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CULTURAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTEXT
BOFFA MISKELL │ PENLINK CULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN FRAMEWORK : │ CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
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CONTEXT
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE specialist. The IIG comprises a wide range of iwi partners to ensure that ‘Te Rae’, refers to the historical network of kāinga across the significant
To all Mana Whenua who are inextricably linked through shared ancestral the breadth and depth of the cultural landscape are considered and all ridgelines enhancing the sense of belonging. Bound to the area through
rights and ahi kaa to the Okura/Wēiti/Whangaparāoa region dating as partners with rohe in the Penlink region are considered. The IIG partners whakapapa creates opportunity for Mana Whenua to achieve visual
far back as the 14th century. These rights arise from Ngaoho whom all include: connections to specific stories and place names.
Mana Whenua whakapapa to and descend from. This area was part of the
lands traditionally known as ‘Te Whenua roa o Kahu’ (the extensive lands • Te Kawerau a Maki • Ngati Whanaunga
of Kahu) which extend from Takapuna (Devonport) to Whangaparāoa • Ngati Manuhiri • Ngati Whatua o Kaipara TE RAE
network of kainga
including the contemporary North Shore. • Ngati Maru • Te Patukirikiri
To all Mana Whenua this region is a cultural landscape that has been • Ngati Paoa Iwi Trust • Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua
occupied over many centuries. This is reflected in the numerous place • Ngati Paoa Trust Board
names, landmarks, and recorded archaeological sites that dominate the
wider area. The area is associated with important tupuna and significant All partners with rohe in the Penlink region have created principles
battles, as well as a network of kāinga (open settlements), gardens, pā and values that identify similar design outcomes and acknowledge the
sites, walking tracks ,wāhi tapu, and resource gathering areas. Landscape environment and objects within the environment, as having not only a
features such as the Okura and Wēiti rivers were significant transport physical presence, but having spiritual and metaphysical value as well.
routes and food gathering areas, while the ridgelines of the interior were From the principles and values, we have an overall design outcome which
used as walking track and also for gardening using terraces and pits. relates to the concept of ‘Oranga Tonutanga’ the continued health and
The river catchments and coast afforded an abundance of marine birds well-being of the taiao/ environment from land to sea and the amenities ‘Ki uta ki tai’, refers to the transitional phases of water and
and fish, while the wooded interior provided timber and complimentary they provide for the hapori/ community. acknowledges the Wēiti and Okura waterways from headland to sea that
terrestrial freshwater bird and fish resources. The relationship between reconnects boundaries. This will create opportunities and awareness of
“Kia haumaru te mauri o te whenua, o te moana, ka haumaru te mauri
Long Bay, Okura, Wēiti, Whangaparāoa, and Tiritiri Matangi cannot be understanding the historical significance and cultural processes of water.
o te ira tangata – To revive, to restore and protect the life essence of the
understated as a cultural landscape on a macro level, while this region
land and sea, the life essence of human-kind must be enhanced” (Ngaati KI UTA KI TAI
also has important connections with the outer Hauraki Gulf islands.
Whanaunga) journey of water
CULTURAL NARRATIVES Before we provide healthy lifestyles and amenities for the present and
An Iwi Integration Group (IIG) was formed for Waka Kotahi to work with future generations the following design strategies takes us on a journey
Mana Whenua to achieve positive outcomes for all partners with rohe in from land to sea by the learnings of the past.
the Penlink region. An intergenerational landscape is a desire by all, to
establish connections with the immediate and surrounding communities
influenced by the historic interaction of people and their environment.
The project has the intention to give effect to cultural principles of the
and narrative by collaborating with Iwi to co-design with an iwi design
‘Te Tini a Tāne’, refers to the sheltered haven provided by the living
nature. The shift from density to openness - urban to nature assists in
creating opportunities for restoring natural ecosystems and a better
understanding of significant cultural practices – rongoā, mahinga kai,
mahi raranga, mahi toi.
7(7,1,$7Œ1(
living with nature
ORANGA TONUTANGA
continued health and wellbeing
healthy lifestyles, providing amenities for thriving
and safer communities
PAINTING : LOOKING NORTH FROM KARANGAHAPE RIDGE 1840
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
SITES OF SIGNIFICANCE TO IWI Whangaparāoa
To Te Kawerau a Maki, their origins arise from the first inhabitants of
This name translates to ‘the bay of the
the land – the Turehu, to the arrival of the Tainui, Aotea, Tokomaru,
sperm whale’. While this name strictly
Kahuitara and Kurahaupo waka/ canoes in the 14th century. Maki the
referred to the large bay to the north
eponymous ancestor was a famed warrior who conquered much of the
of the peninsula, it was also applied
region during the early 1600’s. In time his descendants occupied lands
to the whole surrounding area. The
from Hikurangi (West Auckland), to Te Whenua roa ō Kahu (the North
eastern end of the Peninsula was a
Shore), Whangaparāoa, Mahurangi, Matakanakana, Pakiri, southern
desirable place to live because of
Kaipara, and the gulf islands of Aotea (Great Barrier Island), Hauturu o
its strategic location and abundance
Toi (Little Barrier Island) and Tirtiri Matangi. Today Te Kawerau a Maki
are recognised as Mana Whenua over the Waitākere Region and greater
in natural resources. It was an Ideal $ 2$
stop over point from the Waitematā $5
West Auckland with sole iwi rights over the Waitākere Ranges. They are * $3
also associated with many other geographic locations and areas through
Harbour to Mahurangi by canoe. Ngāti $1
Kahu settlement were based around :+
specific tikanga/ customs, Waiata/ songs, Ingoa/ Place Names, and
Te Haruhi Bay because it provided the
histories of the people.
best site for cultivating food.
To Ngāti Manuhiri, from Tainui ancestors, known collectively as Ngāoho,
Otaimaro/ Karepiro Bay
their descendants occupied the greater Tāmaki Makaurau, Kaipara,
Mahurangi districts and Hauraki Gulf Islands since the 14th century. The traditional name for the former
Manuhiri the eponymous ancestor was the eldest son of warrior chieftain *,
Kāinga at Karepiro Bay, Wēiti, is 0$7$1
Maki, thus Ngāti Manuhiri in their own right have unbroken ties to their Otaimaro, so named after Taimaro 7,5,7,5,
ancestral rohe/ region, extending back many years. His people settled (also known as Manu) the direct
permanently in the southern Kaipara, Waitākere, Whenua Roa ō Kahu descendant of Tawhiakiterangi.
(North Shore) and Mahurangi districts. Manuhiri and his brothers Taimaro lived at times at Long Bay,
defeated the original occupants of Whakarewaroto (Long Bay), Karepiro Ōkura, Karepiro Bay (Wēiti Station),
(Ōkura) and Huruhuruwaea (Tāwharanui). Ngāti Manuhiri made strategic Rarohara (Arkles Bay) and Te
marriages with coastal tribal groups who occupied the coastline and Haruhi (Shakespear Regional Park).
strengthened further links with the land, sea and islands east from Taimaro’s occupation of the area is
Paepae ō Tū (Bream Trail) to Te Raki Paewhenua (Takapuna Area). remembered in the sand spits/ wahi 2
tapu at Karepiro Bay – “Te Ringa Kaha .$ 7$,0$
The project area was part of the lands traditionally known as Te Whenua 5(3
ō Manu”. ,52 52
roa ō Kahu (the extensive lands of Kahu) which extended from Takapuna %$
(Devonport) to Whangaparāoa including the North Shore. The name Tiritiri Matangi
<
belongs to Ngāti Kahu, who Kahu the eponymous ancestor who is a 7(
2
grandchild of Maki. The eponymous ancestor Maki 1(
gave the name Tiritiri Matangi which
52
The following are significant sites to Iwi within the project area: $
translates to ‘tossed by the wind’ as it Ż
.
reminded him of his home beside the $+
Ż.
Ōkura 8
Kawhia Harbour in the Waikato region.
85
The name means ‘the dwelling place of Kura’ and applies to the Ōkura Tiritiri Matangi Island is a base for
$
area and pā to the north of Long Bay. The place known as Karepiro in shark fishing and of high cultural value 9LHZ6KDIWWR7H0RDQDQXLD7RL
Ōkura was the location of a battle between Te Kawerau a Maki and the as an open nature reserve.
3URMHFW$UHD
Ngāoho people. The DOC reserve and river habitat are of high value to
Mana Whenua. Te Moana Nui ō Toi
Te Oneroa ō Kahu (Long Bay) The name translates to ‘The Great Sea of Toi’ and has a special
association to Ngāti Manuhiri. This large area of ocean extends from
Named after Kahu, ‘The long sandy beach of Kahu’ holds significance Pokohinu (the Mokohinu Islands) in the north and Te Awanui o Hei
as the location of a decisive battle where, led by Maki, Manuhiri and his (Colville Channel) in the south/ south east. Within this area were shark
brothers defeated the original occupants of Whakarewaroto (southern fishing grounds and annual migration routes for Whales. They would often
Long Bay). become stranded (and still do) along the coast, bringing rich bounty for
the tribe.
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NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
ECOLOGY The following landscape features is classified as an ONF in the (AUP(OiP)
(refer to Protected Areas figure).
This section of the CEDF describes the natural landscape context of the
project. It describes the main landscape features, rivers, catchments, Outstanding Natural Feature 244 - Wēiti River shell spits: “Some
Outstanding Natural Landscapes (ONL), Outstanding Natural Features of the best examples in New Zealand of actively forming intertidal shell
(ONF’s), High Natural Character Areas. The Wēiti River merges into the spits” 2. This feature sits approximately 685m from the proposed bridge
Hauraki Gulf to the southern extent of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula crossing.
(see Protected Areas figure). The estuarine Wēiti River flows in a south
easterly position between the Whangaparāoa Peninsula and Okura, The following High Natural Character Areas within proximity to the
and adjacent to Silverdale at the eastern end of the project. Rising from proposed road are classified in the (AUP(OiP) (refer to Protected Areas
the Wēiti Stream in the low hills west of Silverdale, the upper stream figures).
stretches of the river are heavily grown with mangroves which become High Natural Character Area 90 – Wade Heads: “extensively vegetated
less prevalent as the river widens and deepens. in remnant coastal forest but its margins, and coastal edge to the north” 3.
The project bridges the river to the north of Stillwater to join with the This character area runs along the eastern side of the Wēiti River and
peninsular, passing over marine and terrestrial Significant Ecological Area extends up the embankment to include the remnant coastal forest. This
(SEA) overlays and a High Natural Character (NHC) overlay. character area is positioned 1.4km south of the proposed route alignment.
The project sits within the Tamaki Ecological District, defined by its High Natural Character Area 91 – Wēiti River: “This escarpment is
largely modified character with much of the area now subject to urban predominantly vegetated in remnant and regenerating coastal forest. The
development. Indigenous habitats types are restricted to coastal areas escarpments intertidal margins and a small intertidal island of mangrove
and steep gully sides, which have ecologically significant coastal marine, clearly express the tidal fluctuations of the river” 3. The proposed Wēiti
terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Habitats types include; remnant kauri River bridge crossing is positioned over the top of this High Natural OUTSTANDING NATURAL FEATURE 244 - WĒITI RIVER SHELL SPITS
forest; broadleaved-podocarp forest; gumland scrub; regenerated kanuka Character Area
forests; large forested coastal escarpments; volcanic forest remnants; and High Natural Character Area 92 - Chenery Road: “A prominent
coastal forest. escarpment that flanks the northern banks of the Wēiti River. The
interplay of the headland, Wēiti River and the large intertidal flats and
mangrove colonies to the south, heighten both the legibility of the coastal
landforms that flank the river and the intertidal processes associated with
the Wēiti River” 3. This character area is 1.9km north of the proposed route
alignment.
High Natural Character Area 93 - Wēiti River Shell Spits: “An
assemblage of shell banks, sand spits, coastal escarpments and intertidal
flats that demarcate the entrance of the Wēiti River into the Haruaki Gulf.
Despite the modified nature of the hinterland vegetation, the coastal
escarpment to the north of Dacre Cottage, is extensively vegetated
in mature and regenerating native forest. Moreover, the underlying
landforms remain unmodified and highly legible as they jut out into the
river channel” 3. This HNC extends from the Hauraki Gulf up the Wēiti
River up to Stillwater approximately 770m from the proposed bridge
crossing.
DUCK CREEK ROAD SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGICAL AREA
High Natural Character Area 94 - Okura River: “An assemblage of HIGH NATURAL CHARACTER AREA 91 – WĒITI RIVER
steep coastal escarpments, hills, shell banks and sand spits that form
The following landscape feature is classified as an ONL in the (AUP(OiP) the northern banks of the Okura River” 3. “Part of the coastal environment Footnotes:
(refer to Protected Areas figures) adjoins the exotic plantations of the Wēiti Forest whereby the taller 1.
Auckland Unitary Plan (OIP), Schedule 7 Outstanding Natural Landscape Overlay Schedule.
ONL 51 - Okura Estuary Headlands: “Strongly defined river corridor forestry species partly crest the inland ridge to the north and dominate
flanked by sedimentary cliffs to the south (Okura) and native forest across the western margins” 3. This HNC extends from the Hauraki Gulf up the 2.
Auckland Unitary Plan (OIP), Schedule 6 Outstanding Natural Feature Overlay Schedule.
slopes and coastal ridges to the north framing a mixture of open water, Wēiti River up to Stillwater approximately 1.7km from the proposed route 3.
Auckland Unitary Plan (OIP), Schedule 8 Outstanding Natural Character and High Natural
sand/ mud flats and mangroves” 1. This ONL extends from the Hauraki Gulf alignment. Character Overlay Schedule.
up the Wēiti River up to Stillwater approximately 3km from the proposed
bridge crossing.
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HISTORIC AND EXISTING ECOSYSTEMS
Auckland Council have identified 36 terrestrial and wetland ecosystems, significantly reduce populations of native fauna, many of which are
and their regional variants. This was based on the national ecosystem important pollinators and seed dispersers.
classification system developed by the Department of Conservation POTENTIAL (OR ‘NATURAL’) ECOSYSTEM
(Singers and Rogers 2014). Ecosystems identified within the scheme Localised threats in the Auckland region include rural and urban EXTENT (SINGERS & ROGERS 2014)
designation are described in this section. development, soil erosion and the spread of the invasive Phytophthora
agathidicida (Kauri dieback) in kauri forests. Kauri dieback is a serious
threat to kauri and kauri forest ecosystems.
REGENERATING ECOSYSTEMS
These ecosystems are defined by regeneration following natural SA1: Mangrove forest and scrub - This variable ecosystem occupies frost-
disturbance (fire, volcanic activity etc.) or revert following human free estuarine systems to mean low-water springs (within tidal estuaries,
disturbance such as abandoned farmland. In some situations regenerating inlets, rivers and streams) and is associated with tides with salinity
vegetation acts as a buffer between more mature ecosystem types. >5%. Salinity varies greatly based on salt and water input and dilution.
Typically these ecosystems establish with pioneering species arriving at a Inundation during high tides may result in hypersaline conditions for a
site and compete with other fast growing species to establish themselves. limited period until evaporation occurs.
In the Auckland region, manuka and kanuka are common species that This ecosystem type has seven
establish in this way. Regenerating ecosystems are usually a temporary CURRENT ECOSYSTEM EXTENT
variants, within the footprint of the
stage in natural succession to another to more diverse and typically taller designation only SA1.2 is present.
forest. This variant is characterised
Regenerating ecosystems are a key part of the Auckland region and are as mangrove forest and scrub
a familiar site across the landscape. Key threats to these ecosystems occurring in areas of frequent
are pest vegetation, pest mammals, physical isolation from other similar tidal inundation with abundant
ecosystems and clearance. silt deposition, particularly near
stream and river mouths.
VS2: Kanuka scrub/forest - Kanuka comprises 10 closely related species
which commonly occur in early vegetation successions. Scrub occupies RESTORATION PLANTING
many sites that were formerly tall forest. Kanuka scrub is promoted by To achieve the vegetation
fire, which prevents its displacement by tall forest species such as beech restoration and ecological
and podocarps. mitigation goals of the project a
Restoration Planting Programme
VS3: Manuka, Kanuka scrub - Manuka and kanuka have two similar
(RPP) and Landscape Plans will
ecological roles and regeneration strategies: permanent dominance and/
be developed. These documents
or early successional species. Manuka are able to colonise extreme
will build on the basic principles
environments that are wet, cold, exposed, infertile or unstable for tall
aims and objectives set out in the
forests. Kanuka occupies sites which are dry. Mixed environments feature
CEDF.
a mixture of manuka and kanuka species. This occurs most commonly on
free-draining soils suitable for indigenous forest throughout sub-humid The accompanying RPP
and humid zones. There are two regional variants “VS3.1: A mosaic of document uses the work of the
kanuka and manuka dominated scrub” and VS 3.2: Manuka dominated Singer study to understand the
scrub”. original ecosystems of the project
area. It incorporates current
FOREST ECOSYSTEMS vegetation typologies and habitats
Most forest ecosystems in the Auckland region are fragmented due to to recommend revegetation
human modification and disturbance. Successional and regenerating typologies. SINGERS, N.; OSBORNE, B.; LOVEGROVE, T.; JAMIESON, A.; BOOW, J.;
SAWYER, J.; HILL, K.; ANDREWS, J.; HILL, S.; WEBB, C. 2017. INDIGENOUS
forest remnants now occur within urban and rural land uses. However, TERRESTRIAL AND WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS OF AUCKLAND. AUCKLAND
many of Auckland’s forests retain high levels of diversity and species The Landscape Plans will provide COUNCIL. [ISBN 978-0-9941351-7-9]
richness. All of the forests in the Auckland region are threatened to a structure detailing existing
various degrees. Many of the threats to long-term viability of forest vegetation to be retained,
ecosystems in the Auckland region are similar to those seen elsewhere retaining walls, visual mitigation,
in New Zealand. These include habitat destruction, fragmentation, edge proposed planting and habitat
effects and invasion by pest plants. Pest animals also cause serious enhancements.
damage to forests through browsing and seed predation, stock cause
damage though browsing and trampling. Mammalian predators also
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TOPOGRAPHY
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CONTEXT
SLOPE
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>35 (Very steep)
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CONTEXT
UNITARY PLAN ZONE
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PROTECTED AREAS
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HYDROLOGY
The Wēiti River leading to the Okura River estuary is the most prominent
hydrological feature within the study area including Outstanding Natural
Landscapes, Outstanding Natural Features and High Natural Character
Areas.
The intricate network of streams which weave through the landscape
can be traced back to hill ranges to the west and Riverhead Forest,
most notably the Dairy Stream and Wēiti Stream. The small Duck Creek
tributary is a culmination of several smaller waterways which run through
the lower lying land of Wēiti Station (left).
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
PEOPLE AND PLACE
HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Tainui waka are described historically as visiting and naming
The Penlink designation extends between SH1 northeast towards Whangaparāoa in the 14th century. Settlers from this waka were from two
Stillwater, across the Wēiti River to the Whangaparāoa Peninsula. The tribal groups, Ngaoho and Ngāti Tai who gained an Arawa connection after
designation runs through Wēiti Station and the northern part of the Wēiti Tahuwhakatiki from the Te Arawa canoe also settled in Whangaparāoa.
Forest Block, which has periodically been forested with pinus radiata In the early 17th century a large group of Ngāti Awa migrated north to the
since the 1980’s. The area to the south of the designation most recently Tamaki Isthmus and were influential on the Whangaparāoa district. One
harvested in 2014 and north of the designation harvested in 2017. The of numerous battles at Whangaparāoa Peninsula were the Ngaoho people
soils along the route are largely clay with most of the vegetation cover were defeated and absorbed by intermarriage. The Ngāti Kahu tribal
consisting of pastoral grassland with pockets of mature forest to the west. group took their name from Kahu, a descendent of Ngāti Awa leadership.
To the east around Duck Creek and the Wēiti River banks feature areas of
In the mid 17th century Hauraki tribes and Marutuahu Confederation
native bush.
sought to control the shark fishing grounds off the Whangaparāoa
Historically a shift in vegetation coverage occurred between the late 19th Peninsula. The Ngāti Paoa iwi had constructed a pā on the adjoining
century and 20th century, were cleared of mature kauri forest and native island of Tiritiri Matangi, to fish off the “Tauranga Mango” off the north
bush to make way for farming. The river banks and coastal areas of the coastline of the peninsula. Ngāti Kahu had their own pā at Rarowhara, at
TIMBER SCOW UNLOADING ON THE WADE RIVER IN 1907 (SIR GEORGE GREY SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, AUCKLAND
designation are most suitable for Māori settlements. The river and stream the northern end of the Wēiti River. LIBRARIES, AWNS-19071219-17-2)
network would have provided transportation opportunities and a large
Ngāti Kahu and Kawerau had defeated Ngāpuhi in the 1790’s at
amount of archaeological sites are concentrated around this area.
Waiwhariki, in 1821 a large Ngāpuhi taua (war party) journeyed south ARCHAEOLOGY
the avenge the loss. Ngāti Kahu supported by the surrounding Kawerau A number of archaeological sites have been recorded within the vicinity
MĀORI SETTLEMENT iwi were heavily defeated. Survivors fled inland where they lived in exile of the Wēiti River and along the Whangaparāoa Peninsula, the majority of
Māori settlement of the Whangaparāoa (translated as the ‘Bay of Whales) near Muriwai, before fleeing to Waikato for nearly a decade. Ngāti Kahu these relate to pre-European occupation of the area by Māori. The most
area is related to the settlement of Waitematā in the south and Mahurangi gradually returned to the Whangaparāoa district in the 1830s. In the 19th common sites are “shell middens” along the coastal margins, with a few
to the north. The Whangaparāoa Peninsula was an important node in century inter-tribal relationships including the peaceful settlement and larger occupation sites such as pā in strategic locations along the coast.
migration, conquests and trading for a number of groups, Ngāti Kahu held marriages with Ngāti Whātua, enabled Ngāti Kahu to live in peace on their Archaeological investigation of sites in the area are limited, although shell
mana whenua for the area into recent times. lands at Orewa, Whangaparāoa and Okura for over a century. middens in Wēiti Station represent Māori habitation during pre-European
settlement. Thirteen archaeological sites were in the vicinity of the road
designation. Two recorded sites, described as middens may be affected
geotechnical tests.
The pre-European use of the area by Māori was based on the extraction
of marine resources and settlement complexes. These include a
defendable pā at Dacre Point, and probable habitation areas in the
Close-up of Map showing Gum interior near gardens on terraced slopes of the ridges and predominantly
Reserves set out in the NZ near the coast.
Government records dated 1903
in and around the project area Archaeological Investigation within the designation have been undertaken
(source: National Library Website between 1982-2014 . These sites were revisited in November 2000 and
New Zealand. Department of Lands records were updated. Sites identified within the designation are all
Survey, New Zealand. Crown Lands midden sites, three on the western side and three on the eastern side of
Department, New Zealand. General the Wēiti River. Six other sites were identified close to the designation,
Survey Office, Land Corporation, New five of which were midden sites and one the remnants and foundations of
Zealand. Department of Conservation, a dam/domestic water wheel.
New Zealand. Department of
Lands, New Zealand. Department Archaeological investigations undertaken in 2014 and 2021 were unable
of Agriculture. (1903). Map showing to identify all of the sites from previous reporting due to dense cover
kauri-gum reserves, Auckland, N.Z. : by vegetation. It was considered that these were previously accurately
Under “The Kauri-gum Industry Act, reported, but would likely have been damage due to tree growth or tidal
1898”, March 31st, 1903. Wellington, erosion. There is the possibility that additional undetected midden are
N.Z.: Dept. of Lands and Survey.) present close to the banks of the Wēiti River on the bridge approaches.
There were no sites recorded in within the designation in the former Wēiti
Station. The location of discovered archaeological sites are shown in the
Archaeology figure.
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NEW ZEALAND UPGRADE PROGRAMME
CONTEXT
ARCHAEOLOGY
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LEGEND
Cultural Heritage Index
Penlink Designation
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NEW ZEALAND UPGRADE PROGRAMME
CONTEXT
PEOPLE AND PLACE
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
The project and it’s surrounding landscape has been divided into the five Landscape Character Areas (LCAs).
The process of determining LCAs involved mapping land use, elevation, slope, hydrology, land cover and aerial WHANGAPAROA
photography to define land use. Five LCAs were identified as part of the consenting process and are identified in
the plan to the right. WĒITI RIVER CROSSING AND APPROACHES
REDVALE INTERCHANGE
The following are the key characteristics of this LCA (and the surrounding land to the north and south of the
route alignment.
- This land use within the LCA primarily comprises a large expanse of pastoral grassland across an undulating
landscape. Trees and other vegetation are present along linear roadways and are a dispersed across the land
form.
- The four-lane Northern Motorway (SH1), has two lanes running each way and is separated by a low median DUCK CREEK
barrier. The SH1 route is closely followed to the west by the East Coast Road arterial road.
- To the west land rises gently over a small knoll. Over time residential properties have been developed,
providing residents with extensive views over the Dairy Flat landscape. The sloped landscape between the
properties and the Northern Motorway is largely planted with exotic conifers trees planted for amenity. These
trees largely prohibit views of the Northern Motorway from these properties.
- A small waterway East Coast Road, however this is not a noticeable form in the landscape due to the scrub
vegetation surrounding the channel. The waterway is highly modified and typical of many other water channels
and gullies in the wider Wēiti landscape.
- A large expanse of this LCA has been designated as a Future Urban Zone (FUZ). This zoning anticipates that
the area will be developed with a higher density of housing and urban development.
REDVALE TO DUCK CREEK
REDVALE INTERCHANGE
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREA MAP
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CONTEXT
PEOPLE AND PLACE
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
REDVALE TO DUCK CREEK DUCK CREEK
- This LCA passes between large Wēiti Forest and Wēiti Station lands holdings. The land has a rolling - This LCA marks a point where the landscape makes a distinctive change from the open rural land to the
topography interspersed with waterways which run through the gullies. The majority of these are streams are not west, to a more heavily vegetated and treed landscape. This also marks the transition to a greater level of
vegetated, however pockets of scrub are present around the waterways development including the Stillwater settlement, which contains approximately 200 residential properties with
a remote coastal character. Within the centre of the settlement properties are at a higher density than the
- Wēiti Station to the north of the route alignment is largely pastoral in character, defined by large irregular properties at the edge of the settlement which are at a lower density and surrounded by mature vegetation.
shaped paddocks divided by standard rural battened wire fences. A number of farm houses are dotted across
the LCA as are farming structures, these are fairly widely distributed on average but often appear in small - Duck Creek is a small tributary that feeds into the Wēiti River to the north of the project. Many of the small
clusters. waterways within Wēiti Station feed into Duck Creek, from a landscape perspective the creek is only significant
in the area immediately surrounding the estuary. The estuary is most visible adjacent to Duck Creek Road where
- The south of the route alignment is identified as Wēiti Forest, this extends to the Okura Bush Scenic Reserve it largely consists of a narrow water channel flanked by a mixture of native and exotic scrub but predominantly
(approximately km south east of the project area) and Okura River. In the vicinity of the proposed road, the kanuka and manuka.
forest is managed as a productive pine forest, with various sections of the forest in different stages of age or
production. - The topography to the west is much steeper than the land to the east and drops steeply towards the
surrounding estuary. The main access to the settlement Stillwater via Duck Creek Road winds its way around
- The area to the north of project designation is zoned as Rural – Countryside Living Zone and land to the south numerous spurs, before descending into the settlement basin through a dense canopy of native trees. In a few
is designated as a Rural – Conservation Zone. places these trees have been cleared to provide for small paddocks, largely used for grazing lifestyle animals in
small holdings.
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CONTEXT
PEOPLE AND PLACE
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
WĒITI RIVER CROSSING AND APPROACHES WHANGAPAROA
- The proposed Wēiti River crossing will be situated to the north of the Stillwater settlement launching form a
- This LCA is the most urbanised within the project area and has been increasingly developed for residential
spur at the top of the valley above the settlement. The LCA is dominated by the influence of the Wēiti River,
purposes particularly at the western end of the route and to the south of the project area. Within the project area
which at the crossing point is approximately 290m wide. Its source starts from the Wēiti Stream, a small tributary
and to the north the landscape remains dominated by largely native (but modified) bush cover. The topography
that runs through Silverdale a few kilometres to the north. It widens into a tidal estuary, characterised by shallow
of this area, above the steep hill slope flanking the estuary, is gently rolling with a gradual east facing slope
mudflats and cluster of mangroves.
down to Whangaparāoa Road.
- In the vicinity of the proposed river crossing the river splits into two channels which low around a low level
- A series of small waterways and tributaries run through shallow gullies, although from a landscape perspective
muddy island covered in riparian vegetation. The estuary is a popular recreational boating location with the
these are not significant features, except perhaps where modifications to the landform create a small number of
Stillwater Boating Club (SWBC) and private jetties providing access to the water.
ponds.
- The western side of the estuary is dominated by the Stillwater settlement, access to the water is primarily form
- The proposed route alignment runs through a small scenic reserve before connecting to Whangaparāoa Road,
the SWBC, however private jetties and Stillwater Motor Camp also have a close relationship to the waterway.
this reserve acts as a catchment for the surrounding urbanised residential area and commercial retail cluster.
- The eastern side of the estuary contains Archers Block 24.6ha lot which has been identified for as being able
to accommodate ecological offset planting.
- The eastern side of the estuary rises sharply from the water, the steep slopes are largely covered in modified
bush largely comprising native trees and vegetation. To the north of the project area and within the project
footprint is over the Wēiti River High Natural Character area #9. To the south of the project area the extent of
bush area diminishes and an increasing number of residential properties, a collection of large glass house and a
small olive grove.
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CONTEXT
MOVEMENT AND ACCESS
WALKING AND CYCLING
The proposed route does not connect to any existing or established routes.
The closest cycle route to the east of the route is approximately 1km away
from the route in Stanmore Bay Park. The closest route to the west of the
proposal is “Hibiscus Coast Highway (SH1 to Silverdale)”, approx. 5.5km
away. There is the opportunity to create future cycle links to Silverdale to the
north, to the surrounding FUZ and to Stillwater, where users will originate.
Opportunities to use the maintenance access tracks as for walking tracks
should be explored during the design development.
A linear park along the designation is an opportunity for a recreational
resource for walkers and cyclists, this would be a desirable destination
in itself. Providing a new leisure opportunity as well as a functional route
for transportation route between Stillwater, Silverdale, the FUZ and the
Whangaparāoa Peninsula.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
The proposed link road will create a new faster and shorter bus route
between the Whangaparāoa Peninsula and State Highway 1. This offers Weiti River
a more direct route than the 982 bus route which follows Whangaparāoa Crossing
Road and has the potential for an express route to Auckland city centre.
The proposed link road would avoid congestion along Whangaparāoa Road
allowing for swifter movement. Auckland Transport (AT) have identified new
direct bus route(s) out to the Whangaparoa area with a local interchanges
close along the link road. Opportunities for supporting the AT local Opportunity for
interchanges serving Stillwater and the FUZ should be explored. bus interchange
to Stillwater
WĒITI RIVER AND APPROACHES
The Wēiti River is the most sensitive natural element along the proposed
route with important a high environmental value and cultural relevance. The
approaches to the river, particularly on the western banks, have been shown
to have a particularly high density for archaeological remains and evidence
of historic occupation.
The Wēiti Crossing Investigation of Bridge Alternatives: Visual and Opportunity for
Landscape Assessment (LA4, July 1999) considered the potential visual a pedestrian and
cycle links to Weiti
impacts and landscape effects and concluded that a “Balanced Cantilever” and Okura
bridge was the preferred option. This design required two piers within the
Wēiti River, but on balance was considered to have the least landscape and
visual effects of the options available. As part of the consultation process it
was decided that the coloured finish to the bridge should “integrate well with
Project Area
its surroundings, or create a distinct landmark feature”. It was considered Opportunity
for potential bus
that the mixing red oxide into the bridge would increase the “visual quality” of interchange
Future Urban Zone
the bridge and create a landmark feature. This was proposed to reduce the
Bus Route - Existing
negative effects due to the introduction of “stark” new concrete. With respect
to the advancements of construction methodologies, colourising technology Bus Route - Proposed
and structural design, alternate options should be considered for this
significant structure. The river is a historical transportation route which is still Cycle and Walkway/ Shared Path - Existing
well used today, the experience of the river crossing should be considered
Cycle and Walkway/ Shared Path - Proposed
within the detailed design.
Cycle and Walkway/ Shared Path - Potential
Future
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CONTEXT
CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
ConservationOpen
ZoneSpace - Conservation Zone
A series of opportunities and constraints have been identified along the
route of the designation. These will guide the development and focus Residential - Single House Zone
gle House Zone
areas of the route, landscape and ecological design of the project.
Bridge to form
ge Lot ZoneResidential - Large Lot Zone a Gateway to
Whangaparaoa. Minimise
Residential
ral and Coastal - Rural
Settlement Zoneand Coastal Settlement Zone impact on Weiti River.
Opportunities Opportunity for bridge
Rural - Countryside Living Zone design to reÁect cultural
• Enhancement of Archers Block to maximise re-vegetation, habitat ide Living Zone
narrative.
creation and enhancement.
Rural - Rural Conservation Zone
nservation Zone
• Re-vegetation and connection with the Wēiti Conservation Area Opportunity
for bridge design
• Potential for an ecological corridor to connect with the Okura Reserve to reÁect cultural
through mitigation planting. narrative.
• Potential to create an ecological corridor along Duck Creek to the
Wēiti River. Noise wall to Opportunity to create
reÁect cultural a shared walkway and
• Creation of a “Greenway” along the transportation corridor. narrative cycleway link to Stillwater
• Enhance the coastal margins either side of the Wēiti River.
Opportunity for
• Enhancement and re-vegetation of streams and habitats in proximity bus interchange
to the designation. to Stillwater
If possible remove
retaining walls. If possible
• Creation of future cycleway connection to Silverdale and the future remove retaining
urban zone at the western side of the designation. Investigate green
engineering options walls.
Investigate green
• Opportunity to create a linear park environment throughout the route. engineering
options
• Opportunity for bridge designs to reinforce cultural narratives and
create a gateway to Whangaparāoa.
• Opportunity for a new pedestrian and cycle way link with Stillwater Opportunity for
and Te Araroa Trail. bridge design to
reinforce cultural
• Providing the opportunity for future connections to Stillwater and the narrative.
FUZ to achieve a cohesive urban design connection. Create a
linear park
Constraints
Opportunity for bridge
• The surrounding steepness and topography of the landscape. design to reinforce
cultural narrative.
• The constrained extent of the designation, resulting in retaining
solutions being required.
• Future proofing the design for the expansion from a two lane to a four
lane road. Shared
path future
• Lack of area within the designation to offset ecological effects. connection to
Silverdale
Shared path
conection west of
SH1
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CONTEXT
PROJECT SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES
PROJECT VISION
The following Project Vision plan is a result of a series of workshops Rivers and Waterways
Open Space - Conservation Zone
involving key stakeholders, Mana Whenua and technical experts. The
identified key drivers of the Project Vision have been summarised below s/ Narrative Representation
Streams, Rivers and Waterways
and are plotted on the adjacent route map. Whangaparoa
tat Connection
Gateways/ Narrative Representation Gateway
CONNECTION al Spaces
Key Habitat Connection
• Tangata whenua
s
Transitional Spaces
• Communities Caring for Water
• Green Corridors Walkways and Valley Slopes
Views
• Nature and habitats
• Leisure opportunities k
L in
ild
tW
JOURNEY es
• Story Telling W n ey
rth ur
• Historic Māori tribal movements No J o
or
y
or
• Daily commutes
St
• Opportunities for all transport modes a
Connecting g
l l in
Catchments Te
TRANSITION
• Crossing of the Wēiti River
• Moving between urban and rural environments
• Gateway opportunities
Connecting Habitats
Welcome/ Activation
WĒITI RIVER
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