CONSULTATION ON THE OUTLINE AND PRINCIPLES FOR THE FIRST STATUTORY CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN 2022-2027 - Cabinet Office Consultation Paper
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CONSULTATION ON THE OUTLINE AND PRINCIPLES FOR THE FIRST STATUTORY CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN 2022-2027 Cabinet Office Consultation Paper July 2021
Contents
Contents
MINISTER INTRODUCTIONS Emissions Category 5 - Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chief Minister – Hon Howard Quayle MHK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 Emissions Category 6 - Waste Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Minister for Policy and Reform – Hon Ray Harmer MHK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Emission Removals
PURPOSE A. Our Natural Environment: Carbon Retention, Sequestration And Biodiversity. . . 48
Introduction And Purpose Of This Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 B. Blue Carbon – Ocean Based Climate Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Update On Delivery Of Climate Change Action Plan: Phase One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 THE FUTURE/ WORKING TOGETHER
A Vision For 2050. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Adaptation And Resilience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
An Exciting, Though Complex Journey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Community Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Establishing The Baseline - Understanding Our Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Funding, Taxation And Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Economic & Environmental Assessment – Prioritising On Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Setting Interim Target(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Just Transition – Making Changes Fairly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Long Term Pathway To Net Zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Governance – Taking Good Decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
EMISSIONS CATEGORIES APPENDIX
Emissions Category 1 – Energy Generation Appendix 1: Relevant Sections Of The Climate Change Bill
A. Transforming Our Electricity Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Setting Out Details On The Contents Of The Climate Change Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
B. Hydrocarbon Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendix 2 – Proposed Contents Of Climate Change Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Emissions Category 2 - Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Appendix 3 - Improving The Quality Of Our Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data . . . . . . 73
Emissions Category 3 - Energy Use In Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Appendix 4 – Arup Isle Of Man Future Energy Scenarios Draft Executive
Summary And The Future Energy Scenarios Background Reading Document. . . . . . . 79
Emissions Category 4 - Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
03
ISLE OF MAN
INTRODUCTIONS
INTRODUCTION BY CHIEF MINISTER - INTRODUCTION BY MINISTER FOR POLICY
HON HOWARD QUAYLE MHK AND REFORM - HON RAY HARMER MHK
Two years on from my recognition of the global climate emergency and call for urgent climate We are at a critical moment in history and may be facing our last chance to act on the
action, we have made good progress to ensure that climate change is at the heart of the Isle of climate and ecological emergency and to avert potential disaster. To deliver the change
Man Government. A new Climate Change Transformation Team has been established in the that is needed globally and in the Isle of Man, it is imperative that we view climate action
Cabinet Office and their work is led by the Climate Change Transformation Board, a political and protecting the environment as central to everything we do. The establishment of the
board which I chair. Five Ministers sit on the Board and we are advised by Professor James Climate Change Transformation Team in Cabinet Office is an important acknowledgement
Curran MBE in an independent capacity. Since October 2020, the Climate Change of the central role of climate action across the whole of Government.
Transformation Team has been working with colleagues across Government to deliver the 60
actions outlined in the Climate Change Action Plan: Phase 1 which was agreed unanimously in We need to move quickly to ensure that we power to deliver the Climate Change Plan
Tynwald in January 2020. get on track to reach our target of net zero and help us reach net zero and protect our
greenhouse gases as soon as possible and environment effectively. This will require a
The Keyll yn Phobble (the People’s Wood) has I am also pleased to be able to make a
certainly by 2050. This consultation document new way of thinking across the public service,
been planted at Meary Veg and an ambitious commitment that by 2023 an Energy
outlines an ambitious programme of work for the private sector and our wider community
project to restore our all-important peatland is Performance Certificate will be required when
the next five years and sets down our – indeed for every one of us. We are
underway. The Citizens’ Forum has been selling or renting out a property, giving home
tentative pathway to 2050. committed to working in partnership with
meeting since October 2020 and informing the owners an incentive to improve the energy
other public bodies, businesses and the wider
development and delivery of climate action. efficiency of their homes and giving tenants I am delighted to announce that we have
community to each do what is in our gift to
more information to choose properties that been accepted as a member of the world-
Important research and analysis are underway change for the better.
will be cheaper to heat and more leading Under2 Coalition, joining nations and
to understand the complexities of
comfortable. states around the world to commit to There are some big decisions ahead. We must
transitioning our energy, heating and
ambitious climate action, and to collaborate decide on our future approach to generating
transport systems away from fossil-fuels that The next five years are going to be
and share experience in our journey to reach the electricity that powers our Island, how we
will help us map out the next three decades particularly challenging as we change our
net zero emissions. We are also currently heat our homes and businesses and how we
as together we find the best way to reach net course away from fossil fuels and towards the
working with the UK on the extension of the travel around the Island and further afield.
zero emissions. zero carbon future to which our new Climate
Paris Agreement to the Island. This will give The continued pursuit of fossil fuel
Change Bill binds us.
The Climate Change Bill represents an us a higher level of international accountability exploration has been controversial and
important step forward in our progress I am committed to making those changes and clearly signals our intention to work as part presents challenges around the potential
towards 2050. Our Government and public and also to guiding and supporting every of a global alliance to keep temperatures revenue that might be generated balanced
bodies now have a legal duty to deliver person on the Island to be part of those below 2°C and ideally below 1.5°C. with the legacy of additional emissions that
climate action effectively and we have a changes and to benefit from the real would come from extraction. We must confront
We are under no illusion about the challenges
framework in place that will ensure that we positives that climate action will offer. these issues and develop a new Climate
we face and the next five years need to see
are making ambitious climate plans and Change Plan that will effectively deliver both
This consultation will inform the first statutory not only significant investment in our net zero
delivering them. short term emissions reductions and longer-
five year Climate Change Plan which we are future but also a social and cultural shift away
And I am very pleased to make some now obliged by law to bring to Tynwald by term changes in our culture and values.
from our fossil-fuel reliant society. We must
important commitments for our future path to April 2022. As such, this plan will be the most reduce our daily impact on the natural world The rewards of making the right decisions
net zero. It is my intention that we will ban the significant in setting us on course for net zero. and adopt a way of life increasingly in will be manifold and it is a real opportunity
registration of new fossil fuel vehicles in 2030,
This consultation is intended to start an Island- harmony with our environment. to shape a fairer society for our community
in line with the UK. This will clearly signal our
wide conversation in the run up to the election and future generations. Innovation and
The requirements set out in the Climate
direction of travel and assist consumers in
on how (and not if) we will face up to this new ways of thinking will underpin this
Change Bill will mean that all Government
moving away from fossil fuel vehicles as soon
challenge. Now is the time to make the right culture change and I am excited to be
departments and public bodies will have to
as possible. leading this work within Government.
ensure that they are doing everything in their
04 05
PURPOSE
INTRODUCTION AND
PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT
Today, we are at the start of a new chapter in the history of the Isle of Man. We have 28
years to transform our Island from fossil fuel reliance to a net zero carbon community. We
have made good progress in recent years, putting in place the governance, legislation and
resources for change, but now is the time to set our trajectory and accelerate action
DEFA’s Climate Challenge Mitigation Strategy keeping global temperature rise below 2ºC,
2016-2020 provided an initial pathway to 80% and ideally below 1.5ºC, which will give us a
reduction in emissions by 2050. A public global network of partners to learn from and
consultation by DEFA on a Climate Mitigation share experience with.
Strategy 2020-2030 in 2019 drew responses
Work is also underway to have the Paris
from over 1,000 individuals and organisations.
Agreement, the key international agreement on
In May 2019, the Chief Minister made a climate change, extended to the Isle of Man.
commitment for the Island to reach net zero The Paris Agreement has three key strands –
PURPOSE
by 2050 and for a Climate Change Bill. A climate change mitigation, adaptation and
subsequent motion was supported in Tynwald finance. A significant part of the mitigation
to commission an independent report on commitments will be delivered by the Climate
achieving net zero by 2050. Prof James Change Bill and the delivery of the current
Curran was appointed and, supported by a Climate Action Plan, as well as subsequent
cross-government team of officers, public statutory plans. A likely outcome of the
consultation events and interviews with key extension is increased external scrutiny of Manx
stakeholders, he developed the IMPACT emissions and the effectiveness of efforts to
report. The report outlined possible routes to reduce them.
net zero by 2050 and the appendices to that
The Climate Change Bill completed its
report provide detailed background on the
passage through Tynwald in April 2021 and is
challenges and opportunities to reduce
now awaiting Royal Assent.
emissions and increase removals in a Manx
context. The report informed the Council of When the Bill comes into force, there will be a
Ministers’ Climate Action Plan: Phase 1 which requirement for there to be a statutory five
was agreed in Tynwald in January 2020 and is year Climate Change Plan in operation at all
currently being delivered. times. The current Council of Ministers’
Climate Action Plan will remain in operation
Following the approval of the Council of
until the new plan is agreed, which the new
Ministers’ Climate Action Plan Phase 1,
Climate Bill requires to introduced by April
development of the Climate Change Bill
2022. The Bill also requires the establishment
began. Targeted engagement with key
of at least one interim target by that date.
stakeholders was held in February 2020,
followed by a full public consultation in July The required contents of the Climate Change
2020. The Island will shortly be joining the Plan are set out to some extent in the Climate
Under2 Coalition, a group of nations and Change Bill (full details can be found in
states working towards the Intergovernmental Appendix 1). The Plan must set out a clear
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) goal of direction of travel on climate change and it must
07
ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
UPDATE ON DELIVERY OF CLIMATE
CHANGE ACTION PLAN: PHASE ONE
consider a wide range of underpinning and to review and improve the Island’s Work on delivering the First Phase Climate Change Action plan began in earnest in
principles, including ensuring a just transition emissions data, which has resulted in a October 2020, when the Climate Change Transformation team were officially appointed
(making the transition away from fossil fuels fair significantly better understanding of our within the Cabinet Office. The Team consists of six full time and five part time members,
for all, especially the more vulnerable sectors of current position. who are split between policy development and research, and delivery. The Delivery Team
our society), promotion of the United Nations focus on the actions already agreed by Tynwald in January 2020 as well as governance
This document provides an outline for the Isle
Sustainable Development Goals, and protection and programme management, whilst the Research Team focus on the inventory datasets
of Man’s first statutory Climate Change Plan
of ecosystems and biodiversity. and the research needed to create the overall roadmap to 2050 based on the latest robust
(2022-2027) and offers the basis for a
scientific evidence, and on the development and delivery of the Climate Change Bill
The Climate Change Transformation Board comprehensive public consultation during
agreed to present an update on the Climate July and August 2021. A general consultation The past eight months have seen us make real progress on our journey to net zero. Our
Change Plan to Tynwald in July 2021 and to exercise will run alongside targeted outreach programme began as soon as the team were in post, meeting up virtually and face to
launch a public consultation on the outline and engagement with the Citizens’ Forum and key face with our many different stakeholders and agreeing project charters together. The project
principles of the plan. stakeholders. Essential research work to charters form the basis of our programme management and governance framework which
inform the final Climate Change Plan will also underpin the transformation programme and enables the projects to commence.
Significant work has been undertaken to set
continue in parallel to the public consultation.
strategies for each main segment of emissions
Highlights on delivery to date include:
Whilst consultation on the Climate Change Plan will become a statutory requirement once • The progression of the Climate Change Bill through the legislative branches,
the Bill has come into operation, the approach to consultation is not specified. The Climate enshrining our net zero goal in law and establishing a clear framework for climate
Change Transformation Board approved the following process for consultation on the plan: action planning and accountability for delivery.
• The 2021/22 budget allocation of an additional £10 million in funding to help
1. Outline of the plan to go to Tynwald in July 2021.
deliver tangible climate action to reduce emissions and increase natural carbon
2. Immediately after consideration in Tynwald, undertake public consultation on sequestration (storage).
the plan. • The delivery of the future energy scenarios for the Island to understand how
3. Key areas of research will continue alongside public consultation. we will reach our target of 75% renewable energy by 2035 and ultimately 100%
by 2050. The scenarios revolve around the energy trilemma; security of supply,
4. Input from Tynwald debate, public consultation and ongoing research work will
renewable generation and low cost to consumers, and are outlined for consultation
inform drafting of the full Climate Change Plan in September-October 2021.
in this document.
5. Acknowledging that there is a national election on 22 September 2021, • The planting of 85,000 trees at Meary Veg. The new woodland will boost carbon
the full Climate Change Plan will be approved by the new Climate Change capture and create a new amenity for Islanders to connect with nature and boost
Transformation Board once the new administration is in place. wellbeing. Once established, this will sequester around 100t CO2 per year.
6. Following political approval, a second public consultation on the full Climate • The development of a new, revised Green Living Grant which will support up
Change Plan will begin in late 2021. to 1,200 home owners to retrofit their homes, making them more energy efficient
and increasing the overall energy ratings whilst also installing low carbon heating
7. Using input from the second public consultation, the Climate Change Plan will be systems. This is predicted to save around 3,000t CO2/year.
finalised and proceed to Tynwald for approval by April 2022.
• The formation of the Citizens’ Forum, a focus group representative of the Manx
The full draft of the new Climate Change Plan will include all the sections required by the Climate public set up to inform research and policy regarding Climate Change issues. The
Change Bill (see Appendix 1) and will also comply with international best practice (see Appendix 2). group were instrumental in the formation of the principles for the Green Living Grant.
08 09
ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
• Working with Behavioural Change specialists on insights work (interviews, focus • DOI have purchased and are now operating six hybrid buses around the Island’s
groups and secondary research) to inform our Change and Engagement Strategy public transport network.
which will ensure everyone in the Isle of Man will recognise the implications of climate • We are locating two Departments in shared office space, whilst operating from home
change, fully understand and contribute to the Island’s response, embrace their role and hub locations to reduce travel and property-related emissions and improving
in the transition to net zero and are galvanised to take specific concrete actions that productivity and quality of the life for the teams, whilst reducing operating costs
deliver emissions reductions. (releasing funding for emission reduction projects).
• Liaising with Government estate managers to identify opportunities for renewable • We are planning our attendance at this year’s COP26 in November, which will include
electricity and heating installations as and when buildings are undergoing remedial a political delegation. We intend to partner with an organisation in the UK Government’s
works or plans are being made for capital projects (for example the replacement of ‘blue zone’ exhibition area to highlight the Island’s commitment and pathway to net zero
roofs to incorporate solar photovoltaic panels, also known as solar PV). as well as our UNESCO Biosphere status.
• Launching and completing the PIN process for 20MW of on-Island low carbon • We have reviewed and improved the emissions data, working with the UK’s data
generation with 41 diverse applications and 6 invitations to interview, which clarified assessment contractor, to improve our understanding of the sources of emissions
the need for a strategy around the future of energy generation in the Isle of Man. and removals in the Isle of Man.
• Working with UCM and the construction industry on the skills needed to ensure near net • We have introduced a prioritisation methodology so that we principally appraise
zero housing, identifying and establishing courses to upskill contractors. potential projects on the basis of their net costs per unit of reduction of CO2
• Commencing work on a renewable heating strategy to identify the roadmap emissions, whilst increasingly taking account of the social and economic implications
to achieve the decarbonisation of heating systems which account for a significant within the costs and benefits calculation.
proportion of our greenhouse gas emissions on the Island. • Trials are being prepared to provide local hubs across the Island, where
• An initial peat restoration project has been agreed, funded and started with the customers can access the full range of government services, as an important
first 1,000 acres of restoration. This will transform some of the most degraded areas contribution to establishing 20 minute communities.
of peat from a source of emissions back into one of our most important carbon sinks.
• Work on a marine carbon strategy to maximise blue carbon (the carbon stored in
marine and coastal ecosystems) is underway and builds on our network of 10 Marine
Nature Reserves and inshore fisheries management zones. Blue carbon is an area where
we believe the Island could become a global leader in innovative marine management.
• A working group from across Government is working on developing a specification
for commissioning a comprehensive Land Management Plan. This plan
will identify key opportunities and risks around land management for carbon
sequestration and for emissions reduction and for climate change adaptation and
resilience. This work will ensure that increasing our natural carbon capture is carried
out in a manner that maximises carbon sequestration and wider ecosystem benefits
and doesn’t have unintended consequences that we will regret in future.
• We are at the early stages of the creation of a local offsetting scheme
whereby residents and businesses can offset their emissions via loca
nature-based sequestration schemes, which would be included in our
emissions reduction figures.
10 11ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
A VISION FOR 2050
By 2050 we will have reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and we will be left with minimal Reap the benefits of an economically and environmentally sustainable economy
unavoidable emissions (for example, food production). Renewable electricity will power
our homes and our transport. We will live in homes that are warm and easy to heat. We will understand the carbon footprint of all We will have embraced the economic
the goods and services we use, enabling us to importance of a healthy environment, and we
Live in safe and sustainable communities make informed decisions. We will have fully will have an economy that equitably sustains us.
embraced the circular economy concept, and
Our communities will be better designed for short walk, will be well-connected with cycle- the entire life cycle of goods and services will
living and working locally and with good ways and public transport for longer journeys. be well understood and managed to minimise
walking, cycling, and public transport associated emissions.
And whilst our sea and air connections with
infrastructure. We will not need to drive as
our neighbours will still be vital to our
much, and the cars that we still drive will be
community, we will have focussed on creating Be robust and resilient to climate change and other challenges, and feel happier
no longer be reliant on fossil fuels. Driverless about our secured future
a more global and diverse offering on the
and or shared vehicles will have become a
Island to replace some of our need to travel,
normal part of life. We will be well-adapted and resilient to the challenges around health, well-being, and our
whether that is in business, education, arts
Our networks of low travel communities, and culture or science and innovation. challenges associated with a changing climate, place in the world.
where almost everything we need is within a prepared for increased storminess, more
We will have achieved this in a way that has
extremes of weather, including very wet and
also improved the quality of life for the most
very dry periods, and rising sea levels. People
Fully embrace innovative technologies in our low-carbon lifestyle vulnerable in our society, promoting warmer,
will also be socially and culturally adapted to
safer homes, better transport links, and flexible
We will have embraced new technologies like their land to increase carbon sequestration. living in a changing climate, with different
work accessible to all.
vertical farming to reduce imported food and We may travel less, but we will be more
maximise our self-sufficiency. Farmers will play connected than ever with the world as shifts in
Leave an environmental legacy that we are proud of for our future generations
a key part in our emissions-free lifestyle, working and networking made in the
providing low-carbon local food and managing COVID-19 pandemic have become the norm. We will have invested in economic passing the climate burden of our consumption
development that promoted and supported onto other countries. In our areas of strength
Enjoy our flourishing biodiversity and healthier ecosystems the transition to net zero and protected and we will have led and excelled.
restored our ecosystems.
The promise of our UNESCO Biosphere
We will have changed our landscape and sequestration, natural flood risk management,
We will have kept pace with the global designation will have been fully realised and we will
seascape to enhance our natural carbon erosion management, and water quality. Our
transition, playing our part in full and avoiding be living a comfortable life in harmony with nature.
storage. Our towns and villages will be greener sea area (over 87% of Manx territory) will be
and there will be more trees, allotments, cycle managed for blue carbon, healthy ecosystems,
paths, and walkways connecting settlements. food production, and thriving marine life.
There will be more woodland, and our Climate action and nurturing our natural
wetlands, peat and other habitats will be environment will be central to everything we
restored and have a higher capacity for carbon do, and as a result, we will have clear air and
sequestration. Biodiversity will be thriving, and seas, even more, beautiful and inspiring
we will benefit from healthier ecosystems that surroundings, and increased access to nature
can offer us services such as carbon for everyone in our community.
12 13ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
AN EXCITING, THOUGH COMPLEX JOURNEY
Climate action seems so simple – reduce the energy we use, generate all our electricity from
renewable sources, move away from fossil fuels in our homes and cars and businesses.
Consultation questions
In reality, our lives, our day-to-day routines, and services (known as ecosystem services) such as
1. Do you feel this is a vision the Isle of Man can live up to? the infrastructure that support them are natural flood risk management, erosion reduction
F Yes embedded in fossil fuels and to fully transition to and water quality improvement. These assets
a low carbon society we have to re-think all take a long time to mature, so we need to make
F No aspects of that infrastructure and the way we use sure we have planned them properly now.
F Not sure it. We also need to consider the complex
In the Climate Change Bill we have committed to
consequences of changing one aspect of that
2. Please provide your comments about the Vision reaching net zero through domestic effort, which
infrastructure on everything else.
means that we are not going to buy carbon
We also need to think very carefully about what offsets in other countries to allow ourselves to
“net zero” means. To be net zero by 2050 we will continue to produce more emissions. We have
ideally have to be able to balance any remaining made a commitment to balance our own books.
greenhouse gas emissions with equivalent It should be noted that this does not mean that
removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere we will not be supporting projects that will
by habitats like woodlands, peat bogs and increase sequestration or reduce emissions in
seagrass beds. If that isn’t possible, we will also other parts of the world. One of the two themes
have to find artificial ways of capturing and of our international development partnership
storing carbon dioxide. The more emissions we funding stream for 2021-23 is climate change
are unable to eradicate, the more expensive it and all international development funding must
will be to reach net zero. For natural carbon align with UN Sustainable Development Goals.
storage we need to make sure that we have Supporting climate action in developing countries
healthy, diverse ecosystems that can store the is also a key theme of the Paris Agreement.
most carbon and also provide us with many other
Important considerations in developing the 5 year Climate Change Plan
The key components of any five year plan are outlined in the Climate Change Bill (see Appendix 1
for full details). Some elements are required (those that the Bill stipulates the Plan must contain).
Others are suggested but not obligatory (those that the Plan may contain). A recent publication
on developing a gold standard net zero climate action plan provides a good checklist of contents
and it is also proposed that we follow those recommendations (see Appendix 2 for full details).
14 15ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
ESTABLISHING THE BASELINE
UNDERSTANDING OUR EMISSIONS
The Isle of Man’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Recording and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is a key part of understanding and
Energy Supply
responding to climate change. The Isle of Man’s greenhouse gas emissions are estimated as
part of the UK’s reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Energy Supply (electricity) makes up the largest proportion of the Island’s emissions at 34%
(UNFCCC) each year. This ‘inventory’ of emissions and removals is estimated in line with the of net emissions (237kT CO2e). The majority of these emissions come from the Combined
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidance. Crucially, this involves accounting Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) at Pulrose, with smaller amounts produced by the Energy from
for emissions on a ‘production’ or ‘territorial’ basis – that is, emissions are accounted for in the Waste (EfW) plant, and diesel generators. Due to the methodology outlined above, any
geographical area that they are emitted. For example, the emissions involved in the production emissions from electricity which is produced on-Island and exported to the UK is included in
of a car in UK would be accounted for in the UK. If that vehicle was sold and driven in the Isle of the Island’s inventory. Conversely, electricity imported from the UK is excluded from the
Man, the emissions associated with the fuel that was being burned would be accounted for in Island’s inventory. Data for this section is sourced from Manx Utilities fuel usage volumes,
the Isle of Man. This approach is different from the ‘consumption’ or ‘carbon footprint’ basis, meaning that it is highly reliable.
where emissions are estimated based on end-use.
Transport
In the Climate Change Bill it will become a legal requirement to report to Tynwald on emissions
Transport makes up 24% of net emissions (164kT CO2e). The largest components of
on a five yearly basis and to ensure that our emissions reporting aligns with international
transport emissions are petrol and diesel usage for cars, making up just under 60% of the
reporting standards.
total. Other large contributors are shipping, aircraft, and HGVs/buses. For travel to/from the
Work is ongoing to improve the quality of our emissions data to provide the best possible UK, half the round-trip aircraft/shipping emissions are allocated to the Isle of Man, and half to
baseline from which to measure our progress and further details on recent changes to the Isle of the UK. For international travel (e.g. to the Republic of Ireland) these are excluded from the
Man greenhouse gas inventory can be found in Appendix 3. inventory and reported separately. These calculations follow the standard IPCC guidance.
Data for transport emissions is sourced from petrol/diesel volume data for road vehicles.
Aviation data is sourced from detailed Civil Aviation Authority data plus the DUKES database.
IOM 2019 GHG Inventory (excl LULUCF) Shipping data is sourced from high-resolution tracking systems for vessel movements.
These sources are considered good estimates, although further refinements to the split of
car vs HGV usage could be made with more detailed fleet usage data.
Residential
Energy Supply - 33%
Residential emissions make up 21% of net emissions (146kT CO2e), the majority of which
Transport - 23% relates to home heating using oil and gas. These figures have been refined based on more
up-to-date volume data for the 2019 inventory, and this revision has been applied to previous
Residential - 20%
years, in line with emissions data protocols. The overall figures are fairly accurate, however
Agriculture - 14% further work is required to better allocate gas usage between residential and business sectors.
Business - 7%
Agriculture
Waste Management - 3%
Agricultural emissions make up 15% of net emissions (105kT CO2e). The largest
category of emissions is methane from animal digestion and waste, followed by
Figure 1: The Isle of Man greenhouse gas
inventory for 2019, indicating the percentage emissions from land use. This data is sourced from the Isle of Man Agricultural Census
of emissions that each major emissions and is considered fairly accurate, though there is scope to refine further with the
category accounts for (Aether verified data).
availability of more detailed information on specific Manx farming practices.
Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry
(LULUCF) is excluded from the chart as it is a
net remover of greenhouse gases.
16 17ISLE OF MAN
IOM GHG Inventory 1990 – 2019
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kilotonnes CO2e
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100
Business emissions make up 8% of net emissions (53kT CO2e). Most of these emissions
0
relate to heating commercial buildings with smaller levels of emission from refrigeration
and other chemical processes. For heating, the source data is fairly accurate but further -100
work is required to split out commercial gas usage from residential gas usage.
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Emissions from refrigeration and chemical processes are based on UK levels scaled to
the Isle of Man, so there is scope to improve this data through a better understanding Transport Energy Supply Business Residential Agriculture Waste Management
of business processes. Industrial processes Land use, land use change and forestry Net
Figure 2: The Isle of Man greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory 1990 to 2019 showing net emissions from all sectors in the Isle of Man
Waste Management
Waste Management makes up almost 3% of net emissions (23kT CO2e). The Energy (please note that LULUCF is negative (below the line) as this category is a net remover of carbon).
from Waste (EfW) plant is included in Energy Supply, leaving emissions from landfill and Figure 3 shows the UK inventory as a comparison. The UK’s emissions have steadily fallen since
sewage. 1990 driven mainly by reductions in emissions from energy supply.
Industrial Processes UK GHG Inventory 1990 – 2019
This is a small category that does not appear in the above pie chart as it makes up less 900,000
than 1% of emissions. This relates solely to nitrous oxide emissions from food 800,000
consumption.
700,000
Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry
kilotonnes CO2e
600,000
This category is a net remover of carbon dioxide, therefore it does not appear in the pie
500,000
chart. The total removals equate to 31kT CO2e which is equivalent to about 3% of net
emissions. Data on land use is collated from a range of sources and work is underway to 400,000
improve this data. 300,000
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Industrial processes Public Land use, land use change and forestry
Figure 3: The UK greenhouse gas inventory for all sectors 1990-2019, for comparison.
The UK has made significant progress in comparison to our situation, much of which has been
through their long term initiatives to decarbonise their electricity generation.
18 19ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT JUST TRANSITION
PRIORITISING ON EVIDENCE MAKING CHANGES FAIRLY
The climate action required to meet net zero will require big changes to our way of life, and There are a wide range of requirements in the Climate Change Bill which will ensure that the
we need to make sure that the decisions we take are based on the best possible Climate Change Plan takes full account of the impacts of climate action on the most vulnerable
information, giving us a full understanding of the costs and implication. In order to properly as well as those with limited financial resources to take individual actions in our society.
assess and compare different interventions, a structured approach is required. This should
If we can act effectively on climate change, our actions will benefit our own community and the
ideally take the form of an economic and environmental appraisal of different policy options
global community as well. Ensuring that we choose climate actions with the widest benefits to
in order to determine which provide the greatest benefit to society alongside the lowest
the community will also ensure that people’s experience of climate action can be positive rather
costs. Conducting such an appraisal requires quantification of the monetary benefits (and
than punitive.
costs) that society as a whole will see as a result of reducing (or increasing) carbon
emissions. This can then be set alongside the financial costs (or savings) incurred by the In everything we do, we must fully understand the wider implications for individuals and society
individuals or organisations funding these interventions. It is important to ensure the and if the full economic and environmental appraisal approach is implemented effectively, then
ecosystem services and the value of biodiversity are a key part of this approach (for the wide range of potential impacts on people will be fully considered and mitigated.
example, through natural capital accounting). Wider socio-economic considerations such as This does not mean that there will not be difficult decisions, or actions that will impact directly
security of electricity supply and of the benefits of self-sufficiency can also be included. on businesses and individuals, but by giving plenty of notice for new measures and by always
considering those least equipped to make big changes, we will protect and support those who
Such an approach is essential when term project, such as everyone using public are most vulnerable.
comparing different interventions which by transport rather than cars for one day a week.
their nature, will take place over dramatically This latter intervention would have immediate
different timeframes. This is where benefits and immediate costs, but if it only
‘discounting’ is required, in order to account ran for a year, would have no ongoing impact. Consultation questions
for the fact that benefits (and costs) that are The woodland project would have far greater 3. How much do you feel you understand about Just Transition -
realised far in the future are less valuable to benefit over its lifetime, but that lifetime is far making changes fairly?
society today than benefits (and costs) that longer. Another example of this is the case of
are realised now. For example, a woodland- home insulation which not only contributes to F I am new to the topic
planting project may take many years to grow reducing emissions but can also save F I have a basic understanding (e.g. previous reading for general interest)
and reach its full potential to sequester households significant amounts of money and F I have a strong understanding (e.g. experience in a professional capacity;
carbon. There may be some costs now, and improve their living standards and health. This higher level or undergraduate study)
further ongoing costs to maintain the area is particularly complex and will likely
F I have an expert understanding (e.g. postgraduate academic qualification in the
woodland. The scheme would continue to require additional expert advice to ensure
field, expert role in a business in this area)
provide benefits decades or even hundreds of that our decisions are made with the best
years into the future. Without having a possible information. 4. Do you think the changes required to reach net zero will disproportionately
consistent way to treat these distant benefits
It is proposed that as we develop our first impact the most vulnerable in society?
and costs, it would be very difficult to
statutory Climate Change Plan this systematic F Yes
compare this woodland project to a short-
approach is adopted. F No
F Not sure
20 21ISLE OF MAN
PURPOSE
GOVERNANCE
TAKING GOOD DECISIONS
In the past two years there has been a lot of progress to develop climate action as a key
workstream for the Isle of Man Government. The work is led by the Climate Change
If you answered ‘Yes’ – do you think any mitigations are required? Transformation Board which is chaired by the Chief Minister and includes five ministers,
Tick all that apply giving the Board the highest level of political support and influence. Climate change has
F No mitigations required moved from DEFA, where there was a risk that it was seen as a purely environmental
concern, to Cabinet Office where it can become part of core Government policy making
F Yes – increased funding / grants / subsidies for vulnerable groups
and leadership.
F Yes – increased education / outreach for vulnerable groups
F Yes – something else (please describe below) When the Climate Change Bill is enacted, frameworks to help develop and deliver
there will be the need to embed this level of climate policy.
Please add your comments climate leadership across Government and
It is hoped that the Paris Agreement will be
also throughout the public bodies to which
extended to the Isle of Man before the
the Bill applies.
Climate Change Plan is completed and this
Guidance will be required to help all public will give us another clear set of principles and
bodies to deliver on climate change and requirements to inform climate action. Taking
support will be needed for them to ensure that an active role in our participation in
climate change is given the priority required. international networks and agreements will
help Government and whole community
The new Climate Change Plan will need clear
make the best-informed decisions, learn from
actions around ensuring that climate
those further along the path to net zero and
mitigation and adaptation is effectively
share our experience.
implemented across Government and public
bodies. Delivery of the provisions in the Active engagement in other important
Climate Change Bill will need to be a priority, knowledge-sharing networks, for example the
including the development of extensive specialist sub-groups of the British Irish
secondary legislation, some of which is Council on climate change, energy and other
required as soon as possible. environmental topics, and via our UNESCO
Biosphere networks will also be important.
Our imminent membership of the Under2
Coalition will provide a networking The Isle of Man’s greenhouse gas emissions
opportunity to assist all sections of are calculated as part of the UK’s reporting to
Government and the wider community in the UNFCCC each year. This ‘inventory’ of
finding the right approaches to tackle climate emissions and removals is estimated in line
change. It will also provide us with external with IPCC guidance.
22 23EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS CATEGORY 1
ENERGY GENERATION
A. TRANSFORMING OUR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Headline no-regret action: Enable our urgent low carbon transition by undertaking
a feasibility study for a new interconnector (or interconnectors) immediately, whilst
enabling local investment in economic and reliable renewable generation. The
interconnectors will ensure the electricity grid can better cope with future renewable
generation. In the Climate Change Plan, the Energy Strategy and an economically viable
route to 75% electricity from renewable sources by 2035 and net zero emissions by 2050
will be enabled by this approach.
Current Energy Supply
Energy supply is the largest emissions category for the Isle of Man and accounts for
EMISSIONS
33% of total emissions.
Currently around 84% of the Island’s electricity generated by the Manx Utilities is from
imported fossil fuels. Natural gas is imported via a spur in the gas interconnector
connecting Scotland and Ireland and diesel is imported at Peel and Douglas. It should be
noted that whilst the diesel generators now rarely run they provide emergency back-up
capability. The interconnector cable is typically used to import around 9% of our electricity
from the UK. Excluding imported fossil fuel-powered generation, our only on-Island energy
generation comes from the Hydro Plant in the Sulby Glen and the Energy from Waste Plant.
KIRKCUDBRIGHT
1 MW- Sulby Hydro EC
TO
R
NORTHERN NN
ISLE ENGLAND
IRELAND O OF
RC
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IN MAN
S
Brides Hill GA
IS
GA
PEEL
DOUGLAS
RD
REPUBLIC BO ELE
CTR
OF ICA
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UK
IO BISPHAM
IRELAND TER M
CO BLACKPOOL
IRISH SEA NN
ECTO
Watch Tower R LI
NK
GORMANSTON
Ga Ramsaa
sP
ip Primrose Hill Skyhill Maughold’s Head
eli
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Imported
Natural Gas
St Patrick’s Isle
80 MW
40 MW- Peel Diesel Station 50 MW- Pulrose Diesel Station
Trynwald
Inte
rco
n nec
tor
60
MW
St Catherine’s Well Mare’s Head
Imported 5 MW- EFW Plant
Diesel
83 MW- Pulrose CCGT Station
Figure 4: Our current energy supply
25ISLE OF MAN
EMISSIONS
Future Energy Scenarios Dispatchable Generation
A study has been undertaken by the international engineering and consultancy services Dispatchable generation is flexible plant which can be started and shut down on demand and
firm Ove Arup to propose possible scenarios that achieve the target of 75% electricity power output can be varied quickly. This ensures grid frequency remains stable and secure.
from renewable sources by 2035 and net zero emissions by 2050. The study also
considered the most effective way to achieve the emission reduction targets whilst Baseload Generation
maintaining a secure and affordable energy supply. The consultants began by Baseload generation can be less flexible, but is essential to ensure the transmission
projecting future electricity demand (see Figure 5) to inform the work. network operates within its limits (thus avoiding black-outs) and meets the minimum
required electricity demand.
Projected peak demand (including losses (2020F-2050F)) Intermittent Renewables
Intermittent renewables are sources of generation powered by natural resources i.e. wind,
140
tide and solar. The power output (or availability) of these generation units is highly
120
dependent on prevailing weather conditions. The lack of ability to vary power output from
intermittent renewables means voltage and frequency (along with many other stabilising
Peak Demand (MW)
100 factors) cannot be controlled on their own and baseload generation is still required. Over
short time scales, storage (e.g. batteries) can temporarily manage some aspects such as the
Consumer Transformation
80 frequency swings by absorbing and releasing power. On a windy, sunny day demand
System Transformation
capacity could be met from renewables, with the interconnector providing the baseload
60 Leading the Way
stability. However it is possible that there would be periods when renewables are producing
40 more renewable power than required on the Island so excess power is either exported or
stored (for example batteries and/or through the production of hydrogen).
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2021
2022
2023
2020
Source: Arup Analysis Modelling Outputs
The scenarios considered in the Ove Arup report use intermittent renewables, dispatchable, and
Figure 1: Projected peak demand for electricity up to 2050, modelled by Ove Arup for three different scenarios
with different levels of transition to electricity. baseload generation. The scenarios all take account of the need to stabilise generated electricity
to ensure fluctuations do not result in grid instability. They also ensure that the break-down of
one component would not result in a loss of electrical supply to customers (a black-out).
Electricity demand is expected to increase with greater future use of electricity in heating
(e.g. heat pumps) and transport (e.g. electric vehicles). Peak demand is estimated to In all analysis, interconnectors are the most cost-effective source to meet baseload
increase from around 80MW today up to around 130MW by 2050. Further details on the demand. Interconnectors allows us to import renewable electricity from neighbouring
energy scenarios can be found in the Ove Arup report (Appendix 4 – Arup Executive jurisdictions and can also be designed to be bi-directional which could allow them to
Summary and accompanying background reading). These scenarios have been costed be used for export when local renewables are excess to demand. On-Island generation
and will allow the future development of an electrical energy strategy that is secure and is sometimes more cost-effective than imported electricity at times of peak demand.
progressive for the Isle of Man. The electrical energy strategy will comprise of a mixture Biofuel can also be used to provide renewable dispatchable generation. The use of
of intermittent renewables, dispatchable, and baseload generation. biofuel assists in increasing resilience of the electricity system for short periods of time
and providing local power generation at peak times when electricity may be expensive
or impractical to import.
26 27ISLE OF MAN
EMISSIONS
Impact on emissions influenced by these new provisions. Commercial exports could be stopped and significantly
Each of the scenarios will allow the carbon intensity of electricity generation to reach reduce the Island’s emissions (by approximately 60,000 tonnes). However, the removal of
zero emissions before 2050. this income stream could increase local electricity prices to the consumer by up to 6%.
In the Channel Islands interconnectors are used to import low carbon (nuclear and
Existing assets renewables) energy from France which significantly reduces their per capita greenhouse
The existing Manx Utilities CCGT fossil fuel generating assets will reach the end of their gas emissions compared to the Isle of Man. Similarly, should the Island make an early
designed life by 2035. An initial carbon reduction can be achieved be moving the role switch to import a significant proportion of our electricity via our existing 60MW
of this equipment from baseload to dispatchable generation plant. Much of the interconnector, rather than continue to generate from fossil fuels, then the Isle of Man
equipment (gas turbines) will be supportable well beyond 2035 and could continue to would reduce declared emissions immediately. These emissions would be accounted
be used as cost effective biofuel-enabled dispatchable generation plant. for in the country of production, however, only if the imported power is from new
renewable or low carbon sources would global emissions be reduced.
The existing gas turbines also have the capability to support the current plans for the
introduction of hydrogen into the UK gas pipeline. The gas turbine suppliers have plans The changes introduced by the Climate Change Bill mean that both Manx Utilities and/
to keep pace with the future introduction of hydrogen with engineering modifications, or privately owned companies could invest in new generating assets and
however, this technology is not yet confirmed or available. interconnectors, and they would have to make power purchase decisions based on
emissions reduction plans and statutory target rather than purely from the economic
The diesel generators are already past their end-of-design-life, but will be maintained
perspective required under the Electricity Act.
to ensure resilience until at least 2025.
Should the new assets not be owned and operated by Manx Utilities then the
As the diesel generators are decommissioned, it has been identified that additional
future role of Manx Utilities could change to become that of Network Operator
dispatchable biofuel capable plant and storage capacity will be required to maintain secure
and Supplier, providing grid stability, balancing services and supplying electricity
supplies in the transition period, as the electrification of heating and transport expands.
to consumers.
Emissions targets
In terms of the Island’s formal greenhouse gas inventory which must be reported
annually to the UK, greenhouse gas emissions are counted where they are generated
rather than consumed, in line with IPCC guidelines. Currently, Section 2(1) of the
It is proposed that in the Climate Change Plan 2022-2027 we will commit to:
Electricity Act 1996 states: ‘It is the duty of the Authority to develop and maintain an
efficient and economical system of electricity supply for the Island.’ Manx Utilities 1. Finalising an Energy Strategy to achieve 75% electricity from renewable sources
exports electricity to the United Kingdom when it is costeffective to do so as part of its by 2035 and net zero emissions by 2050, acknowledging the energy trilemma of
economic statutory duty as any additional contributions (extra income less extra costs) balancing the environment, cost and security of supply.
from exports offset fixed costs that otherwise have to be borne from local income. In 2. Setting an achievable and equitable target to decrease emissions from energy
recent years electricity exports have contributed between £3 million and £4 million per generation by 2027.
year to Manx Utilities’ fixed costs, equivalent to around 6% of local electricity sales 3. Commencing feasibility studies and other preparation for at least one additional
income. In previous years lower levels of electricity exports have principally been used interconnector which would allow additional import and export of electricity
to ensure higher levels of power station efficiency and reliability. (required for all possible energy scenarios identified to date).
However, under the new provisions of the Climate Change Bill, Manx Utilities will also be 4. Commence feasibility studies on biofuel-capable dispatchable plant, to replace
required to act to reduce emissions, so their position on exporting electricity will be the aging diesel generators that can be used to maintain security and stability
of the Isle of Man electrical system.
28 29ISLE OF MAN
EMISSIONS
Summary of current situation
5. Reducing commercial export of fossil fuel generated electricity to the UK, to Electricity is probably the most important sector to decarbonise as emissions reduction from other
achieve an optimised decrease in emissions. sectors (especially heating and transport) is dependent on this sector. As the uptake for electric
6. Conduct detailed feasibility studies on the first phase of a new, renewable heating and electric vehicles increases, the electricity sector will have to grow to meet demand.
source of electricity generation baseload. The majority of the Isle of Man’s electricity is sourced from fossil fuels, with small amounts of
7. Identifying sustainable local provision of biofuel for electricity generation and green electricity generated from hydro-electric and imported via the interconnector from the
home heating, which will also maximise sequestration potential and benefit UK. The interconnector also provides a route to export electricity to the UK. Current legislation
ecosystems and biodiversity (exploring relative benefits of wood, fuel crops, the requires Manx Utilities to optimise its operations to provide the lowest cost solution for its
use of waste products, appropriate combinations of fuels and other sources). customers. In recent years UK electricity demand and wholesale electricity prices have risen,
8. Identifying verified sustainable sources of imported biofuel to inform future increasing the amounts of electricity exported from the Isle of Man to the UK. In future, the
decisions on import versus local production. Climate Change Bill will add in a duty to deliver emissions reductions so future export of
9. Working with Manx Utilities on the roll out of smart metering to assist in the electricity will become incompatible with our climate change commitments.
management of peak demand, helping consumers to be aware of and manage The Future Energy Scenarios Strategy has now been completed and has provided several
their power usage, enabling the optimisation of the distribution network with possible routes to allow the total decarbonisation of electricity by 2050. These scenarios all
the increased electricity demand from the roll out of electrification (e.g. for EVs require interconnection to the UK to provide stability, with varying levels of renewable biomass
and heat pumps) and monitor reductions in electricity demand elsewhere. to reduce costs across peak demands and varying levels of intermittent renewables. Scenarios
10. Helping consumers to be aware of their carbon footprint including their deploying an increased level of intermittent renewables have both a higher construction cost
contribution from power usage and how they can change their behaviour to and a potential higher cost to the bill payer. The scenario with the lowest cost to consumer
reduce this footprint. utilises interconnectors, renewable biomass and low levels of small-scale wind and solar.
11. Continuing to explore and encourage additional renewable electricity
generation at all scales, where feasible.
12. Exploring a scenario where the Manx Utilities manage our national grid and Consultation questions:
supply consumers, whilst the public and private sector work with them to
5. How much do you feel you understand about Emissions
generate our future electricity.
Category 1a - Energy Generation?
13. Enabling individual residents and businesses to invest in their own generation
(such as solar PV), as part of addressing their own consumption needs where it is F I am new to the topic
in-line with the principles of just transition. F I have a basic understanding (e.g. previous reading for general interest)
F I have a strong understanding (e.g. experience in a professional capacity;
higher level or undergraduate study)
F I have an expert understanding (e.g. postgraduate academic qualification
in the field, expert role in a business in this area)
30 31You can also read
