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CY 2021 EDITION
The U.S. Army
CHAPLAIN CORPS
JOURNAL
Special Issue on “Spiritual Readiness”
U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal Katherine Voyles, Editor Journal Support Staff: Chaplain (Colonel) Roy Myers, Dean, Graduate School Dr. Nathan White, Associate Dean, Graduate School Dr. Dwane Thomas, Program Director, School for Academic Degrees Chaplain (Colonel) Brian Ray, Editor, “Current Thought”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORUM
Senior Leader Reflections Forum (cont.)
03 C
hief of Chaplains 43 R
eflection on “From Diversity to Pluralism”
Chaplain (Major General) Thomas L. Solhjem by Chaplain (Colonel) Ibraheem Raheem
04 R
egimental Sergeant Major Response to Chaplain (Colonel) Raheem’s
Sergeant Major Ralph Martinez Reflection
by Sergeant Major Daniel Roberts
04 S
urgeon General of the Army
Lieutenant General R. Scott Dingle Response to Chaplain (Colonel) Raheem’s
Reflection
by Chaplain (Major) Delana Small
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 47 R
eflection on “From Diversity to Pluralism”
by Chaplain (Major) Delana Small
05 R
ucking to Emmaus: Building Spiritually Strong
People and Communities Response to Chaplain (Major) Small’s Reflection
by JoLynda Strandberg, Ed.D. and Chaplain by Sergeant Major Daniel Roberts
(Lieutenant Colonel) Cody Vest
Response to Chaplain (Major) Small’s Reflection
10 M
osaic Ministry: A Model of Inclusive Ministry by Chaplain (Colonel) Ibraheem Raheem
to Special Needs Families and Marginalized
Populations in the Army Community
by Chaplain (Colonel) Brad Lee
Book Reviews
16 A
n Army Chaplain and Suicide Ideation:
Charting a Path to Spiritual Readiness 51 T he Bomber Mafia by Malcom Gladwell
by Chaplain (Captain) Daniel Ude Asue Reviewed by Chaplain (Lieutenant Colonel) Brian Koyn
22 R
eligion or Spirituality?: American Religiosity 54 T he Gravity of Joy by Angela Williams Gorrell
and the Chaplain’s Care for Soldiers Reviewed by Chaplain (Major) Lisa Northway
by Chaplain (Captain) Patrick Stefan
56 L ittle Platoons by Matt Feeney
30 C
ultivating Spiritual Readiness in a Secular Age: Reviewed by Chaplain (Major) Sean Levine
Embracing the Challenge and Opportunities of
59 E
motionally Healthy Spirituality by Peter Scazzero
Ministry in the Contested Spiritual Domain
Reviewed by Chaplain (First Lieutenant) Joy Hervey
by Chaplain (Captain) Luke Heibel
62 R
obert E. Lee and Me by Ty Seidule
Reviewed by Chaplain (Colonel) Paul Minor
Forum 64 T aking America Back for God by Andrew L. Whitehead
and Samuel L. Perry
39 R
eflection on “From Diversity to Pluralism” Reviewed by Chaplain (Major) Shawn Lee
by Sergeant Major Daniel Roberts
Response to Sergeant Major Roberts’s Reflection
by Chaplain (Colonel) Ibraheem Raheem Current Thought
Response to Sergeant Major Roberts’s Reflection
67 Leadership and the Profession of Arms
by Chaplain (Major) Delana Small
72 T he Evolving Operational Environment
Table of Contents 1
U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal
Advisory Board:
Chaplain (Colonel) Boguslaw Augustyn
Chaplain (Colonel) Larry Bazer
Chaplain (Colonel) Michael Jeffries
Mr. Eric Jorgensen
Chaplain (Colonel) Rajmund Kopec
Chaplain (Colonel) Greg Long
Dr. George Lucas
Dr. Marc LiVecche
Chaplain (Colonel) Timothy Mallard
Chaplain (Colonel) Karen Meeker
Sergeant Major James E. Morris
Chaplain (Colonel) James Palmer
Sergeant Major Daniel Roberts
Sergeant Major Noah Rogness
Dr. Pauline Shanks Kaurin
The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal is an official publication of the U.S. Army, as such the government owns the rights of articles
published in the Journal. Unless expressly noted in an article, all articles are works of the U.S. Government in which no copyright
exists. Where copyright is indicated in an article, all further rights are reserved to the article’s author.
The views expressed in articles in the U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal are the author’s own and do not reflect those of the
Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.
Please note that all photos are either in the public domain or used with permission.
SENIOR LEADER REFLECTIONS
FORUM
Chief of Chaplains
Chaplain (Major General) Thomas L. Solhjem
Welcome to this special issue of the U.S. Army engaged dialogue around issues that warrant
Chaplain Corps Journal addressing our Corps’ sustained reflection and response, while a blog
mission to build Army spiritual readiness. will provide space for real-time conversation
about issues that matter to the Corps. The
Army chaplains are both professional military Journal will also act as a hub for resources
religious leaders and professional military and materials, including White Papers,
religious staff advisors (AR 165-1, para. Doctor of Ministry theses, and papers from
2-3b). Further professionalizing these two Intermediate Level Education (ILE) and Senior
religious support capabilities, and the Corps’ Service College (SSC).
performance of its three core competencies—
Nurture the Living, Care for the Wounded, and These changes to our Journal will support
Honor the Fallen—is essential to sustaining the continuing professionalization of the
the identity of the Corps. The Journal speaks Corps. Chaplain Corps organizational
to both of these professionalization challenges, transformation is improving overall Chaplain
as it honors the 246-year sacred legacy of the Corps integration, while posturing the Corps to
Corps’ work in “Caring for the Soul of the Army.” continue getting better at delivering superior
value to the Army as we provide religious
The Journal itself is professionalizing as we support, in order to build Army spiritual
move toward peer review of your submissions, readiness. The Chaplain Corps Journal will be
and you can expect to see two issues a a key asset on our transformational journey
year beginning in 2022. Articles submitted as an organization, because of your collegial
to the Journal may be written from either contributions and your engagement with the
a theoretical or a practical perspective. In new content.
addition to articles, the Journal will also feature
book reviews and a new forum. The forum will For God and Country – Live the Call!
provide space in each issue for in-depth and
Senior Leader Reflections 3
Chaplain Corps Regimental Sergeant Major
Sergeant Major Ralph Martinez
The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal plays diverse value systems that stem from their
a crucial role in generating meaningful religious, philosophical, and human values.
conversations at the strategic level, but it also The spiritual readiness domain is inclusive
shapes the Chaplain Corps’ activities in the and universally vital to all personnel no matter
operational domain. The Journal is intended their background, philosophy, or religion. It
to equip Chaplains, Religious Affairs applies to both religious and non-religious
Specialists, Directors of Religious Education, persons and concepts. Leaders play an active
and others with practical resources and with role in creating and fostering a climate that
the critical skills necessary for developing encourages individual spiritual readiness
practical resources. according to their respective worldviews, while
at the same time communicating respect and
This issue is especially important, as our Corps dignity for diversity in a pluralistic setting.”
continues to explore new ways to build Army
spiritual readiness, in accordance with chapter Our Chaplain Corps mission is “to build Army
10 of FM 7-22, Holistic Health and Fitness spiritual readiness to deploy, fight, and win our
(H2F). Spiritual readiness is the fourth domain Nation’s wars, by providing reliable and relevant
in the H2F System, and FM 7-22 explains it world-class religious support, as a unique
like this on page 10-1: “Spiritual readiness element of the Army that is fully engaged
develops the personal qualities a person needs across the full spectrum of conflict.” Our
in times of stress, hardship, and tragedy. These Chaplain Corps Journal is intended to help the
qualities come from religious, philosophical, or members of our Corps partner with one another
human values, and form the basis for character, and others, to become more reliable and more
disposition, decision making, and integrity. relevant with each passing day. I challenge
People develop their spiritual readiness from each of you to invest in that process!
Surgeon General of the Army
Lieutenant General R. Scott Dingle
“It’s time for us to synergize because people physical into account for the overall readiness
are first … it’s time for us to synergize so that of our Soldiers and the entire Army Family.”
we can be combat multipliers to ensure that
our Soldiers and our Family members are https://www.army.mil/article/243664/leaders_
getting a holistic approach that takes the mind, receive_tools_to_facilitate_holistic_soldier_care
the body, the soul, the mental, the spiritual, the
4 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 Edition
SCHOLARLY WRITING FROM OURFORUM
CORPS
Rucking to Emmaus: Building Spiritually Strong
People and Communities
by JoLynda Strandberg, Ed.D. and Chaplain (Lieutenant Colonel) Cody Vest
M
ilitary life encompasses joy and challenge. The joy of ministry after His death.3 The journey to Emmaus presented
serving a purpose greater than yourself, the chance to in Luke 24 is a model for a Christian’s spiritual journey rooted
develop abiding bonds with others, and the opportunity in the presence of Jesus. The path to Emmaus requires faith
to excel can be tempered with the stress of deployment, and shows that God is revealed in experience and through
changes of duty station, long hours, combat stress, physical community. Emmaus is the path each person treads throughout
injury, and Moral Injury (MI). Why do some Soldiers and Family the lifelong process of forming faith, regardless of practiced
members grow spiritually through these challenges while others religion. Paths to Emmaus are shaped by faith, community,
exhibit harmful behaviors? When faced with adversity and and experience.
stress, some come through the challenge not only sustained,
but also more able to handle life’s struggles. To explore paths to Emmaus, this article uses three points
to illustrate the effectiveness of faith leaders using programs
Spiritual growth is personally important to Soldiers and is also that are dual purpose, faith forming, and address struggles to
important to unit readiness.1 Soldiers’ harmful behaviors and support Soldiers and Family members. Firstly, James Fowler’s
struggles, such as substance abuse, MI, and Post Traumatic Stages of Faith Development describes how human beings
Stress Disorder (PTSD), impact unit readiness in significant grow spiritually and the influence of this growth on core beliefs
and detrimental ways. Equipping Soldiers with skills to and values.4 Furthermore, current studies on the relationship
effectively cope with adversity and the stressors of military life between spiritual growth and adversity articulate measured,
can positively affect readiness. Addressing harmful behaviors demonstrable, positive outcomes. Lastly, experiential outcomes
and struggles through spiritual development is one proven and professional observations suggest practical applications.
practical coping mechanism based in both the practical and the
transcendent. A natural question for Religious Support (RS)
arises: How can the U.S. Army Chaplain Corps expand the Theoretical Framework: Faith and
capacity for spiritual growth of individual Soldiers? Spiritual Development
The Army Chaplaincy walks alongside Soldiers and Family An operational definition of “faith” requires an understanding
members through struggles in a process of spiritual of spiritual development. Wilfred Cantwell Smith provides an
discernment. The journey on the road to Emmaus, described in inclusive description of faith:
Luke 24, depicts a revelation of Jesus to two disciples as they
journeyed with Him.2 Luke, one of the four Gospels in the New At its best it has taken the form of serenity and courage and
Testament along with its companion Acts, aligns the ministry of loyalty and service: a quiet confidence and joy which enable
Jesus with the ministry of His followers who continued Jesus’s one to feel at home in the universe and to find meaning
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 5
in the world and in one’s own life, specifically on adult faith development. implications for those who serve in the
a meaning that is profound and Individuative-Reflective Faith, stage military. Research found the majority
ultimate, and is stable no matter what four, centers on an individual taking of veterans, 50.1%, reported PTG in
may happen to oneself at the level of personal responsibility for beliefs.10 relation to a traumatic event,16 but
immediate event.5 The Individuative-Reflective Faith that this percentage, 72%, was even
stage includes the reexamination of higher for veterans diagnosed with
Smith not only addresses specific previously held beliefs and the capacity PTSD.17 The independent factors of
characteristics of faith, but he also to independently judge worldviews.11 purpose, religiosity, and connectedness
describes the stabilizing effect of faith Moving from the Individuative-Reflective contributed to PTG.18 The independent
on life. Army FM 7-22 also highlights Faith stage to the Conjunctive Faith factors of faith and spirituality provided
the stabilizing effect of faith and stage, stage five, a person becomes a protection against the negative behaviors
describes the protective factors of the reflective thinker who understands truth associated with PTSD while being
spiritual dimension: from multiple perspectives and resolves related to PTG. Therefore cultivating
apparent worldview paradoxes.12 An purpose, connection, and spirituality
Spirituality is often described as
externalized pursuit of self relative to a related to trauma or struggles is key to
a sense of connection that gives
higher power characterizes later stages meaningful RS.
meaning and purpose to a person’s
of faith development. Pursuing faith
life. It is unique to each individual. Those suffering from PTSD may also
development as represented in these
The spiritual dimension applies to all experience MI. MI is the consequence
stages can help those struggling with
people, whether religious and non- of violating deeply held beliefs, which
stress and harmful behaviors through
religious. Identifying one’s purpose, may cause feelings of shame and
engaging existential questions that
core values, beliefs, identity, and life grief.19 The research of Harold Koenig et
deepen self-awareness and spirituality.
vision defines the spiritual dimension. al., indicates religious involvement for
Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development
These elements, which define the veterans and active duty members, when
provides reference and context for faith-
essence of a person, enable one to controlled for other factors, reveals a
forming programs.
build inner strength, make meaning significant inverse correlation to MI.20 21
of experiences, behave ethically, Therefore, opportunities for spiritual
persevere through challenges, and be Adverse Challenge and development and religious involvement
resilient when faced with adversity.6 are salutary to growth through the
Spiritual Growth in
challenges of military life.
These definitions on their own do not Recent Research
fully address how spiritual development In addition to MI and PTSD, substance
might address harmful behaviors. People are spiritual beings. The
abuse is increasingly a concern for
Additionally, understanding spiritual research of Dr. Lisa Miller reveals the
Soldiers and Family members. Research
development provides context in terms innate spiritual capacity of all humans.13
focused on the effects of spirituality and
of stages of growth and stages of life. Chaplain (Colonel) Robert Marsi also
substance abuse provides important
Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development explores spiritual core development
data on recovery. Studies by Betty
objectively describes patterns of declaring an imperative to build an
Jarusiewicz and Elizabeth Brown et
knowing and belief.7 Fowler’s Stages of individual’s spiritual core to protect
al., find links between spirituality/faith
Faith Development is made up of six against harmful behaviors impacting
and increased sobriety and decreased
stages, but stages three through five readiness.14 Recent research describes
heavy drinking.22 23 Anthony Brown et al.,
are especially important in relation to Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) as an
find spirituality serves as a significant
combating Soldiers’ harmful behaviors. outcome of specific faith-based programs
component in a person’s confidence to
Stage three, Synthetic-Conventional designed to address harmful behaviors;
resist substance abuse.24
Faith, is faith identified with a religious Celebrate Recovery and Reboot Combat
institution, authority, or belief system.8 Recovery are programs in this vein. In addition to the positive effects of
A viewpoint from outside of the person spirituality on overcoming challenges,
PTG may be defined as positive personal
emerges in this stage, and it may small community-based groups provide
growth experienced as a result of
coincide with late adolescence or early distinct benefits. Research suggests that
stress or struggle.15 PTG has important
adulthood.9 Stages four and five focus small, cohesive groups effectively create
6 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 Edition
community, assist in spiritual growth, based deployment support groups serve that include children and other Family
and provide a safe learning experience.25 as practical paths that address life members can provide and promote
Our professional experience echoes this struggles while simultaneously forming meaningful connection between a Soldier
finding: small community engagement and growing participant faith. Walk and their Family members. The role of
groups that are focused around specific to Emmaus is a non-denominational the chaplain is necessarily a little more
struggles can provide a fertile Christian program that begins with a involved when it comes to integrating
environment to both build community three-day experience that is followed support at different echelons. Operating
and develop spirituality. by small group faith formation. The under an integrated religious support
program is based in the precepts we just effort enhances chaplain, leader, and
described. Challenge-based and faith- patron engagement within programming.
Experiential Outcomes developing programs provide participants For instance, chaplain assets at the
an opportunity and a safe space to installation can provide continuity for
Spiritual and religious interventions
discern and claim personal faith amidst such programs while allowing division
targeting specific challenges, like
personal difficulty. asset chaplains to engage as mission
stress, PTSD, and substance abuse,
allows. This can create a unified
can provide opportunities for spiritual Developing a community of support RS effort by providing effective and
development leading to positive for Soldiers and Family members can engaging programs that equip Soldiers
outcomes. A successful intervention be critical. This community can take a to properly address harmful behaviors
both develops faith and addresses number of forms; here we discuss two and stress. Another element of command
harmful behaviors. Content can be roles: the importance of the relationship engagement is to obtain command
tailored to location and environment in between the Soldier and their Family sponsorship of the programs with direct
meaningful ways. Spiritually grounded members, and the importance of the fiscal support by the Division Commander,
programs such as Celebrate Recovery, Army Chaplain. Fellowship opportunities negotiated by the Division Chaplain.
Reboot Trauma Recovery, and faith-
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 7
Thematic Indicators of mood and situation in faith-based require responsive leaders who meet
programs that are directed towards participants where they are, encourage
Successful RS programs indicate growth negotiating and overcoming stress and community, and model personal growth.
that can be described by Fowler’s harmful behaviors. A combination of The role of the facilitators is key to the
Stages of Faith Development. The worship and storytelling allows for direct effectiveness of small group, community-
exploration of faith within the context of faith development. Community programs building programs.
struggle can be described by features centered around struggle provide
in Fowler’s Individuative-Reflective and support for healing through the building
Conjunctive Faith stages.26 Based on our of relationships and increased self- Reflection
professional military experience, three awareness. These efforts are related to
“Path” and “context” are central to
key themes—path, context, and faith recovery capital; the support needed to
creating small groups focused on both
family—describe the effectiveness of heal and overcome harmful behaviors.28
faith and capacity to deal with stress
faith-based programs that address stress
In addition to path and context, faith and harmful behaviors. Each person’s
and harmful behaviors such as Celebrate
family is significant to the effectiveness faith journey is individual, but community
Recovery, Reboot, and Walk to Emmaus.
of programs that address stress and is also important to spiritual growth.
The path of faith and healing connects harmful behaviors. Faith family refers These realities parallel scripture, and
participants with similar struggles while to connections and relationships built specifically the road to Emmaus. In
creating supportive community. The and sustained through the programs an Army community, a journey of faith
examination of personal beliefs and we have highlighted. The deep, close may mirror a Soldier’s long march that
respect for other views encourages connections made in these programs requires strength and determination to
groups to address personal struggle. can mirror supportive familial ties. finish. Each person’s ruck to Emmaus
Such interaction reflects both the Supportive relationships such as those will be unique because each person’s
Individuative-Reflective Faith stage with significant others, spouses, and experiences, and self are individual. At
and the Conjunctive Faith stage children are also important to these the same time, their paths to Emmaus
characteristics.27 Responsive leadership programs. These individuals themselves may be similar, because each traverses
and safe environments encourage need support; they can find solace a path of authentic spiritual growth
growth along the path of faith and in programming during instruction or with the support of a community of
healing. This responsive leadership can fellowship. Programing focused on like-minded individuals.
support the exploration of existential school-aged children, such as that
RS professionals walk alongside Soldiers
truth in personal terms, providing an provided in Celebrate Recovery, can
and Family members on their paths
opportunity to create meaning. Shared allow for topic exploration in appropriate
to Emmaus. It is essential to partner
experiences can provide participants ways. Experiencing healing and faith
with and to identify effective paths for
with opportunities for open-minded development as a part of an intimate
Soldiers as they discover, name, and
collaboration, which can be fertile soil group builds cohesive community and
claim their spiritual selves. PTG may
for spiritual development. The path of supports recovery in meaningful ways.
result when individuals are prioritized
faith and healing thrives in spaces of
Programs, like Celebrate Recovery, in the context of struggle and building
routine and safe physical space. This
Reboot, and Walk to Emmaus, which community to effectively address spiritual
predictability and safety provides room
address specific stressors and/or harmful development.29 Furthermore, individual
for participants to grow and develop in
behaviors in the context of faith, are Soldiers who have a developed spiritual
their capacity to address struggles. The
in keeping with the broader mission of core support the Army’s need for
consistency of group meetings marks
the Army. These programs seek both to spiritually ready Soldiers, and protects
personal paths in weekly routines, which
build strong spiritual communities, and those individuals against harmful
allows participants the time to address
to build the capacity of individuals within behaviors that diminish unit readiness.30
personal faith and to address stressors.
those communities to cope with stress
The context of these interventions is and harmful behaviors. Connection
important. Context refers to the elements with others and community building
8 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 EditionDr. JoLynda Strandberg is the Director of Religious Education for Fort Campbell, KY. Dr. Strandberg started her
career as a Director of Religious Education at Fort Drum, NY, in 1997. She has since held varying Director of Religious
Education positions in IMCOM Readiness, IMCOM Training, IMCOM Europe, and joint/international locations.
Chaplain (Lieutenant Colonel) Cody J. Vest is a native of Scott Depot, WV. In 2002 Chaplain Vest graduated from
Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary with a Masters of Divinity degree and returned to active duty as a chaplain,
endorsed by the Southern Baptist Convention. In 2014 Chaplain Vest graduated from Webster University with an M.A.
in Marriage and Family Therapy. Chaplain Vest’s military education includes: AMEDD Officer Basic Course, Chaplain
Officer Basic Course, Chaplain Captain Career Course, ILE, Brigade Chaplain Course, Family Life Course, Airborne
and Air Assault. Chaplain Vest has been married for 25 years to the former Jennifer Hardin, from Saint Albans, WV.
They has three children: Emily (19), Benjamin (16) and Abigail (13).
NOTES
1 United States Department of the Army, The U.S. Army 13 Lisa Miller, The Spiritual Child (New York: St. Martin’s 23 Elisabeth A.R. Robinson, James A. Cranford, Jon
Field Manual 7-22: Holistic Health and Fitness, 10-1 Press, 2015), 28. R. Webb, and Kirk A. Brower, “Six Month Changes
(Washington, D.C., 2020). in Spirituality, Religiousness, and Heavy Drinking
14 CH(COL) Robert E. Marsi, “Spiritual Core
Outcomes,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
2 Luke 24: 1-35. Development: An imperative,” Spiritual Readiness
68, no.2 (2007): 282-290, https://doi.org/10.15288/
Pilot- Section 2: Spiritual Readiness Assessment
3 Luke 24: 1-35. jsad.2007.68.282
(Washington, DC: U.S. Army Chaplain Corps, 2020), 44.
4 James W. Fowler and Mary Lynn Dell, “Stages of Faith 24 Anthony E. Brown, J. Scott Tonigan, Valory N. Pavlik,
15 J. Tsai, R.El Gabalawy, W.H. Sledge, S.M. Southwick,
From Infancy Through Adolescence: Reflections on Thomas R. Kosten, and Robert J. Volk, “Spirituality and
and R.H. Pietrzak, “Post-Traumatic Growth Among
Three Decades of Faith Development Theory,” In The Confidence to Resist Substance Use Among Celebrate
Veterans in the USA: Results from the National Health
Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Recovery Participants,” Journal of Religion and Health
and Resilience in Veterans Study,” Psychological
Adolescence, eds. Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, Pamela 52, (2013): 107-113, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-
Medicine 45,(2015): 165-179, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
Elostyne King, Linda Wagener, and Peter L. Benson 011-9456-x
nih.gov/25065450/
(Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 34.
25 Harley T. Atkinson. The Power of Small Groups
16 Tsai et al., “Post-traumatic Growth Among Veterans,”
5 Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Faith and Belief (Princeton, NJ: in Christian Formation (Eugene, OR: Resource
170.
Princeton University Press, 1979), 12. Publications, 2018), 4.
17 Tsai et al., “Post-traumatic Growth Among Veterans,”
6 United States Department of the Army, The U.S. Army 26 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through
170.
Field Manual 7-22: Holistic Health and Fitness, 10-2 Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith
(Washington, D.C., 2020). 18 Tsai et al., “Post-traumatic Growth Among Veterans,” Development Theory,” 41.
175.
7 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through 27 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through
Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith 19 Harold G. Koenig, MD, Nagy A. Youssef, MD, Donna Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith
Development Theory,” 34-45. Ames, MD, John P. Oliver, DMin, BCC, Ellen J. Teng, Development Theory,” 41.
PhD, Kerry Haynes, DMin, BCC, Zachary D. Erickson,
8 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through 28 William Cloud and Robert Granfield, “Conceptualizing
CCRP, Irina Arnold, MD, Joseph M. Currier, PhD,
Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith Recovery Capital: Expansion of a Theoretical
Keisha O’Garo, PsyD, and Michelle Pearce, PhD,
Development Theory,” 39. Construct,” Substance Use & Misuse, 43, no. 12-13
BBC, “Moral Injury and Religiosity in US Veterans
(2008): 1971-1986, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.
9 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms,”
gov/19016174/
Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 206,
Development Theory,” 39. no.5 (2018): 325-331, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. 29 Tsai et al., “Post-traumatic Growth Among Veterans,”
gov/29494381/ 165-179.
10 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through
Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith 20 Koenig et al., “Moral Injury and Religiosity,” 328. 30 Gen.James C. McConville. “People First: Insights from
Development Theory,” 41. the Army’s Chief of Staff,” US Army online, February 16,
21 Fred Volk and Harold G. Koenig, “Moral Injury and
2021, https://www.army.mil/article/243026/people_first_
11 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through Religiosity in Active Duty US Military with PTSD
insights_from_the_armys_chief_of_staff
Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith Symptoms,” Military Behavioral Health 7, no.1 (2019):
Development Theory,” 41. 64-72, https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2018.1436102
12 Fowler and Dell, “Stages of Faith From Infancy Through 22 Betty Jarusiewicz. “Spirituality and Addiction:
Adolescence: Reflections on Three Decades of Faith Relationship to Recovery and Relapse,” Alcoholism
Development Theory,” 41. Treatment Quarterly 18, no.4 (2000): 99-109,
https://doi.org/10.1300/J020v18n04_08
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 9Mosaic Ministry: A Model of Inclusive Ministry
to Special Needs Families and Marginalized
Populations in the Army Community
by Chaplain (Colonel) Brad Lee
“If it weren’t for the fact that I’m a chaplain and actively support EFMP.1 A number of Soldiers have more than one Family
this chapel service, my family and I would not attend this member in the EFMP. Privacy laws prevent access to specific
chapel.” I said those words to our pastoral team several months data that delineates the categories that those numbers
ago expressing my frustrating experience of attending chapel represent. EFMP enrollment represents everything from an
with a special needs child. I announced that my wife and I adult with asthma to a child with a dual-diagnosis of Down
would employ a Sunday-on/Sunday-off game plan to manage syndrome and autism. Some EFMP diagnoses are medical,
our special needs son, which was an increasingly challenging while others are behavioral. Some are temporary and resolve
and overwhelming experience during chapel services. Up to over time or with treatment, while others last a lifetime and
that point, we faithfully attended every Sunday. I was active can be a significant struggle for both the individual and
in each service while my wife chased our special needs child families. Autism is prevalent, 1 in 58 children are diagnosed
in the back of the sanctuary or outside. COVID-19 safety as being on the autism spectrum.2 Down syndrome, cerebral
measures had temporarily eliminated childcare. Typically, palsy, epilepsy, Attention Hyper-Active Disorder (ADHD), and
partway through the service I would make my way to the back muscular dystrophy make up a significant portion of the special
of the sanctuary to relieve my wife so that she could listen needs world. Caring for Army Families who have someone
to the sermon without distraction. I often arrived, however, with one of these diagnoses represents a significant portion
just in time to see her pull out of the parking lot. This pattern of the time and resources of EFMP. This overlooked, if not
necessitated our plan to alternate Sundays, allowing one of us marginalized, group represents a burgeoning opportunity for
to attend and participate in chapel with the other staying home chapel ministry. In fact, nationally only about 10% of families
to care for our son. COVID-19 has challenged all families with a special needs child attend church.3 We can surmise that
but has highlighted the need to care for a significant and number to be similar across the Army community, and thus, that
under-resourced segment of the chapel population: special it represents the desperate need for 0a ministry to those with
needs families. special needs, what I call Mosaic Ministry.
The Data The Need
At the beginning of Fiscal Year (FY) 2021, approximately The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the challenges of
48,000 Service members (SM) had a Family member enrolled raising a special needs child. From telehealth appointments to
in the Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) across virtual school, many families struggle to adapt to the reliance
the Army. Almost 59,000 Family members are enrolled in the on technology required by social distancing practices. Worse
10 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 Editionyet, some special needs children have only represent a minority of ministry moment. Mosaic Ministry offers families
exhibited maladaptive behaviors and efforts. Furthermore, estimates suggest the opportunity to worship in a way that
in some cases even regressed in their that barely 10% of those with a special accommodates their particular needs.
diagnosis.4 Social distancing measures needs child attend worship services.7 I The religious ministry professional’s
have been nearly impossible for some am unaware of any current special needs (RMP) personal connection with special
children to maintain for reasons related ministries within the Chaplain Corps. needs families can embrace families in
to their diagnosis. Other special needs Given the sheer number of special needs the particularity of their own experiences.
children have suffered greatly from the families represented by the more than
lack of social interaction necessary for 59,000 Family members enrolled within From my own Protestant Christian
their own development and progress.5 As EFMP, this is a necessary, viable, and tradition, I draw inspiration from John
chapels reintroduce in-person worship sustainable ministry opportunity. 9:1-3, from the New Testament, “As
services, the lack of childcare presents he (Jesus) went along, he saw a man
a new challenge to many families, blind from birth. His disciples asked
including those with special needs The Vision him, ‘Rabbi, who sinned, this man or
children: What do I do with my child? Or, his parents, that he was born blind?’
Mosaic Ministry is a renewed emphasis, ‘Neither this man nor his parents
what do we do with our child? As with
increased sensitivity, and broader sinned,’ said Jesus, ‘but this happened
my family, the distractions created by
inclusion, into existing chapel services, to so that the works of God might be
the child make worshipping a frustrating
multiply the effectiveness and outreach displayed in him” (NIV). This passage of
experience. Some families navigating
of the overall chapel program within the scripture addresses theological stigma
the so-called new normal have found
Chaplain Corps. God’s purpose when passing from generation to generation.
effective strategies to attend chapel while
a special needs child enters a family is I have listened to stories of families
others remain home. Lastly, this need to
not always immediately apparent to the whose experience is mirrored in this
care for this population is not just about
family. A special needs diagnosis, to passage of well-intentioned people who
special needs children; marriages are at
varying degrees, can completely shift misunderstand the struggles of raising
stake too. The divorce rate among those
the structure and organization of the a special needs child. People of faith
with a special needs child is estimated
family. Tasks that were once normal and have also offered me well-meaning but
at 70-80%.6 From a risk-assessment
routine often become challenging and, ultimately hurtful platitudes. Mosaic
standpoint marriages in these families
in some cases, no longer feasible. For Ministry can bridge the gap between
are at great risk. Mosaic Ministry not
example, the simple practice of dining ignorance and pity to cultivate care
only seeks to care for individuals with
out for some special needs families is so and connection between special needs
special needs, but also provides support
overwhelming that it easier to stay home. families and chapel congregations. The
to marriages and the overall family
Other families struggle with guilt and Chaplain Corps has the opportunity
system as well.
shame related to having a special needs to step into the lives of these families
The Chaplain Corps has a unique child, which can make public outings and engage them with support,
opportunity to revitalize Army chapel difficult. Even those who adopt a special encouragement, and the opportunity to
ministries by incorporating a ministry needs child encounter circumstances worship, in some cases, as they have
initiative that reaches this significant that can challenge faith. The struggles never been able to before.
and marginalized segment of our of special needs families are real and
Army Family. As COVID-19 restrictions ongoing. Many families and couples find
continually change and emerge, we must themselves exhausted and exasperated The Plan
adjust in order to close the gaps within as they navigate troublesome behaviors,
medical appointments, and the internal In this section, I explore the plan to
our community. A significant element of
dialogue of daily survival.8 Parenting is implement Mosaic Ministry that uses
this opportunity is empowering chapels
a challenging proposition, but special existing resources within chapel
to be a part of Mosaic Ministry. Special
needs parents often struggle in particular and military communities. I consider
needs ministries are not new. They
ways with how to parent their child partnerships within the community
exist in a growing number of civilian
from day to day and even moment to that will embrace the true spirit of
churches and worship centers, but still
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 11collaboration across communities. between the chapel and EFMP to assess on connection and ministry to families
The planning effort is the backbone of the population and potential avenues with special needs can incorporate
success to Mosaic Ministry. for ministry. EFMP cannot provide EFMP as both a partner and a
specific data on individual families resource. To be clear, any event must
PARTNERSHIP but they are an information conduit be voluntary to protect the privacy of
I have personally engaged EFMP into the lives of every Army Family EFMP Families. Many chapels have
leadership at two major installations and enrolled in EFMP. Every installation adequate space to conduct an indoor
found them to be incredibly willing to or region has its own dynamics and or outdoor event, as well as Chapel
support a combined outreach effort to culture. RMPs can develop positive Tithes and Offerings Funds (CTOF)
reach the community. I also discovered collaborative relationships with local to provide necessary elements (food,
that the EFMP faces bureaucratic EFMP staff and leadership to open drinks, recreational activities, etc.) for
challenges to meet the needs of the doors of understanding to the overall families to enjoy. EFMP provides a
Families that it serves. To further population. My own experience is that conduit of advertisement into the larger
complicate matters, Service members EFMP leadership welcomes the chance community. While the event focuses on
often misunderstand the EFMP itself and to extend opportunities that offer support families, it can include a collaborative
under use it. Still worse, many Families to EFMP Families, especially ones presence and presentation of chapel
embrace a negative view of the EFMP that are community based and even ministries as well as EFMP capabilities
and attempt to avoid involvement, in encompass free exercise. and resources. This type of event could
spite of the requirement to complete be a kick off to a Mosaic Ministry effort,
EFMP screening. Many of those that PARTNERSHIP EVENTS an annual partnership event, or simply
work within the EFMP program express EFMP has its own resources and an outreach event to generate interest
a desire to improve the overall image of capabilities to reach into the community. within the community. An event like this
EFMP to positively impact more Families. Partnering with them is, in effect, a is the culmination of a chapel team and
ministry force multiplier. For example, congregation that embraced the vision
The first step in planning for Mosaic a community outreach day focused of Mosaic Ministry, and is a key element
Ministry is creating a partnership
12 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 Editionin giving congregations the chance to who are willing to be trained and serve. medical personnel in their congregations
form initial connections with special I should also point out that many chapels who may be willing to assist if their
needs families. already have special needs families services were needed. This collaborative
attending who understand this ministry effort of Mosaic Ministry with any chapel
SOCIAL MEDIA and can serve as vital resources for it. community complements and highlights
Social media is the most powerful By design, this ministry effort starts “at the Chaplain Corps’ collaboration with
avenue of assessment, marketing and home,” and broadens out into the larger the medical community.
reach into the lives of special needs special needs community.
families for Mosaic Ministry. There are
countless Facebook groups within the Through partnership with EFMP, Mosaic Ministry In Action
military as well as the special needs volunteers could receive training on
the more common diagnoses they The coordination, collaboration, and
community, many even by diagnosis, that
may encounter in chapel services and planning necessary to bring Mosaic
offer incredible inroads into reaching and
strategies for behavior management. In Ministry to fruition can take months. Make
extending invitations to special needs
addition to the necessary background no mistake; this ministry effort requires
families. The EFMP partnership is critical
checks, volunteers would be equipped significant buy-in, commitment, and
as in most cases they already have
to engage with special needs individuals most importantly: time. Once all of the
access into many of those domains.
in an appropriate, compassionate, prerequisite elements are in place, the
Additionally, EFMP appropriately
and hospitable manner. While most moment to launch Mosaic Ministry arrives.
manages their social media presence
in a way that honors and protects the individuals will be children, there are
FIRST CONTACT
privacy of military families. Partnering adult dependents with special needs.
Hospitality is a critical element of Mosaic
with EFMP opens up avenues of Compassion and a willingness to
Ministry that requires no specific training
approach into communities and families connect with special needs children
but simply needs intentional effort and
that our typical ministry efforts are not and their families are vital to the
sensitivity. Those charged with warmly
reaching. Lastly, and not overstated, success of this ministry.
greeting chapel attendees should be
is that this partnership and social
MEDICAL SUPPORT cognizant of families who might want
media effort does not cost the ministry
The medical community is a critical to use the program Mosaic Ministry.
effort anything!
resource on every installation or in Effective greeters will let families know,
Another underused resource is the nearby communities. A significant for example, “We have a Mosaic Ministry
Public Affairs Office (PAO). Whether at concern to some special needs families for special needs families” as opposed
the unit level or installation, the PAO is is readily available medical care. to, “Do you have a special needs child?”
often interested in community efforts Individuals in EFMP have a variety of The intent is to offer open-ended
and good news stories. The PAO can be medical diagnoses with both long and information versus a direct question that
incredibly helpful in advertising a Mosaic short-term implications. For example, could be embarrassing or awkward for
Ministry initiative and may be willing children with leukemia and children with families. Printed and visual information
to highlight a collaborative community epilepsy need varying types of medical that highlights Mosaic Ministry should
event. Again, this resource is not only considerations in a worship service. be readily available. Consistently
available and accessible, but it is free to Many medical professionals volunteer announcing Mosaic Ministry and
the ministry as well. within their chapel communities and providing regular updates in the bulletin
Mosaic Ministry is an opportunity that will keep congregations both aware of
SPECIAL FORCES would no doubt interest many that enjoy and informed about ministry success
Chapel congregations are the working with special needs children. and needs.
cornerstone of Mosaic Ministry, and Having volunteer medical personnel in
those that embrace this vision must GAME ON!
place would mitigate the concern for
equip themselves with sufficient numbers The aspect that sets Mosaic Ministry
many special needs families that fear a
of volunteers who have specialized apart is that each special needs
medical emergency occurring outside of
training. As the vision for this ministry individual is assigned a Buddy team,
the home. Some chapels already have
takes root, volunteers must be identified which consists of two volunteers,
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 13freeing their family to focus on worship. CHILDCARE on special needs families/couples.
Ideally, consent to participate in Mosaic COVID-19 has affected childcare A caveat is that some special needs
Ministry occurs ahead of time. This ministries in chapels across the globe. As Families desire might shy away from a
ensures parental consent, a necessary guidance changes and develops, chapels group specifically focused on special
assessment of the child’s unique needs, must adapt their ability to provide needs. However, many families struggle
and familiarization between the child childcare during worship services. In with the demands of a special needs
and the assigned Buddy team. In other some cases, the inclusion of special family member and could find great
cases, families may show up willing to needs children within existing childcare help and support in a collective group
engage with Mosaic Ministry on the spot. settings is optimal and I would argue that understands and relates to their
Each trained member of the “Special could be the best-case scenario. For unique challenges. This focused ministry
Forces” stands ready to engage families the longest time, our son was included can be catered to meet the collective
by providing them with an overview of in the childcare program. This was needs of any chapel community.
Mosaic Ministry, describing the safety invaluable for his social development Furthermore, leadership for this small
measures in place, and discussing and exposure to appropriate behaviors. group effort does not necessarily have
the backgrounds of medical personnel Such inclusion however, may not always to come from an individual or couple
present at that service who are part of be possible, may be temporary, or last with a special needs family member,
Mosaic Ministry. Most importantly, team only until the child transitions out of a but can simply be chapel members that
members gain a thorough introduction structured childcare setting. Flexibility embrace the vision for Mosaic Ministry.
to the child or individual with special and adaptability are part and parcel of Using the partnership with EFMP could
needs and gain trust and confidence of Mosaic Ministry; in some cases, this reach special needs families who are
both parent and child. In most cases, the openness may mean chapel volunteers initially more interested in small group
team members would ask to sit with the will receive specialized training in how involvement than attending chapel. Thus,
child/individual. This, of course, includes to care for special needs children, or the Mosaic Ministry small group effort
agreed upon consent to participate in ensuring that childcare workers have had would become an outreach effort and a
Mosaic Ministry, whether this occurs prior such training prior to employment. Some conduit of connection with families who
to the service or on the spot. The intent childcare agencies that contract with the may eventually attend a chapel service.
is that the team members’ focus is on military helpfully include such specialized
the child while the rest of the family is training. In other cases, special
free to worship without distraction. Over allowances will be necessary regarding Expanding Horizons
time, and depending on the individual’s age and/or ability. Our son technically
Mosaic Ministry focuses on expanding
diagnosis and specific needs, the goal is aged out of childcare at our last duty
chapel ministry to a specific and
for team members to care for the child station, even though his cognitive
marginalized group within the Army
in a way that allows the family to focus ability was akin to that of a toddler.
Family, and it certainly aligns with the
on worship. This may include sitting Communicating with childcare staff is
Army Chief of Staff’s priority, “People
with the child alongside their family, paramount in ensuring that their training
First.”9 Some of these Army Families
allowing the child to explore the campus is commensurate with the specific
already attend our chapels but many do
as they desire (this is especially helpful diagnoses of those that participate in
not. Mosaic Ministry will not capture the
and needed with certain diagnoses), or childcare as part of this ministry initiative.
interest of all EFMP or special needs
accompanying the child to join children’s Ultimately, Mosaic Ministry seeks to
families, but what if it reached 10% of
church or even the nursery with provide safe and quality care for children
that current population? What if that
additional supervision. Team members so that their families can worship freely.
10% were represented in each chapel
must remember that their primary focus
or included just three to five families that
is to be present in their caregiving role SMALL GROUPS
their Mosaic Ministry was focused on?
rather than actively participating in the The efficacy of small group ministry
What if every chapel service included
worship service. This highlights the has stood the test of time in both
one individual in a wheelchair? How
crucial necessity for a solid group of chapels, civilian worship centers, and
would that revitalize chapel ministry?
team members who can rotate from communities in general. Small group
I submit that even though Mosaic
week-to-week to prevent ministry burnout. ministry could include a group focused
Ministry focuses on a small target group,
14 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 Editionthe potential impact reaches far beyond of Mosaic Ministry is inclusion. Chapel couples, and families have experienced
special needs families themselves. communities willing to risk the time, isolation, marginalization, and even
Consider the medical staff members, energy, and resources necessary to discrimination in some cases, will find
who may or may not attend chapel, but embrace and execute Mosaic Ministry a welcome invitation to a chapel that
could find meaning in their own spiritual will broaden their reach and impact participates in Mosaic Ministry.
development and nurture through the into other marginalized sectors of our
simple act of volunteering.10 The heart communities. Diverse individuals,
Chaplain (Colonel) Brad Lee currently serves as the Command Chaplain for the 311th Signal Command (T), Fort
Shafter, Hawaii. He has also developed a presentation called “The Special Needs Marriage,” which he will present at
the American Association of Marital and Family Therapy (AAMFT) 2021 annual conference. Chaplain Lee and his wife,
Lori, have been married for 30 years. Together they have six children; their fifth child, Kaydan (8), was born with Down
syndrome and later diagnosed with autism.
Chaplain Lee and his wife, Lori, have been married for 30 years. Together they have six children; their fifth child,
Kaydan (8), was born with Down syndrome and later diagnosed with autism. Chaplain Lee’s first book “Walking
with Kaydan: A Journey of Faith, Struggle, and Hope through the World of Special Needs,” will be published in the
summer of 2022.
NOTES
1 PERnet data retrieved by Freddy Madrid, Tripler 5 Autism Society of North Carolina Clinical Staff 8 Elizabeth Larson. (Spring, 2006). Caregiving
Army Medical Center EFMP Medical Coordinator (March, 2020). Staying Structured and Engaged in and Autism: How Does Children’s Propensity for
(Conversation conducted October 2020). this Challenging Time. Retrieved from https://www. Routinization Influence Participation in Family Activities?
autismsociety-nc.org/staying-structured-coronavirus/ OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 26(2) 69-79.
2 Webinar: Special Needs Kids & Respite (April 2021).
Retrieved from www.nathanielshope.org 6 B. Freedman, G. Luther, B. Zablotsky, and E. Stuart. 9P
eople First: Insights from the Army’s Chief of Staff.
(May 2011). Relationship Status among Parents of Retrieved from https://www.army.mil/article/243026/
3D
ata & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Population- people_first_insights_from_the_armys_chief_of_staff
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/
Based Study.Journal of Autism and Developmental
data.html 10 FM 7-22 Holistic Health and Fitness (October 2020).
Disorders, 42, 539-548. Doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1269-y.
Headquarters, Department of the Army.
4A
utism Webinars. Retrieved from https://www.autism.
7 Webinar: Special Needs Kids & Respite (April 2021).
org/webinars-autism/
Retrieved from www.nathanielshope.org
Scholarly Writing From Our Corps 15An Army Chaplain and Suicide Ideation: Charting
a Path to Spiritual Readiness
by Chaplain (Captain) Daniel Ude Asue
Suicide is a significant threat to individuals within the military endure and rise above their daily challenges. Chaplains offer
and to the military as an institution. Chaplains have a unique quality spiritual counseling, guidance, and advice to Soldiers
role to play in engaging with people who may face that and their Families. Uniquely, chaplains are usually the members
threat. The Department of Defense reported that 498 Service of this Team who are with the Soldiers in the field, during
Members across all military branches died by suicide in 2019. exercises, and on their range rotations. Chaplains engage with
Out of these, 114 were active-duty Army, indicating an upward Soldiers, especially in their difficult moments, by sharing their
increase from 84 Service Members in 2018; a record 30% stories and hearing their needs in a confidential setting.
increase.1 This public health issue is clear in the respect that
the number of people dying by suicide is measurable, but The aim of this paper is not to examine the psychological
preventing these deaths has proven far more difficult. The causes of suicide, but rather to explore how a chaplain can be
Psychological Health Center of Excellence cites the 2017 helpful during difficult moments. At the end, the paper lays out
Department of Defense Suicide Event Report to argue that the threefold spiritual-oriented-focused approach developed
“Suicide mortality among active-duty service members … [is] by Bill O’Hanlon,4 a therapy he calls “Solution-Oriented
very difficult to predict.”2 This paper explores suicide ideation Spirituality,”5 as a tool for chaplains to use.
and the role that a chaplain can play in reducing suicide risk
factors among Soldiers.
Army Spiritual Readiness and
The Army chaplain is charged with providing pastoral care and Suicide Ideation
is entrusted with confidentiality, which “is an essential capability
of the Chaplain Corps, a key part of nurturing the living.”3 As Through deeper involvement in the daily lives of Soldiers and
such, an Army Chaplain should constantly improve ways of their Families, chaplains are able to build spiritual readiness
accompanying Soldiers in their trying times. Some chaplains by fostering resilience. The phrase, “spiritual readiness” or
are a part of the battalion Wellness Team and spearhead “spiritual resilience” may evoke traditional connotations of
spiritual readiness efforts. An Army battalion Wellness Team religion; however, these terms are both interconnected and
is often composed of the brigade psychologists, clinical social separate. Army doctrine identifies the significance of spirituality
workers, and chaplains. Psychologists administer tests to for holistic health: “Spirituality is often described as a sense of
diagnose Soldiers’ and their Families’ psychological, emotional, connection that gives meaning and purpose to a person’s life.
or behavioral issues as well as to develop and carry out It is unique to each individual. The spiritual dimension applies
treatment plans for them. Clinical social workers provide mental to all people, whether religious and nonreligious.”6 Spirituality
health counseling and assist Soldiers and their Families to is the inner world of a person.7 A chaplain explores that inner
world to help Soldiers and their Families build their character
16 The U.S. Army Chaplain Corps Journal | CY 2021 EditionYou can also read
