Construction Remedies Act - A new era: expanded obligations for owners under New Brunswick's Evaluating the risks of a CAUT censure - Stewart ...
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FAL L 2021 IS S UE 0 9
ATLANT IC E D U C AT ION A ND THE LAW
INSIDE
Evaluating the risks of a
CAUT censure
A new era:
expanded obligations for
owners under New Brunswick’s
Construction Remedies Act
DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 401 Evaluating the risks of a CAUT censure
06 What the government is doing to continue
support for international students
06
12 A new era:
expanded obligations for owners under
New Brunswick’s Construction Remedies Act
15 Publications faites dans vie personnelle
peuvent égaler manque de professionnalisme
dans vie académique : la relation qui
existe entre les médias sociaux et les
12
institutions postsecondaires et l’obligation
Fall is here again, and academic institutions in the region have cautiously welcomed BRITTANY TRAFFORD
d’équité procédurale
students back to campus. While the Atlantic provinces deal with a fourth wave of the FREDERICTION, NEW BRUNSWICK
pandemic, our universities have forged ahead with their fall semester and will continue BTRAFFORD@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
19
to encounter a range of issues including, but not limited to, the pandemic.
Private posts can lead to a lack of academic
In our ninth issue of Discovery Magazine, Stewart McKelvey lawyers review a number professionalism: the relationship between
of subjects relevant to Atlantic Canadian universities and colleges, including the CAUT social media and post-secondary institutions
censure process, changes to New Brunswick’s Construction Remedies Act, immigration and the duty of procedural fairness
policies impacting international students and procedural fairness when addressing
private social media posts (featured in both French and English).
Stewart McKelvey is ready to help, and aims to always provide a wide variety of topics
for each issue. Please feel free to contact us with subjects you would like this publication 15
to cover in the future.
We hope you enjoy, and wish you continued health and happiness.
- Brittany, Editor
This publication is intended to provide brief informational summaries only of legal developments and topics
of general interest, and does not constitute legal advice or create a solicitor-client relationship. This publication
should not be relied upon as a substitute for consultation with a lawyer with respect to the reader’s specific
circumstances. Each legal or regulatory situation is different and requires a review of the relevant facts and applicable law. If
you have specific questions related to this publication or its application to you, you are encouraged to consult a member of our
Firm to discuss your needs for specific legal advice relating to the particular circumstances of your situation. Due to the rapidly
changing nature of the law, Stewart McKelvey is not responsible for informing you of future legal developments.T he Canadian Association
of University Teachers
(“CAUT”) censure process has
member associations (such as
the Dalhousie Faculty Association
or the Memorial University
The Association will undertake
renewed efforts to settle the
dispute, and report progress to
attracted widespread attention in of Newfoundland Faculty the Council. On the basis of that
recent months, following CAUT’s Association), or by applying for report the Council may decide to
extraordinary vote in April 2021 to individual membership.3 CAUT impose censure, which will remain
censure the University of Toronto supports members in collective in effect until the Council is
(“U of T”). CAUT censured U of bargaining, grievances and satisfied that the matter has been
T for terminating the candidacy arbitrations, issues of academic satisfactorily resolved.6
of Dr. Valentina Azarova, who freedom, advocacy on academic
was the selection committee’s employment, communications A censure involves a blanket
top choice for the directorship of strategy, and other matters.4 request to all CAUT members to
the International Human Rights not accept appointments, speaking
Program at the U of T Faculty WHAT IS “CENSURE”? engagements, distinctions, or
of Law. While an external review honours from the censured
concluded differently, many The CAUT censure is intended to institution until CAUT’s requested
participants and observers believe be a rare and last-resort sanction changes are made. Further,
Dr. Azarova’s candidacy was imposed against a university or CAUT will publicize the censure;
terminated because of her previous college administration that, in the seek support from student
work on Israel-Palestine, after an view of the CAUT Council, has organizations, labour groups, and
alumnus and donor — who is also acted “in a manner that threatens international academic associations;
a Tax Court judge — intervened. academic freedom and tenure, and refuse to advertise positions at
undermines collegial governance, the censured institution.
CAUT suspended the censure on disregards negotiated agreements,
September 17, 2021. refuses to bargain in good faith, or Prior to the current U of T
takes other actions that are contrary censure, there had only been
This FAQ-style article reviews the to interests of academic staff or two other censures since 1979.7
background to the censure and the compromise the quality and integrity The last time censure was invoked
fallout at U of T, and considers the of post-secondary education.”5 was in 2008, over governance
risks for other universities. issues at First Nations University
Before imposing censure, CAUT in Saskatchewan.8
In short, the U of T controversy will explore alternative mechanisms
demonstrates that a CAUT to resolve the concern, including HOW DID THE U OF T CENSURE
censure is not toothless, but can a referral to the appropriate COME ABOUT?
have very real consequences for CAUT committee for further
the educational and professional investigation. If these steps are not On October 15, 2020, the CAUT
environment of a university. satisfactory, the CAUT Executive Executive passed a censure motion
may recommend to Council that against U of T, in response to its
WHAT IS CAUT? censure be imposed. At that point: controversial decision the previous
month to terminate the candidacy of
Evaluating the risks of a
CAUT comprises “72,000 teachers, If persuaded that a censure is Dr. Valentina Azarova for the position
librarians, researchers, general staff justified, the Council will pass of Director of the International
and other academic professionals a motion giving notice to the Human Rights Program at the
at some 125 universities and administration concerned that unless Faculty of Law.9 Dr. Azarova was
CAUT censure
colleges across the country.”1 There the dispute is resolved, censure will known for her early-career work
are multiple classes of CAUT be imposed at its next meeting. This on Palestinian rights, and more
membership,2 but professionals action will be publicized within the recent work on migrant rights and
generally join through their Canadian academic community. international criminal law.10
1
CAUT, “About Us”. 7
CAUT, “University of Toronto under censure” (May 2021).
2
See generally CAUT By-law Number 1 (November 2020). CAUT, “CAUT Council imposes rare censure against University of Toronto over Azarova
8
3
CAUT, “CAUT Membership”. hiring controversy” (April 22, 2021).
4
CAUT, “Field Guide to CAUT”. Masha Gessen, “Did a University of Toronto Donor Block the Hiring of a Scholar for her
9
5
CAUT, “Procedures Relating to Censure” (revised 2008). Writing on Palestine?” (May 8, 2021) in The New Yorker, [“Gessen”].
6
CAUT, “Procedures Relating to Censure” (revised 2008). 10
Gessen, above.
1 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 2As reported in The New Yorker: (A Judicial Conduct Review to Dr. Azarova.21 Dr. Azarova of the IHRP faculty advisory a complaint about an individual risks can quickly translate into
Panel of the Canadian Judicial declined the offer, telling CBC committee, and Prof. Kent Roach issue may be better suited tangible negative impacts on
It emerged that, on September 4th, Council has since concluded News that, “In light of events over stepping down as faculty chair for grievance arbitration or universities, and those who work
a high-level university administrator that, while Justice Spiro “made the past year, I realized that my of the Advisory Group for other processes, whereas more and study there.
spoke on the phone with David E. serious mistakes, these were not leadership of the program would the David Asper Centre for systemic concerns may benefit
Spiro, a tax judge who, individually serious enough to warrant a remain subject to attack by those Constitutional Rights; from engagement with CAUT. Our Education team is always
and as a member of a wealthy family, recommendation for his removal who habitually conflate legal Universities may also wish to available to help clients navigate
is a major donor to the law school. from office.”14 Several of the analyses of the Israeli-Palestinian • lawyers refusing to hire U of T carefully and proactively consult these issues.
Spiro expressed concern about Azarova’s complainants have now filed an context with hostile partisanship.”22 law students; and with their other stakeholders,
work on the Israeli occupation and application for judicial review in Nevertheless, the development including student groups, to gauge
suggested that her appointment would Federal Court.)15 prompted CAUT’s Executive • outside organizations ending their where they stand on the issues
damage the university’s reputation. The Committee to pause the censure collaborations with U of T (these involved and shore up support.
university administrator alerted the On April 22, 2021, the CAUT “pending a final decision by CAUT include Human Rights Watch;
leadership of the law faculty, who, in Council voted to censure U of T, Council” in November.23 CAUT’s Citizen Lab; the HIV Legal In sum, prevention is key —
turn, contacted the search committee. on the basis that the cancellation Executive Committee is still calling Network; Butterfly: Asian and because once censure happens,
Soon [Dean of Law Edward] Iacobucci of Dr. Azarova’s hiring was on U of T “to resolve all the issues Migrant Sex Workers Support it is very difficult to walk back
reversed the process of Azarova’s hiring. politically motivated and a breach in the case, including explicitly Network; the Immigration Legal the damage.
of academic freedom.16 The extending academic freedom Committee; the Indigenous JENNIFER TAYLOR
The October motion advised that Council expressly disagreed with protections to academic managerial Education Network; and CONCLUSION HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA
censure would be imposed at the the Cromwell Report’s conclusion positions and developing policies Amnesty International).26 JENNIFERTAYLOR@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
spring meeting of Council, unless “that the donor’s call did not that prohibit donor interference in CAUT cannot necessarily enforce
“satisfactory steps” were taken by U trigger the subsequent actions internal academic affairs.”24 Censure UofT, a group of U of T a censure through the courts, but
of T — like hiring Dr. Azarova for resulting in the sudden termination faculty members that is active on that does not mean a censure is
the still-vacant director position.11 of the hiring process.”17 WHAT HAVE THE social media, maintained a list of without risk for universities. The
CONSEQUENCES BEEN FOR “solidarity statements and actions” reputational cost of attracting
This left several months for “The censure amounts to a U OF T? in response to the censure.27 a CAUT censure can be readily
negotiations to take place. boycott of the University,” observed in the case of U of T:
according to Ultra Vires, the law The censure caused significant More repercussions may have there are practical consequences
During this time, the University faculty’s student newspaper.18 fallout,25 including: ensued if the censure had remained to a censure when it comes to
tried to stave off censure by in place during the current retaining and recruiting faculty, CALVIN DEWOLFE
retaining the Hon. Thomas The University of Toronto Faculty • multiple events being cancelled academic year. facilitating student employment HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA
Cromwell, retired justice of the Association abstained from the and speaking invitations declined; opportunities, attracting speakers, CDEWOLFE@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
Supreme Court of Canada, to censure vote, and is pursuing two HOW CAN UNIVERSITIES and beyond. A censure could also
conduct an independent review of grievances of its own arising from • the Right Honourable Michaëlle MANAGE THE RISKS ARISING have a significant financial impact,
the hiring situation (“Cromwell the hiring controversy.19 Jean, former Governor General of FROM THE CENSURE PROCESS? depending on how it affects
Report”). Mr. Cromwell concluded Canada, postponing a lecture on enrolment and donor behaviour.
that he “would not draw the CAUT maintained that censure systemic discrimination; It is in universities’ interests to
inference that external influence would “remain in effect until avoid censure if at all possible. For Especially in the age of social
played any role in the decision to Council is satisfied that the matter • law faculty resigning from this reason, universities should media, risk needs to be assessed
discontinue the recruitment of has been satisfactorily resolved.”20 university roles, including Prof. take the threat of censure seriously, holistically — through a
the Preferred Candidate.”12 The Audrey Macklin resigning as and react proactively rather than communications and public
Cromwell Report was endorsed On September 17, 2021, CAUT chair of the International Human defensively if the threat arises. relations lens, and not just a legal
by the University, but met with suspended the censure, after U Rights Program (“IHRP”) lens. It is not simply about whether
criticism from many corners.13 of T re-offered the directorship hiring committee and member Universities may want to consider a censured institution could be
early engagement with CAUT sued for damages, but about what
and participation in any CAUT might happen in the court of
investigations, depending on the public opinion. In the case of a
Shree Paradkar, “University teachers’ association calls for rare censure of U of T administration
11
controversy” (April 22, 2021) [“CAUT censure”]. circumstances. For example, CAUT censure, the reputational
over law faculty hiring scandal” (October 15, 2020) in the Toronto Star. 17
CAUT censure, above.
Hon. Thomas A. Cromwell, CC, Independent Review of the Search Process for the Directorship
12 18
Cheng and Myles, above.
of the International Human Rights Program at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law (March University of Toronto Faculty Association, “CAUT Censure: Frequently Asked Question”
19
15, 2021) at page 6. (May 26, 2021).
Vivian Cheng and Harry Myles, “Criticisms over the Cromwell Report Erupt with CAUT
13 20
CAUT, “University of Toronto under censure” (May 2021).
Censuring U of T” (May 17, 2021) in Ultra Vires, [“Cheng and Myles”]. See also Gessen, above. CAUT, “CAUT calling for ‘pause’ on U of T censure after U of T reverses course on Dr. Azarova
21
“Canadian Judicial Council completes its review of the matter involving the Honourable D.E.
14
case” (September 17, 2021) [“CAUT pause”]. 25
See generally Gessen, above.
Spiro” (May 21, 2021). Shanifa Nasser, CBC News, “Censure against U of T temporarily suspended after school reverses
22
Cheng and Myles, above. See also Sarah Tomlinson, “Rye Law Prof Stands with CAUT Censure of U of T Over Hiring Scandal” (September 8, 2021) in The Eyeopener; CAUT, “University
26
Aidan Macnab, “Judicial review sought on decision to close complaint against Justice David
15
course in hiring controversy” (September 17, 2021). of Toronto under censure” (May 2021).
Spiro” (July 14, 2021) in Law Times. 23
CAUT pause, above. 27
Censure UofT, “About Us”.
CAUT, “CAUT Council imposes rare censure against University of Toronto over Azarova hiring
16 24
CAUT pause, above.
3 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 4What the government is
doing to continue support
for international students
W ith the 2021 fall school
semester under way, it
has been a year and a half since
Citizenship Canada (“IRCC”)
has been implementing
temporary policy changes for
an exemption to the travel
restrictions to be eligible to
travel to, and enter, Canada.
the COVID-19 pandemic first those international students Initially the Government of
resulted in school closures and studying online, to provide Canada had limited the travel
travel restrictions, and forced them with flexibility during exemption for international
many students and educational the pandemic. The government students to those who held valid
institutions to move to online has continued to modify and study permits or an official
learning environments. While introduce new measures to approval letter that was issued
many schools are re-opening, support international students: on or before March 18, 2020.
there are still some students who This exemption was modified
are unable to study in-person in 1. T
RAVEL RESTRICTION in late 2020 to broaden who is
Canada due to ongoing travel EXEMPTIONS: eligible to travel to Canada.
restrictions and study permit
processing delays. As discussed During the COVID-19 The travel exemption for
in our Spring 2020 and Fall pandemic, students coming international students now has
2020 issues of Discovery, from outside of the United two primary requirements. First,
Immigration, Refugees, and States have had to meet the students must either hold a
5 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 6valid study permit, be eligible to or already be approved for the many students will need to Finally, while students AIPP is currently in a temporary
apply for a study permit at the permit, this exemption should begin or continue their studies graduating in Canada are still pilot phase, but the Government
port of entry, or have received make the assessment process online from outside of Canada. required to apply for their of Canada has announced that
written approval of their study simpler for many students. The Government of Canada PGWP within 180 days of due to its success it will be made
permit application. Second, is temporarily allowing all holding a valid study permit, a permanent program. It has
students must be attending 2. G
REATER POST-GRADUATION students who were enrolled in and within 180 days of receiving yet to be announced whether
an institution that is listed by WORK PERMIT ELIGIBILITY PGWP-eligible programs in written notification of their there will be any changes once
the Government of Canada FLEXIBILITY: progress in March 2020, or program’s completion, there are the permanent program comes
as having appropriate measures who started a program of study temporary policy changes for into place, but it is nonetheless
in place to support the student’s In the Spring 2020 and from spring 2020 up to and graduates outside of Canada. exciting news as it provides
quarantine. This is helpful for Fall 2020 issues of Discovery, including fall 2021, to complete Students who graduate from international graduates in
international students who we discussed new temporary up to 100 per cent of their outside of Canada do not Atlantic Canada with another
received their study permit measures introduced by the program online from outside currently need to hold or permanent avenue for applying
approvals over the last year Government of Canada to of Canada without impacting have held a valid study permit for residence in Canada.
and are now seeking to join preserve international students’ their PGWP eligibility. within 180 days of their PGWP
their schools when on-campus eligibility for a Post-Graduation application as long as they either As we have seen throughout
classes resume. Work Permit (“PGWP”) despite Also, PGWPs are generally have a study permit or study the COVID-19 pandemic, it is
pandemic-related distance and valid for the same length of permit approval and apply for possible that these measures may
Those who plan to attend an online learning requirements. time as the study permit, with their PGWP within 180 days of change and new measures may
educational institution that As a reminder, the PGWP a minimum length of eight receiving written notification of be introduced, depending on
is not currently listed by the Program provides students months and up to a maximum their program’s completion. how the pandemic progresses.
Government of Canada are not who have graduated from length of three years. IRCC
eligible to enter the country certain Canadian educational is currently allowing any time 3. A
TLANTIC IMMIGRATION Our immigration law team
under this international student institutions with a route to spent studying online outside PILOT PROGRAM BECOMING would be pleased to provide
exemption. The institution list obtain an open work permit of Canada up to December 31, A PERMANENT PROGRAM: up-to-date advice on COVID-19
is updated regularly and new (otherwise known as a PGWP). 2021 to be counted towards issues impacting educational
schools are added frequently, Among other requirements, the length of the PGWP. Any The Atlantic Immigration institutions and international
so non-qualifying international to be eligible for a PGWP, a time spent studying outside Pilot Program (“AIPP”) is students alike.
students may be able to travel to student would generally need to of Canada after December 31, a permanent residence pathway
Canada under this exemption in study in Canada in a program 2021 will be deducted from that helps employers in
the future. eight months in duration or the length of the PGWP. It is Atlantic Canada hire foreign
longer, maintain full-time also important to note that skilled workers who want to
Additionally, the Government student status during each time spent studying outside of immigrate to Atlantic Canada,
of Canada has recently academic session, and have held Canada only begins to count and international graduates
implemented a broad exemption a study permit within 180 days towards the length of a PGWP who want to stay in Atlantic
to the travel restrictions for of applying for the PGWP. once IRCC receives the study Canada after they graduate.
fully vaccinated travellers permit application. There are three subprograms
that may also be applicable to Recognizing the impact of under AIPP, one of which is the BRENDAN SHERIDAN
some international students. COVID-19 on the ability for It was noted in the Fall 2020 Atlantic International Graduate HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA
This exemption to the travel international students to qualify issue of Discovery that students Program. BSHERIDAN@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
restrictions allows individuals for this permit, the Government who graduate from more than
who are fully vaccinated of Canada has made temporary one PGWP-eligible program of
to travel to Canada. To be modifications to the PGWP study may be able to combine the
considered fully vaccinated for eligibility requirements. To length of their programs
the purposes of this exemption, be eligible for the temporary of study (if they are each longer
individuals must have changes discussed below, than eight months) when they
completed their COVID-19 students must either have a apply for their PGWP on
vaccine dosage regime of an valid study permit, have been graduation. IRCC has recently
approved vaccine (Pfizer, approved for a study permit, or announced that students can now
Moderna, Astra-Zeneca, or have applied for a study permit complete 100 per cent of both
Janssen / Johnson and Johnson) before beginning their program programs online from outside of
at least 14 days before their and have it eventually approved. Canada if both programs were
entry to Canada. While the either in progress in March 2020
students should still either Due to the continued processing or began between spring 2020
have a study permit in-hand delays and travel restrictions, and fall 2021.
7 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 8Spotlight
CONOR O’NEIL, P.E n g .
SAINT JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK
CONEIL@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
Conor practices in commercial litigation with an
emphasis on the construction industry, where he has
extensive experience working with general contractors,
surety companies, insurers, owners of construction
projects, subcontractors and suppliers to help
provide practical, efficient solutions. A professional
engineer by trade, Conor has represented parties in
dispute resolution, drafted and negotiated various
forms of contracts and procurement documents,
managed complex litigation matters (including one
of the longest trials in New Brunswick) and acted in
matters concerning professional negligence claims.
In addition to his busy practice, Conor is also chair of
the Canadian Bar Association – New Brunswick branch
construction subsection.
DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 10A new era:
expanded obligations for
owners under New Brunswick’s
Construction Remedies Act
C onstruction lien legislation
exists in every province
and territory in Canada.
protect material suppliers by
giving them a charge against
the lands for which materials
legislation, the Construction
Remedies Act (“Act”), on
December 18, 2020 and the
Liens are a creature of statute or services were supplied. Act, with the exception of
introduced, at least in North several sections, came into force
America, first in the state of Beginning in 2016 with on November 1, 2021, replacing
Maryland. The concept of early Ontario, every province, with the Mechanics’ Lien Act.
construction liens was intended the exception of Newfoundland
to combat the issues of bad and Labrador, has undertaken The new legislation is long
credit encountered by colonial a review of its lien legislation – double the length of its
era material suppliers who and most have passed some predecessor. Most of the
faced the new world problem legislative changes or indicated fundamental concepts remain
of land owners with abundant their intention to do so. New the same. However, the Act
land, but little cash and bad Brunswick’s Mechanics’ Lien makes significant changes with
credit. Materials were expensive Act is the oldest lien act still in respect to entities considered
to transport to new remote force of any of the provinces. “owners” under the legislation,
locations and so, the legislatures The Legislative Assembly of including introducing new
of that era created liens to New Brunswick passed new holdbacks provisions and
11 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 12expansive trust obligations contractor as trustees and, breach of trust. Similar sections of improvements or projects above and beyond $100,000 in
for owners. Most universities unless ordered otherwise by exist in other jurisdictions within the meaning of the the run of a year (e.g. replacing
and colleges will fall into the court, any payment from a and may result in an increased new legislation, the obligation a gymnasium floor, renovations
the category of an owner holdback trust account requires risk of litigation for directors, to maintain a holdback trust to dormitories, building or
for both new projects and the signatures of both trustees. officers and employees account does not apply to the modifying laboratories, etc.),
capital improvements. As of managing the statutory trust. Crown or to local government. will likely be faced with creating
the writing of this article, the This is potentially Although there is not a and maintaining separate CONOR O’NEIL, P.E n g .
sections of the Act dealing with administratively burdensome WHAT TYPES OF PROJECTS “one size fits all” answer, holdback trust accounts for each SAINT JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK
owner holdback trust accounts to owners with several projects DOES THIS APPLY TO? generally community colleges improvement contract, and will CONEIL@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
are being revised. Bill 68 was happening simultaneously. are likely to be deemed the be subject to the corresponding
introduced on November 1, Owners should expect to The new legislation defines an Crown for the purposes of obligations under the Act.
2021, outlining minor proposed track trust information to “improvement” in respect of the Act, while the same is Further, as noted above, both
amendments to these sections. maintain traceability of trust lands as: not true for universities. This the university as a corporation,
funds such as: may have a significant impact and those of its individual
WHY THE NEW HOLDBACK AND (a) a ny alteration, addition or on a university’s obligations directors, officers and employees
TRUST PROVISIONS MATTER • Deposits and withdrawals to capital repair to the land, under the Act with respect to who have responsibility for
and from the account; holdbacks and owners’ trusts. the management of the
The Mechanics’ Lien Act (b) a ny construction, erection or holdback trusts, may be
creates a statutory trust for •A
ny transfers made for the installation on the land, or Community colleges in held personally liable for SARAH-JANE LEWIS
all funds paid by owners on purposes of the trust; New Brunswick are Crown appropriation or conversion SAINT JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK
a construction project, the (c) c omplete or partial corporations. They are creatures of any part of the trusts. SJLEWIS@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
beneficiaries of which are •T
he names of parties involved demolition/removal of a of statute and subject to the
the contractors and material in any transaction regarding building, structure or works New Brunswick Community HOW STEWART MCKELVEY
suppliers below the owner in the trust; and on the land. Colleges Act (“NBCAA”). CAN HELP
the construction pyramid. Under section 8 of NBCAA,
Importantly, under that •T
he amount retained as a Importantly, the new legislation community colleges are clearly Stewart McKelvey can assist
legislation an owner is not a holdback for each contract. also clarifies that capital repairs defined as agents of the Crown. universities and colleges
trustee of such funds and its include any repair intended to with reviewing and drafting
obligations are largely limited Perhaps most surprisingly to extend the normal economic Universities in New Brunswick procedures and construction
to retaining the fifteen per cent some, the new legislation makes life of the land, building, are not subject to legislation contracts to best manage the
statutory holdback. appropriation or conversion of structure or works but do not similar to the NBCCA, are risks inherent in the new
any part of an owner’s trust a include normal preventative self-governed, and are not legislation. In the event of a
Under the new legislation, category F offence under Part maintenance. expressly legislated as Crown dispute, Stewart McKelvey’s
the trust provisions have 2 of the Provincial Offences agents under the Act. As such, dispute resolution team has
been greatly expanded. Procedure Act which may include The supply of services to an the expansive definition of extensive experience in dealing
The construction trust will a fine of up to $10,200 and a improvement also clearly improvement makes it likely with all forms of dispute
extend to owners and there term of imprisonment of up to includes the supply of a design, that universities, which typically resolution across the Atlantic
have been significant changes 90 days. plan, drawing or specification make dozens of capital repairs region and beyond.
to owners’ obligations. by an architect or engineer
Further, any director, officer or which enhances the value of the
Owners will be required to person, including employees land. In other words, owners
retain a ten per cent statutory or agents who have effective should maintain the ten per
holdback, a reduction from the control of the corporation, cent statutory holdback on
predecessor legislation, until who assents to, or acquiesces contracts they enter into with
the expiry of the holdbacks in conduct, that such persons their consultants for building
period. In retaining such funds knew or ought to have known projects and capital repairs.
every owner must create separate amounts to the corporation
holdbacks trust accounts for committing a breach of trust UNIVERSITY OBLIGATIONS
each improvement where the may be personally liable to MORE EXPANSIVE THAN
value of the contract is over the trust beneficiaries. This COLLEGES
$100,000. Further, the owner effectively creates a statutory
is required to administer the right for trust beneficiaries to Although both colleges and
trust account jointly with the personally sue such persons for universities may be “owners”
13 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 14jetables et exécutables selon les n’était pas sincère et manquait discipliner la conduite « non
caprices et désirs subjectivent de d’empathie. Le 30 août 2019, le académique » d’un étudiant en
la mère » et « l’avortement est CPC a expulsé Zaki du Collège. relation avec toute question
immoral et contraire à l’éthique ». universitaire (« any university
Zaki a fait appel de la décision matter »). Une question
Le Collège a reçu 18 plaintes du CPC auprès du comité universitaire est définie comme
anonymes en réponse aux disciplinaire de la faculté étant tout acte, évènement ou
publications Facebook de des sciences de la santé engagement qui a un lien étroit
Zaki. Ces plaintes ainsi que le ainsi qu’auprès du comité avec l’université.
contenu de ces publications ont disciplinaire de l’université (le
soulevé des inquiétudes quant « CDU »). Dans les deux cas, Le juge a conclu qu’il était
Publications faites dans vie
au professionnalisme de cet la décision de l’expulser du approprié et raisonnable pour
étudiant de première année, qui programme a été maintenue. le CDU de considérer les
était une exigence essentielle Dans sa décision, le CDU a publications Facebook de Zaki
chez les étudiants de médecine. adressé les questions d’équité comme étant une « question
personnelle peuvent égaler manque EXPULSION DU REQUÉRANT
– LES TRIBUNAUX
procédurale de façon brève. Il
a conclu, de plus, qu’il n’avait
pas la juridiction de considérer
universitaire ». Alors que Zaki
tentait d’argumenter que ses
publications n’avaient pas un
de professionnalisme dans vie
ADMINISTRATIFS les droits de la personne Zaki en lien étroit avec l’université, la
vertu de la Charte canadienne des preuve démontrait le contraire.
Le 25 février 2019, le vice- droits et libertés (la « Charte »).
académique : la relation qui existe
doyen du Collège, Dr D’une part, Zaki avait dit
Ripstein, et le vice-doyen au APPEL DE LA DÉCISION – COUR aux membres de la faculté de
professionnalisme, Dr West, ont DU BANC DE LA REINE médecine qu’il utilisait son
rencontré Zaki pour adresser compte Facebook pour se garder
entre les médias sociaux et les leurs inquiétudes. Il a été décidé
que Zaki allait écrire une lettre
d’excuses à ses collègues de
Zaki a fait appel de la décision
du CDU auprès de la Cour du
banc de la reine du Manitoba.
à jour avec tout ce qui se passait
dans sa classe et au Collège
de médecine. De plus, à la fin
institutions postsecondaires et classe (la « lettre »).
Suite à la rencontre, Dr Ripstein
Les questions dont le juge devait
adresser étaient les suivantes :
de certaines publications qui
ont mené à toute cette affaire,
Zaki a souhaité bonne chance
l’obligation d’équité procédurale
a écrit à Zaki lui expliquant 1. Est-ce que l’université avait à ses collègues de classe sur
les attentes du Collège par la juridiction d’expulser Zaki leurs examens et a fait d’autres
rapport à la lettre d’excuses. En pour avoir fait des publications commentaires dirigés à ses
avril 2019, Zaki a été avisé que controversées sur sa page collègues. Il était donc tout à
le comité de progrès du Collège Facebook personnelle? fait raisonnable pour le CDU
(le « CPC »), dont Dr Ripstein de conclure que les gens visés
était membre, n’était pas 2. Est-ce que l’université a fait par ses publications étaient les
satisfait du remords démontré preuve d’équité procédurale? autres étudiants au programme
par Zaki dans les ébauches de de médecine.
D ans la décision récente
et intéressante de Zaki
v. University of Manitoba,
PUBLICATIONS FACEBOOK–
UN MANQUE DE
PROFESSIONNALISME?
Les 12 et 13 février 2019, Zaki
a affiché deux publications sur
sa page Facebook portant sur le
la lettre et le dossier allait être
transmis au comité disciplinaire.
À ce même moment, Zaki a été
3. Est-ce que la Charte doit être
considérée dans un processus
de discipline non académique
2. Équité procédurale et crainte
raisonnable de partialité
2021 MBQB 178 (CanLII), la droit des Américains de posséder averti que le dossier serait étudié à l’université?
Cour du banc de la reine du Dans sa première année comme des armes à feu. Le 17 février comme étant une « inconduite Le juge était d’avis que le CDU
Manitoba a dû étudier l’impact étudiant à l’école de médecine 2019, il a publié un essai qu’il non-académique » et que le 1. Facebook avait raison de conclure que
des publications Facebook sur Max Rady à l’University of avait lui-même écrit intitulé : Collège considérait l’expulser Zaki avait bien été avisé de
Manitoba (« le Collège »), le
le cheminement professionnel requérant Rafael Zaki (« Zaki ») « Refuting the ‘Final Solution’ ou le suspendre. Le Collège et l’université se l’enquête ainsi que la charge
d’un individu dans le milieu a affiché trois publications for Undocumented Infants : sont fiés sur le règlement sur d’inconduite contre lui dans
universitaire, l’importance sur sa page Facebook qui A Reconciliary Formula ». Cet Au cours des cinq prochains la discipline des étudiants un délai raisonnable. Le CDU
d’un tribunal administratif de ont éventuellement mené à son essai était antiavortement. Parmi mois, Zaki a soumis cinq ainsi que la procédure qui avait aussi raison de conclure
demeurer impartial et la relation expulsion du programme dû les propos faits par Zaki, on ébauches de la lettre qui ont l’accompagne pour arriver à la que Zaki connaissait l’étendue
complexe qui existe entre les au manque de professionnalisme lit (traduit de l’anglais) : « les toutes été rejetées par le CPC décision d’expulser Zaki. La de la preuve contre lui et il avait
que ses articles et commentaires
institutions postsecondaires et exhibaient. enfants humains à naître sont qui était d’avis que la lettre procédure prévoit que l’on peut eu amplement de temps pour
le gouvernement. considérés comme des esclaves répondre aux allégations.
15 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 16Le CDU a toutefois fait décision du CPC. Le comité gouvernementale. Cependant, sembler que les réseaux sociaux sa décision écrite pour justifier
preuve de manquement en disciplinaire a alors rejeté en suivant le processus de sont des canaux entièrement sa conclusion, d’une part, et
négligeant de considérer, dans sa l’appel de Zaki. Cette lettre a discipline pour les inconduites séparés et distincts du milieu éviter que la décision rendue
décision, la crainte raisonnable aussi été divulguée au CDU « non académiques », l’université académique, si la communauté soit considérée biaisée, injuste
de partialité causée par le lors du deuxième appel avancé s’était engagée dans l’élaboration universitaire a accès à ces ou déraisonnable.
chevauchement de rôles occupés par Zaki et la CDU a maintenu et la mise en œuvre des réseaux, on peut s’attendre
par Dr Ripstein (le vice-doyen la décision d’expulsion sans politiques gouvernementales qu’il existe un lien étroit entre Finalement, il importe pour TESSA BELLIVEAU
du Collège) tout au long du adresser les divers rôles occupés et donc agissait comme agent les actions de l’étudiant sur l’institution postsecondaire MONCTON, NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK
processus disciplinaire. par Dr Ripstein tout au long du du gouvernement. Dans ce Facebook et l’université, de comprendre les lois qui TBELLIVEAU@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
processus disciplinaire. contexte, la Charte et les droits et cette dernière pourra ont mené à sa création et la
Le test à rencontrer pour de Zaki doivent être considérés actionner toutes inconduites relation qui existe entre elle et
déterminer s’il y a une crainte Le juge était d’avis que ce lors du processus décisionnel. de la part de sa population sur le gouvernement. Il est clair
raisonnable de partialité est manquement de la part du Le fait que le CDU a manqué ses divers canaux. en lisant la décision de Zaki
de se demander : « À quelle CDU en rendant sa décision à ce devoir rend la décision que même si une université
conclusion en arriverait une est une grave lacune et qu’elle d’expulsion incorrecte et Du point de vue de l’université, est une entité distincte du
personne bien renseignée donnait l’impression que le déraisonnable. on ne peut jamais perdre de gouvernement, certaines
qui étudierait la question CDU a simplement adopté le vue l’importance de demeurer procédures administratives
en profondeur, de façon raisonnement et la décision finale RENVOI AU CDU impartiale tout au long du internes découlant de politiques
réaliste et pratique. Est-ce de Dr Ripstein. Cela s’agit d’une processus disciplinaire et de gouvernementales peuvent faire
que cette personne penserait crainte raisonnable de partialité Malgré les conclusions du Juge s’assurer qu’il n’existe pas de en sorte que l’université devient
que la décision était juste? qui rend la décision du CDU Champagne par rapport au chevauchement de rôles chez un agent du gouvernement et est
» (Committee for Justice and déraisonnable et incorrecte. caractère biaisé et déraisonnable les personnes responsable de assujetti aux mêmes obligations,
Liberty et al. v. National Energy de la décision du CDU, ce n’est rendre la décision. Si cela ne dont la reconnaissance des droits
Board et al., 1976 CanLII 2 3. Les universités canadiennes – malheureusement pas la fin de peut être évité, comme semble d’un étudiant sous la Charte.
(SCC), [1978] 1 SCR 369). des agents du gouvernement? l’affaire pour Zaki. être le cas dans Zaki, le tribunal Cela peut varier de province
administratif doit s’assurer en province et devra être
Dans le cas en l’espèce, Dr Devant le CDU, Zaki, par le Le dossier sera renvoyé au de bien adresser la crainte considéré cas par cas.
Ripstein était à la première biais de son avocat, a argumenté CDU, qui doit être composé raisonnable de partialité dans
rencontre avec Zaki suite à que les publications sur sa page d’un nouveau panel et aura à
la publication de l’essai. Il a Facebook étaient protégées adresser la crainte raisonnable
ensuite participé à l’enquête par la Charte. Le comité avait de partialité et faire preuve
et a expliqué à Zaki quelles conclu qu’elle n’avait pas la d’une évaluation indépendante
étaient ses attentes du Collège juridiction de considérer une et objective du dossier. De plus,
en lien avec la lettre. Dr violation de la Charte. le CDU aura la tâche difficile
Ripstein a reçu les ébauches, de protéger les droits de Zaki en
les a révisées et les a présentées En vertu de l’article 32.(1), la vertu de la Charte ainsi que ses
aux CPC, dont il était membre. Charte s’applique au Parlement propres obligations statutaires.
La preuve démontrait de et au gouvernement, ainsi que
plus que depuis le début du la législature et le gouvernement Il importe de noter que Zaki
processus disciplinaire, le CPC de chaque province, pour tous a continué sa formation au
avait conclu que Zaki devait les domaines relevant de cette sein du Collège tout au long
être expulsé du programme législature. La jurisprudence, du processus d’appel et pourra
de médecine, suggérant un toutefois, clarifie que la Charte vraisemblablement graduer en
résultat prédéterminé. Le CPC peut aussi s’appliquer aux 2022 comme prévu.
a recommandé que Zaki soit acteurs gouvernementaux et,
expulsé du programme et Dr selon la loi de la province, aux QUE DOIT-ON RETENIR?
Ripstein a participé au processus institutions postsecondaires
décisionnel final. qui agissent comme « agent du Pour l’étudiant, il est important
gouvernement ». de comprendre que ce qui est
Au moment où Zaki a fait publié sur notre page Facebook
appel de la décision auprès Dans le cas de Zaki, et en personnelle peut entraîner un
du comité disciplinaire de révisant les lois provinciales processus disciplinaire au niveau
la faculté des sciences de la du Manitoba, le juge a académique et avoir un effet
santé, Dr Ripstein a soumis conclu que l’Université du néfaste sur notre cheminement
une lettre détaillée justifiant la Manitoba n’était pas une entité professionnel. Alors qu’il peut
17 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 18explain his expectations for the 3. Does the Charter apply to the him and had ample time to
Private posts can lead
letter of apology. In April 2019, University’s non-academic respond to the allegations.
Zaki was told that the College’s disciplinary procedure?
Progress Committee (“CPC”) was However, the UDC failed
unsatisfied with his apology in 1. Facebook to consider the reasonable
to a lack of academic the letter and the matter would
be transferred to the Disciplinary
Committee. Zaki was also told
The College and the University
made the decision to expel Zaki
apprehension of bias caused by
the overlapping roles played by
Dr. Ripstein (the Associate Dean
professionalism: the
that the matter was being treated based on the Student Discipline of the College) throughout the
as “non-academic misconduct,” Bylaw and its accompanying disciplinary procedure.
and the College was considering procedure. The procedure
expulsion or suspension. stipulates that a student’s “non- The test to determine whether
relationship between social
academic” conduct in relation to there is a reasonable apprehension
Over the following five months, “any University matter” may be of bias is to ask the question:
Zaki submitted five drafts of the disciplined. A “University matter” “What would an informed
letter of apology, all of which the refers to any activity, event, or person, viewing the matter
media and post-secondary
CPC rejected because it thought undertaking that has a substantial realistically and practically –
them insincere and lacking connection to the University. and having thought the matter
empathy. On August 30, 2019, through – conclude? Would this
the CPC expelled Zaki from the The judge concluded that it was person think the decision is fair?”
institutions and the duty of College.
Zaki appealed the CPC’s decision
appropriate and reasonable for the
UDC to consider Zaki’s Facebook
posts a “University matter.” While
(Committee for Justice and Liberty
et al. v. National Energy Board et
al., 1976 CanLII 2 (SCC) [1978]
procedural fairness
to the Rady Faculty of Health Zaki claimed his social media 1 SCR 369.
Sciences Local Discipline posts did not have a substantial
Committee and the University connection to the University, the In the case at hand, Dr. Ripstein
Discipline Committee (“UDC”). evidence demonstrated otherwise. was the first person to meet with
In both cases, the decision Zaki following the publication of
was upheld. The UDC briefly Firstly, Zaki had told the College his essay. Dr. Ripstein then was
addressed Zaki’s concerns about that he used his Facebook involved in the investigation and
procedural fairness. Moreover, account to keep up with all things explained to Zaki the College’s
it concluded that it lacked the happening in his class and in the expectations for the letter. Dr.
I n its recent and interesting
decision regarding Zaki v.
University of Manitoba, 2021
(“Zaki”) made three posts on
his Facebook page which led to
his expulsion due to the lack of
The college received 18
anonymous complaints about
Zaki’s Facebook posts. These
jurisdiction to consider Zaki’s
rights under the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
College. Moreover, at the end of
some of the posts in question,
Zaki wished his classmates good
Ripstein received the drafts,
revised them, and presented
them to the CPC, of which he
MBQB 178 (CanLII), the professionalism of his articles complaints and the content (“Charter”). luck on their exams and made was a member. The evidence
Court of Queen’s Bench of and comments. of his posts raised concerns other comments intended for also demonstrated that the CPC
Manitoba had to analyze the about the first-year student’s APPEAL AGAINST THE DECISION – his classmates. Therefore, it had concluded that from the
impact of Facebook posts On February 12 and 13, 2019, professionalism, a requirement COURT OF QUEEN’S BENCH was entirely reasonable for the start of the disciplinary process,
on the professional career Zaki made two posts on his for medical students. UDC to conclude that the target Zaki should be expelled from
of a university student, the Facebook page about the Zaki appealed against the audience of Zaki’s posts was other the program, which suggests
importance of impartiality of right of Americans to bear arms. THE APPLICANT’S EXPULSION — UDC’s decision to the Court students in the program. a predetermined decision.
an administrative court, and the On February 17, 2019, he posted ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS of Queen’s Bench of Manitoba. Ultimately, the CPC did
complex relationship between an anti-abortion essay he had The judge had to address the 2. Procedural fairness and recommend that Zaki be expelled
post-secondary institutions and written titled “Refuting the ‘Final On February 25, 2019, the following questions: reasonable apprehension from the program, and Dr.
the government. Solution’ for Undocumented Associate Dean of the College, of bias Ripstein was involved in making
Infants: A Reconciliary Formula.” Dr. Ripstein, and the Associate 1. Does the University have the final decision.
FACEBOOK POSTS — A LACK In the essay, he argues several Dean of Professionalism, Dr. the jurisdiction to expel the The judge was of the view that
OF PROFESSIONALISM? points, including the following: West, met with Zaki to discuss applicant for publishing UDC was right to conclude that Just as Zaki appealed the
“preborn human children their concerns. It was agreed controversial posts on his Zaki was provided with timely decision to the Rady Faculty of
During his first year as a student are held as disposable and that Zaki would write a letter of personal Facebook page? notice of the investigation and Health Sciences Local Discipline
at the Max Rady College of executable slaves to their mother’s apology to his classmates. the charge of misconduct brought Committee, Dr. Ripstein sent
Medicine (“the College”) at whims and subjective desires” 2. Did the University provide the against him. The UDC was also a detailed letter justifying the
the University of Manitoba, and “abortion is immoral Following the meeting, applicant sufficient procedural right to conclude that Zaki knew CPC’s decision. Therefore, the
the applicant Rafael Zaki and unethical.” Dr. Ripstein wrote to Zaki to fairness? the scope of the evidence against Discipline Committee rejected
19 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 20Zaki’s appeal. This letter was procedure for “non-academic” networks, we can expect there
also revealed to the UDC misconduct, the University to be a connection between the
during Zaki’s second appeal, was engaged in developing and students’ actions on Facebook
and the UDC maintained the implementing government and the university, such that
decision to expel Zaki without policy and, therefore, acted as universities can act against
addressing the various roles held a government agent. In this student conduct. Universities
by Dr. Ripstein throughout the context, the Charter and Zaki’s can act against student
disciplinary procedure. rights must be considered misconduct.
during the decision process.
The judge was of the view The fact that the UDC failed For universities, representatives
that the failure of the UDC to do so renders the decision should never forget the
to account for this issue in of expulsion incorrect and importance of remaining
its decision was a serious flaw unreasonable. impartial throughout the
and gave the impression that disciplinary procedure and
the UDC simply adopted FILE RETURNED TO THE UDC ensuring that the roles of those
Dr. Ripstein’s reasoning and involved in decision making
conclusion. This supports Despite the conclusions of Judge do not overlap. If this cannot
a finding of reasonable Champagne about the biased be avoided, as was the case in
apprehension of bias and and unreasonable nature of the Zaki, the administrative tribunal
renders the UDC’s decision UDC’s decision, the affair is still must address a reasonable
of expulsion unreasonable not over for Zaki. apprehension of bias in writing
and incorrect. to justify its conclusions, and
The file will be returned to ensure the final decision is
3. Canadian universities – the UDC, which must put unbiased, fair, and reasonable.
government agents? together a new panel to address
the reasonable apprehension Lastly, universities must be
Before the UDC, Zaki, through of bias and prove evidence of familiar with the government
his lawyer, argued that his an independent and objective policies that lead to their
Facebook posts were protected evaluation of the file. Moreover, creation, and the relationship
by the Charter. The committee the UDC will have the difficult that exists between them.
had concluded that it lacked task of protecting Zaki’s Though universities are a
the jurisdiction to consider a rights under the Charter as separate entity from the
violation of the Charter. well as the committee’s government, certain internal
statutory obligations. administrative procedures
According to Article 32.(1), resulting from government
the Charter applies to the It should be noted that Zaki policy can create a situation
Parliament and government, has continued his studies at where the university is acting on
and to the legislature and the College during the appeal behalf of the government, and
government of each province process and is likely to graduate therefore becomes subject to
in respect of all matters within in 2022 as planned. the same obligations, including
the authority of the legislature recognizing the rights of a
of each province. However, WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM student under the Charter. This
the jurisprudence clarifies that THIS? can vary between provinces and
the Charter may also apply should be considered on a case-
to government actors and, For students, it is important by-case basis.
depending on provincial laws, to understand that what they
post-secondary institutions who post on their personal Facebook
act as “government agents.” page could lead to an academic
disciplinary procedure and
In Zaki’s case, the judge damage their careers. Social
reviewed the laws of Manitoba media channels may seem
and concluded that the completely disconnected
University of Manitoba was not from the world of academia, TESSA BELLIVEAU
a government entity. However, but if university staff and MONCTON, NEW BRUNSWICK
by following a disciplinary students have access to these TBELLIVEAU@STEWARTMCKELVEY.COM
21 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 DISCOVERY | FALL 2021 22You can also read
