CITY OF HARBOR SPRINGS TREE PLAN - Adopted by the Tree Advisory Board: 2/19/2021 Adopted by City Council: 3/1/2021

CITY OF HARBOR SPRINGS

              TREE PLAN

Adopted by the Tree Advisory Board: 2/19/2021
     Adopted by City Council: 3/1/2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………..…………….. 3

2. The Value of Trees …………………………………………………………..……………... 4

3. Tree Inventory and Assessment ………………………………………………..…………... 9

4. Planting Guidelines …………………………………………………………..……………. 12

5. Tree Maintenance & Protection Procedures …………………………………..…………… 17

6. Policies and Ordinances …………………………………………………………..………... 20

7. Education and Outreach …………………………………………………………..………... 23

8. Funding ……………………………………………………………………………..…….... 26

Implementation Matrix

Appendix

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Plan

The City of Harbor Springs has created the City Tree Plan (CTP) to provide the City and its
residents with a guidebook and toolkit for achieving the creation of a lasting and healthy urban
forest. The CTP will:

       a. Assist City staff and officials in making the best possible decisions regarding tree
       planting, care and maintenance;

       b. Inform and educate the public about issues related to tree care and maintenance, such
       as pest and disease control;

       c. Guide the city in creating and implementing ordinances, policies and processes related
       to tree planting and removal; and

       d. Create opportunities for increasing the City’s tree canopy in order for the City to
       realize the benefits of trees.

The development of the CTP comes at a time when the City’s Tree Advisory Board (TAB) has
been cemented as a valuable and necessary entity for assisting the City to carefully manage tree
issues and protect the urban canopy. Further, City Council has emphasized the need to create and
review citywide plans and policies for clarity, consistency, and conformity to City goals and
objectives. The CTP reflects the City’s commitment to plant and maintain a healthy and diverse
community forest in an urban environment.

1.2 Vision

The City of Harbor Springs will sustain a healthy, safe and appealing public park and street tree
population and work to increase overall tree population on both public and private property to
enhance the City’s environmental and economic benefits that come with a diverse urban forest.

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2. THE VALUE OF TREES
2.1 Introduction

Trees bring significant value and positive impacts to a community. Planting trees is a way to
bring nature into our community. Communities with more trees are generally more scenic and
healthier for humans and wildlife than those with fewer trees. Trees also constitute a key
component for “green infrastructure” that provides services people both want and need:
protection from the sun and wind; cooling and air-purification; stormwater mitigation and
erosion control; and scenery, screening and sound dampening. In addition, these services provide
significant financial value to a community: major cities have saved millions of dollars by
planting and maintaining an urban forest.1 In Northern Michigan’s tourist economy, the soft
green appeal of tree-lined streets is as essential to economic success as roads and bridges. This
section explores the many ways that the trees we plant give back to the whole community.

2.2 Esthetics

What motivates us to plant trees, more than all of the social and biophysical benefits they offer,
is that trees are beautiful, and experiences of beauty are valued and memorable. 2 From an urban
design point of view, trees can contribute to a sense of place. For example, trees that are sited
near buildings provide a pleasing sense of scale and balance, helping to reduce the sense of
building mass. Planting trees in strategic locations can reduce traffic noise, screen unwanted
views, create a sense of privacy, and soften the appearance of the built landscape. Trees can also
move the eye through a setting by repeating form, such as the repetition of street trees. Trees are
an excellent means to define space, such as a shady grove in a park or a view framed by trees.
The play of shadow and light created by trees help to create an inviting, dynamic and appealing
space in any setting. The vast variety of different tree species provides detailed interest and
beauty as well, in the form of interesting form, bark, leaves and flowers as well as changes
through the seasons. For people of all ages, the experiences of sitting under a tree or gazing out
the window into a treetop are associated with tranquility and connection to the natural world.3
All of these factors contribute to a holistic sense of good composition, organization and a sense
of beauty and harmony on the part of users experiencing the environment. Trees make the world
a more beautiful place, and help us all tune in and notice nature.

2.3 Wildlife

Trees are an integral part of northern Michigan ecosystems. Whether in the city or the
countryside, trees provide habitat and food for all manner of wildlife like birds and squirrels,
pollinators and other insects. A community forest is a refuge for wildlife in areas where buildings

1
  Wallace, M. (2016). Cities turn a new leaf to count the ROI of trees. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/cities-
turn-new-leaf-count-roi-trees. Last accessed 7/1/2020
2
  Chenoweth, R. E., & Gobster, P. H. (1990). The nature and ecology of aesthetic experiences in the
landscape. Landscape journal, 9(1), 1-8.
3
  Schroeder, H. W. (2011). Does beauty still matter? Experiential and utilitarian values of urban trees. In In: Trees,
people and the built environment. Proceedings of the Urban Trees Research Conference; 2011 April 13-14;
Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. Institute of Chartered Foresters: 159-165. (pp. 159-165).

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and pavement have replaced other natural vegetation.4 The nuts and berries from trees are
important sources of food all year, particularly in winter when wildlife have few other options.5
By keeping their surroundings cooler in summer and warmer in winter, trees reduce the stress of
weather extremes, which benefits wildlife just as it does humans. Accommodating wildlife in the
community benefits people, too. Scientists have shown that neighborhood well-being and
connection to nature are positively correlated with species richness and abundance of birds.6
Because of our location on Lake Michigan, the trees we plant in Harbor Springs are critical to
birds and butterflies, which need food and refuge as they prepare for or recover from migration
across open water.7

2.4 Air Quality

Trees improve air quality, which is a significant factor in public health. The American Lung
Association warns that people over 65 or under 5 years of age, people with heart disease, asthma,
or COPD, and people working outdoors are especially susceptible to harm from air pollution.
Trees not only produce oxygen, they also remove many street-level air pollutants, including
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfuric dioxide, and small particulate matter (dust, ash, dirt, pollen, and
smoke).8 After New York City increased its tree canopy by installing over 300 trees per square
kilometer, a study found that asthma in young children decreased by 29%.9 Across the United
States, trees and forests removed over 17 million tons of pollutants in 2010, which had an
estimated human health value of 6.8 billion dollars.10 Trees also consume carbon dioxide in high
quantities, which is especially important in an era where carbon dioxide levels are one of the
main drivers of climate change.

2.5 Moderating weather

Trees moderate the weather, shading the sun, buffering the wind, and releasing moisture.
Pavement, buildings, and parking lots make developed areas hotter than their surroundings, a
phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. Trees mitigate urban heating; daytime
temperatures are lower beneath both individual trees and clusters of trees than in open areas.11 A
huge benefit of landscaping with trees is their ability to reduce heating and cooling costs. Trees

4
  Pena, J. C., Martello, F., Ribeiro, M. C., Armitage, R. A., Young, R. J., & Rodrigues, M. (2017). Street trees reduce
the negative effects of urbanization on birds. PloS one, 12(3), e0174484.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174484
5
  https://www.nwf.org/garden-for-wildlife/create last accessed 6/30/2020
6
  Luck, G.W., Davidson, P., Boxall, D. and Smallbone, L. (2011), Relations between Urban Bird and Plant
Communities and Human Well‐Being and Connection to Nature. Conservation Biology, 25: 816-826.
doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01685.x
7
  https://gl.audubon.org/landing/migratory-stopover-habitat last accessed 6/30/2020
8
  Charlotte Urban Forest Master Plan, 2017. http://charlottetreeplan.weebly.com/air-quality.html. Last accessed:
6/15/2020.
9
  Lovasi, G.S., Quinn, J.W., Neckerman, K.M., Perzanowski, M.S., & Rundle, A. 2008. “Children Living in Areas with
More Street Trees have Lower Prevalence of Asthma.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 62:7(647-49).
10
   Nowak, D. J.; Hirabayashi, S.; Bodine, A.; Greenfield, E. 2014. Tree and forest effects on air quality and human
health in the United States. Environmental Pollution. 193: 119-129.
11
   Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A
systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landscape and urban planning, 97(3), 147-155.

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near and around buildings can reduce air conditioning needs, especially when they provide dense
shade.12 Moreover, trees cool the outdoor air, lowering ambient (surrounding) temperatures by
emitting moisture. These effects lower energy consumption and thus reduce the amount of
energy produced, therefore lowering pollution emissions at the source of energy production.

2.6 Stormwater Management

According to Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council, stormwater runoff is one of primary threats to
water quality in Little Traverse Bay.13 Stormwater runoff is rain or snowmelt that falls on streets,
parking areas, rooftops or other developed land and flows directly into nearby streams, rivers and
Little Traverse Bay. The USDA Forest Service notes that wooded areas act as mini-reservoirs,
reducing and slowing rainwater entering into storm drains.14 In addition to reducing the quantity
of stormwater, trees trap contaminants (such as oils and soaps, bacteria from pet waste, litter,
pesticides, and fertilizers) that mix with rainwater as it flows across parking lots or lawns. Trees
intercept these sediments and chemicals, protecting the water quality in our lakes and streams.
Reducing the quantity of stormwater and its pollutant load also reduces stress on stormwater
infrastructure, extending its longevity and decreasing the city’s maintenance and replacement
costs.

2.7 Erosion Control (Shoreline and Bluff)

Trees help stabilize bluffs, hillsides and stream banks.15 Over time, gravity works against steep
slopes by accelerating stormwater runoff and thus, erosion. Tree roots aerate the soil, which
allows the ground to absorb more rainwater and reduce the volume of runoff, and they bind the
soil, increasing its resistance to erosion. Their leaves intercept rainfall, and fallen trees and dead
leaves slow water as it flows downslope. While all vegetation helps stabilize slopes, trees are
especially beneficial because of their size. Compared to shrubs and smaller vegetation, trees have
larger root systems, networks which can extend across areas wider than their crowns, and quite
deep, if soil conditions allow.16 Shorelines and stream banks are also subject to rapid erosion.
According to Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council, removal of natural woody vegetation is a major
contributing factor in shoreline loss in northern Michigan.17 Vegetation acts as a physical barrier
to both wave and ice energy, and provides habitat for fish and other aquatic species. Removing
trees weakens shoreline soils and accelerates the loss of shoreline.

12
   Pandit, R., & Laband, D. N. (2010). Energy savings from tree shade. Ecological Economics, 69(6), 1324-1329.
13
   https://www.watershedcouncil.org/stormwater-runoff.html Last accessed July 1, 2020
14
   Peper, P. J., McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R., Vargas, K. E., & Xiao, Q. (2009). Lower Midwest community tree
guide: benefits, costs, and strategic planting. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-219. Albany, CA: US Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 115 p, 219.
15
   Clark, C. G. (2012). Stabilizing Coastal Slopes on the Great Lakes. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Pub # WISCU-
G-12-008
16
   https://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/how-deep-do-tree-roots-really-grow Last accessed 7/1/2020
17
   Fuller, D. R. (2007). Understanding, Living With, & Controlling Shoreline Erosion: A Guidebook for Shoreline
                      rd
Property Owners. 3 edition. Tip of the Mitt Watershed Council.
https://www.watershedcouncil.org/uploads/7/2/5/1/7251350/shoreline_erosion_3rd_edition.pdf
Last accessed 7/1/2020

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2.8 Property Values

Landscaping with trees can increase the value of homes, businesses, and whole communities by
increasing their visual appeal. While trees are public goods that benefit the whole community,
numerous studies have also shown that trees increase the selling price of houses. A re-analysis
(meta-analysis) of multiple property valuation studies concluded that home values across the US
increase by $239 for each 1% increase in tree cover.18 These increases are associated both with
increasing tree cover on the lot itself, and by increasing tree cover in the county where the
property is located. Thus planting trees on public property within the community, which adds
tree cover to the county, is predicted to increase the value of houses in that county, even when
those houses are not near the trees planted. Researchers suggest this positive effect occurs
because adding forest cover by planting community trees benefits everyone without any single
property owner needing to directly bear the cost for tree care, or give up a sunny garden in the
yard, or worry about trees falling on the house in a storm. The increased value of private
properties in turn benefits the city in the form of higher tax revenues.

2.9 Human Health and Recreation

Trees set the stage for the many activities people enjoy outside. The beauty of trees and natural
settings are part of what draws people outside, and we all benefit from being active outdoors.
Research shows that there are both physical and mental health benefits associated with getting
outside for a walk or a bike ride, or to ski or sled or play in the yard.19 Trees make neighborhood
sidewalks, parks, shorelines and bike trails appealing places to spend time. The abundance of
such high-quality recreation settings in northwest lower Michigan is key to attracting seasonal
visitors and retirees, two groups that generate significant economic activity and local tax
revenues.20

2.10 Commercial sector/business district economic benefit

Trees in the community have sizeable economic benefits. Forested areas provide more
opportunities for recreational activity, and more recreational activity brings in visitors to
restaurants and shops. Further, according to the National Arbor Day Foundation, commercial
retail areas are more attractive to shoppers and apartments rent more quickly when there are trees
planted nearby. Some studies have shown that consumers pay an average of 11% more for goods
and shop for a longer period of time in shaded and landscaped business districts. Consumers also

18
   Siriwardena, S. D., Boyle, K. J., Holmes, T. P., & Wiseman, P. E. (2016). The implicit value of tree cover in the US:
A meta-analysis of hedonic property value studies. Ecological Economics, 128, 68-76.
Eigenschenk, B., Thomann, A., McClure, M., Davies, L., Gregory, M., Dettweiler, U., & Inglés, E. (2019). Benefits of
Outdoor Sports for Society. A Systematic Literature Review and Reflections on Evidence. International journal of
                                                                                                     19
environmental research and public health, 16(6), 937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060937
20
   Networks Northwest. (2016). A framework for recreation in northwest Michigan.
https://www.networksnorthwest.org/data/publications/ Last accessed 7/3/2020.

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feel that the quality of products is better in business districts that are surrounded by trees.21
Finally, businesses on treescaped streets show 12% higher income streams.22

2.11 Community and Safety

Just as tree-lined streets keep people shopping, trees in the neighborhood contribute to
community cohesion and well-being. One study showed that residents of apartment buildings
surrounded by trees reported knowing their neighbors better, socializing with them more often,
having stronger feelings of community, and feeling safer and better adjusted than did residents of
more barren, but otherwise identical areas.23 Involving the community in planting trees is, itself,
recognized as an effective means of building better communities. Trees also contribute to
community safety. Traffic speeds and driver stress levels are lower on tree-lined streets,
contributing to a reduction in road rage and aggressive driving.24 The Federal Highway
Administration advises that tree canopy along a street provides a narrowing speed control
measure by creating a “psycho-perceptive sense of enclosure” that discourages speeding. The
buffers between walking areas and driving lanes created by trees also make streets safer for
pedestrians and cyclists. According to street safety consultant Dan Burden, street trees create
vertical walls framing streets, providing a defined edge, helping motorists guide their movement
and assess their speed (leading to overall speed reductions). Street safety comparisons show
reductions of run-off-the-road crashes and overall crash severity when street tree sections are
compared with equivalent treeless streets.25

21
   Wolf, K.L. 1998a. “Urban Nature Benefits: Psycho-Social Dimensions of People and Plants.” University of
Washington, College of Forest Resources Fact Sheet 1 (November).
22
   Burden, D. (2006). Urban Street Trees: 22 Benefits, Specific Applications. Glatting Jackson and Walkable
Communities, Inc.
23
   Kuo, F., and W. Sullivan. 2001. “Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Effects of Environment via Mental
Fatigue.” Environment and Behavior 33(4):543–571.
24
   Wolf, K.L. 1998a. “Urban Nature Benefits: Psycho-Social Dimensions of People and Plants.” University of
Washington, College of Forest Resources Fact Sheet. 1(November).
25
   Burden, D. (2006). Urban Street Trees: 22 Benefits, Specific Applications. Glatting Jackson and Walkable
Communities, Inc.

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3. TREE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT
3.1 Introduction

In 2015, the City conducted a tree inventory and assessment of street trees and trees located in
City parks. Street trees are located in the City right-of-way, which is typically (but not always)
66 feet wide. While the City has planted more trees since the inventory was conducted, the
existing inventory is nevertheless a valuable tool for understanding the balance of tree species,
planting sites, and tree health. A complete inventory helps City officials plan for what types of
trees to plant in which locations throughout the City, while also providing a more efficient
method for monitoring tree concerns.

3.2 Total Number, Species and Location

As of 2015, the City’s tree inventory totaled 732 trees of at least 33 species. Of these, 319 trees
were maples. Other more prolific trees include crabapples (102), spruces (66), cedars (53) and
pines (50). Maples constitute approximately 43.6% of the City’s tree inventory while the top five
tree varieties comprise 80.6% of the City’s inventory. Thirteen of the tree species are represented
by fewer than five trees in the City, while one maple species (sugar maple) constitutes 19.7% of
the tree inventory with 144 trees. (See Figures 3A and 3B in the Appendix for a comprehensive
comparison of species). Most trees are located on Main Street, Third Street, Lake Street and
throughout the City’s parks. See Figure 3C to view a map of these trees general location.

3.3 Tree Size and Spread

While the total number of trees and the variety of species is important, other tree attributes are
critical for creating a well-balanced urban forest that can provide for varying habitats and support
different activities. Some of these attributes include the size and spread of the trees.

Size can be measured in several ways. The City’s inventory keeps track of the diameter of the
tree at breast height (DBH), trunk area, and branch spread, among other size characteristics. As
of 2015, most of the City’s trees were in the 6 to 11.9 inch range for DBH, while very few (14)
were over 30 inches. About 79% of the City’s trees have a DBH under 18 inches. (See Figures
3D and 3E) (DBH is included for 676 single trunk trees; those with split trunks account for 52
trees.)

With respects to trunk area, approximately 54% (441 trees) have a trunk area less than 100
square inches. Of trees with a trunk area less than 100 square inches, about 45.1% (199 trees) are
less than 20 square inches. About 2% of all trees (17 trees) have a trunk area greater than 1,000
square inches. (See Figure 3F, 3G and 3H) Finally, with regards to spread, 7% of trees have a
spread that is over 40 feet, 28% of trees have a spread that is less than 20 feet, and about 45% of
trees have a spread between 20 and 40 feet. (See Figure 3I and 3J)

Ultimately, these figures show that the City has a variety of larger and smaller trees, and it
should continue a staggered approach to planting around the City to maintain a healthy mix of
young and old trees, as well small and large trees.

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3.4. Health and Site Conditions

It is vital that the City closely monitors its trees for health concerns. The City should constantly
monitor the health of trees in order to prevent major problems, such as the spread of disease or
the death of a tree, before isolated incidents becomes City-wide issues.

The Tree Inventory includes a rating system for the health and condition of each tree, on a scale
of 0 to 5. A rating of 5 means that the tree has all the ideal attributes for its long term survival
and health, while 0 indicates that the tree is dead (our inventory does not include any 0s because
they are generally removed when considered dead). Ratings of 3 and 4 are generally positive,
meaning that the trees are showing most of the attributes to survive and/or they are salvageable,
while ratings of 1 and 2 suggest that the trees are in poor condition.

Out of the 698 City trees with condition ratings, 277 (about 39.7%) are rated as 3. About 31.1%
are rated above 3 and about 31.4% are rated below 3. No trees are rated as having all the ideal
attributes for long-term survival. (See Figures 3K and 3L.) While the inventory condition
ranking shows that most of our trees are doing okay or better, there are many trees that are
struggling or that could benefit from improved monitoring and care.

While some issues affecting health are not completely within the City’s control, such as weather
events or the introduction of invasive pests and disease, site conditions can and do affect a tree’s
health. The City has the ability to alter or improve site conditions to help trees survive and be
healthy, and our Tree Inventory indicates noteworthy site conditions for some trees. For
example, some trees show pruning damage, trunk damage or decayed/damaged limbs; and
simple education on proper trimming and limb removal can help improve those trees’ prospects.
Other trees are indicated as being located near utility lines and such knowledge can help the City
understand and prepare for proper trimming or care for those trees so they do not interfere with
utilities.

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3.5 Goals

3.5.1 Update the Tree Inventory as trees are added and removed.

3.5.2 Complete the tree inventory for trees on public property that are not yet catalogued.

3.5.3 Conduct a bi-annual assessment of the health of each tree.

3.5.4 Identify neighborhoods with relatively few trees.

3.5.5. Create a map that shows tree locations by species.

3.5.6 Create GIS mapping overlays that distinguish between trees on public and private
property.

3.5.7. Estimate the amount of water each tree receives.

3.5.8. Indicate trees that are near utility poles or other City infrastructure that may pose a
problem for either the tree or the infrastructure.

3.5.9. Create a potential planting location list.

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4. PLANTING GUIDELINES
4.1 Introduction

Planting trees on public property should be an objective practice based on an established set of
criteria rather than a subjective approach based on choosing our favorite species. Utilization of a
rational process will result in an urban landscape that is healthy, forward-thinking, and
esthetically pleasing. Trees in different areas of the City will serve different purposes, or a
combination of purposes, and selecting the wrong tree for a site could have significant financial,
visual or other consequences. Furthermore, the planting of tree should follow professional
standards to encourage its longevity and health to ensure that the City’s investment in the urban
landscape is protected.

4.2 Species Diversity

The TAB has recognized a need to improve the diversity of trees growing along City streets and
in public spaces. The main reason for encouraging species diversity is to prevent significant
damage to our economy, canopy, and streetscape. If the City’s tree inventory consists primarily
of just a few species, then one disease or pest could drastically damage and reduce our tree
canopy. In such an instance, the costs to remove and replace dead or dangerous trees as a result
of a mass kill-off could be in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, not to mention the loss of
habitat and other benefits gained from a mature canopy. Thus, species diversity should be
perpetuated throughout the entire city as well as in individual neighborhoods and public spaces.
Large plantings of monocultures on individual streets or in public spaces should be carefully
considered, as often times different species of trees with like characteristics can still provide the
esthetic appeal of a monoculture. The City may decide to plant the wrong tree in a location for
special reasons; however, such decisions should be the exception and not the rule. The City has
an approved tree list entitled “Trees for Success” that should be used as a guideline and starting
point for selecting a tree to plant.

4.3 Functional Criteria

Trees serve many functions in the landscape beyond their esthetic qualities. They can be viewed
as architectural elements to define spaces in the same way human-made structure define space.
Trees can provide a canopy over a space and define its edge, such as a wall or a screen. A wide
spreading and rotund tree will generally cast a large shadow and is more useful as canopy tree
compared to slender trees. Narrow trees or coniferous trees with branches close to the ground
might be better for areas requiring year-round screening. Some trees are better at absorbing water
or surviving in wet conditions, which make them more ideal for stormwater mitigation purposes;
and other trees are more productive at creating a wind or sound barrier. Trees planted with a
functional purpose are more likely to provide long-lasting impacts to our community.

4.4 Esthetic Criteria

Trees provide beauty, character, scale and a sense of permanence to any environment. On the
large scale, trees provide organization and create a sense of place in the setting they inhabit. On a

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small scale, they provide interest with form, texture, color, seasonal changes, even the gentle
rustling of leaves. Trees are often the first impression that one has of a town and these
impressions are lasting. It is important that the City put its best foot forward with respect to tree
selection, tree location and ensuring that the selections are made with an eye towards species that
have the very best chance of success at good health.

With these thoughts in mind, the City of Harbor Springs has established the following guidelines
to ensure that tree selection is based upon the goal of planting right tree in the right place. For the
purposes of this document, esthetic criteria and plant requirements are broken down into two
models: street tree plantings and park plantings.

Street Tree Plantings in the City Right-of-Way
Following are esthetic criteria and plant requirements important to the success of street tree
plantings.

Size. In general, deciduous shade tree species are preferred for several reasons. Their higher
branching keeps the visibility for drivers and pedestrians clear. Their wider branching provides
superior shade. The mature size of the trees compliments the scale of nearby homes and
businesses. As these trees grow, selective pruning can keep branches from interfering with
overhead power lines where present.

Form. Shade trees are generally categorized as broad, round, oval, pyramidal, upright or arching.
With the City’s goal of species diversity in mind, an unattractive hodgepodge of trees could
result. By striving for consistency in size and form within a given area, that concern should be
mitigated.

Spacing. The design principles of unity, repetition and movement are the goals of a successful
tree street planting project. To achieve these goals, street trees should be evenly spaced at 35’ on
center. This distance allows for growth of the trees while at the same time providing
consideration that the trees not appear crowded as they reach maturity. In an informal survey of
other communities, this distance ranges from 30-45’. Further, the trees should be spaced in the
center of the median so as to be equal distance from the curb and sidewalk, but exceptions may
be appropriate in the case of utility and infrastructure or other interference. Spacing may also be
decreased for smaller species of trees.

Individual tree characteristics. Seasonal color, leaf shape, bark characteristics, flower and fruit
interest, wildlife value and shade patterns can provide great beauty, interest and inspiration.

Litter and maintenance issues. All shade trees go through an annual flowering, fruiting and leaf
drop cycle. These characteristics should be given consideration as it relates to increased
maintenance requirements by the City, as well as the visual impact it may have on the
neighborhood.

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Trees to be located within the City parks
Park space allows for a greater range of both evergreen and deciduous trees, based on size, form,
and other characteristics. This helps the City further achieve its goal of diversifying our urban
forest. Location of trees within the City’s parks should be made with an eye towards the current
and future uses of the park.

Species. Without the limits that a street planting entails, a greater variety of species can be
considered, such as evergreen trees.

Size. Trees other than a shade tree size can be considered, including smaller ornamental trees and
very large shade trees.

Creation of outdoor spaces. Trees planted in groupings can create a shady space to linger, or to
line a promenade or mark an entrance.

Focal points. Trees can be utilized as focal points or to direct views to a focal point.

Furthermore, the grounds of City buildings can be beautified with the addition of trees.
Following are possible uses for trees in this setting: creating a first impression; curb appeal;
adding character or sense of place; accentuating or hiding architectural elements; softening hard
surfaces; directing movement; and screening unsightly views.

4.5 Physical Constraints

While esthetics and functional criteria are important considerations when deciding where and
how to plant trees, certain physical constraints of a particular street, sidewalk, neighborhood, or
public space could ultimately determine which tree gets planted in a specific location. Some
species are more prone to conflicts with uniform concrete sidewalks and driveways, for example.
Expansion of the roots of healthy street trees sometimes conflicts with flat and uniform
sidewalks. Choosing trees that have deeper roots may be a better fit for planting locations
surrounded by pavement. On the other hand, root barriers fitted between sidewalks and trees may
be beneficial in forcing roots deeper under sidewalks, which would prevent damage to both trees
and sidewalks. This could allow the planting of a desired species in an otherwise unfriendly spot.

Moreover, the City has an abundance of above ground and underground utilities. Trees that grow
tall may not be best suited for sites directly under electric lines, as those trees may interfere with
service or may need to be pruned and trimmed in an unaesthetic manner. On the other hand, the
roots of certain tree species can interfere in underground water and sewer utilities, potentially
causing backups and flooding. Situating trees with powerful and deep roots directly above
critical water and sewer infrastructure could pose significant problems to delivery of essential
services; thus, it is best to avoid such trees in these locations based on the expert advice of the
City’s arborist and DPW director.

Other factors to consider include growspace, water requirements, canopy size, traffic conditions,
and land use. The City must consider the availability of growspace for each tree. The volume of
available soil is the most important criteria. Areas with more soil volume will generally allow for

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a larger tree species, while smaller growspaces necessitate smaller tree species. With regards to
water, different species tolerate different amounts of rainwater. Site conditions such as irrigation
and the water table will help determine the suitability of certain species. With respect to canopy
size, the City should consider a tree’s proximity to buildings, signs, poles and other structures, as
interference could pose problems both to the trees and the infrastructure. Finally, traffic
conditions and land use could impact tree planting decisions. For example, certain maples, pines
and lindens may not be suitable choices for planting near streets that are heavily salted in the
winter. In high traffic areas, such as on M-119, large trucks may conflict with the limbs of large
trees. Residential areas may be better suited for large shade trees while downtown commercial
areas may be better suited for smaller trees.

4.6 Developed Landscape Surrounding Street Trees (Tree Bases)

The final step in the installation of a new tree is how the immediate area around the base of the
tree is completed. From an esthetic viewpoint and as it relates to the health of the tree, it is
desirable for the immediate area around the tree to have a finished treatment rather than leaving
it as dirt. When left as dirt, weeds can become established and trash can collect. Grass is not a
good alternative either, as the tree is left vulnerable to damage from string trimmers and damage
caused by mowers. Two tree planting scenarios are described below as well as the recommended
approach in each case.

Trees planted within hardscape areas, such as within a sidewalk or other paved area
From a design standpoint, it is desirable to plant trees in areas with a high concentration of
hardscape, such the Main Street corridor in downtown Harbor Springs. The planting of evenly
spaced trees along the sidewalks provides character, shade, organization and softens the
environment. However, the planting of trees within open tree pits in the sidewalk is generally not
conducive to the health of trees. The larger the open area within the sidewalk the greater the
benefit to the tree, with increased area for air, water and nutrient exchange. The challenge is that
with a larger open area at the base of the trees, the walkable space on the sidewalk is reduced.
In the past, this open area at the base of the trees in downtown Harbor Springs was either planted
with flowers or mulched. Heavy foot traffic made the planting of flowers untenable and, while
mulch might look good for a period, it can fill with litter. Shop owners left to their means
employed a variety of solutions for the tree base areas, resulting in a hodgepodge appearance,
detracting from the streetscape. Finally, the health and appearance of the trees suffered due to
compacted soils, further detracting from the downtown streetscape.

In 2019, the Harbor Springs DDA, in conjunction with the Tree Advisory Board and with the
support of City Council, embarked on a plan to address the tree base area on Main Street in
downtown Harbor Springs. After much study, it was determined that the best solution would be
to revamp the streetscape, removing the existing trees, standardizing spacing, planting new trees
and installing 48” cast iron trees grates. Using the new tree grates, the City has the option of
removing the inner circle as the tree matures. The benefits of this approach will be a healthier
planting environment for trees and a uniform, attractive appearance downtown, a benefit to
residents and visitors alike. In the future, the tree grate solution may be expanded to other streets
in the central business district and could also present a solution for open plaza areas in the
downtown parks.

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Mulched tree base guidelines
In lawn areas, newly planted trees shall have a 4’ diameter, 3” deep mulched circle around each
tree. The mulch shall be either shredded hardwood or Black Gold mulch. Colored mulch should
not be used. This approach will eliminate damage from string trimmers and mowers, reduce
weeds and present a tidy appearance.

4.7 Goals

4.7.1 All City trees should be planted in accordance with the American National Standards
(ANSI) A300 planting standards.

4.7.2 DPW employees should be trained on planting trees in accordance with the ANSI
A300 planting standards.

4.7.3 New tree plantings should occur in the early spring or late fall when trees are
dormant.

4.7.4 Publicize a list of recommended tree species for planting on public property.

4.7.5 Consider the specific functional and esthetic criteria, as well as physical constraints,
when selecting a tree to be planted.

4.7.6 Create street planting guidelines for trees to be planted in between sidewalks and
trees.

4.7.7 Irrigation and water availability will be considered for each tree planting.

4.7.8 Document significant conflicts between existing trees and physical constraints, such as
infrastructure interference.

4.7.9 Create a “not-suitable” tree list for trees that the City recommends homeowners
avoid planting on private property.

4.7.10 Create a policy of diversity of species, genus, form, and esthetics that is flexible and
can adapt to changing conditions over time.

4.7.11 Create a separate preferred tree species planting lists for different types of public
property, such as trees for the right-of-way, park trees, screening trees, waterfront trees,
etc.

4.7.12 Consider implementing a plan for adding and/or improving the tree bases for all
street trees and park trees.

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5. TREE MAINTENANCE & PROTECTION PROCEDURES
5.1 Introduction

Competent maintenance practices increase tree benefits to the community and ensure that trees
remain healthy and protected throughout their life. Maintenance practices will not be the same
for each tree; however, in general, watering, feeding, trimming, disease and pest control, and
even tree removal, replacement or replanting will consume a significant portion of the City’s tree
budget. Because maintenance and labor costs will constitute the largest part of the operational
budget for tree planting and care, an understanding of the maintenance elements and ways to
improve operational efficiencies is desirable.

5.2 Watering and Feeding

Watering is primarily necessary during droughts and when trees are first planted or replanted.
Because weather is unpredictable, the City needs a toolkit for dealing with drought. In some
instances, employees must shift responsibilities during these periods in order to ensure the
survival of trees. These responsibilities could entail installing irrigation systems, attaching gator
bags to trees, and/or manually watering trees. In some instances, the public may be encouraged
or required to water newly planted trees. For example, the City’s Street Tree Planting application
requires applicants to ensure the survival of a newly-planted tree, and the City’s arborist may
want to share watering tips and guidelines with residents so they can properly water their trees on
public (and private) property without under watering or overwatering them. In instances of
severe drought where irrigation systems are unavailable and employees’ responsibilities are
stretched thin, the City may consider appealing to adjacent property owners to water City trees.

Feeding trees primarily consists of ensuring that trees are planted in appropriate soils or are
fertilized or mulched according to the specific tree’s needs. In most instances, fertilizing should
not be necessary unless the tree is exhibiting signs of poor health due to lack of proper nutrition.
Fertilizers should only be used as a last measure because of their potential adverse effects on the
natural environment. The City arborist should determine feeding or fertilization schedules based
on an assessment of the tree and soil conditions.

5.3 Trimming and Pruning

Tree pruning is necessary for a variety of reasons, especially more urban areas. Limbs that hang
too low over streets and sidewalks can conflict with vehicles and pedestrians, while higher limbs
can interfere with utilities. Pruning is essential to prevent such conflicts and to reduce potential
storm damage that could be caused by hazardous branches or trunks. Of course, not all trees
require the same type or amount of pruning; and as an aggregate, pruning can absorb significant
City expenditures. Thus, the City’s arborist should work with the DPW to create a pruning
schedule in order to properly prepare and budget for necessary pruning work. In particular, the
City arborist may want to coordinate pruning techniques with the City’s Electric Department,
which performs significant amount of pruning to avoid utility interference.

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When creating a pruning schedule, the City must keep in mind several considerations. First, the
primary goal is to conduct only the necessary pruning at the most reasonable cost and in the most
efficient manner. Second, newly-planted trees should be pruned or monitored for pruning in their
first five years. After that, the trees can be pruned in five-year intervals or at an on-needed basis.
Third, the City must not ignore seasonal considerations that could impact pruning schedules. As
the seasons change, so does the presence of diseases or pests, weather, sap drip, and other factors
that may make pruning in one season more practical than in another season.

Finally, residents may want to trim trees on public property in order to improve views of Little
Traverse Bay. The City has developed a vegetation management policy that spells out how a
resident can request trimming of City trees in order to improve views. City staff and the public
have an opportunity to review and comment on any such request before a decision is made. All
granted trimming requests under the vegetation management policy are overseen by the arborist,
but the applicant is responsible for hiring a contractor and paying for the approved work.
Contractors are required to follow specific standards when commencing the project; however,
more detailed and comprehensive standards may be beneficial.

5.4 Control of Disease and Insects

Diseases and insects can cause substantial damage to an urban canopy. Consistently monitoring
trees for signs of disease or pests is vital to controlling and managing outbreaks. Because City
employees are limited to monitoring City property, successful prevention of pest and disease
outbreaks will heavily depend on the public monitoring and understanding the signs of diseases
and pests on private property. In most cases, diseases can be checked with proper preventative
measures, such as choosing the right species for the location, watering and fertilizing, and proper
pruning practices.

While chemical pesticides can successfully prevent the spread of pests and disease, they should
only be used when significant threats are imminent. Some examples of significant threats include
oak wilt and Dutch elm disease. Treatments should only be applied by the City’s arborist or
professionals who are licensed to apply such treatments, and only if the City’s arborist deems
such treatments necessary. The City may decide that treating some trees for disease or pest
outbreak is not worth the resources required to protect those trees.

5.6 Removal and Replacement of Trees

The City generally removes a tree from its property if the tree is deemed hazardous, if there is a
significant conflict with infrastructure or utilities, or if the tree is dead or is a host to a severe
disease or pest that could easily spread to other trees. Residents may also request that the City
remove trees from public property, but City staff and/or the TAB must review the request before
granting permission. Generally, the City only grants such requests if there is a compelling need
or if the applicant proposes to replace that tree with another tree, either at the site or elsewhere in
the City. Other municipalities approve tree removal only if the applicant pays the determined
value of that specific tree to the City. Such an option might be necessary in instances where
planting locations for a replacement tree cannot be determined.

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Applicants who insist that a particular tree is hazardous will not be required to pay the
application fee or for tree removal should the City’s arborist determine the tree is hazardous and
there is an imminent threat to life or property. However, the TAB and City will likely not be
easily convinced of tree removal without replacement suggestions for issues such as esthetic
concerns, sidewalk issues, fruiting and seed issues, and etc. Each application must be reviewed in
its entirety and as its own application, but general guidelines can help keep the TAB’s decision-
making consistent.

5.7 Goals

5.7.1 Install irrigation systems where feasible.

5.7.2 Consider watering methods and water availability at each site before approving tree
plantings.

5.7.3 Develop guidelines for City staff and the TAB to follow when considering a resident’s
request to remove trees from public property for reasons that are not already covered by
the City’s vegetation management policy.

5.7.4 Applicants proposing to remove trees should be required to replace the tree with
another tree that is at least 2.5 inches in diameter at DBH, or as the TAB recommends.

5.7.5 Trim and/or remove hazardous trees on and along public right-of-ways.

5.7.6 Perform systematic trimming as needed per ANSI A300 standards.

5.7.7 Remove and replace diseased trees as needed.

5.7.8 Require applicants requesting to remove street trees for non-view reasons to replant a
tree in its place or at another agreed-upon location, or contribute the value of the removed
tree to the City’s tree fund.

5.7.9 Identify and protect significant trees, such as landmarked and heritage trees.

5.7.10 Distribute tips and guidelines to residents on how to care for and maintain newly
planted trees.

5.7.11 Educate residents on observing trees for potential pests and diseases.

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6. POLICIES AND ORDINANCES

6.1 Introduction

The City has adopted a smattering of policies and ordinances in the past few years to regulate the
removal and management of trees on public property. Much of the language for these policies
and ordinances were crafted in 2018 and 2019 to address the opposing attitudes toward tree
removal on the bluff and other public properties, with some residents desiring to create and
preserve scenic views and others striving to prevent clearcutting and better manage the urban
forest. The current policies and ordinances provide some minimum protections against tree
removal, but other language could be developed to more thoroughly address both tree removal
and urban forest management issues.

6.2. Existing Policies and Ordinances

Policies
The City’s current Vegetation Management Policy (VMP) was adopted in 2018 after the Council
declared a moratorium on tree trimming or removal on the bluff while it worked to establish an
appropriate process for handling vegetation management requests intended to improve the view
of Little Traverse Bay. The 2018 approved language requires an individual seeking vegetation
management on the bluff to submit an application and fee to initiate a City review of the
proposed request. The City then selects a tree specialist (such as a certified arborist) to discuss
the request with the applicant, inspect the property to be managed, and create a preliminary
report on how (or if) to proceed with vegetation management. City staff, the applicant, and
adjoining property owners have an opportunity to review and comment on the request and report.
The City Manager and/or City Council then approve or reject the request, with any approval
requiring applicants to pay for the vegetation management.

In 2019, the VMP was expanded to create a similar process for tree removal on public property
not related to views of the Little Traverse Bay. The expanded language also discusses the City’s
rights and obligations to deal with hazardous trees and to maintain City property and
infrastructure, as well as to manage tree removal or trimming associated with City projects. Since
adoption of the VMP in 2018, the City has received four applications for vegetation management
on public property.

Ordinances
Prior to 2019, Chapter 30 of the City Code contained one sentence prohibiting the trimming,
cutting, destroying, mutilating or molesting of trees on public property. In 2019, the TAB crafted
and recommended to Council an ordinance that expanded on this language in order to distinguish
between intentional and unintentional destruction or removal of trees and to establish penalties
removing or destroying trees. The City Council then approved and adopted this language as
Ordinance Number 423.

Further, the City’s Zoning Code contains some language that refers to trees in the context of
landscaping and screening. For example, Article 3 requires certain developments that abut a
different zoning district to install screening, which could include a greenbelt (such as trees and

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shrubs), or a protective wall. Article 15 requires applicants developing properties in the
Waterfront District to receive Planning Commission approval of proposed trees and landscaping
materials, while further state that landscaping should not be designed to adversely affect views.
Finally, Article 19 gives the Planning Commission permission to allow a greenbelt buffer strip of
trees and shrubs to substitute for a masonry wall when such a wall is required.

6.3 Potential Policies and Ordinances

A variety of municipalities in Michigan and the United States have expansive, detailed and
unique policies and ordinances related to managing and protecting the urban forest. The City of
Harbor Springs can look to these examples to craft language that will fulfill the goals and vision
of this plan.

In particular, the City has three broad avenues to regulate urban forest management: 1) enacting
policies and procedures for City staff to follow; 2) adopting ordinances that regulate trees and the
urban canopy on public property; and 3) creating zoning ordinances that regulate tree removal,
planting and care on private property. Broadly, the first two avenues are not as controversial as
the third avenue, which could raise property rights concerns if regulations are not perceived to
promote the public good, such as for the public’s welfare, health and safety.

The TAB discussed and reviewed a variety of potential additions to City policies and ordinances
under all of the above three categories. Policies and procedures for City staff could include
limiting species plantings in order to encourage diversification of the urban forest; incorporate a
review of the impacts on trees and the urban forest when reviewing contractors’ proposals for
City projects; and create a finalized list of prohibited tree plantings (invasive or otherwise) on
public property. Regarding policies and ordinances related to public trees, the City could expand
and clarify its meaning of destruction in Ordinance 423 to include the poisoning of trees, and it
could require owners engaged in development or construction to ensure the public trees are not
harmed. Finally, zoning regulations could require new development or redevelopment to provide
street trees in the right-of-way; require forest management plans for certain districts within the
City limits; and require shade trees in new parking lots.

Of course, any regulation or policy should be accompanied with a public outreach and education
campaign related to the specific issue. All proposed policies and regulations should be
thoroughly reviewed and discussed by City staff including the City Manager and Zoning
Administrator as well as the appropriate bodies, which could include the TAB, Planning
Commission, City Council, and the Downtown Development Authority.

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6.4 Goals

6.4.1 Create and adopt a list of trees not permitted on public property.

6.4.2 Create a policy that encourages capping the percentage of any tree species in the City
rights-of-way at 20% of the total number of trees in the City’s rights-of-way. Devise a plan
to replace trees that exceed this limit as they die off or are damaged.

6.4.3 Edit the Vegetation Management Policy to incorporate guidelines for reviewing how a
City project could affect trees and the urban forest.

6.4.4 Clarify and expand the definition of “destruction of trees” in Ordinance 423 to
include the poisoning of trees by allowing toxic chemicals or materials to seep, drain or be
emptied on or about any public tree.

6.4.5 Require property owners to erect or install protective barriers around public
property trees that may be injured or destroyed during construction activities.

6.4.6 Require future residential and commercial development to provide street trees in the
right-of-way along existing road frontage.

6.4.7 Adopt an ordinance prohibiting private property owners from planting invasive tree
species.

6.4.8 Edit the Vegetation Management Policy, Street Tree Planting Application and Zoning
Code to require a minimum three (3) year guarantee for all tree plantings required or
approved by the City.

6.4.9 Stipulate in the Zoning Code that all landscaping and screening trees for commercial
projects shall be planted in accordance with the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) planting standards.

6.4.10 Change the Zoning Code to require applicants creating new parking lots or
redeveloping a parking lot to plant one (1) tree on the property per five (5) parking spaces.

6.4.11 Require forest management plans before development or redevelopment commences
in certain zoning districts or on properties of certain sizes where the City wants to preserve
the integrity of the forest habitat.

6.4.12 Create restrictions on the clearcutting of properties.

6.4.13 Adopt an ordinance or policy that places limits on the removal of designated heritage
trees.

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7. EDUCATION AND OUTREACH
7.1 Introduction

While crafting policies and ordinances can be an important tool in achieving the City’s goals,
education and outreach is vital to creating an informed citizenry that understands the benefits of
a healthy urban forest. Armed with the proper knowledge and tools, the City’s residents can be
the City’s best defense against invasive species, diseases and infestations. With the right
guidance and encouragement, residents can also become confident in the proper planting and
maintenance of trees. Unlike most ordinances and policies, the knowledge and tools residents
gain from outreach and education can be applied to their private properties as well as public
trees. Trees on private property are integral to a healthy urban forest, and education campaigns
can be the most positive and impactful ways to connect with residents on important tree issues.

7.2 Diseases

Diseases and insect infestations are an ongoing threat to the health of an urban forest. The threat
can be exacerbated if there is little species diversification in the urban forest. Knowledge about
potential disease threats and careful monitoring of trees for diseases and infestations can help
prevent the spread of disease, save some trees from death, and help the City better prepare and
manage a potentially devastating outbreak.

An informed public can assist City staff and State natural resource officials in managing and
preventing the spread of disease. Therefore, the TAB and City Arborist must be continuously
alert to current and potential threats to tree species in the City’s urban forest, especially those
species representing a significant proportion of our urban tree population. The City should take
actions to disseminate information through various mediums about identifying and reporting
present and looming threats.

In Michigan, most tree diseases are caused either by fungal infections or insect infestations.
Current threats include tree cankers, oak wilt, scale, anthracnose, tar spot, emerald ash borer, and
beech bark disease. However, diseases and infestations are constantly spreading across the state
and country at different rates, and it is important that the City is aware of these diseases and
prepared to combat their impacts ahead of time.

7.3 Tree Planting and Maintenance

The most significant factor affecting the health (and ultimately, lifespan) of a tree is correct
planting and proper maintenance. Tree plantings should follow ANSI standards. However,
understandably, most residents planting trees on private property are not likely following
professional tree planting standards. Thus, when and where possible and feasible, the TAB
should provide planting guidance or materials to residents to ensure that they have the necessary
information to plant trees correctly, accounting for factors such as planting depth, spacing, soil
requirements, and etc.

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