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CODA DIGEST 2017 All-Causes Delay and Cancellations to Air Transport in Europe - 2017 Edition Number : CDA_2017_004 Edition Validity Date : 31/05/2018
DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS
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Charles Walker
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C. Walker +32 2 729 3391 NMD/PFR/FNI
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©2018 The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). This document is
published by EUROCONTROL for information purposes. It may be copied in whole or in part, provided
that EUROCONTROL is mentioned as the source and the extent justified by the non-commercial use
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Edition Validity Date: 31/05/2018 Edition: CDA_2017_004 Status: Released Issue i
Network Manager
CODA Digest 2017
DOCUMENT APPROVAL
Edition History
The following table records the complete history of the successive editions of the present document.
Edition History
Edition
Edition No. Author Reason
Validity Date
CDA_2017_004 29/05/2018 C. Walker
Edition Validity Date: 31/05/2018 Edition: CDA_2017_004 Status: Released Issue ii
Network Manager
CODA Digest 2017
Table of Contents
DOCUMENT CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................................... I
DOCUMENT APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................................ II
EDITION HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................................... II
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................. III
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1
2 TRAFFIC AND AVERAGE DELAY PER FLIGHT OVERVIEW ................................................................. 2
3 2017 MONTHLY SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 4
4 AVERAGE DELAY PER DELAYED FLIGHT (DEPARTURE) .................................................................. 6
5 AVERAGE DELAY PER DELAYED FLIGHT (ARRIVAL) ......................................................................... 7
6 NM VERSUS AIRCRAFT OPERATOR EXPERIENCE OF DELAY .......................................................... 8
7 DISTRIBUTION OF ALL FLIGHTS BY LENGTH OF DELAY (PUNCTUALITY) ...................................... 9
8 CODA OPERATIONAL FLIGHT CANCELLATION ANALYSIS ............................................................. 11
9 CODA SCHEDULING INDICATORS....................................................................................................... 13
10 CODA REACTIONARY DELAY ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 14
11 AVERAGE DEPARTURE DELAY PER FLIGHT BY HOUR ................................................................... 15
12 AVERAGE DELAY PER DELAYED FLIGHT VS PERCENTAGE OF DELAYED FLIGHTS .................. 16
13 TOP 20 DELAY AFFECTED DEPARTURE AIRPORTS ......................................................................... 17
14 TOP 20 DELAY AFFECTED ARRIVAL AIRPORTS ............................................................................... 18
15 TOP 20 DELAY AFFECTED CITY PAIRS .............................................................................................. 19
16 YEAR ON YEAR TRENDS IN ALL-CAUSES INDICATORS .................................................................. 20
17 CODA DELAY GROUPINGS................................................................................................................... 22
18 CORRELATION BETWEEN IATA DELAY CODES AND THE NM REGULATION CODES .................. 23
19 STANDARD IATA DELAY CODES (AHM 730) ...................................................................................... 24
20 STANDARD IATA DELAY CODE SUB-CODES (AHM 731) .................................................................. 26
21 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. 28
22 CODA COVERAGE OF IFR FLIGHTS IN ECAC REGION 2017 ........................................................... 29
Edition Validity Date: 31/05/2018 Edition: CDA_2017_004 Status: Released Issue iii
Network Manager
CODA Digest 2017
2017 Departure Delay Top Delay Causes 2017
Arrival Punctuality Flights arriving > 15
(from all causes)
minutes ahead of schedule
Reactionary 5.5
12.4 mins/flight 80% Airline 3.3
-1%pt vs. 2016 Early Arrivals 10%
+1.1 vs. 2016 ATFM En-Route 0.9
1 Executive Summary
Operational data received directly from airlines describing all-causes for 2017 illustrated a
story of increased delays translating to a yearly average all-causes departure delay of 12.4
minutes per flight, an increase of 1.1 minutes per flight on 2016.
2017 saw slightly poorer punctuality to that of 2016 with 80% of flights arriving on time
compared to 81% in 2016. The difference between the percentage of delayed departures vs.
the percentage of delayed arrivals increased highlighting increased schedule buffering by
airlines.
A strong increase in daily flights of 4.3% in ECAC for the year is a common underlying
factor in the main reported causes.
Reactionary (knock-on) delay increased by 6% and contributed 5.5 minutes to the 12.4
minutes average delay per flight.
Delays due to airline operations remained the main cause of primary delay, contributing
3.3 minutes to the average delay per flight, a 0.2 minute increase compared to 2016.
Airlines reported that en-route ATFM delays increased by 0.1 minutes per flight to 0.9
minutes per flight, following ATC capacity, staffing and en-route weather issues affecting
Karlsruhe and Maastricht UACs during the year. Although fewer than 2016, ATC
industrial actions in France also occurred.
Airport operations delay including ATFM (Figure 4) increased to 1.4 minutes per flight
and was the second highest cause in the share of primary delay behind airline causes. In
contrast to 2016, both Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen and Istanbul Ataturk airports saw
fewer delays, however, London Gatwick and Amsterdam Schiphol experienced
weather and airport capacity delays.
Operational cancellations decreased to 1.5% of planned flights, compared to 1.6% in
2016 with less industrial action in France during the year contributing part of this decrease.
Figure 1 . Breakdown of the Average Delay per Delay 2016 vs. 2017
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CODA Digest 2017
2 Traffic and Average Delay per Flight Overview
Figure 2. Total Departures per Day in ECAC
European flights (ECAC) in average daily terms increased by 4.3% in 2017 compared with 2016.
This was at the top end of the 7-year forecast published in February 2017. Total flights reached
10.6 million in 2017, a new record high, finally surpassing the 2008 record of 10.2 million flights.
The months of July, August and September hit the record number of more than one million flights
in Europe. Further information regarding traffic and forecasts can be found on the STATFOR
website and via the STATFOR Interactive Dashboard (SID).
Figure 3. Breakdown of the Average Delay per Delay Flight 2016 vs. 2017
2017 saw an average departure delay per flight of 12.4 minutes for all-causes delay, an increase
of 9.6% in comparison to 2016. Analysis of the delay reasons shows that reactionary delays
contributed the most to the average delay with 5.5 minutes per flight. Airline-related delays
increased slightly by 0.2 minutes per flight. Following ATC capacity and staffing delays in
Karlsruhe and Maastricht UAC’s and French ATC strikes, ATFM en-route delay increased to 0.9
minutes per flight. ATFM airport delay had the third highest contribution with 0.9 minutes per flight
increasing by 0.1 minutes per flight.
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CODA Digest 2017
Figure 4. Primary Delay Causes 2016 vs. 2017
Total ATFM delay reported by airlines delay increased to 2.0 minutes per flight with en-route and
weather restrictions mainly driving this increase to the average delay per flight.
Figure 5. Long Departure Delays >60 Minutes
In 2017, longer delays (those greater than 60 mins in orange) decreased when compared to 2016
with 4% of flights experiencing long delays compared to 3.8% in 2016. December however saw a
peak in delays following a month where winter weather conditions impacted airlines.
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CODA Digest 2017
3 2017 Monthly Summary
Section 3 provides a month-by-month view for 2017, highlighting the particular locations, causes of
delay or disruption in further detail.
January 2017. Seasonal weather impacted several airports throughout January, especially
Amsterdam Schiphol, Istanbul Ataturk, London Gatwick and London Heathrow. Istanbul Sabiha
Gökçen and Istanbul Ataturk airports continue to generate delays due to airport capacity.
February 2017. Weather (mainly snow and high winds) impacted several airports throughout
February, especially Amsterdam Schiphol, Istanbul Ataturk, London Gatwick and London
Heathrow. On 23 February Storm Doris affected the network and generated delays at all major
London airports, as well as Amsterdam Schiphol and Frankfurt Main.
Airport capacity delays continued to affect Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen, Amsterdam Schiphol and
Istanbul Ataturk, although to a lesser extent than observed in February 2016 following a decline in
flights at the airport. En-route delays were lower in February however increased demand in the
south west axis generated delay in Lisbon and Canarias ACCs mainly at weekends.
March 2017. The industrial action by ground handling on 13 and 14 March at Berlin Tegel and
Berlin Schönefeld caused the cancellation of approximately 920 and 500 flights respectively.
A French ATC industrial action from 6 March to 10 March generated en-route ATFM delay, largely
in France; NM estimates there were 2250 fewer flights during the action. The Italian ATC industrial
action on 20 March generated en-route ATFM delay and airport ATFM delay in Italy. NM estimates
there were 420 fewer flights during the action.
Weather impacted several airports, especially London Heathrow and to a lesser extent Amsterdam
Schiphol, Istanbul Atatürk and Barcelona.
April 2017. The ERATO ATM system implementation throughout the month generated ATFM
delays in Bordeaux ACC. Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen and Istanbul Ataturk airports suffered from
aerodrome capacity issues as well as Amsterdam Schiphol (in part due to runway works in
progress).
Surveillance issues at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport (11 April), Palma de Mallorca and Ibiza
airports (12 April) and a bomb alert on 26 April at Nantes airport generated ATFM delay.
Seasonal weather impacted several airports, especially Oslo Gardermoen and London Gatwick,
and to a lesser extent Amsterdam Schiphol, Istanbul Atatürk, Zurich and London Heathrow
airports.
May 2017. Airport ATC capacity delays and works in progress affected Amsterdam Schiphol and
Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen airport. En-route delay reported by airlines fell in comparison to May 2016
a month where French ATC industrial action occurred. There was industrial action in Romania on
the 12 and 30 May, however the main effect of this was aircraft re-routing. On 10, 11 and 18 May
Lisbon and Amsterdam Schiphol respectively suffered from fuel supply issues.
Seasonal weather mainly thunderstorms and winds impacted Frankfurt Main and to a lesser extent
Zurich, London Heathrow and Munich airports during the month.
June 2017. Data received from airlines describing all-causes delay illustrated an improvement in
the delay situation, alongside an increase in the number of flights per day in ECAC of 5%
compared to June 2016.
ATC capacity delays affected Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen, Amsterdam Schiphol and London Gatwick
airports. A power supply issue at Brussels airport on 15 June generated delay. Tenerife South
airport suffered from delays due to a disabled aircraft blocking the runway on 27 June.
Seasonal weather impacted Frankfurt Main, Zurich, London Heathrow, London Gatwick and
Amsterdam Schiphol during the month.
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CODA Digest 2017
July 2017. The evacuation of terminal 3 at Manchester airport due to a suspicious bag on 5 July
and an incident with a disabled aircraft on the runway at Düsseldorf airport on 6 July caused ATFM
delay. Seasonal weather also impacted Istanbul and Madrid/Barajas airports during the month.
August 2017. Karlsruhe and Maastricht UAC’s suffered from ATC capacity and weather delays.
Marseille ACC was also affected by from ATC capacity delays.
Istanbul Ataturk and Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen airports continued to experience airport capacity
delays. London Gatwick and Amsterdam Schiphol airports were affected by a mixture of weather
and airport capacity delays, with Amsterdam Schiphol particularly suffering on 16 and 30 August
where low visibility weather impacted the airport. London Heathrow also generated delays following
high winds on 03 August.
September 2017. En-route delay reported by airlines more than doubled during September 2017
increasing from 0.7 minutes to 1.5 minutes per flight, following a month where French ATC
industrial actions occurred in Marseille, Brest and Reims ACC’s on the 11, 12, 13 September as
well as 21 September. There were also en-route capacity delays in Karlsruhe UAC, Marseille ACC
and Maastricht UAC.
Istanbul Ataturk and Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen airports continued to experience airport capacity
delays. London Gatwick and Amsterdam Schiphol airports were affected by a mixture of weather
and airport capacity delays, with London Gatwick suffering particularly on 9 and 21 September.
Seasonal weather such as strong winds and thunderstorms affected London Heathrow, Frankfurt
Main, Istanbul Ataturk, Barcelona, Palma and Nice airports.
October 2017. En-route delay reported by airlines increased during October 2017 from 0.5
minutes to 1.0 minute per flight, following a month where French ATC industrial action occurred in
Marseille, Brest, Bordeaux and Reims ACC’s on the 09, 10 and 11 October, with airlines suffering
from the most delay on 10 October. There were also en-route capacity delays during the month in
Marseille ACC, Maastricht UAC and Karlsruhe UAC the latter also experiencing ATC staffing delay.
Elsewhere in the network, Istanbul Ataturk and Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen airports continue to
experience airport capacity delays. London Heathrow was affected by weather mainly low visibility.
Amsterdam Schiphol also experienced delay from winds notably on the 5 October as well as airport
capacity delay. Taxiway works in progress saw Paris Orly generate delay in conjunction with airport
capacity delay.
November 2017. French ATC industrial action from 15 November to 17 November generated en-
route ATFM delay in France. Seasonal weather mainly strong winds and low visibility impacted
operations at London Heathrow, Amsterdam Schiphol, London Gatwick, Istanbul Atatürk, Oslo
Gardermoen, Vienna and Lisbon airports. An ATM system failure occurred at Amsterdam Schiphol
on 21 November. Tower and taxiway maintenance in conjunction with airport capacity delays
impacted Paris Orly airport.
December 2017. Winter conditions on 10-11 December affected the majority of north-west Europe
with significant delays at London Heathrow, Stansted and Luton, Amsterdam Schiphol, Frankfurt,
Brussels and Geneva airports.
On 20-21 December, visibility issues impacted airport operations with significant delays at London
Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and City, Amsterdam Schiphol, Manchester and Oslo Gardermoen
airports.
The Italian ATC industrial action on Friday 15 December generated airport ATFM delay in Italy with
Bergamo being the most affected airport. NM estimates there were 285 fewer flights during the
action.
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CODA Digest 2017
4 Average Delay per Delayed Flight (Departure)
The average delay per delayed departure (ADD) increased by 0.9 minutes to 28.0 minutes per
flight in 2017 with the higher delays of the summer season and December driving this increase,
although delays remain within a 2 minute range. The percentage of flights (PDF) delayed on
departure (>=5 minutes) also increased, these up to 44.4% in 2017 from 42.5% in 2016 and was
the highest yearly PDF in the last 5 years.
Figure 6. Average Delay per Flight (All-Causes) for Departures
Figure 7. Average Delay per Delayed Flight (All-Causes) for Departures
Figure 8. Percentage of Delayed Flights (All-Causes) for Departures
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CODA Digest 2017
5 Average Delay per Delayed Flight (Arrival)
The average delay per delayed flight on arrival shows a similar trend to that of departure delay with
29.9 minutes per flight, an increase of 0.8 minutes per flight when compared to 2016. The
percentage of delayed arrivals also increased, this by 1 percentage point to 38.7% The use of
schedule buffering can be observed when comparing Figures 11 and 8, with the difference
between the percentage of delayed arrivals and delayed departures of 5.7 percentage points, this
increasing year on year from 2.5% in 2013 to 5.7% in 2017.
Figure 9. Average Delay per Flight (All-Causes) for Arrivals
Figure 10. Average Delay per delayed Flight (All-Causes) for Arrivals
Figure 11. Percentage of Delayed Flight (All-Causes) for Arrivals
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CODA Digest 2017
6 NM Versus Aircraft Operator Experience of Delay
Figure 12. Breakdown of Average Delay per Flight 2017 vs. 2016 (Network Manager vs. Aircraft Operator)
This section presents the air transport delay situation as seen from the airline and passenger
viewpoint (the difference between the scheduled time of departure and the actual time of departure
from the gate). Data coverage is 69% of commercial flights in the ECAC region for 2017.
ATFM delays calculated by NM are the (flight) planned “delays” based on restrictions applied; the
airlines report the “actual” experienced ATFCM delay on departure. For instance, a flight with an
ATFM restriction may also have a handling delay absorbed within the ATFM restriction. For the
airline, a part of this delay is the ATFM delay and the rest is the handling delay.
In the event of a longer duration delay an example being during ATC industrial action, a flight may
keep its original schedule however when its flight plan is submitted for example a day later any
ATFM delay allocated may be lower or zero, in this case airline reported delay will exceed NM
reported ATFM delay.
Further analysis of airline data shows that the average en-route ATFM delay from all-
causes was 0.91 minutes per flight, this was stable when compared to the NM recorded average
en-route ATFM delay per flight for the year of 0.88 minutes per flight.
As reported by the airlines, primary delays (e.g. passenger and ramp handling delays) counted for
56% (6.92 min/flt) of which (0.91 min/flt) was attributed to en-route ATFM restrictions, with
reactionary delays representing the remaining share of 44% of (5.46 min/flt). This resulted in an
average departure delay per flight of 12.38 minutes per flight as reported in previous sections.
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CODA Digest 2017
7 Distribution of All Flights by Length of Delay (Punctuality)
In 2017 overall departure punctuality levels deteriorated with 39.9% of flights departing within the 5
minute threshold before or after the scheduled departure time (STD). Flights delayed >30 minutes
from all-causes increased by 1 percentage point during the quarter to 10.8%.
Airline arrival punctuality also fell, with 79.7% of flights arriving within 15 minutes or earlier than
their scheduled arrival time (STA), compared to 80.6% in 2018.
Figure 13. All-Causes Departure and Arrival Punctuality 2016 vs. 2017
Flights arriving >15 minutes ahead of schedule increased to 9.7%. This high share may affect
airport stand availability and air traffic flow management operations (demand shifts) in the event of
aircraft frequently arriving excessively ahead of their schedule.
Figure 14. Top 50* Airlines by Arrival On-Time Performance 2017
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CODA Digest 2017
*The top 50 airlines reporting to CODA by number of flights. Arrival punctuality is calculated as the share of flights arriving within 15 minutes of the
scheduled time (time of arrival at gate)
Figure 15. Top 50* Airlines by Arrival On-Time Performance 2016
During the quarter fewer airlines were able to maintain 15 minute arrival punctuality above 85%. A
total of 9 airlines saw more than 85% of their flights arrive within 15 minutes of the scheduled time
of arrival vs. 13 airlines in 2016.
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CODA Digest 2017
8 Operational Flight Cancellation Analysis
These results are based on operational cancellation data supplied by 30 European coordinated
airports reporting to CODA under EC Regulation N° 390/2013. Albeit based on data supplied by
a restricted list (see the conditions below) of major European airports, these results already give a
good indication of trends and effects of Network events like industrial actions or
extreme weather. The IFR flight coverage at the individual airports included in this analysis is
100%. Those airports currently unable to report operational cancellations in the required data
format or those not meeting all of the criteria for operational cancellations were excluded from the
analysis.
According to Annex IV of EC Regulation N°390/2013 an ‘Operational Cancellation’ means an
arrival or departure scheduled flight to which the following conditions apply:
The flight received an airport slot, and
The flight was confirmed by the air carrier the day before operations and/or it was
contained in the daily list of flight schedules produced by the airport operator the day before of
operations, but
The actual landing or take-off never occurred.
Therefore this section of the CODA Digest reports on monthly and daily shares of operational
cancellations of the total planned flights at day -1. Like delays, operational cancellations provide
an insight into the impact of network events and associated disruption; e.g. industrial action or
extreme weather events.
Figure 16. Monthly Rate of Operational Cancellations 2016 – 2017
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CODA Digest 2017
Figure 17. Average Daily Cancellation 2016 – 2017
Figure 16 on the previous page shows the monthly rate of operational cancellations and Figure 17
provides the detail of cancellations by day from January 2016 to the end of December 2017. It
should be noted that initial cancellations count as ‘operational cancellations’ under the terms of the
regulation.
In 2017 the operational cancellation rate was 1.5% compared to 1.6% in 2016.
23 January saw disruption at Amsterdam Schiphol, London Heathrow and London Gatwick as a
result of fog, further weather related disruption also occurred at Istanbul Ataturk on the 10 January.
Seasonal weather (mainly snow and high winds) impacted several airports throughout February,
especially Amsterdam Schiphol, Istanbul Ataturk, London Gatwick and London Heathrow. On 23
February Storm Doris affected the network and generated delays at all major London airports, as
well as Amsterdam Schiphol and Frankfurt Main.
A French ATC industrial action from 6 March to 10 March generated en-route ATFM delay in
France; NM estimates there were 2250 fewer flights during the action. The Italian ATC industrial
action on 20 March generated en-route ATFM delay and airport ATFM delay in Italy. NM estimates
there were 420 fewer flights during the action.
The industrial action by ground handling on 13 and 14 March at Berlin Tegel and Berlin Schönefeld
caused the cancellation of approximately 920 and 500 flights respectively.
Oslo experienced weather issues on the 24 April, London Gatwick was affected by weather as well
on the 28 May. 22 June also saw London airports, Amsterdam Schiphol and Frankfurt’s operations
impacted by weather.
There was one ATC industrial actionin May affecting in Romania where industrial action at
Bucharest ACC caused disruption, however the main effect of this was in airlines rerouting rather
than cancelling flights.
In September a peak in cancellations occurred following French ATC industrial actions in
Marseille, Brest and Reims ACC’s on the 11, 12, 13 September as well as 21 September.
French ATC industrial action occurred in Marseille, Brest, Bordeaux and Reims ACC’s on the 09,
10 and 11 October, with airlines suffering from the most delay on 10 October.
French ATC industrial action from 15 November to 17 November generated en-route ATFM delay
in France.
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CODA Digest 2017
Winter conditions on 10-11 December affected the majority of north-west Europe with significant
delays at London Heathrow, Stansted and Luton, Amsterdam Schiphol, Frankfurt, Brussels and
Geneva airports. Italian ATC industrial action on Friday 15 December generated airport ATFM
delay in Italy with Bergamo being the most affected airport. NM estimates there were 285 fewer
flights during the action.
9 Scheduling Indicators
Scheduling correctly is a difficult art: if too long a time is blocked for a flight, the airline will not be
able to make best use of resources - staff, airframes, infrastructure. But too short a time can
arguably be worse as late flights generate rotational delay with late incoming aircraft and
passengers from previous flights having to be accommodated. When flights leave on time but
arrive after the scheduled time of arrival they cause reactionary delays. Schedule padding is
essential for air carriers in order to find schedules which work with the typical patterns of delay, so
that they can deliver passengers on time, and get maximum use out of their aircraft. Consequently
when delays decrease it takes one or two (IATA) seasons for the airline to adapt its schedule
accordingly.
Two CODA scheduling indicators help airline schedulers determine the optimal schedule based on
historical flight data:
The Delay Difference Indicator - Flight (DDI-F) or the difference between departure and arrival
punctuality expressed in minutes. This can be indicated as a positive or negative figure, for
example a flight departing with 20 minutes delay and arriving with 30 minutes arrival delay will
have a DDI-F of +10 minutes. The European DDI-F in 2017 was -4.2 minutes, this was an increase
of 0.3 minutes of schedule buffering per flight when compared to 2016.
The Block Time Overshoot (BTO) is the percentage of flights with an actual block time which
exceeds the scheduled block time. The European BTO in 2017 was 27%, this was an
improvement compared to 2016 where the BTO was 28%, indicating that on average a fewer
number of flights had an actual block time exceeding their scheduled block time during the year.
Figure 18. Block Time Overshoot (BTO) and Delay Difference Indicator - Flight (DDI-F) 2017
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CODA Digest 2017
10 Reactionary Delay Analysis
In 2017 the share of reactionary delay (IATA delay codes 91-96) was 44% of delay minutes
contributing 5.5 minutes per flight. Reactionary delays are generated as a result of an aircraft’s late
arrival from a previous flight which in turn affects the punctuality of its next flight with the same
aircraft, as well as potentially delaying connecting passengers. See IATA Standard Delay Codes
section for an overview of the IATA reactionary delay codes. Subsequently there are two types of
reactionary delays: firstly as a result of the same aircraft being delayed on its next flight (rotational
delay) and secondly when another aircraft is delayed as a result of another aircraft typically
through passengers, crew and load connection (non-rotational delays).
This section concentrates on IATA delay code 93 rotational delays, as these have a significant
share of overall reactionary delays (approximately 90%) and the largest effect on network
performance and passenger experience.
In Figure 19 analysis shows that the median number of scheduled flights per sequence for an
aircraft in 2017 was 4. The changes to the IATA seasons can be observed in the graph where the
median falls to 3 in December 2016 and continues through to April 2017 when the IATA summer
season commences.
Figure 19. Median Scheduled Flight Sequence Depth and Share of Reactionary Departure Delay on Intra
European Flights: 2016 –2017.
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CODA Digest 2017
11 Average Departure Delay per Flight by Hour
Figure 20. Breakdown of the Average Departure Delay per Flight by Hour of the Day 2017 (top) vs. 2016
(bottom)
During the first rotation hours (between 0300 and 0900 UTC) Figure 20 shows a higher share of
en- route ATFM related delay when compared to 2016 with its share at or just below 20% during
the first rotation phase at 0600 UTC. Airline related delay share fell slightly below 40% during the
first rotation and remained relatively stable during the day. One area of note is the increase in
weather delay share during the morning compared to 2016, this in turn drove an increase in the
share of reactionary delay by the end of the operational day.
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CODA Digest 2017
12 Average Delay per Delayed Flight vs Percentage of Delayed Flights
Figure 21. ADD vs. PDF on Departure
In 2017, the percentage of flights delayed
on departure (>=5 minutes) increased to
44.4%. The average delay per delayed
(ADD) flight was 28.0 minutes, an
increase of 0.9 minutes.
Figure 22. ADD vs. PDF on Arrival
The average delay per delayed flight
on arrival from all-causes was 29.9
minutes per flight 2017 an increase
of 0.8 minutes per flight. The
percentage of delayed arrivals also
increased, this by 1 percentage point
to 44.4% in comparison 2016.
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CODA Digest 2017
13 Top 20 Delay Affected Departure Airports
Figure 23. All-Causes Delay. Top 20 Affected Departure Airports 2017
Rank Departure Airport ICAO Code Average Average Average Percentage
delay per Delay per Delay per of Delayed
departure Flight Delayed Departures
(mins) Percentage Departure
Change
1 LISBON LPPT 17.3 31% 28.8 60.0%
2 LONDON/LUTON EGGW 17.2 -7% 29.7 58.0%
3 PALMA DE MALLORCA LEPA 16.8 10% 34.0 49.5%
4 BERLIN TEGEL EDDT 16.2 53% 28.2 57.4%
5 MANCHESTER EGCC 16.1 18% 30.2 53.4%
6 TEL AVIV/BEN GURION LLBG 15.9 9% 30.2 52.6%
7 LONDON/GATWICK EGKK 15.9 -17% 29.2 54.4%
8 BIRMINGHAM EGBB 15.2 22% 30.6 49.7%
9 HAMBURG EDDH 14.9 27% 27.0 55.2%
10 SCHIPHOL AMSTERDAM EHAM 14.9 27% 25.8 57.6%
11 COLOGNE-BONN EDDK 14.7 10% 29.9 49.2%
12 LONDON/STANSTED EGSS 14.6 15% 27.4 53.2%
13 PARIS CH DE GAULLE LFPG 14.5 7% 26.2 55.2%
14 MILAN MALPENSA LIMC 14.3 10% 32.7 43.7%
15 DUSSELDORF EDDL 14.3 16% 27.8 51.4%
16 BRUSSELS NATIONAL EBBR 14.2 7% 26.2 54.1%
17 NICE LFMN 14.2 14% 30.6 46.4%
18 VENICE TESSERA LIPZ 14.0 6% 30.2 46.2%
19 FRANKFURT MAIN EDDF 13.9 30% 22.5 61.7%
20 ALICANTE LEAL 13.8 -9% 29.5 46.9%
Lisbon ranked first in the top 20 affected airports with flights departing from the airport suffering
from airline delay, reactionary as well as airport related delays. Luton airport ranked 2nd with an
average delay per flight of 17.2 mins, with airlines suffering from en-route delays notably during
summer as well as weather in December. Airlines with flights departing from Palma de Mallorca
suffered from en-route delays in France as well as reactionary delays on high frequency Spanish
domestic routes. Flights departing Berlin Tegel were affected by weather and en-route delays.
Following an improvement in the delay situation both Istanbul Ataturk and Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen
airports dropped out of the top 20 delay affected airports.
Figure 24. Main Delay Causes at the Top 10 Affected Departure Airports
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CODA Digest 2017
14 Top 20 Delay Affected Arrival Airports
Figure 25. All-Causes Delay. Top 20 Affected Arrival Airports 2017
Rank Arrival Airport ICAO Code Average Average Average Percentage
delay Delay per Delay of Delayed
per Flight per Arrivals
Flight Percentage Delayed
(mins) Change Arrival
1 LONDON/GATWICK EGKK 21.6 7% 46.0 46.9%
2 MANCHESTER EGCC 16.1 24% 35.1 45.8%
3 LISBON LPPT 15.9 26% 32.8 48.5%
4 LONDON/LUTON EGGW 15.0 -8% 34.6 43.4%
5 LONDON/STANSTED EGSS 14.6 16% 34.2 42.7%
6 TEL AVIV/BEN GURION LLBG 14.5 -26% 29.7 48.8%
7 BIRMINGHAM EGBB 13.9 27% 31.7 43.9%
8 COLOGNE-BONN EDDK 13.9 17% 33.9 41.0%
9 MILAN MALPENSA LIMC 13.8 12% 35.7 38.6%
10 ANKARA-ESENBOGA LTAC 13.5 24% 27.6 48.8%
11 DUSSELDORF EDDL 13.4 22% 29.6 45.4%
12 PALMA DE MALLORCA LEPA 13.1 8% 33.5 39.2%
13 BERLIN - SCHOENEFELD EDDB 12.9 15% 33.1 38.9%
14 BARCELONA LEBL 12.7 -25% 33.1 38.5%
15 PORTO LPPR 12.6 -6% 30.5 41.2%
16 EDINBURGH EGPH 12.6 2% 29.2 43.0%
17 BERLIN - TEGEL EDDT 12.5 33% 28.4 43.9%
18 BUDAPEST LHBP 12.4 19% 28.1 44.1%
19 PRAGUE LKPR 12.4 6% 30.2 40.9%
20 BUCHAREST OTOPENI LROP 12.3 9% 27.1 45.6%
London Gatwick ranked first for arrival delays in 2017, with an average delay per flight on arrival of
21.6 minutes, with reactionary delays, ATC capacity and weather contributing to this figure. Flights
to Manchester flights recorded high shares of reactionary and weather delays. The high en-route
delays in France following the ATC industrial action can also be observed in Figure 26, with
notably high shares at UK airports.
Figure 26. Main Delay Causes at the Top 10 Affected Arrival Airports
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CODA Digest 2017
15 Top 20 Delay Affected City Pairs
Figure 27. All-Causes Delay Situation for the 20 Most Delayed Airport Pairs 2017
Rank Departure Airport Arrival Airport Average Change Average Delay Percentage Delayed
Delay Per since Per Delayed Departures
Departure Previous Departure
Period
PALMA DE COLOGNE-BONN 23.0 14% 39.5 58.1%
1
MALLORCA
2 GENEVA LONDON/GATWICK 20.5 -11% 33.3 61.6%
3 LONDON/GATWICK GENEVA 19.5 -4% 31.5 61.7%
SCHIPHOL LONDON/GATWICK 19.4 -14% 33.9 57.2%
4
AMSTERDAM
SCHIPHOL BARCELONA 19.2 3% 30.1 63.8%
5
AMSTERDAM
6 LONDON/GATWICK BARCELONA 19.2 -20% 32.9 58.5%
7 LISBON BRUSSELS NATIONAL 19.1 11% 28.0 68.1%
8 FRANKFURT MAIN ISTANBUL-ATATURK 18.8 33% 26.3 71.4%
9 BRUSSELS NATIONAL LISBON 18.4 11% 26.4 69.8%
10 PARIS ORLY LISBON 18.3 24% 29.9 61.2%
11 LISBON LONDON/HEATHROW 18.0 11% 27.7 64.9%
12 BARCELONA LISBON 17.7 28% 31.0 57.1%
13 PARIS CH DE GAULLE BARCELONA 17.5 -10% 28.1 62.4%
14 ROME FIUMICINO BARCELONA 17.5 -12% 27.7 63.0%
15 TEGEL-BERLIN ZURICH 17.2 46% 24.5 70.1%
16 EDINBURGH SCHIPHOL AMSTERDAM 17.2 61% 28.1 61.3%
17 BARCELONA SCHIPHOL AMSTERDAM 16.9 0% 29.7 56.8%
18 LISBON BARCELONA 16.9 13% 27.9 60.5%
19 BARCELONA BRUSSELS NATIONAL 16.8 -6% 29.7 56.5%
20 BIRMINGHAM SCHIPHOL AMSTERDAM 16.8 54% 29.2 57.4%
Flights operating from Palma de Mallorca to Cologne ranked in top in the most delayed airport
pairs for 2017, with many evening flights operating on this city pair suffering from reactionary
delays from delay built up earlier in the day, notably during the busy summer season. Flights to
London Gatwick suffered from a mix of weather, ATC capacity and reactionary delay. Lisbon also
features in the top delayed city pairs following a year where high airline, airport and reactionary
related delays.
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CODA Digest 2017
16 Year on Year Trends in All-Causes Indicators
This section summarises the year-on-year trends in the main indicators of delay from all-causes. A
flight is considered delayed from 5 minutes. This is based on CODA data covering 69% of
commercial flights in the ECAC region in 2017.
Figure 28 Average all-causes delay/delayed flight (departures top, arrivals bottom)
Figure 29. Percentage of flights delayed for all-causes delay (departures top, arrivals bottom)
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CODA Digest 2017
Figure 30. Percentage of flights delayed >15mins for all-causes (departures top, arrivals bottom)
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CODA Digest 2017
17 CODA Delay Groupings
IATA
CODA CAUSE Description
Code
Passenger and Baggage 11-19
Cargo and Mail 21-29
Aircraft and Ramp Handling 31-39
Technical and Aircraft Equipment 41-48
Airline
Damage to Aircraft & EDP/Automated Equipment
Failure 51-58
Flight Operations and Crewing 61-69
Primary Delay Causes
Other Airline Related Causes Others
ATFM due to Restriction at Destination Airport 83
Airport Facilities 87
Airport
Restrictions at Airport of Destination 88
Restrictions at Airport of Departure 89
ATFM due to ATC En-Route Demand / Capacity 81
En-Route
ATFM due to ATC Staff / Equipment En-Route 82
Governmental Security and Immigration 85-86
Weather (other than ATFM) 71-77
Weather
ATFM due to Weather at Destination 84
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous 98-99
Reactionary Late Arrival of Aircraft, Crew, Passengers or Load 91-96
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CODA Digest 2017
18 Correlation between IATA Delay Codes and the NM Regulation Codes
Note: updated version published in the ATFCM Users Manual 20.1.11
1
http://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/nm/network-operations/HANDBOOK/atfcm-users-
manual-current.pdf
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CODA Digest 2017
19 Standard IATA Delay Codes (AHM 730)
Others
00-05 AIRLINE INTERNAL CODES
06 (OA) NO GATE/STAND AVAILABILITY DUE TO OWN AIRLINE ACTIVITY Including Early Arrivals
09 (SG) SCHEDULED GROUND TIME LESS THAN DECLARED MINIMUM GROUND TIME
Passenger and Baggage
11 (PD) LATE CHECK-IN, acceptance after deadline
12 (PL) LATE CHECK-IN, congestions in check-in area
13 (PE) CHECK-IN ERROR, passenger and baggage
14 (PO) OVERSALES, booking errors
15 (PH) BOARDING, discrepancies and paging, missing checked-in passenger
16 (PS) COMMERCIAL PUBLICITY/PASSENGER CONVENIENCE, VIP, press, ground meals and missing
personal items
17 (PC) CATERING ORDER, late or incorrect order given to supplier
18 (PB) BAGGAGE PROCESSING, sorting etc.
19 (PW) REDUCED MOBILITY, boarding / deboarding of passengers with reduced mobility.
Cargo and Mail
21 (CD) DOCUMENTATION, errors etc.
22 (CP) LATE POSITIONING
23 (CC) LATE ACCEPTANCE
24 (CI) INADEQUATE PACKING
25 (CO) OVERSALES, booking errors
26 (CU) LATE PREPARATION IN WAREHOUSE
27 (CE) DOCUMENTATION, PACKING etc (Mail Only)
28 (CL) LATE POSITIONING (Mail Only)
29 (CA) LATE ACCEPTANCE (Mail Only)
Aircraft and Ramp Handling
31 (GD) AIRCRAFT DOCUMENTATION LATE/INACCURATE, weight and balance, general declaration, pax
manifest, etc.
32 (GL) LOADING/UNLOADING, bulky, special load, cabin load, lack of loading staff
33 (GE) LOADING EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, e.g. container pallet loader, lack of staff
34 (GS) SERVICING EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. steps
35 (GC) AIRCRAFT CLEANING
36 (GF) FUELLING/DEFUELLING, fuel supplier
37 (GB) CATERING, late delivery or loading
38 (GU) ULD, lack of or serviceability
39 (GT) TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. pushback
Technical and Aircraft Equipment
41 (TD) AIRCRAFT DEFECTS.
42 (TM) SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE, late release.
43 (TN) NON-SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE, special checks and/or additional works beyond normal
maintenance schedule.
44 (TS) SPARES AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT, lack of or breakdown.
45 (TA) AOG SPARES, to be carried to another station.
46 (TC) AIRCRAFT CHANGE, for technical reasons.
47 (TL) STAND-BY AIRCRAFT, lack of planned stand-by aircraft for technical reasons.
48 (TV) SCHEDULED CABIN CONFIGURATION/VERSION ADJUSTMENTS.
Damage to Aircraft & EDP/Automated Equipment Failure
51 (DF) DAMAGE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS, bird or lightning strike, turbulence, heavy or overweight
landing, collision during taxiing
52 (DG) DAMAGE DURING GROUND OPERATIONS, collisions (other than during taxiing), loading/off-
loading damage, contamination, towing, extreme weather conditions
55 (ED) DEPARTURE CONTROL
56 (EC) CARGO PREPARATION/DOCUMENTATION
57 (EF) FLIGHT PLANS
58 (EO) OTHER AUTOMATED SYSTEM
Flight Operations and Crewing
61 (FP) FLIGHT PLAN, late completion or change of, flight documentation
62 (FF) OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS, fuel, load alteration
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CODA Digest 2017
63 (FT) LATE CREW BOARDING OR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES, other than connection and standby
(flight deck or entire crew)
64 (FS) FLIGHT DECK CREW SHORTAGE, sickness, awaiting standby, flight time limitations, crew meals,
valid visa, health documents, etc.
65 (FR) FLIGHT DECK CREW SPECIAL REQUEST, not within operational requirements
66 (FL) LATE CABIN CREW BOARDING OR DEPARTURE PROCEDURES, other than connection and
standby
67 (FC) CABIN CREW SHORTAGE, sickness, awaiting standby, flight time limitations, crew meals, valid visa,
health documents, etc.
68 (FA) CABIN CREW ERROR OR SPECIAL REQUEST, not within operational requirements
69 (FB) CAPTAIN REQUEST FOR SECURITY CHECK, extraordinary
Weather
71 (WO) DEPARTURE STATION
72 (WT) DESTINATION STATION
73 (WR) EN ROUTE OR ALTERNATE
75 (WI) DE-ICING OF AIRCRAFT, removal of ice and/or snow, frost prevention excluding unserviceability of
equipment
76 (WS) REMOVAL OF SNOW, ICE, WATER AND SAND FROM AIRPORT
77 (WG) GROUND HANDLING IMPAIRED BY ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
Air Traffic Flow Management Restrictions
81 (AT) ATFM due to ATC EN-ROUTE DEMAND/CAPACITY, standard demand/capacity problems
82 (AX) ATFM due to ATC STAFF/EQUIPMENT EN-ROUTE, reduced capacity caused by industrial action or
staff shortage, equipment failure, military exercise or extraordinary demand due to capacity reduction
in neighbouring area
83 (AE) ATFM due to RESTRICTION AT DESTINATION AIRPORT, airport and/or runway closed due to
obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special
flights
84 (AW) ATFM due to WEATHER AT DESTINATION
Airport and Government Authorities
85 (AS) MANDATORY SECURITY
86 (AG) IMMIGRATION, CUSTOMS, HEALTH
87 (AF) AIRPORT FACILITIES, parking stands, ramp congestion, lighting, buildings, gate limitations, etc.
88 (AD) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DESTINATION, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction,
industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights
89 (AM) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE WITH OR WITHOUT ATFM RESTRICTIONS,
including Air Traffic Services, start-up and pushback, airport and/or runway closed due to obstruction
2
or weather , industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special
flights
Reactionary
91 (RL) LOAD CONNECTION, awaiting load from another flight
92 (RT) THROUGH CHECK-IN ERROR, passenger and baggage
93 (RA) AIRCRAFT ROTATION, late arrival of aircraft from another flight or previous sector
94 (RS) CABIN CREW ROTATION, awaiting cabin crew from another flight
95 (RC) CREW ROTATION, awaiting crew from another flight (flight deck or entire crew)
96 (RO) OPERATIONS CONTROL, re-routing, diversion, consolidation, aircraft change for reasons other than
technical
Miscellaneous
97 (MI) INDUSTRIAL ACTION WITH OWN AIRLINE
98 (MO) INDUSTRIAL ACTION OUTSIDE OWN AIRLINE, excluding ATS
99 (MX) OTHER REASON, not matching any code above
SOURCE: IATA – Airport Handling Manual (730 & 731)
2
Restriction due to weather in case of ATFM regulation only, else refer to code 71 (WO)
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CODA Digest 2017
20 Standard IATA Delay Code Sub-Codes (AHM 731)
73 (WR) WEATHER: EN ROUTE OR ALTERNATE
Z OUTSIDE AIRCRAFT LIMITS
Y OUTSIDE CREW LIMITS
X ETOPS
81 (AT) ATFM DUE TO ATC EN-ROUTE DEMAND/CAPACITY, standard demand/capacity problems
Z ATC ROUTEING
Y HIGH DEMAND OR CAPACITY
X ENVIRONMENTAL
W WEATHER
G OTHER
82 (AX) ATFM DUE TO ATC STAFF/EQUIPMENT EN-ROUTE, reduced capacity caused by industrial
action or shortage or equipment failure, extraordinary demand due to capacity reduction in
neighbouring area
Z INDUSTRIAL ACTION
Y EQUIPMENT FAILURE
X STAFF SHORTAGE
W MILITARY ACTIVITY
V SPECIAL EVENT
83 (AE) ATFM DUE TO RESTRICTION AT DESTINATION AIRPORT, airport and/or runway closed due
to obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night
curfew, special flights
Z HIGH DEMAND / ATC CAPACITY
Y INDUSTRIAL ACTION
X EQUIPMENT FAILURE
W STAFF SHORTAGE
V ACCIDENT / INCIDENT
U MILITARY ACTIVITY
T SPECIAL EVENT
S NOISE ABATEMENT/NIGHT CURFEW
P HIGH DEMAND/AIRPORT FACILTIES
85 (AS) MANDATORY SECURITY
Z MANDATORY SECURITY CHECK
Y SECURITY CONTROL CHECKPOINTS
X BAGGAGE/AVI SECURITY
W BAGGAGE IDENTIFICATION/UNLOADING/INTENDED
V AIRPORT/TERMINAL SECURITY
U AIRLINE/AIRCRAFT SECURITY CHECK
T EXTRAORDINARY SECURITY EVENTS
G OTHER
86 (AG) IMMIGRATION, CUSTOMS, HEALTH
Z IMMIGRATION/EMMIGRATION
Y CUSTOMS
X HEALTH
G OTHER
87 (AF) AIRPORT FACILITIES, parking stands, ramp congestion, lighting, buildings, gate limitations,
etc.
Z PARKING STANDS LIMITATION/NO PARKING STANDS AVAILABLE, EXCLUDING EARLY ARRIVALS
Y RAMP CONGESTION, ABNORMAL STAND ACCESS LIMITATION (NON-ATC)
X BUILDINGS
W GATE LIMITATION / NO GATE AVAILABLE EXCLUDING EARLY ARRIVALS
V BAGGAGE SORTING SYSTEM DOWN / SLOW
U NO PUSH BACK CLEARANCE DUE TO INFRASTRUCTURE (NON-ATC)
T JET BRIDGE INOPERATIVE
S LACK OF CHECK IN COUNTERS
R AIRFIELD ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FAILURE
P PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEM FAILURE
N PUBLIC ADDRESS/FLIGHT INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM FAILURE
M INSUFFICIENT FIRE COVER
J LATE POSITIONING OF AIRCRAFT (WHEN RESPONSIBILITY OF AIRPORT)
I SERVICE ROAD RESTRICTION
H LATE ARRIVAL OR LACK OF FOLLOW ME VEHICLE
G ANY OF THE ABOVE AT THE DESTINATION AIRPORT
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CODA Digest 2017
89 (AM) RESTRICTIONS AT AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE WITH OR WITHOUT ATFM RESTRICTIONS,
including Air Traffic Services, start-up and pushback, airport and/or runway closed due to
obstruction or weather.
Z ATC CAPACITY
Y ATC INDUSTRIAL ACTION
X ATC STAFFING
W ATC EQUIPMENT
V ATC ACCIDENT/INCIDENT
U MILITARY ACTIVITY/SPECIAL FLIGHTS/VIP
T ATC SPECIAL EVENT
S ATC WEATHER
O ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT, DELAYED START-UP/PUSHBACK DUE TO USE OF REDUCED STANDARD
TAXI TIMES
R ATC RESTRICTIONS DUE TO CURFEW
P ATC POLITICAL UNREST
N ATC ENVIRONMENTAL
M AIRPORT CLOSURE
L RUNWAY CLOSURE
K MISCELLANEOUS START-UP DELAY (LOCAL ATC)
J LOST FLIGHT PLAN BY ATC
I LATE PUSHBACK GIVEN DUE TO OTHER REASONS THAN INFRASTRUCTURE
H CONSTRUCTION WORK/MAINTENENCE
G OTHER
93 (RA) AIRCRAFT ROTATION, late arrival of aircraft from another flight
Z LATE ARRIVAL DUE DEPARTURE DELAY AT PREVIOUS STATION
Y LATE ARRIVAL DUE ENROUTE DELAY
X LATE ARRIVAL DUE DELAY AFTER LANDING
W LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO HIGH DEMAND FOR DESTINATION STATION
V LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO WEATHER AT DESTINATION
U LATE ARRIVAL DUE TO TECHNICAL REASONS
Edition Validity Date: 31/05/2018 Edition: CDA_2017_004 Status: Released Issue 27Network Manager
CODA Digest 2017
21 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
ACC Area Control Centre
ADMD Average Delay per Flight on Departure
ADMA Average Delay per Flight on Arrival
ADDD Average Delay per Delayed Flight on Departure
ADDA Average Delay per Delayed Flight on Arrival
AHM Airport Handling Manual
AIBT Actual In Block Time
AOBT Actual Off Block Time
ATFCM Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management
ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management (used by IATA in the Standard IATA
Delay Codes)
ATS Air Traffic Services
BTO Block Time Overshoot
CODA Central Office for Delay Analysis
DDI-F Delay Difference Indicator – Flight
ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference
FIR Flight Information Region
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
NM Network Manager
NMD Network Manager Directorate
NMOC Network Manager Operations Centre
PDF Percentage of Delayed Flights
STA Scheduled Time of Arrival
STD Scheduled Time of Departure
TDF Total Delayed Flights
TDM Total Delay in Minutes
TTF Total Flights
Edition Validity Date: 31/05/2018 Edition: CDA_2017_004 Status: Released Issue 28Network Manager
CODA Digest 2017
22 CODA Coverage of IFR Flights in ECAC Region 2017
Canary Islands
Edition Validity Date: 31/05/2018 Edition: CDA_2017_004 Status: Released Issue 29Network Manager
CODA Digest 2017
DOCUMENT FINAL PAGE
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