to collaborate with
as a system that ‘embraces all elements (environment, The above insights should result from a facilitated to achieve the policy objectives.
people, inputs, processes, infrastructure, institutions, process of stakeholder involvement, where perspectives
et cetera) and activities that relate to the production, of multiple stakeholders are taken into account during The starting point of any analysis is the broader policy
processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption the analysis and put into the context of wider trends. This goal or food system objective that should be addressed,
of food and the outputs of these activities, including requires experienced facilitators and analysts, who are including the level of intervention and/or target group.
socio-economic and environmental outcomes.’ However, able to analyse trends and processes at different levels This broader policy goal will define the boundaries of the
translating insights and aspirations on food systems into and engage with different types of stakeholders. food system analysis. Well-defined boundaries of the food
effective interventions remains a challenge. The objective system will allow a more in-depth analysis; alternatively,
of this toolbox is to build an approach for food system ill-defined boundaries will result in a shallow analysis.
analysis that results in actionable recommendations that
can contribute to systemic change. The policy maker is
not expected to conduct the analysis by themselves but
can commission such an analysis to a third party.
7The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Defining a food system objective
In order to get to actionable recommendations you will societal wellbeing. A large share of households worldwide System boundaries
need to be explicit about what type of generic objectives find employment in agriculture and food – ranging from
you envisage, and for whom. Entering into a food system subsistence farming to industrial food production. A food system is hardly ever bound to a specific
analysis without an ultimate purpose in mind can lead Furthermore, the way a food system behaves influences geographical area. Furthermore, a food system is also
to meaningless breadth and vagueness. Though the who benefits, and who loses out. This affects poverty embedded in, and impacted by, other human or natural
objective should provide a focus for the food system levels and the level of equality between citizens. Given systems so in reality it is impossible to draw a clear line
analysis, it should still be sufficiently broad to be open to that we are aiming to transform food systems so that they where a food system starts and ends. Nevertheless, it
different strategies, policies or interventions to achieve work for the majority of people, it is essential to have a is important to choose system boundaries (for example,
that objective. grasp of the socio-economic outcomes of a food system. based on geography, outcomes, and target groups)
An objective related to socio-economic outcomes could for the food system analysis to maintain focus. When
Food system outcomes be: increasing the household incomes of [target group] in choosing the system boundaries, the goal of the food
[geographical area]. system analysis should be leading, but available resources
We make a distinction between three forms of food (finance, time) also need to be considered. During
system outcomes in the food system analysis: socio- Environmental outcomes: Activities of food systems the analysis, you may want to revisit and adjust the
economic outcomes, food and nutrition security (FNS) often compete for common natural resources that are boundaries if needed.
outcomes and environmental outcomes. threatened by human activity. The role of agriculture
and food consumption in damaging our planetary health Target groups and diversity
Food and nutrition security outcomes: Food and is well recognised. Any transition towards sustainable
nutrition security (FNS) is often the starting point for food systems is not only about producing nutritious food Food system outcomes are never the same for different
a food system analysis. Understanding the dynamics and supporting livelihoods but also about dealing with groups in a society. Hence, the objective may refer to a
around FNS for different social groups will guide the environmental degradation and climate change. A food specific target group. If this is the case, it should become
further analysis. FNS is a result of the availability, system analysis should look for pathways towards more a focus point in the food system analysis. Even if there is
access (including affordability), utilisation and stability regenerative and sustainable food system outcomes. no specific target group, it is still important to take into
of food. This includes for example consumption An objective related to environmental outcomes could account social diversity as policies and interventions are
patterns, nutritional value of diets, food safety, market be: prevention of soil degradation and water pollution in never neutral; they have inherently different effects on
infrastructures, the production, storage and trade of [geographical area]. different social groups.
food and the seasonal fluctuation of food availability. An
objective related to FNS outcomes could be: improve
Tools for defining a food system objective
healthy diets of [target group].
Rich picture Needs assessment Problem definition
Socio-economic outcomes: A food system results in
Visualise the desired future and Assess the needs of the target group Clarify which problem you are
socio-economic outcomes such as health, employment
challenges to realise this, including to formulate the strategic objective. working on by asking five questions.
and wealth, but also incomes and living conditions of
the relevant actors and factors It will help a group to focus ideas in
specific target groups. It is evident that the agri-food
affecting the issue. Link the same direction. 8
sector is a major shaper of a country’s economy andThe Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Doing a food system analysis
Content
Introduction for food system analysts
Three analytical components
Quality principle A: System thinking
Quality principle B: Stakeholder involvement
Quality principle C: Equity & inclusiveness
The Toolbox
1. System actors
2. System characteristics
3. System behaviour
9The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Introduction for food system analysts
A toolbox to analyse and help shaping food Analytical: these tools are mostly research methods facilitating multi-stakeholder workshops to conducting
system strategies that can be used for deep-dives and detailed analysis of economic, social or bio-physical research. A thorough
specific issues as part of a funded research project on analysis is best executed by an interdisciplinary team
The goal of this toolbox is to do a thorough food system food systems. The tools are a mix of research methods of analysts equipped with different, but relevant
analysis that is useful for anyone who needs to make and modelling techniques that require specific research experiences, backgrounds and skills. Make sure to get a
informed decisions and define their strategy within the skills and considerable investment in terms of time and mix of international experts and local knowledge holders
context of a complex food system. This strategy can funding. into the team.
address a variety of food system outcomes, such as
socio-economic outcomes, food and nutrition security The tools that are included in this toolbox have been tried You can tailor your food system analysis,
outcomes and environmental outcomes. The analysis and tested in different settings. We therefore refer to the depending on time and budget
shows the current status of the food system and relevant sources for more detailed descriptions of each
trends (system characteristics), the interplay between tool. A food system analysis can consume a considerable
different parts of the food system and leverage points amount of time. However, there are different levels of
(system behaviour) and how actors, power relations and With every tool we indicate the type of modality: analysis possible, depending on the objective, knowledge
governance structures influence the food system (system gaps and resources available. For each tool we give an
actors). The analysis can help you define a strategy, policy Workshop with stakeholders or key informants indication of the time needed to execute it. The time
or foresight process to make changes in a food system to Interviews with key informants indication refers to the active time required to use the
achieve desirable outcomes. Research done by researchers tool, thus not including any time required for preparation
or reporting. For some tools the time range is quite broad.
Using the toolbox This also helps to quickly indicate which tools can easily Based on the goal of the study and the time and financial
be combined, for example in one workshop or session. resources available, the analysts can choose on how
The toolbox includes three categories of tools: Engagement of stakeholders is key in all the tools, to elaborate they want to use the tool. If there is already
make sure that the generated knowledge is co-created sufficient knowledge on certain elements of the food
Awareness raising: to increase awareness of some and action oriented. system, some parts might be skipped or done marginally.
of the issues at play. Most of these tools can be used in There will be trade-offs to consider, such as the balance
a facilitated multi-stakeholder workshop setting. These The food system analysis demands between academic rigour, the quality of stakeholder
tools require experience in workshop facilitation and prior interdisciplinary system expertise involvement/ownership, and the duration of the analysis.
understanding of the food system, but are low in costs.
As the term ‘food system’ implies, the analysis focuses
Exploration: these tools dive a bit deeper into on the entire system and the relationships between
specific issues and require some dedicated resources the different drivers and outcomes of the system. A
for data collection and analysis. These tools are a mix of food system analysis demands an interdisciplinary
desk study and field research, which require experience approach, which requires expertise on system thinking,
in (qualitative) research and analysis. The fieldwork and participatory approaches as well as specific academic
analysis will require some dedicated funding. disciplines. Different skill sets are required, varying from 10The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Three analytical components
The toolbox is divided into three analytical components: 2. System characteristics This component specifically looks into causal
system characteristics, system behaviour and system relationships between different elements of the food
actors. These three components combined will provide This component aims to create an overview of the issues system. Identification of system archetypes (common
the insights to address the formulated objective and to be addressed and the current status of the various patterns of system behaviour) makes it possible to
inform a policy design or intervention strategy. Depending elements of the food system. A food system analysis understand system behaviour better, and to identify
on the existing knowledge on the food system and the seeks to understand the problem as defined in the leverage points for system change. Although we
issues to be addressed, some parts of the toolbox may objective; in other words, exploring the dynamics of the recommend using system archetypes in the food system
be more relevant than others. Some iteration may also be socio-economic outcomes, food and nutrition security analysis, it is not a necessity. However, understanding
necessary to address specific knowledge gaps. outcomes and the environmental outcomes. the causal relationships within the system is necessary
to identify leverage points. These are places in the food
1. System actors In addition to understanding the food system outcomes, system where targeted interventions can lead to system
this component maps the various elements of the food change and thus a change in the food system outcomes.
How a food system operates depends largely on the actors system: the activities (e.g. value chain), the underlying
who are involved. System actors entail every individual, drivers and the institutional and environmental context. Quality principles
group and organisation that is somehow involved in the The mapping includes the assessment of key indicators,
food system. Through their actions and interactions with as well as understanding (historical) trends, synergies and There are three quality principles to keep in mind in
each other they shape and reshape the food system, or trade-offs of specific activities and indicators. every step of the food system analysis: system thinking,
cause inactivity or stasis in the food system. For a good stakeholder involvement and attention for equity
understanding of the food system, it is therefore key to 3. System behaviour & inclusivity. In the next chapters, the meaning and
understand who the actors are, how they act and interact, implications of these quality principles are discussed. In
and why they do so. Hence, this component starts with Where system characteristics look at the status and the descriptions of the tools, there are guidelines to take
defining the actors and their sphere of influence. A food trends for the various elements of the food system, the quality principles into account in the analysis.
system is rarely a level playing field; power dynamics system behaviour addresses the interactions between
shape the interactions between these different actors. the elements. For example, the effects of climate
We therefore recommend doing a political economy change on farming practices, or the influence of policies
and governance analysis towards the end of the food on local trade. Analysing system behaviour is crucial
system analysis. This provides an overview of the power for understanding the food system and how systemic
dynamics in the food system: who benefits and who changes comes about; that is how a change in one part of
is excluded across different social axes of privilege/ the system affects the other parts.
marginalisation, including insight into one’s own position.
11The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Quality principle A: System thinking
A food system is a dynamic interplay between many Learning with multiple stakeholders from within the nudge food systems into a desired direction away from
elements – it is not a static machine which produces system is a prerequisite to better understand the system the status quo. This is done by targeting leverage points
outcomes based on certain inputs. We call the type of (see Posthumus et al., 2018a for more details on the that can shift the system towards a more desirable state
change we would like to see in food systems, systemic conceptual framework). that is more sustainable in terms of human and planetary
change. ‘Systemic’ means ‘in relation to the whole system’, health. A leverage point is understood as a place in a
which is different from the word ‘systematic’. So instead A system intervention aims to shift the status quo of a complex system where a small shift in one factor or
of breaking a food system down into small elements for problem arena towards a more desirable state, which process can generate large-scale impact in the food
analysis, we look at the whole of it, the relationships may require intervention in non-obvious parts of the system (see e.g. Meadows, 1999).
between elements, and how it behaves. This calls for a system. It also acknowledges that there is likely to be
different way of looking, or the use of different mental resistance to change within the system that needs to
tools such as the ones illustrated below. A system analysis be addressed, among particular social groups or within
also seeks to understand parts of the system that cannot current institutional structures. Although transformation Your pocket guide to system thinking
easily be observed or measured. We also see a system of food systems is often talked about, it is not possible
as complex, where cause-effect relationships only to dismantle an existing food system and redesign it 1. Focus inside the boundaries of your system; avoid
become apparent when taking action (called ‘emergence’). from scratch. System interventions therefore look to getting drawn into the web of the entire cosmos.
2. Look for patterns in the way a system has behaved
Tools of a systems thinker (adapted from Leyla Acaroglu/Disruptive Design) in the past.
3. Study the relationships between different
elements in your system.
4. Aim to understand the system, don’t aim to fix it;
this is how the solutions emerge.
5. Don’t pull the system into a static solution but
gently nudge it into the desired direction.
6. Embrace ambiguity.
7. Be flexible with your ideas, thoughts and process;
Disconnection Interconnectedness Linear Non-linear Silos Emergence
allow them to evolve.
8. Zoom in and out repeatedly between micro and
macro workings of a system and its elements
9. There is no one solution that can fix a system;
seek to understand how each solution impacts the
system, including negative unintended effects,
relative to another.
Parts Whole Analysis Synthesis Isolation Relationships From: Rockefeller 2019, p31
12The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Quality principle B: Stakeholder involvement
Why is it important to involve stakeholders? categories (e.g. gender, age, income level). stakeholders to initiate actions to collectively shape food
Be aware that not all stakeholders are also ‘problem systems that deliver better outcomes.
When analysing a food system, it can be difficult to holders’ – one stakeholder may have defined the problem,
decide on whom to engage. There are many different which is not necessarily acknowledged by the others. Be aware of power dynamics, including your own
and opposing opinions among different stakeholders on Also, be conscious of your own biases when choosing the position
food system performance. Yet, it is essential to include stakeholders.
this variety of voices in your analysis, for two reasons: Be aware that stakeholders have stakes and their
a) it provides more perspectives on the food system to Organising your stakeholders: workshops, focus relations are not neutral, which influences their (re)
consider, increasing the chances for new innovations; groups & interviews actions. The timing and location of the interaction is
b) it invites stakeholders to join the conversation about important, as it may exclude/include different types of
food system change to deliver better outcomes for all and Not every stakeholder has time or interest to take part in stakeholders from attending (e.g. gender-based mobility
create an action perspective at the same time. an analytical process. This does not mean you should not constraints related to timing of day). Think also about the
involve them. Generally, it is recommended to organise a set-up, local customs and mode of facilitation to allow all
Stakes and stakeholders: who is a stakeholder? stakeholder workshop in order to exchange perspectives voices to be heard. There are helpful guides on multi-
and understand where people agree or disagree. This may stakeholder processes available that give tools to deal
Everybody who has a stake (an interest or a concern) in not work for everybody, though. Think about high-level with power dynamics in workshop settings (e.g. The MSP
the food system, is a stakeholder. In other words, any decision makers who cannot spend a day in a workshop Guide). It is important to use a neutral, highly skilled and
group or individual who can affect, or is affected by the (tip: inform them prior to the workshop, interview them trusted facilitator, to navigate complex power relations
food system. For your analysis it is important to recognise if possible, and report back to them afterwards) or about in a workshop. The section ‘Analyse political economy &
their motives, assets, concerns and agendas. However, it community members who do not feel comfortable in a governance’ provides several tools to analyse the power
is impractical to include everyone. The step ‘Define actors workshop setting (tip: help them to tell their story on relations in the food system.
and sphere of influence’ provides several ways to analyse video or online, and ask permission to use it during the
and prioritise stakeholders to take part in your analysis. workshop). If a workshop is not feasible or desirable, use
focus group discussions or semi-structured interviews to
Make sure you have representation from all major collect stakeholder perspectives on the food system. Try
stakeholder groups: government, private sector, civil to form a small multi-stakeholder validation team which
society (e.g. farmer organisations, community-based comments on the data analysis, and enriches it.
organisations, NGOs) and knowledge institutes. Also, try
to identify stakeholder groups beyond the usual suspects, The goal is not to involve everyone all the time, but rather
to include voices that are normally not heard at this stage to create an analysis which takes the different stake-
(e.g. women groups). You can add groups or clusters that holder perspectives into account, incorporates different
operate at different levels, depending on the context types of knowledge, and facilitates opportunities to
or scale of your analysis. Across these ‘groups’, ensure create more understanding and connections between
that you strive to have a cross section of different social stakeholders. A food system analysis can thus also enable
13The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Quality principle C: Equity & inclusiveness
Within food systems, processes work differently the food supply chain actors are operating (whether input Understanding differences
for different people suppliers, small-scale farmers, commercial producers, When identifying who are the winners (or included) and
traders, retailers, regulators, or consumers) and how losers (or excluded) in the food system, understanding the
Across various social markers (such as gender, age, much power they hold. ‘why’ is vital to identifying inclusive strategies to address
education, profession, social status, disability or any mi- inequities. Some guiding questions to assist this include:
nority groups) there are differences in opportunities and Working backwards: look beyond the average
challenges for different social groups. Not everyone has • Who has access to which resources?
the same access to resources or can benefit equally from Often studies calculate the average. For example, the • How do institutional structures and norms shape
food system outcomes. Food system inequities also play average nutritional value of a population’s diet. However, differences in access to key resources required to
out differently depending on where people are in their averages mask differences in society. Disaggregating engage in food system activities (e.g. land, capital,
lifecycle. This diversity within food systems for different food system outcomes by different social markers will equipment)?
social groups is often overlooked. Including equity and identify who needs what kind of support. This entails • Who has decision making power and on what level?
inclusiveness principles in every step of the food sys- looking at individuals and groups who are both socio- • How does this play out differently for different actors?
tem analysis is key for a good quality analysis. Thinking culturally disadvantaged and nutritionally disadvantaged • Why do we see those differences and how does
around equality and empowerment has much to offer to a due to different drivers of malnutrition. this affect the food system characteristics and its
food system analysis. First, it can provide clarity on root behaviour?
causes of inequality in food system outcomes for differ- During the food system analysis, ask regularly ‘how is this • How do institutions and gender norms drive inequity
ent social groups at different levels. Second, it provides different depending on who you are, according to your within the food system? Who is reached or involved?
insights into how power affects processes contributing gender, age, socio-economic status, religion, geographical Who benefits?
towards social exclusion and marginalisation, which act location, etc ?
as structural bottlenecks for equity (Newton, 2020).
Start with identifying the relevant target group Tools for including equity & inclusiveness in the food system analysis
Food system dynamics play out differently depending on Food security walk Unpacking gender assumptions Reach, benefit or empower
who you are, your access to key resources, the decisions
you are able to make and how social and gender norms This tool raises awareness on This tool provides clarity on gender Not every intervention or strategy
affect the work you can do, or your ability to benefit from inequality mechanisms in the assumptions underlying a Theory of that targets disadvantaged groups
interventions. Therefore, it is key to identify the most food system. Based on character Change, which are often invisible but has the same intended outcome.
relevant social groups for the formulated objectives. descriptions, participants respond very influencing. It addresses the This tool helps to understand the
Gender and age are often important factors, but also think to statements which helps them to risks of ignoring gender to achieve difference between reaching,
of other intersecting social markers such as religion, become aware of how food system inclusive food system outcomes. benefiting and empowering social
sexuality, social class, race, migrants, income, etc. For outcomes vary between different groups.
food systems, it is also relevant to distinguish where in social groups.
14The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
1
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Toolbox 1: System actors
How a food system operates depends for a great deal
on the actors who are involved. System actors entail This Toolbox component has two parts:
every individual, group and organisation that is somehow
involved in the food system. Within their interactions they a. Define actors and sphere of influence
shape, reshape and adjust the food system. For a good b. Analyse political economy & governance
understanding of the food system, it is therefore key to
understand who the actors are, how they act and interact,
and why they do so. This includes both the actors directly
involved in activities related to the food supply chain, as
well as supporting actors who provide supporting services
within the food system (Figure 1). Hence, this component
starts with defining the actors and their sphere of
influence.
For an even deeper understanding, we recommend also
doing a political economy and governance analysis.
This provides an overview of the power dynamics and
governance arrangements in the food system: who
benefits and who is excluded across different social axes of
privilege/marginalisation, including insight into one’s own
position. This analysis on power and governance is done
towards the end of the overall analysis.
An analysis of the system actors is preferably done through-
out the analysis: at the start to decide on whom to involve
in the analysis, throughout the analysis to understand
differences in benefits, influence and interest between
stakeholders in different parts of the food system, and at
the end to understand how to collaborate with whom in
order to activate leverage points. This will ultimately inform
your food system strategy.
Figure 1. Food supply chain actors (KIT/IIRR, 2010) 15The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
1
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Toolbox 1a: Define actors and sphere of influence
Introduction Short description on tools Quality principles
These tools create an understanding of the roles The tools will help to gain a detailed and structured Try to include a wide range of actors in this step.
different actors play in the food system, their objectives knowledge on the different actors/stakeholders and their Their role could be to give information, or be actively
and their sphere of influence. System dynamics are the spheres of influence. You can identify the varying degrees involved in the analysis. Think of formal and informal
result of the interests and influences of actors, which of importance of individual stakeholders/groups of stakeholders; conservative and transformative actors;
translate into their actions and their interactions. A stakeholders as well as how influential these are and what actors with different levels and forms of influence; actors
stakeholder analysis provides insight into the interests, their contribution might be. with different backgrounds; and actors with different
mandates, relationships and power levels of different roles in the food supply chain, society, community and
actors. Understanding the stakeholders’ arena, and who Creating a social network will provide you with a visual households. A key consideration is whose voices are
can activate leverage points, can inform strategies for overview of how the actors are connected. Combining included and excluded. For further information, see our
engagement with different actors in order to achieve the this with a visual representation of the objectives of the chapters on stakeholder involvement and equity and
formulated objective. stakeholders in the form of radar charts, shows a rich inclusiveness. Remember that not everybody needs to be
picture of the actors in the food system. The outcomes of involved all the time or needs to agree with everything.
these exercises are a stepping stone for the analysis on Rather aim for a balance of inclusion and efficiency.
political economy and governance. Always ask yourself: ‘What is the added value of including
this actor, at this moment?”.
Awareness tools Exploration tools Analytical tools
Stakeholder Stakeholder Journey Importance & Force field Immersion through Social network Objectives Food System
identification characteristics mapping influence matrix analysis shadowing analysis spiderweb chart governance arrange-
& roles ments framework
Fast visual overview Visualisation of the This tool captures the In a small group, map Immerse yourself in the Create a social map of Define the objectives
of the most relevant This tool defines roles process that different degree of influence the stakeholders in lives of people working actors to get insight by stakeholders in To diagnose strengths
stakeholders for the of stakeholders in the types of actors (in and level of importance support of, or working in the food system by into the contacts the food system and and weaknesses of food
issue at hand, and their food system. In com- particular your target that each stakeholder against, a policy goal or spending a day shad- of stakeholders, to place them in a chart. governance arrange-
relationships. Make bination with the ‘im- group) go through to attaches to the rele- objective. The forces owing them and asking whom knowledge and For each stakeholder, ments, this framework
sure to include a wide portance and influence achieve their goals. vant issues or possible are scored according them how they make resources are trans- create a chart and explores 5 principles:
range of stakeholders matrix,’ the outcomes objectives. to their magnitude decisions. ferred and who holds a score. Provides visual system-based problem
as explained in the enable a stakeholder broker position. Data overview of objectives framing, boundary-span-
quality principles. specific approach and is obtained through in the food system ning structures, adapt-
strategy. surveys. ability, inclusiveness,
transformative capacity.
40-60 min 1 hour 1-2 hours 60-90 min 1-2 hours 1 day per actor 5-10 days 0.5-2 days 0.5-2 days
16The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
1
WHAT IS DOING A SYSTEM FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 2
CHARACTE- 3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
RISTICS
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Toolbox 1b: Analyse political economy & governance
Introduction of the power dynamics in the food system, who benefits economy that are linked to the food system, including
and who’s excluded across different social axes of the local (food) policy frameworks. In the last part of the
This step gives insight into the sources of power that privilege/marginalisation, including insight into one’s analysis you analyse how power is distributed over the
influence the food system, and is meant for the latter own position. This will result in an overview of which different actors and institutions within the food system
part of the analysis. It builds on the previous package stakeholders could play a role in influencing the identified and how they influence the system behaviour through
on actors and sphere of influence. Plus, it addresses leverage points. formal and informal ‘rules of the game’.
the relation between political economy, governance
structures and the system characteristics and system Short description on tools Quality principles
behaviour. In many food system interventions, the
position of dominant players and paradigms tend to be The objective of the tools is to understand which forms In this analysis it is key to be sensitive to power dynamics
reinforced, resulting in a preservation of the status quo of power are involved and how the political economy and and stakes of the stakeholders that you invite in
or in some cases even a widening of the gap between governance structures interfere with the food system. We workshops and interviews. Nobody is neutral. That also
existing inequalities. Therefore, developing a good recommend to start with the tools that raise awareness includes your position as a researcher or commissioner
understanding of the dynamics of power, politics and on different forms of power within the food system and of the food system analysis. For more information, read
agency in food systems is crucial to tackle problems who benefits from the current status quo. As a next step the chapters on stakeholder involvement and equity and
adequately. At the end of this step you have an overview we recommend analysing the governmental and political inclusiveness.
Awareness tools Exploration tools Analytical tools
Forms of power Power ranking Governance Stakeholders power Political economy Five A’s: policy Netmapping Power & system Future
indicators in food systems assessment implications behaviour scenarios
This tool helps partic- This tool makes This tool combines
ipants consider what participants realise This global dataset This tool gives a deeper This qualitative method After a political econ- social network analysis Interviews regarding With this tool you com-
forms of power are that every person has shows a set of six understanding of the explores the political omy assessment, this and power mapping of the following ques- bine predictable and
being used in the food different statuses and national governance role of stakeholders commitment and op- tool helps to identify the stakeholders and tions: unpredictable changes
system. How do actors privileges which can indicators over time in the food system. portunities to advance the policy implications: how they influence out- • How do actors in the food system and
attempt to influence be situational, social, (since 1996) related to It visualises the agri-food policies. It should we aim for comes. Shows where and governance power dynamics to
the system? Are actors and personal. These dimensions such as relative importance combines stakeholder Altering, Adapting, synergies and conflicts structures influence sketch possible future
aiming to keep the attributes give the accountability, govern- and influence of each analysis with metrics of Avoiding, Awaiting, or between stakeholders feedback loops? outcomes.
status quo or aiming actor a certain level of ment effectiveness, stakeholder as well as political commitment Abandoning practices/ are in the network. • Which actors can in-
for change? power. law and regulation their place within the and reform. incentives? fluence the identified
food system leverage points?
• What are their inter-
ests?
45 min 1 hour 1 hour 1-3 days 1-3 days 0.5-2 days 30-120 min 1-3 days 1-5 days
17The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
2
WHAT IS DOING A FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS
3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Toolbox 2: System characteristics
The food system
This analytical component creates an overview of the Figure 2. Food system framework of van Berkum et al. (2018)
food system, including the system outcomes, activities
and underlying drivers. A food system analysis starts with
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS FOOD SYSTEM OUTCOMES
exploring food system outcomes. You will want to gain
insight into what the food system actually delivers. Some Science & Social Individual
Markets Policies Socio-economic outcomes
examples of outcomes are healthy diets, environmental technology organisations factors
pollution, and fair wages for agricultural labourers. You
don’t need to analyse all the outcomes. Let your food
system objective (Part 1) determine the focus of this FOOD SYSTEM ACTIVITIES FOOD SECURITY
analytical step.
Enabling environment Food environment
Food utilisation
In addition, the states and trends of the various elements
of the food system are being mapped. The mapping FOOD SUPPLY SYSTEM
includes the assessment of key indicators, as well as
understanding (historical) trends, synergies and trade-offs Food access
Agricultural Food storage, Food processing Food retail Food
of different food system parts. And because food systems production transport & trade & transformation & provisioning consumption
are connected to many other systems, they are riddled
with trade-offs, making it difficult to transition to more
sustainable systems. The food system framework of van Business services Consumer characteristics Food availability
Berkum et al. (2018) can be used as a checklist for topics
to be addressed (Figure 2). This will draw the attention
to the vulnerabilities of the food system, and identify the
most limiting factors to achieving the desired food system ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS
outcomes. Bio- Fossil Land, Environmental outcomes
Minerals Climate Water
diversity fuels soils
Depending on data availability
and knowledge gaps, this ana- This analytical
lytical component may consist component has
of a light document review two parts:
and use of expert knowledge
a. Analysing food
or more comprehensive
system outcomes
approaches such as scoping
b. Mapping food system
studies and surveys to gather
drivers and activities
the essential data.
18The Food System Decision Support Toolbox
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WHAT IS DOING A FROM
THE FSDS FOOD SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM
ACTORS
3
SYSTEM
BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS TO
TOOLBOX? ANALYSIS ACTIONS
Toolbox 2a: Analysing food system outcomes
Introduction Short description on tools Quality principles
Food systems produce three types of outcomes: food- For each of the three outcomes, we have included three It is key for the analysis to understand the differences in
nutrition outcomes, socio-economic outcomes and tools that can get you started depending on whether you outcomes for the relevant social groups. So for example,
environmental outcomes. Though food and nutrition is are creating awareness with a group, or are exploring the how the local diet differs between men and women and
the primary outcome of a food system, the related socio- topic further, or are doing a deep analytical dive. between youth and elderly and other social markers. Is
economic and environmental outcomes are recognised as If you have the opportunity to discuss in a multi- this difference due to consumer preferences, to access
being equally important. stakeholder workshop, it is best to start with an to food items or intra-household dynamics? For the
awareness tool first. Much of the exploration and deeper desk research such as the nutrition gap analysis, it is
analysis can be done in a smaller circle of experts. important to look beyond the average, and disaggregate
the outcomes by different social groups.
Awareness tools Exploration tools Analytical tools
Food-nutrition Socio-economic Environmental Food-nutrition Socio-economic Environmental Food-nutrition Socio-economic Environmental
What we eat Wealth ranking Transect walk Minimum cost of a Rapid sector Participatory land Nutrition gap Doughnut analysis
healthy diet assessment use mapping analysis
Draw a plate and Participatory tool to Organise a guided walk Use Kate Raworth’s ‘doughnut’ model to find
divide it according to identify wealth classes through a landscape Calculation method This assessment Identify how land use Based on the food the sweet spot for food systems to support
typical ingredients / and their attributes to jointly make sense in which you combine helps to zoom into is distributed and availability and health healthy livelihoods without trespassing planetary
food groups that are within communities. of how agriculture, market prices and performance of a how this has changed data you can analyse boundaries. See also Good Life Index.
consumed in local nature and economic nutritional values of sector, using a Sector over time. Shows local which elements lack in This can be applied to countries, landscapes,
diets, and where these activities coexist and/ local crops. Shows the Transformation model. perspectives on natural diets and for different cities, and so on.
come from. or compete. costs of a healthy diet Combines survey resources in the target groups. A good
| 0.5 day and good value food and focus group landscape, and where source is the DHS
products. discussions. This vulnerabilities are. programme.
example is on impact
Covid-19 on agriculture.
1 hour 2 hours 0.5-2 days 1-3 days 8days 0.5-2 days 2-10 days 1-5 days
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