ARCHITECTS' COUNCIL OF EUROPE - Co-funded by the Creative Europe Programme of the European Union
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Co-funded by the
Creative Europe Programme
of the European Union
ARCHITECTS’
COUNCIL OF
EUROPE
MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018
CONTENTS
I Foreword
Key statistics
2
3
3.7 Turnover from outside country
3.8 Associations
42
43
FINAL
JANUARY 2019
3.9 Branch offices 44 © Mirza & Nacey Research Ltd
3.10 Public bids &
Research undertaken by:
1 1: ARCHITECTS IN EUROPE
1.1 Numbers 10
Design Competitions
3.11 Certification work
45
48
Mirza & Nacey Research Ltd
Southdown House
1.2 Profile 12 3.12 Use of BIM 49 Ford Arundel
1.3 Employment status 13 West Sussex
BN18 0DE
1.4 Field of employment 14 United Kingdom
1.5 Years qualified
1.6 Age Profile
16
17 4 4: ARCHITECTS – THE INDIVIDUAL
4.1 Earnings 51 Tel: +44 1243 555302
4.2 Earnings by field of employment 53 www.mirza-nacey.com
4.3 Earnings by age 54 Research commissioned by:
2 2: ARCHITECTURE – THE MARKET
2.1 Construction market 20
4.4 Earnings by gender
4.5 Working and studying in another
55 The Architects’ Council of Europe
29 Rue Paul Emile Janson
2.2 Architectural market 24 European country 57 B-1050 Brussels
www. ace-cae.eu
2.3 Market by building 26 4.6 Retirement 61
2.4 Market by client type 28 4.7 Hours worked 63
2.5 Market by service 29 4.8 CPD 64
Co-funded by the
2.6 Future prospects 30 4.9 Building to nearly zero Creative Europe Programme
energy standards 66 of the European Union
The European Commission support for the production
3
of this publication does not constitute an endorsement
3: ARCHITECTURE – THE PRACTICE of the contents which reflects the views only of
3.1 Profile 33 the authors, and the Commission cannot be held
3.2 Legal formation
3.3 Practice turnover
35
37
II COUNTRY PROFILES 68 responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein.
3.4 How practices charge 38 APPENDIX Photo credits for front cover:
Helsinki Central Library Oodi
3.5 Hourly rates 39 Survey methodology & Notes 100 Place: Helsinki (Finland)
Architect: ALA Architects
3.6 Profits 41 Photo: Iris Kärkkäinen
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018 I-1MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
FOREWORD
“The focus will be put on architecture as picture. Looking at the last two studies 50 to 60% I want to thank the authors, Mirza & Nacey and the
a discipline that encompasses the right are working as independent architects, 7 to 10% ACE office who guarantee the smooth running of
balance between cultural, social, economic, in partnerships, and 20 to 30% have established the enquiry, the Member Organisations for their
environmental and technical aspects for the a limited company. valuable assistance and finally, this year, the
common good”. Creative Europe programme of the European
On the other hand we see that the income of Commission for its financial support.
This sentence is a quote of the new Work Plan architectural practices is of moderate scale,
for Culture, concluded by the European Council and these factors show, that the huge majority
in December 2018. It is part of the rationale of architects are not motivated by income,
for the inclusion of the topic “High-quality money and business, but are committed people,
architecture and built environment for everyone“ having in mind the quality, and let’s just say, the
in the Work Plan. beauty of what they are doing: the design and
appearance of the built environment.
Why do I make this reference here? In my
view this quote, from an EU institution, is a This year we have added a few questions
fundamental step forward in the view held of the concerning “Women in architecture“, where we
role of architecture and, therefore, architects in have established a task force last year, and have
our society. enlarged the analysis concerning the issues that
are relevant to this topic.
The EU institutions classify us as being part of
business services or the construction sector, but We are happy that we enjoyed record participation
our interests differ from those of industry; we are - more than 30.000 colleagues responded to the
working for the quality of the built environment, questionnaire, and we can use it as a great
for architectural quality and for a better life source of information, which tells us, who we
for the people using it. And this is reflected in are and enables us to present ourselves to our
the structure of the profession. We are not an interlocutors within the EU institutions. This is,
industry, or even part of it; we are, by a huge in my personal view, the essential asset of this
majority, small or even micro enterprises. work. Another asset is to enable all those who
participated with their data to find themselves
This is clearly shown by this Sector Study in the in comparison to the results. This might be a
structure of the profession. 71% of practices are reason for all those who haven’t yet to participate
one person practices, 25% are 2-5 people, 3% next time, we do this every second year, so 2020 Georg Pendl
are 6-10. The legal form shows a slightly different shall be the next edition. ACE President
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018 I-2MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
30 000 architects provided data for the 2018 ACE Sector Study
Architecture in Europe is Five countries dominate More architects are working part-time
%
a growing profession Two thirds of Europe’s architects and fewer are unemployed or not working
Total number of architects has grown by are from five countries
%
24% in 10 years part-time 2018: %
107 000
2008:
2018: 41 000
Italy 160 000
part-time 107 000
2008: 2018:
Germany
41 000 111 000
2008 2018 2008: full-time 432 000 2008:
Spain 56 000 394 000 41 000
+24%
2018:
2008 2018 2008:
United
full-time 432 000
394 000 Kingdom 41 000
2008 08 10 12 14
2018
16 18
2008:
France 30 000 2008:
394 000
2018
23 000 retired not working:
08 10 12 14 16 18 17 000
2008: 2018 unemployed or
23 000 retired not working: not working for other reasons 08 10
17 000 2008:
unemployed or 23 000 retired
not working for other reasons
unemplo
not work
Independent professionals
Long-term average
increase is 2% per
More than half of the profession are sole
562 000
year principals, freelance or partner/director
70
453 000
562 000
562 000 70
private
private
private practice salaried practice
the number of architects practice sole principal
453 000 numbers in Europe 2018 35
continue to grow other private
in spite of the 35
freelance
economic crisis
local/central other
partner / director government public
public
sector 0
2010
08 10 12 14 16 18
public
sector 0
2010
public
sector
08 10 12 14 16 18
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018 I-3MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
Female architects are the majority in the younger age groups Many more Principals are male
53% of architects in their 30s are female, compared with 32% in their 50s. The gender balance of employees in private
The profession has the potential to become more equally balanced than it is today practice or government is much more equal
number of architects 2008 to 2018: Sole Principal Partner & Director
600
architects aged
500 in their 30s
female architects female
400
168 000 in 2008 40s
219 000 in 2018
300 Private Practice salaried
20s employees Government
male architects
200
male 50s
285 000 in 2008
343 000 in 2018
100
60s+
0
08 10 12 14 16 18
Gender pay gap exists across all employment types Gender pay gap persists
Even amongst private practice salaried architects, where average earnings have the smallest The gender pay gap has narrowed only very
variation, the gender pay gap is 17% slightly over the last 10 years
female male
male
25%
gender pay gap
all architects
Sole Principal
male
€39 000
€37 000
female
€28 000
2018 Partner & Director
Private Practice
female
Salaried Architect €27 000
Government 2018
2008 pay gap = 25%
pay gap = 32%
Freelance
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
0 average pre-tax earnings, €, PPP
08 10 12 14 16 18
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018 I-4MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
€ 21 000m € 2 134 000m € 2 084 000m
2%
Average earnings for Top five countries for pay Increase in average earnings
€ 34 000 Partners & Directors have€ fallen back Average earnings for Partners & Directors since 2016
32 700
The gap between Partners & Directors and equalised for purchasing power parity
€ 16(PPP)
000m Earnings remain below 2008 level
salaried architects in private practice is at its
smallest for ten years Luxembourg € 56 738
Germany € 54 286 earnings rise
but only very
Norway € 46 965 gradually
Partners & Directors’ € 21 000m
pay increased relative Austria € 46 168
big rise in
to others in 2016 but Netherlands € 44 524 € 34 000
earnings is € 32 700
has fallen since
recorded by
local/central
08 10 12 14 16 18
08 10 12 government
14 16 18 08 10 12 14 16 18
architects
average earnings sharp drop
no change
for 4 years
average earnings rates of change - 08
partner/director not updated 08 10 12 14 16 18
Partners & Directors
local/central government
Government average earnings
sole principal Studying and working in another country
Sole Principals
20% of architects have studied in another country,608% worked in another country last year
Private practice
practice
salaried salaried
employe es studied Italy
working
France
outside outside
own country own country partner/director
Spain
Freelance local/central government
Germany
freelance Germany sole principal
United Kingdom
United Kingdom 10 Switzerland
practice salaried
Spain
France
Create in Flourish, then drag to 700 pix wide. Downloadnotas working Italy
Netherlands outside
08 10 12 14 16 18 not studied SVG own country
Belgium
freelance
outside place SVG, then scale uniform by 25% . Portugal
in last
own country
Colours of housing are manually changed in AI (and other)
12 months other countries
Freelancers’ pay ALL Austria
-40
fell more than 08 10 12 14 16 18
others’ in 2012 08 10 12 14other countries
16 18
and has barely ALL
seriously considered
recovered since working outside
own country
in last 12 months
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018 I-5MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
Market is recovering - slowly Construction market fell by less than Top five architectural markets by value
The architectural market started to turn up architects’ market The same five countries with largest number
in 2012 but there has been little change in of architects but in a different order
the rate of increase since
€ 21 000m € 2 134 000m € 2 084 000m Germany € 4 971 m
United Kingdom € 2 265 m
€ 16 000m Italy € 2 072 m
€ 21 000m € 2 134 000m € 2 084 000m France € 961 m
sharp fall Netherlands € 783 m
total market for 2 years
sharp downturn € 16 000m followed by
size rising growth starts
lasts for 4 years long period of
but remains but by 2018
€16 400 m
smaller than stability construction output
pre-crisis is still less than
market slow
pre-crisis
to recover
the market for architectural services
08 10 12 14 16 18
in Europe 2018
08 10 12 14 16 18 08 10 12 14 16 18
Housing leads the way A confident future
More than half of the profession’s turnover comes from private housing, particularly small Optimists now greatly outweigh pessimists
08 10 12 14 16 18 08 10 12 14 08 10 12 14 16 18
domestic jobs. The proportion of turnover from housing has grown since16
201018
€ 21 000m € 2 134 000m € 2 084 000m
2010 2018
ner/director
/central government € 16 000m
lei- health
leisure 32% expect
principal retail offices
sure work to rise
rice salaried individual houses
educ- individual houses
industrial
overnment industrial ation retail 70
ance health
more 15% expect
d pessimists work to fall
public pessimism
other private education 70
offices
Create in hous-
Flourish, other
then drag to 700 pix wide. Download as other private
other than optimists drops off
housing ing
SVG housing sharply
place SVG, then scale uniform by 25% .
public 35
08 10 12 14
Colours 16 18 are manually changed in AI (and08
of housing other) 10 12 14 16
housing
18 08 10 12 14 16 18
ALL
Create in Flourish, then drag to 700 pix wide. Download as
SVG
place SVG, then scale uniform by 25% . 35
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE
Colours of housing are manually changed in AI (and other)
2018 I-6MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
Countries with the largest number of architects don’t necessarily perform the best
The five countries with the largest number of architects (right most column) are highlighted.
long-term changes between 2010 and 2018 rank in 2018
% change in number of % change in construction % change in architectural % change in hourly rates % change in earnings number of architects
architects market
Romania Estonia Slovenia Portugal Lithuania Italy
Portugal Latvia Romania United Kingdom Estonia Germany
Estonia Lithuania Spain Estonia Germany Spain
largest increase
United Kingdom Ireland Finland Czech Republic Italy United Kingdom
largest
Denmark Malta Luxembourg Austria Czech Republic France
Sweden Hungary Czech Republic Germany Luxembourg Portugal
Malta Switzerland Sweden Malta Spain Greece
Austria Luxembourg Lithuania Romania Romania Belgium
Luxembourg United Kingdom Malta Finland Austria Poland
Finland Norway Denmark Slovenia Finland Netherlands
Greece Serbia Portugal Belgium Belgium Denmark
Belgium Sweden Estonia Denmark Denmark Romania
Norway Poland Czech Republic
Cyprus Austria Serbia
Spain Germany Switzerland
Germany Denmark Sweden
Italy Netherlands Austria
Slovakia Finland Hungary
Netherlands Belgium Norway
Switzerland Slovakia Finland
smallest increase or a decrease
Hungary France Germany Ireland
Czech Republic Slovenia United Kingdom Portugal Croatia
Poland Czech Republic Austria Sweden France Bulgaria
France Croatia Belgium Spain Ireland Slovakia
smallest
Croatia Bulgaria Croatia Poland Malta Lithuania
Serbia Romania Ireland Ireland Slovenia Slovenia
Slovenia Italy Poland France Croatia Malta
Ireland Spain Netherlands Netherlands Sweden Cyprus
Lithuania Cyprus Italy Croatia United Kingdom Luxembourg
Latvia Portugal France Italy Greece Latvia
Bulgaria Greece Greece Greece Poland Estonia
Note:
2010 chosen as base year because several more countries participated in the 2010 survey than the 2008 survey.
Comparisons between 2010 and 2018 only possible where the same country participated in both years’ surveys, which is why there is less information about earnings, hourly rates and market.
THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN EUROPE 2018 I-7MIRZA & NACEY RESEARCH
DEFINITIONS
Architects Statistical Definitions
Persons who are recognised as Architects under the European Confidence Level
Union Professional Qualifications Directive and professionally and The likelihood that the results are real and repeatable and have not
academically qualified and generally registered / licensed / recognised occurred randomly. If the Confidence Level is 50% then the results would
to practice architecture in the jurisdiction in which they are residing. be random. We select a Confidence Level of 95% which suggests if
you repeat this exercise there is a 95% chance you will achieve similar
Architectural students results.
Full-time or part-time students following a recognised course of
architectural studies leading to a qualification listed in Annexe V7 of Mean
the Qualifications Directive (2013/55/EC). A type of average where individual data are added together and then
divided by the number of pieces of data
Architectural Staff
Comprises Principals Partners & Directors; Associates: Architects; Median
Technical staff. A type of average calculated by placing all individual data in order of
magnitude and selecting the middle value.
Architectural Practices
The form or structure through which architects practice the architectural Quartile
profession. It includes sole principals, partnerships and limited An indication of the bottom or top quarter of the sample calculated by
companies. placing all individual data in order of magnitude. The Lower Quartile is
the value one quarter of the way up and the Upper Quartile is the value
Sole Principal three quarters of the way up this list of data. We have marked countries
An Architect working independently who provides a full range of where accuracy is greater than plus or minus 10 with an asterisk to
architectural services to clients. recommend caution when interpreting the findings. We generally avoid
referring to these countries within the text commentary although all
Turnover countries are included in the charts and maps.
The total income earned through the provision of services by an
architectural practice in a tax year. Excludes VAT.
Not Economically Active
Not engaged in the practice of architecture or any directly associated
activity such as research or teaching. Includes architects who are retired
and who are unemployed.
Freelance Architect
An architect who contracts his/her services to an architectural practice
or organisation and does not accept commissions directly from clients.
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