Climate Change, Sub-Saharan Africa, and US National Security - Perspective John Madeira
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Climate Change, Sub-Saharan Africa,
and US National Security
Perspective
-
John Madeira
i
August 2019
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The Honorable Gary Hart, Chairman Emeritus Admiral William Fallon, USN (Ret.)
Senator Hart served the State of Colorado in the U.S. Senate Admiral Fallon has led U.S. and Allied forces and played a
and was a member of the Committee on Armed Services leadership role in military and diplomatic matters at the highest
during his tenure. levels of the U.S. government.
Governor Christine Todd Whitman, Chairperson
Scott Gilbert
Christine Todd Whitman is the President of the Whitman
Strategy Group, a consulting firm that specializes in energy Scott Gilbert is a Partner of Gilbert LLP and Managing
and environmental issues. Director of Reneo LLC.
Nelson W. Cunningham, President of ASP
Vice Admiral Lee Gunn, USN (Ret.)
Nelson Cunningham is President of McLarty Associates, the
international strategic advisory firm headed by former White Vice Admiral Gunn is the President of the Institute of Public
House Chief of Staff and Special Envoy for the Americas Research at the CNA Corporation, a non-profit corporation
Thomas F. “Mack” McLarty, III. in Virginia.
The Honorable Chuck Hagel
Brigadier General Stephen A. Cheney, USMC (Ret.) Chuck Hagel served as the 24th U.S. Secretary of Defense and
Brigadier General Cheney is the Chief Executive Officer of served two terms in the United States Senate (1997-2009). Hagel
ASP. was a senior member of the Senate Foreign Relations; Banking,
Housing and Urban Affairs; and Intelligence Committees.
Norman R. Augustine Lieutenant General Claudia Kennedy, USA (Ret.)
Mr. Augustine was Chairman and Principal Officer of the Lieutenant General Kennedy was the first woman
American Red Cross for nine years and Chairman of the to achieve the rank of three-star general in the United States
Council of the National Academy of Engineering. Army.
Matthew Bergman The Honorable John F. Kerry
Matthew Bergman is an attorney, philanthropist and John Kerry is a distinguished fellow for global affairs at Yale
entrepreneur based in Seattle. He serves as a Trustee of Reed University. In 2013, Kerry was sworn in as the 68th secretary of
College on the Board of Visitors of Lewis & Clark Law state of the United States. Kerry served for more than twenty-
School. five years as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts.
Ambassador Jeffrey Bleich General Lester L. Lyles, USAF (Ret.)
The Hon. Jeffery Bleich heads the Global Practice for General Lyles retired from the United States Air Force after
Munger, Tolles & Olson. He served as the U.S. Ambassador a distinguished 35 year career. He is presently Chairman of
to Australia from 2009 to 2013. He previously served in the USAA, a member of the Defense Science Board, and a member
Clinton Administration. of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board.
Alejandro Brito
Alejandro Brito is President of Brito Development Group Dennis Mehiel
(BDG), LLP. In the last twenty years, Mr. Brito has overseen Dennis Mehiel is the Principal Shareholder and Chairman of
the design, construction, development and management of U.S. Corrugated, Inc.
over 1,500 luxury housing units in Puerto Rico.
The Honorable Donald Beyer
Stuart Piltch
Congressman Donald Beyer is the former United States
Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as a Stuart Piltch is the Co-Founder and Managing Director
former Lieutenant Governor and President of the Senate of of Cambridge Advisory Group, an actuarial and benefits
Virginia. consulting firm based in Philadelphia.
Lieutenant General Daniel Christman, USA (Ret.)
Ed Reilly
Lieutenant General Christman is Senior Vice
President for International Affairs at the United Edward Reilly is Global Chief Executive Officer of the Strategic
States Chamber of Commerce. Communications practice of FTI Consulting.
Robert B. Crowe LtGen Norman Seip, USAF (Ret)
Robert B. Crowe is a Partner of Nelson Mullins Riley & Lieutenant General Norman R. Seip, USAF (Ret) served in the
Scarborough in its Boston and Washington, DC offices. He Air Force for 35 years. His last assignment was Commander of
is co-chair of the firm’s Government Relations practice. 12th Air Force.
Lee Cullum David Wade
Lee Cullum, at one time a commentator on the PBS David Wade is a consultant helping global corporations and
NewsHour and “All Things Considered” on NPR, currently organizations with strategic advice, public affairs and thought
leadership, crisis communications, political intelligence
contributes to the Dallas Morning News and hosts “CEO.” gathering, and federal and legislative strategy.
Nicholas Clark
Nicholas Clark is the former CEO and Executive Director of
Alexium International. He is also co-founder and Managing
Partner at Viaticus Capital.
Climate Security In this Report:
Over the next century, states in Sub-Saharan Africa will become major players in the global
community. As climate change continues to take a toll on the Earth, how Sub-Saharan
African states handle the effects of climate change will help determine the future of the
continent.
This report explores the effects of climate change on Sub-Saharan Africa and how it impacts
US national security. Specifically, the report examines the impact of climate change on
water availability, agricultural production, rural to urban migration, and how those effects
threaten US national security by potentially derailing a promising future, benefitting
terrorist organizations, and fueling ethnic conflict.
Interact:
Join our discussion on Twitter with #ASPClimateSecurity
Discuss climate change, Africa, and US national security with author @Madeira_JohnM
Learn more about ASP at @amsecproject
IN BRIEF
• Despite the political charge climate change carries in the US, the international
scientific community has proven the science behind climate change time and again.
• Climate change is not just a “green” issue, but an issue of US and international
security. The environment and climate change have appeared in US national security
and defense documents for decades.
• Climate change will have a large impact on Sub-Saharan Africa. Nine of the ten
most climate change vulnerable states are in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Climate change will add stress to water availability, negatively impact agricultural
production, and increase rural to urban migration. These changes can lead to
instability.
• Instability can derail a promising economic future for Sub-Saharan Africa, strengthen
terrorist organizations, and play a role in fueling ethnic conflict.
About the Author
John Madeira is a second-year graduate student at the Pennsylvania State University’s School of
International Affairs. In May 2020, John will graduate with a Masters of International Affairs
degree that focuses on Africa studies and non-traditional security threats, such as climate change
and health security.
www.AmericanSecurityProject.org
AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT
Introduction
More than thirty years ago, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – an intergovernmental
body within the United Nations system – was formed. The IPCC publishes reports that contribute to the work
of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the main international treaty on climate
change.
According to the most recent IPCC report, the Fifth Assessment Report, Africa is expected to be subjected
to some of the most severe consequences of climate change. The report states that temperatures in Africa are
expected to rise faster than the global average increase for the 21st century.1 The report also predicts mean
annual precipitation will decrease in southern Africa but increase in central and Eastern Africa.2
Climate change is more than just science, it is a national security issue. Climate change harms US national
security in several ways. Domestically, symptoms of climate change such as extreme heat, sea level rise, and floods
are a detriment to force readiness by threatening military infrastructure and training schedules. Internationally,
negative effects of climate change,
including land degradation, changing
rainfall patterns, and an increase in extreme
weather events drive competition for land
resources and contribute to conflict.
In January 2019, the US Intelligence
Community (IC) issued a Worldwide
Threat Assessment that identified a wide
range of threats. The report stated, “Global
environmental and ecological degradation,
as well as climate change, are likely to
fuel competition for resources, economic
distress, and social discontent through
2019 and beyond. Climate hazards such
as extreme weather, higher temperatures,
droughts, floods, wildfires, storms, sea
level rise, soil degradation, and acidifying
oceans are intensifying, threatening
infrastructure, health, and water and food
security. Irreversible damage to ecosystems
and habitats will undermine the economic
benefits they provide, worsened by air,
The various climates of Africa. Source: Wikimedia Commons
soil, water, and marine pollution.”3
Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to climate change, which makes it
important to US national security interests. According to the Climate Vulnerability Index, nine of the ten
most climate change vulnerable states are in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC), Congo, Madagascar, Guinea, Liberia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, and Sierra Leone.4
1
Climate Change & Instability
Given the variety of climatic zones in Africa, the effects of climate change are not uniform across the entire
continent. Some important consequences of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa include increased stress on
water availability, reduced agricultural production and food insecurity, and rural to urban migration. These
effects contribute to instability, which creates security concerns for the US. Climate change is not likely to
directly lead to conflict, but rather exacerbate existing issues that can create conflict and instability.
Stress on Water Availability
Land use, water withdrawals, hydrological characteristics, and natural climate variability can have significant
impacts on water availability even without the effects of human-driven climate change taken into consideration.5
Factors such as population growth, urbanization, agriculture, and land use change will have serious negative
impacts on water availability and those impacts will be magnified by climate change.6
Assumptions about the impact of climate change on water availability across the entire continent can be
difficult, but specific predictions can be made more confidently. For example, in Southern Africa, countries in
the Zambezi River Basin could see climate change play a role in future water shortages, although other non-
climate factors will also play a significant role.7 In Zimbabwe, climate change is expected to increase water
shortages for people downstream of the Rova Dam. Other areas expected to experience water shortages include
the Okavango Delta and Breede river in South Africa.8
Adding climate change to the list of contributors to diminishing water availability will only exacerbate the
problem and add more stress to communities. As one of the primary drivers of conflict, reduction in water
availability could create or worsen existing conflict. Declining water availability is also important because of
the key role it plays in development projects and on agriculture.
Agricultural Production
Agricultural production is one of the areas most heavily affected by climate change. Agriculture plays a
leading role in supporting the rural population and driving economic growth. According to the World Bank,
agriculture accounts for 54% of male employment9 and 55% of female employment10 in Sub-Saharan Africa.
60% of the population lives in rural areas11 and 85% of the population depends on rain-fed agriculture
and other agricultural-based rural activities.12 In 2017, climate sensitive industries (agriculture, forestry, and
fishing) accounted for more than 15% of the GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa; substantially larger than the world
average of 3.4% for 2017.13
Consequences of climate change, including increased temperature, changes in precipitation, changes in rainfall
variability, and more frequent extreme weather events can have significant impacts on agricultural production.
Because of climate change, total land area suitable for agriculture, the length of the growing season, and crop
yield potential are expected to decrease.14 Decreases in agricultural output will have significant impacts on
both human security and economic growth by causing food insecurity. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization, the impacts of climate change will affect all four components of food security – food availability,
food access, utilization, and stability. Food insecurity plays a role in driving instability as it acts as a “threat and
impact multiplier for violent conflict.”15
2AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT Rural to Urban Migration As climate change affects agricultural production, it will also impact rural to urban migration. At the EU- Africa Alliance in Agriculture event in January 2019, FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva said, “In Africa, we need to invest in rural development aimed at creating jobs and opportunities for young people to remain in rural areas. We need youth for modern agriculture.”16 As agricultural production diminishes because of climate change, farmers and youth could look towards manufacturing and move into cities. Sub-Saharan African cities are some of the fastest growing cities in the world. Cities have grown at an average rate of four percent for the last two decades17 and by 2100, five of the ten most populous countries in the world could be in Africa.18 As of 2014, Africa had nearly 350 million people living in cities, but two-thirds of the population still lived in rural settings.19 Climate change can drive rural populations to cities, especially when those cities are likely to be manufacturing centers.20 In those regions, migration into cities provides an escape from an agrarian livelihood that is impacted by climate change. As Africa’s economy modernizes and manufacturing expands, more rural populations suffering from the effects of climate change could move towards cities that become manufacturing hubs, even if the living conditions in cities are poor. Africa’s urban population reports some of the highest levels of fear and violence in the world, while also experiencing a growing number of residents living in urban slums.21 The rapid levels of urbanization is making it challenging for cities to offer public services, employment, and basic security.22 When public services, jobs, and security become scarce, the consequences can include an increase in political and social instability. If job creation cannot keep up with climate-driven urbanization on top of already occurring urbanization, it will only compound socio-economic issues like unemployment. Instability in Africa & Effects on US National Security The effects of climate change are unlikely to lead directly to conflict, but climate change can exacerbate pre- existing conditions which can lead to conflict. Climate change contributes to instability in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has several adverse effects on US national security. Instability can derail a potentially promising future for the region, benefit the numerous terrorist organizations operating in Sub-Saharan Africa, and fuel ethnic conflict and human displacement. Africa’s Promising Future Over the course of the next few decades, Africa will undergo drastic demographic and economic changes. By the end of the century, nearly 40% of the world’s population will be African.23 The demographics of the continent are also trending younger, a phenomenon known as a “youth boom” or “youth bulge.”24 While drastic demographic changes will occur, perhaps the largest transformation in Africa will be economic. By the end of May 2019, enough African states had ratified the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) to push the pan-African free trade market into effect. 54 of the 55 African states have agreed to AfCFTA, which will cover more than 1.3 billion people, create a $3.4 trillion economic bloc, and bring about a new age of development across Africa.25 3
As the demographic profile of Africa
changes, the continent could find
itself in a position to reap the rewards
of the demographic dividend.
Declining fertility and mortality
rates will lead to a working-age
population growth at a time when
most advanced economies are facing
an aging working population.
Africa’s share of the global working-
age population is expected to
increase from 12.6 percent in 2010
to more than 41 percent by 2100.26
But demographic changes do
not guarantee economic growth,
especially if climate change is not The “youth bulge” will be key to determining the future of Africa. USAID
Photo.
addressed. Rising temperatures
will impact worker productivity and affect numerous sectors, including agriculture, mining, oil, gas, and
manufacturing.27 Temperature increases, coupled with urbanization and a growing population, will also put
a strain on electrical infrastructure due to demand for air conditioning. Between 2026 and 2045 companies
in Africa will face increasing operational costs due to a spike in energy demand and risks of power outages.28
Terrorism in Africa
The Middle East has dominated the discussion surrounding terrorism in the aftermath 9/11, but Sub-Saharan
Africa has also become a stronghold for terrorism. The IC’s Worldwide Threat Assessment states, “Terrorism
too will continue to be a top threat to US and partner interests worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa,
the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia,”29 and “Global jihadist groups in parts of Africa and Asia in
the last year have expanded their abilities to strike local US interests, stoke insurgencies, and foster like-minded
networks in neighboring countries.”30
According to the 2017 Global Terrorism Index, three of the four most deadly global terrorist organizations are
active in Africa. The deadliest organization - The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) - is headquartered
in the Middle East but is active in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Somalia.31
The second deadliest group is Boko Haram, which operates in Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria. Boko
Haram’s 192 violent incidents in 2017 accounted for more than 1,000 deaths and 1,100 injuries in Africa.32
Finally, the fourth33 most dangerous terrorist group is al-Qaeda. In 2017, al-Qaeda attacks in Sub-Saharan
Africa occurred in Burkina Faso, Cote D’Ivoire, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Somalia, and Uganda.34
The effects of climate change have already benefitted two different terrorist groups in the Sahel region. First, in
Mali, the Front de Libération du Macina (FLM) preys on existing grievances between ethnic groups over land
access to recruit members of the Fulani ethnic group - a majority Muslim group of nomadic or semi-nomadic
herders.
4AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT
Tensions between the Fulani and sedentary farmers in the region have traditionally been peaceful, but as
access to usable land has diminished, competition between the farmers and herders has grown more violent.
The FLM has exploited these grievances in Mali to recruit by using ethnic and religious narratives.35 FLM is
a relatively lesser-known organization but has stated goals similar to the al-Qaeda branch that is active in the
region, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.36
Fulani attacks are not limited to just Mali. In Nigeria, Fulani herders were responsible for 450 recorded attacks
between 2010 and 2016 that resulted in more than 2,800 deaths.37 The root of the conflict between the Fulani
and farmers in Nigeria lies in climate-driven land degradation and increased violence in the north, which
forces herders to move south.38
Second, in the Lake Chad Basin, climate change has also played a role in conflict and aided terrorist recruitment.
The Basin, which borders Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon, has been a stronghold for the Islamic State
West African Province (ISWAP) and Boko Haram. Irregular rains and rising temperatures have spurred conflict
by causing food shortages and frustration, while the fighting has made it more difficult for people to deal with
climate change.39 In order to secure their position in the region ISWAP has attempted to win over the people
by offering protection for herders seeking grazing lands, digging wells, and giving out seeds.40
On the other side of the continent, the al-Qaeda aligned group al-Shabaab has taken root in the Horn of Africa
in opposition to a struggling Somali government. In Somalia, – where a weak central government and conflict-
ridden society has been the norm – about 70% of the Somali people depend heavily on regular climactic patterns
to meet their basic needs.41 Consequences of climate
change, most notably famine and food insecurity, have
aided al-Shabaab’s recruitment of young people who
join the group in order to survive.42
Terrorism is also expanding out of the Sahel and Horn
of Africa. In April 2019, ISIL claimed their first attack
in the DRC, killing eight soldiers.43
International state sponsors of terrorism are also moving
into Sub-Saharan Africa. In June 2019, Western security
Members of the Combined Joint Task Force Horn of officials reported that Iran was setting up a “network of
Africa train to combat extremism in East Africa. DoD terror cells in Africa to attack US and other Western
Photo. targets in retaliation for Washington’s decision to
impose sanctions against Tehran.”44 The network of terror cells was established on the orders of the head of the
Quds Force, the elite group of Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps, to attack US and Western targets in Sudan,
Chad, Ghana, Niger, Gambia, and the Central African Republic.45
As the US continues to fight the Global War on Terror, Africa will likely remain a key theater for US military
operations. Climate change has already played a major role in aiding terrorist recruitment and it will only
compound the growing terrorist threat in Africa.
5Ethnic Conflict in Africa
Similar to how climate change benefits terrorist organizations, the primary way climate change will play a role
in ethnic conflict is by reducing the amount of usable land for farming and herding communities.
A prime example of climate-driven land degradation contributing to conflict is in the Sahel, particularly
in Mali. One of the reasons FLM has been so successful in recruiting in Mali is because of the conflict
between the Dogon and Fulani ethnic groups. Conflict between the two groups has stemmed from land access
issues, specifically accusations that the Fulani cattle have destroyed Dogon farms. The destruction of farmland
is becoming more and more important as the amount of land and water available for farming or grazing
diminishes because of climate change. Climate change has caused the grasslands of the Sahel to recede almost
a mile per year46, which has led to higher levels of competition. This conflict between the Fulani and Dogon
in Mali is important to US national security because it creates grievances and opportunities that terrorist
organizations can exploit to recruit and put down roots.
In the DRC, conflict between the Hema and Lendu ethnic groups in the northeastern Ituri province is
rampant, and climate change has not been a major contributor – yet. In Ituri province, conflict between the
Hema, traditionally herders, and the Lendu, traditionally farmers, has been on-and-off for decades.
In the DRC, agriculture is a central part of the economy and the primary source of livelihood for many
Congolese as it accounts for 40% of GDP and employs 70% of the population.47 However, climate stressors
such as rising temperatures, rainfall variability, prolonged dry spells, or more frequent extreme weather events
are predicted to undermine agricultural production in the DRC.48 As climate change increases the agricultural
vulnerabilities within the DRC, especially in Ituri province where there is conflict between the Hema and
Lendu, competition for land could lead to more violence. Already, the conflict between the Hema and Lendu
has caused mass levels of migration as more than 300,000 people have been forced to flee due to the resurgence
of conflict.49
Human displacement at this level is a threat to US national security. According to the IC’s Worldwide Treat
Assessment, “Global displacement almost certainly will remain near record highs, and host countries are
unlikely to see many refugees or internally displaced persons return home, increasing humanitarian needs and
the risk of political upheaval, health crises, and recruitment and radicalization by militant groups.”50
Conclusion
Africa is a large continent - stretching from the Mediterranean down past the Tropic of Capricorn. Given the
size and positioning of the continent, climate change will affect the regions of Africa differently. However, three
ways climate change is impacting Sub-Saharan Africa is by reducing water availability, harming agriculture,
and contributing to rural to urban migration. Climate change will amplify already existing stressors to water
availability, negatively affect agriculture by reducing the total amount of land available for agricultural purposes,
and contribute to already high levels of rural to urban migration.
While the effects of climate change will most likely not lead to conflict directly, they can exacerbate underlying
conditions that lead to conflict. Conflict and instability in Sub-Saharan Africa have a chance to destabilize the
region, which poses a threat to US national security. Africa has the potential for a prosperous future, but the
negative effects of climate change may derail that future, benefit terrorist organizations by allowing them to
exploit conflict to recruit, and contribute to ethnic conflicts that create large levels of human displacement.
6AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT
Endnotes
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.” 2014.
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf p. 1206. Accessed June 26, 2019.
2. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf. Ibid, p. 1210
3. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community.” January 29,
2019. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR---SSCI.pdf p. 23. Accessed June 26 2019.
4. Nugent, Ciara. “The 10 Countries Most Vulnerable to Climate Change Will Experience Population Booms in the Coming
Decades. TIME. July 11, 2019. https://time.com/5621885/climate-change-population-growth/. Accessed July 22, 2019.
5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.” 2014.
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf p. 1217. Accessed July 1, 2019.
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 1217.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. World Bank Group. “Employment in agriculture, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate).” 2018. https://data.
worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.MA.ZS?view=chart. Accessed June 27, 2019.
10. World Bank Group. “Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate).” 2018. https://
data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS. Accessed June 27, 2019.
11. World Bank Group. “Rural population (% of total population).” 2017. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.
ZS?view=chart, Accessed June 27, 2019.
12. Kotirm Julius H. “Climate change and variability in Sub-Saharan Arica: a review of current and future trends and
impacts on agriculture and food security.” Environmental Development and Sustainability. https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/226269932_Climate_change_and_variability_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_A_review_of_current_and_future_trends_
and_impacts_on_agriculture_and_food_security, p. 589. Accessed June 27, 2019.
13. World Bank Group. “Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP).” 2017. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?view=chart. Accessed July 9, 2019.
14. Kotirm, p. 587.
15. Brinkman, Henk-Jan and Hendrix, Cullen S. “Food Insecurity and Violent Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Addressing
the Challenges.” World Food Programme. July 2011. https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/
wfp238358.pdf?_ga=2.170862627.2042524635.1562692886-1009497414.1562692886. p. 2. Accessed July 9, 2019.
16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “In Africa, investing in rural development and agriculture will offer
rural youth an alternative to migration.” January 18, 2019. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1177305/icode/. Accessed
June 27, 2019.
17. Henderson, J. Vernon, Storeygard, Adam and Deichmann, Uwe. “Has climate change driven urbanization in Africa?” Journal of
Economic Development. January 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387816300670, p. 60. Accessed
July 1, 2019.
18. Gramlich, John. “For World Population Day, a look at the countries with the biggest projected gains – and losses – by 2100.”
Pew Research Center. July 10, 2019. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/10/for-world-population-day-a-look-at-
the-countries-with-the-biggest-projected-gains-and-losses-by-2100/. Accessed July 11, 2019.
19. Henderson, p. 60.
20. Ibid.
21. Commins, Stephen. “From Urban Fragility to Urban Stability.” Africa Center for Strategic Studies. June 12, 2018. https://
africacenter.org/publication/from-urban-fragility-to-urban-stability/. Accessed July 8, 2019.
22. Ibid.
23. Rickman, Ari and Booker, Salih. “The future is African – and the United States is not prepared.” The Washington Post. June 6,
2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/06/09/the-future-is-african-and-the-united-states-is-
not-prepared/?utm_term=.3b621d6abfda, Accessed July 1, 2019.
724. Fleischman, Janet. “Demographic Trends and Youth Empowerment in Africa.” Center for Strategic and International Studies.
June 26, 2019. https://www.csis.org/analysis/demographic-trends-and-youth-empowerment-africa. Accessed July 29, 2019.
25. “African leader launch landmark 55-nation trade zone.” DW. July 7, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/african-leaders-launch-
landmark-55-nation-trade-zone/a-49503393. Accessed July 8, 2019.
26. Drummond, Paulo, Thakoor, Vimal and Yu, Shu. “Africa Rising: Harnessing the Demographic Divided.” . International
Monetary Fund. August 2014. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14143.pdf. p. 4. Accessed July 1, 2019.
27. Dahir, Abdi Latif. “Rising global temperatures will cool Africa’s economic growth than anywhere else.” Quartz Africa. August 2,
2018. https://qz.com/africa/1346715/rising-temperatures-to-slow-africa-economic-growth/. Accessed July 9, 2019.
28. Ibid.
29. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, p. 4
30. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, p. 11
31. Institute for Economics and Peace. “Global Terrorism Index 2017.” http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-
Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf. p. 73. Accessed July 1, 2019.
32. Institute for Economics and Peace, p. 74.
33. The third deadliest group according to the report is the Taliban, which is active in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
34. Institute for Economics and Peace, p. 75.
35. Institute for Economics and Peace, p. 76.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. “Stopping Nigeria’s Spiraling Farmer-Herder Violence”. International Crisis Group. July 26, 2018. https://www.crisisgroup.org/
africa/west-africa/nigeria/262-stopping-nigerias-spiralling-farmer-herder-violence. Accessed July 22, 2019.
39. Peyton, Nellie. “Climate change pushes farmers to ‘tippping point’ in Lake Chad crisis.” Thompson Reuters Foundation. May 15,
2019. http://news.trust.org/item/20190515174236-28kl1/. Accessed July 1, 2019.
40. Ibid.
41. Kuele, Giovanna and Miola, Cristina. “Climate change is feeding armed conflict in Somalia.” Institute for Security Studies. April
6, 2018.
42. Ibid.
43. Wembi, Steve and Goldstein, Joseph. “ISIS Claims First Attack in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” The New York Times.
April 19, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/19/world/africa/isis-congo-attack.html. Accessed July 1, 2019. https://
issafrica.org/iss-today/climate-change-is-feeding-armed-conflict-in-somalia. Accessed July 2, 2019.
44. Coughlin, Con. “Tehran sets up terror cells in Africa as Western sanctions bite.” The Telegraph. June 24, 2019. https://
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/06/24/tehran-sets-terror-cells-africa-western-sanctions-bite/?utm_source=In+Case+Yo
u+Missed+It&utm_campaign=4d4910cac1-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_06_24_02_54&utm_medium=email&utm_
term=0_46caece17e-4d4910cac1-242779353&mc_cid=4d4910cac1&mc_eid=91343f06e6. Accessed July 1, 2019.
45. Ibid.
46. US Senate Committee on Armed Services. “Hearing on the US Central Command and US Africa Command in review of the
Defense Authoirization Request for Fiscal year 2019.” March 13, 2018. https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/hearings/18-03-
13-united-states-central-command-and-united-states-africa-command. Accessed July 9, 2019.
47. USAID. “Climate Risk Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo.” July 2018. https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/
asset/document/20180716_USAID-ATLAS_Climate-Risk-Profile_DRC.pdf. p. 3. Accessed July 10, 2019.
48. USAID. “Climate Risk Profile: Democratic Republic of Congo.” July 2018. https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/
asset/document/20180716_USAID-ATLAS_Climate-Risk-Profile_DRC.pdf. p. 3. Accessed July 10, 2019.
49. “300,000 flee flare-up of ethnic violence in north-eastern DR Congo.” UN News. June 18, 2019. https://news.un.org/en/
story/2019/06/1040711. Accessed July 10, 2019.
50. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, p. 22
8The American Security Project (ASP) is a nonpartisan
organization created to educate the American public and the
world about the changing nature of national security in the 21st
Century.
Gone are the days when a nation’s security could be measured
by bombers and battleships. Security in this new era requires
harnessing all of America’s strengths: the force of our diplomacy;
the might of our military; the vigor and competitiveness of our
economy; and the power of our ideals.
We believe that America must lead in the pursuit of our common
goals and shared security. We must confront international
challenges with our partners and with all the tools at our disposal
and address emerging problems before they become security
crises. And to do this we must forge a bipartisan consensus here
at home.
ASP brings together prominent American business leaders,
former members of Congress, retired military flag officers,
and prominent former government officials. ASP conducts
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the American public by taking its findings directly to them via
events, traditional & new media, meetings, and publications.
We live in a time when the threats to our security are as complex
and diverse as terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate change,
energy challenges, and our economic wellbeing. Partisan
bickering and age old solutions simply won’t solve our problems.
America – and the world - needs an honest dialogue about
security that is as robust as it is realistic.
ASP exists to promote that dialogue, to forge that consensus, and
to spur constructive action so that America meets the challenges
to its security while seizing the opportunities that abound.
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