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Brazilian War School (ESG)
Center for Strategic Studies
Marechal Cordeiro de Farias
OMNIDEF ANALYSIS
YEAR 4 EDITION 6 – JULY 2021
ISSN: 2595 -9212
Center for Strategic Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias
ISSN 2595-9212
BRAZILIAN W AR COLLEGE MONTHLY NEW SLETTER
Highlights
SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES
The OMNIDEF ANALYSIS is a monthly
• Space Activities in Brazil and the benefits for
publication with analyses* about themes society
addressed in the previous month of • Potential of companies in the aeronautical
sector: quality certifications for manufacturing
OMNIDEF and identified as the most structural components of the Gripen-BR - Saab
relevant for the National Defense context. Gripen-São Bernardo do Campo-SP case
Editorial Body
Editor: Ricardo A. Fayal
Editor Auxiliar: Gabriela Paulucci da HoraViana
Related Videos José Martins Rodrigues Junior
Conselho Editorial: Antonio dos Santos;
Conheça a Antena Multissatelital que Ricardo Alfredo de Assis Fayal;
ampliará a fiscalização na Amazônia
To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE Ricardo Rodrigues Freire
Auxiliares de Tradução: Juliana de Souza Clos
Lucas Gabriel Rego Muniz
Rafael Esteves Gomes
Russia launches lab module to ISS
To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE.
Researchers of the Edition
Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de Araújo - Masters in Remote
Sensing from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE).
Corrida espacial atrai setor privado e Adjunct of the Division of Fundamentals, Planning and
multimilionários Management (DFPG) of the War College (ESG).
To access this vídeo, CLICK HERE.
Edinaldo Célio de Araújo Souza - Master of Science in
Political Science and International Relations, with emphasis
*The information contained here does not necessarily reflect the view of the
on Defense and Aerospace Power, from the Air Force
Ministry of Defense, of the Brazilian War College, of the Center for Strategic University in agreement with the Fluminense Federal
Studies Marechal Cordeiro de Farias and/or of their members. There is no University (UFF). Deputy of the Division of Fundamentals,
responsibility of the Brazilian War College on outside websites that may be Planning and Management (DFPG) of the War College (ESG)
accessed by links or any means included in this newsletter.
OMNIDEF ANALYSIS – YEAR 4 EDITION 6 –JULY 2021
OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 3
CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES
ISSN 2595 - 9212
MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS
Space Activities in Brazil and the benefits for society
Autor: Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de Araújo
1. BRIEF HISTORY
The creation of the Organization Group of the National Commission on Space Activities (GOCNAE), by
Decree no 51.133, of August 3rd, 1961, subordinated to the National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq), can be considered the initial milestone of space activities in the country, since its
purpose was to develop studies on the Brazilian Space Policy.
Still in the 1960s, the development of the Sonda family rockets1 I, II, III, and IV) began, with the
participation of private companies, especially AVIBRAS.
In '65, the Barreira do Inferno Launching Center (CLBI) was inaugurated to support the launching of
small suborbital rockets.
In 1971, the GOCNAE was extinguished and the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) was
created, the main civilian body involved in research in the space field. At that time, it was installed, including a
satellite image reception station, in Cuiabá, a strategic location, because it had the ability to receive images of
the entire national territory, including part of South America (ARAUJO, 2017).
At the end of this decade, the country understood the strategic importance of acquiring capacity in all
segments of this important sector and created the Brazilian Complete Space Mission (MECB). The proposal of
the MECB was to "implement an integrated program, aiming at the design, development, construction and
operation of national satellites, to be placed in orbit by vehicles designed and built in the country and launched
from a center located in Brazilian territory" (SOUZA, 2002).
In this context, INPE was in charge of developing satellite construction activities and the then
Aerospace Technical Center (CTA), the launch vehicles for these spacecraft, in addition to setting up a ground
support center for the respective launches.
In the mid-1980s, INPE signed a successful partnership with the Chinese Space Agency to develop the
Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS) for remote sensing2. Initially, Brazil would assume the
development of 30% of the satellite, but, as of CBERS III, the effort was divided equally between the countries.
It is important to note that, at the beginning of the last decade, there was a paradigm shift with respect to the
respect to the distribution of CBERS images, which began to be provided by INPE, at no cost to users, through
access
1 Probe- Series of four sounding rockets (I, II, III and IV) with solid propellant-based propulsion technology.
2 Remote sensing satellites - satellites that carry sensors to obtain images of the Earth's surface.
Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues]
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ISSN 2595 - 9212
MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS
through access to the Institute's online catalog3.
Due to the urban growth towards CLBI, it was necessary to choose a new site that would meet the
requirements for future launches, such as low population density, close to the Equator, easy access for logistical
support, low rainfall, among others. To better meet these specifications, a site was selected in the Alcântara
region of Maranhão, where the Alcântara Launching Center (CLA) was built.
To this end, this area was donated by the government of Maranhão, by Decree no 7.820 of Sept. 12,
1980, ratified by the Presidential Decree of Aug. 8, 1991, for the construction of a space center. However, for
the construction of the complex, it was necessary the resettlement of about 312 quilombola families that
occupied the coastal region of the municipality, inside the area destined to the future space center (LOPES,
2012).
In 1994, the Brazilian Space Agency was created, an autarchy linked to the then Ministry of Science and
Technology (MCT), as the central agency for space activities in the country, and responsible for drafting the
National Program of Space Activities (PNAE), which has the goal of "developing and using space technologies in
solving national problems and for the benefit of Brazilian society" (AEB, 2020).
Thus, one can consider that the MECB was replaced by the PNAE, as a planning instrument for space
activities in the country, which is expected to be updated every 10 years or when a significant fact arises, such
as the insertion of a relevant project (AEB, 2012).
In 2008, the first edition of the National Defense Strategy (END) was launched. In this document, three
important strategic sectors of the country were defined, which needed to be strengthened: Cyber, Nuclear and
Space. The Aeronautics Command was responsible for the Space Field, which immediately created the
Commission for the Coordination of Space Systems Implementation (CCISE), aiming to develop a program that
would also meet the needs inherent to the country's Security and Defense sector (BRASIL, 2008).
In this context, the Strategic Program of Space Systems (PESE) emerged in 2012, probably because it
identified that the projects contained in the PNAE did not fully meet some areas of interest of the military field,
due to the spatial resolution of its images, among others (FAB, 2012).
There are also some important considerations, such as, in both programs, applications of civil and
military interest are foreseen, such as monitoring the environment, burnings, crop forecasting, urban planning,
weather forecasting, cartographic mapping, public security, air, sea and land navigation, and support to the
3 Page on line - available at:< http://www.dgi.inpe.br/CDSR/>.
Year 4 Edition 6 – July 2021 [continues]
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CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES
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MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS
SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES
to the National Broadband Program, to serve the most remote communities with internet service, among
others.
However, it’s still possible to identify points of contact between the two programs, such as the
Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC), launched in 2017, and the
Microsatellite Launch Vehicle (VLM-1), which are planned in both programs.
Thus, in 2018, the Brazilian Space Program Development Committee (CDPEB) was created, linked to the
Institutional Security Cabinet (GSI), to analyze the necessary measures aimed at leveraging Space Activities in
the Country (BRASIL, 2018).
2. PNAE x PESE
The PNAE and PESE are the two main programs related to space activities in our country. However,
PNAE is coordinated by the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) and PESE is coordinated by the Aeronautics
Command. Both propose a dual use in their applications, although it is noticeable that the PESE projects have
more affinity to the Security and Defense area, as can be seen in the presentation of the main proposals of
these programs.
2.1 National Programme for Space Activities (PNAE)
In the latest version of the PNAE, which comprises the undertakings foreseen for the period 2012 to
2021, some strategic objectives were defined, as described below:
• Develop missions in the areas of Earth observation, meteorology, telecommunications, and scientific
missions;
• Develop launch vehicles and the related launch infrastructure in the country;
• Promote the insertion of the country in the global satellite launching market;
• Develop and expand the mastery of critical space-use technologies;
• Develop and consolidate skills and human capital to make the program sustainable.
To achieve these objectives, a series of strategic actions were elaborated and materialized in the
structuring and mobilizing projects, described below:
• Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS-3 and 4);
• Amazônia series satellites (Amazônia-1 and its successors);
• Suborbital rockets and re-entry platforms;
• Launch Vehicles based on the Cruzeiro do Sul Program;
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MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS
SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES
• Launch infrastructure for access to space and commercial launch services (Brazil-Ukraine Agreement);
• Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC 1 and 2);
• Earth Observation Radar Satellite; and
• Geostationary Weather Satellite.
Figure 1 below shows the time horizon established for the execution of projects related specifically to
satellite construction and launcher vehicle development
FIGURE 1
S ource: AEB, 2012
We can see that the proposal of the PNAE 2012-2021 is ambitious to be accomplished in the
established period, adding to the fact that in recent years, the country has faced a number of obstacles that
have contributed greatly to hinder the achievement of some of these goals, which even resulted in the
cancellation or postponement of important projects, as we will see below.
2.1.1 – Space Access Vehicles
With regard to this segment, only the VLM-1 construction project should be fully completed,
considering that its launch is scheduled for the end of 2021.
The other rockets in the Cruzeiro do Sul family were discontinued prematurely, most notably the VLS-1
and the Ukrainian Cyclone-4 rocket, but for different reasons.
The VLS-1 was the result of a strategic decision, as the project was already too obsolete, corroborated
by constant budget cuts, in addition to limitations in trained human resources, a result of the VLS accident in
2003, and lack of a personnel replacement policy, among others (GARCIA, 2019).
With the discontinuation of the VLS-1, for natural reasons, the other projects of this family of rockets
were discarded.
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SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES
The Cyclone-4, a large satellite launcher, was part of a treaty between Brazil and the Ukraine. The
intention was to use a binational company to commercially exploit the use of this rocket from the Alcântara
Space Center (CEA), an area adjacent to the CLA, which needed to be pacified because it is also occupied by a
quilombola community. It is noteworthy that, to comply with the agreement with Ukraine, a significant part of
the NAP's financial resources were channeled to this venture (OTERO, 2014).
In 2015, by initiative of the Brazilian government, based on a technical opinion of the Ministry of
Science, Technology and Innovation (MCT&I), the Treaty with Ukraine was broken. This opinion concluded that
the project was not sustainable at an estimated price of $35 to 50 million per launch, because the market that
serves the large satellite category was saturated (GARCIA, 2019).
According to Salgado (2016), the main adverse factors for the achievement of space access vehicle projects
relate to the need for mastery of critical technologies, especially in the areas of Propulsion, Electronics, Space
Systems, and Integration and Testing, as well as the issue concerning the lack of human and financial resources.
2.1.2 Satellites
In this segment a more significant percentage of successful projects can be identified, with emphasis on
the CBERS program, the Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC), and Amazonas-
1
2.1.2.1 CBERS Program
The CBERS series satellites are the result of a technological cooperation agreement signed between
Brazil and China in 1988.
In 2013, the CBERS 3 was launched into space from the Taiyuan base in China, meeting the schedule
established in the NAP, but due to a failure that occurred with the Chinese launch vehicle Long March 4B, the
satellite was not successful.
To cover this gap in the program, the launch of CBERS 4 was brought forward to the end of 2014, this
time successfully.
In Dec 2019, the sixth satellite of the series, the CBERS 04A, was put into orbit, whose imaging system
characteristics are shown in Table 1, below.
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ISSN 2595-9212
MARECHAL CORDEIO DE FARIAS
SECURITY AND DEFENSE PUBLIC POLICIES
Table 1 – CBERS 04A Camera Characteristics
Source: INPE, 2019.
It is worth mentioning that, the Multispectral Camera (MUX)4 and the Campo Largo Imaging Camera
(WFI)5 were the precursors of this category, developed with 100% national technology and their images allow a
series of applications.
The Wide Scan Multispectral and Panchromatic (WPM) camera was built by China and is capable of
obtaining images with a spatial resolution6 of d2m in the panchromatic band7 and 8m in the multispectral
bands8, as shown in table 1.
It is worth noting that, the national industry had significant participation in the construction of the
CBERS series satellites, with the presence of more than a dozen Brazilian companies (ARAUJO, 2017).
Today, Brazil and China each assume 50% of the effort required for the construction of the satellites.
2.1.2.2 Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite (SGDC)
The SGDC is a large satellite, which went into orbit in 2017, has approximately 6 tons, operates in the X
band, intended exclusively for military use, and in the KA band, to provide, in particular, high-speed internet to
remote regions of the country, such as the Amazon, in support of the National Broadband Program.
According to the then technical-operational director of Telebrás, Jarbas Valente, the SGDC system
brought more security to the government's strategic communications and military communications, because its
control is performed in Brazil at stations located in military areas, under the coordination of Telebrás and the
Ministry of Defense (MILESKI, 2017).
It’s worth mentioning that other strategic objectives worth mentioning are related to the development
4 MUX - 4-band multispectral camera with high resolution.
5 WFI - 4-band multispectral camera with medium resolution.
6 Spatial resolution - is the attribute that defines the smallest identifiable element in an image. Also known as a pixel.
7 Panchromatic band - corresponds to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. It allows to obtain only black and white images.
8 Multispectral band - corresponds to different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, usually the visible and infrared. By capturing a scene in
different spectral bands, it is possible to obtain color images.
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of satellite communication capacity in an autonomous way and the dynamization of national industry activities.
According to SAI (2020), the world market in satellite communications will move around US$120 billion in 2019,
with services such as television broadcasting, radio, remote sensing, telephony and broadband internet, and
national security, among others..
2.1.2.3 Amazonas Program
The Amazônia-19, put into orbit in April 2021, is the first genuinely national remote sensing satellite,
with a resolution of 64 meters, equipped with optical payloads operating in the visible spectrum, and capable
of observing a range of 850 km.
This family of satellites is especially applicable for monitoring the Brazilian biomes and agricultural
areas, due to its wide coverage range.
The Amazônia-1 is also the precursor in the use of the Multimission Platform (PMM), which consists of
gathering in a single structure, all the necessary equipment to ensure the operation of the satellite in orbit,
such as altitude control subsystems, orbit control, propulsion, solar generator, among others (LUCCA, 2016).
As already observed in the space access vehicle program, some projects planned in the satellite
segment have also been postponed to the next planning period, probably due to lack of technical resources,
but mainly, of financial resources.
And how is the PESE, the most recent space program? This is what will be presented next.
2.2 Strategic Space Systems Program (PESE)
According to Silva e Luna, then Minister of Defense, the PESE's priorities are to develop national
satellite launchers, employment of satellites for civilian and military use, and consolidate the operationalization
of the Alcântara Space Center (CEA) , aiming to provide an infrastructure necessary to support launch activities
for commercial purposes (DEFESANET, 2018).
Regarding the satellite segment, the initial proposal is to deploy two remote sensing space systems,
named Carponis and Lessônia, and two communications space systems, named Calidris and Attícora (FAB,
2012).
Carponis foresees the implementation of a high-resolution optical11 imaging system, in low orbit, aimed
at improving surveillance activities in the Brazilian territory and jurisdictional waters.
9 Amazonas 1 - Information about the satellite is available at:. Accessed on: 02 Jun 2021.
10 CEA - space center for commercial use in the Alcântara region. The initial proposal is to occupy an area contiguous to the CLA.
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Lessônia is an imaging system with a radar sensor12, also in low orbit, with the possibility of obtaining
images in unfavorable weather conditions and without cloud cover restrictions, due to the spectral range used.
Calidris is a constellation of geostationary orbit satellites for strategic communications. SGDC-1, was the
first of this series, launched in 2017, with resources from the Ministry of Defense (MD), Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation (MCT&I) and Telebrás.
The Attícora is a low orbit space system for use in particular in tactical communications.
Like the NAPE, the PESE proposes to develop a family of space access vehicles and a constellation of
satellites, as shown in figure 2, below
Figure 2 - Strategic Space Systems Program (PESE)
Source: INPE, 2019.
These projects contemplate ground stations for control, reception and data processing, to provide
services for ground observation, telecommunications, information mapping, positioning, space monitoring,
and a space operations center (FAB, 2012).
In this context, the first geostationary satellite, the SGDC is in full operation, as is the Space Systems
Operation Center (COPE), inaugurated in June 2020, as a center of excellence in the monitoring and control of
national satellites.
The satellite constellations are intended primarily for the Amazon Surveillance and Protection System
(SIPAM/SIVAM), the Integrated Border Monitoring System (SISFRON), the Blue Amazon Management System
(SISGAAz), and for the Air Defense and Air Traffic Control System (SISDACTA).
12 Radar sensor - active sensor that operates in the microwave range.
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However, to provide the necessary ground support for the satellite launch vehicles foreseen in the
Brazilian Space Program, it is of utmost importance to make use of the full potential of the Alcântara area,
since the CLA's location is privileged, close to the equator, and provides savings of up to 30% in launch costs for
equatorial orbits. According to the then Minister of Defense, Raul Jungmann, this condition has already
attracted the interest of countries such as the US, China, Russia, Israel, France, Italy, and South Korea, in
making use of its facilities (CARVALHO, 2017).
In 2020, Brazil signed an agreement with the United States on Technological Safeguards (TSA). This
agreement is essential for the commercial use of the space center in its fullness, because it allows that, in
addition to the U.S., other countries use in their spacecraft, U.S. technological components, from CEA launches
(BRASIL, 2020).
The most favorable scenario contemplates the pacification of the land issue in litigation involving the
Alcântara quilombola community, and thus the current area of 8,713 ha would be expanded to 20,000 ha,
according to the base's master plan.
Thus, the CEA project would be realized and the context would be favorable for the center to acquire
competence to meet the demand of national programs, and requests from other countries, with the
construction of more sites that allow satellite launching with more robust launchers, such as the Áquila family,
and make Brazil an important player in the satellite launching market.
However, AEB President Carlos Moura has stated that while the impasse persists, the strategy will be to
use the current CLA structure, which would be shared for commercial use, to launch low orbit microsatellites,
in order to take advantage of this growing market opportunity (MADEIRO, 2020).
Studies point out as the main weaknesses of the CEA, the logistical issues of access, being necessary
investments for modernization of the airfield, the construction of a new port, as well as the threats related to
followed contingencies of the federal government that prevent investments and the very maintenance of the
current facilities (ANDRADE, 2018).
Although there is a proposal for dual use in the products and services provided by the PESE, it is clear
that, due to the spatial resolution of its images, it fills a gap left by the PNAE, in relation to the areas of Security
and Defense, especially intelligence, public security, surveillance, among others.
Therefore, it can be considered that these programs are complementary and intend to foster the scientific and
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technological field and the national defense industry in the space sector, aiming to provide a range of services
in the areas of communications, natural resources, security and defense, and meteorology, among others.
However, there are some adverse factors of a technical and administrative nature that hinder the
implementation of the planned projects.
In this sense, the Brazilian Space Program Development Committee (CDPEB) was created by Decree
9,839, dated 14 Jun 2019, aiming to prioritize and circumvent existing pending issues and boost space activities
in Brazil (BRASIL, 2019).
3. THE PEB DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
This Committee, to date, has already defined some priorities for implementation in the short term:
• The SGDC-2 launch;
• Launching a constellation of cubosats13;
• The replacement of the INPE tracking station in Cuiabá.
Other activities that should be attended to as a priority are related to the replacement of human
resources in research and development institutions of space activities, such as DCTA and INPE, as well as the
land and property issue of the Alcântara region that will allow the creation of the CEA, among others
(HIRASAWA, 2018).
These measures will help the country to enter this billion-dollar space market, which currently moves
around US$350 billion a year and, according to AEB, should reach US$1 trillion by 2040 (MADEIRO, 2020).
4. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
In view of the above, considering that the Brazilian Space Program (PEB) must include a series of space
activities, aiming to allow the use of space technology and its applications to solve national problems and
benefit Brazilian society, we conclude that the PNAE and PESE projects are inserted in this context.
With the deployment of these space systems it is possible to serve the areas of telecommunications,
natural resources, environment, meteorology, combating natural disasters, cartography, crop forecasting,
monitoring of wildfires and deforestation, surveillance of borders and sea coasts, public safety, air, sea and land
13 Cubosats - small satellite defined according to a 1U standard, which is a cube of 10 cm edge and from these measurements can be derived
into 1U, 2U, 3U, 6U and others. Also called microsatellites.
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land navigation, strategic intelligence, among others, as well as to increase the activities of the Defense
Industrial Base, the Space sector, strengthening all fields of National Power (SANTANA JÚNIOR, 2015).
These projects will give a new lease of life to the national productive sector, since the mastery of space
technologies is of fundamental importance for its insertion in the billion-dollar world market, in the sectors of
satellite services, placing in orbit, satellite construction, launchers, and ground support equipment (SIA, 2020).
If the VLM-1 launch, planned for the end of 2021, comes true, Brazil will achieve complete autonomy in the
space field, dominating the entire space technology cycle, since it has a launch center, the capacity to build a
launch vehicle and a genuinely national remote sensing satellite, and will thus become part of the select group
of countries that have a complete space program.
Força Aérea Brasileira– 22/07/2021 Governo do Mato Grosso – 26/07/2021
Estado-Maior da Aeronáutica visita DCTA e empresas Operação Amazônia aplica R$ 938 mil em multas por
de São José dos Campos desmatamento ilegal em sete propriedades de
O Diretor-Geral do Departamento de Ciência e Marcelândia
Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente (Sema-MT), em
Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA), Tenente-Brigadeiro do
conjunto com o Exército Brasileiro, aplicou R$ 938,300
Ar Hudson Costa Potiguara, recebeu, entre os dias 12 e
mil em multas ambientais pelo desmate ilegal de 248,8
15 de julho, em São José dos Campos (SP), o Chefe do
hectares em sete propriedades, fiscalizadas entre os dias
Estado-Maior da Aeronáutica (EMAER), Tenente-
19 a 22 de julho, no município de Marcelândia (620 km
Brigadeiro do Ar Marcelo Kanitz Damasceno, e comitiva
ao Norte de Cuiabá.
das Subchefias do EMAER.
For the full story, CLICK HERE.
For the full story, CLICK HERE.
REFERÊNCIAS:
AEB. Agência Espacial Brasileira. Programa Nacional de Atividades Espaciais. Available
at:OMNIDEF ANALYSIS PAGE 14
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ANDRADE, Israel de Oliveira et al. IPEA. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. O Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara: abertura para o
mercado internacional de satélites e salvaguardas para a soberania nacional. 2018. Available at:<
https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/td_2423.pdf>. Accessed on: 02 jun 2021.
ARAUJO, Carlos Alberto Gonçalves de. A Industria Espacial Brasileira: Alternativas para a sua sustentação utilizando Técnica de Análise
da Matriz SWOT. Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra. N0 63. Jan/abril. Rio de Janeiro. ESG, 2015.
BARRETO, Lana. Ministro da Defesa participa de solenidade de entrega de títulos de propriedade em Alcântara. Available at: <
https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/noticias/ministro-da-defesa-participa-de-solenidade-de-entrega-de-titulos-de-
propriedade-em-alcantara>. Published in 11/01/2021. Accessed on: 24 May 2021.
BRASIL. Decreto no 51.133, de 03 ago 1961. Cria o Grupo de Organização da Comissão Nacional de Estudos Espaciais e dá outras
providências. Available at:< https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1960-1969/decreto-51133-3-agosto-1961-390741-norma-
pe.html>. Accessed on : 19 May. 2021.
______. Ministério da Defesa. Estratégia Nacional de Defesa. Brasília, DF. 2008. Available at: < https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-
br/arquivos/2012/mes07/end.pdf >. Accessed on : 19 May. 2021.
______. Decreto no 9.839, de 14 jun. 2019. Cria o Comitê de Desenvolvimento do Programa Espacial Brasileiro. Available at:<
https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/2019/decreto-9839-14-junho-2019-788361-publicacaooriginal-158217-pe.html>. 2019.
Accessed on 19 May. 2021.
______ Resolução no 24, de 15 jun. 2018. Publicar as deliberações do Comitê de Desenvolvimento do Programa Espacial Brasileiro
aprovadas na reunião plenária realizada em 15 de junho de 2018. 2018. Available at: http://portal.imprensanacional.gov.br/materia/-
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Estados Unidos da América sobre Salvaguardas Tecnológicas Relacionadas à Participação dos Estados Unidos da América em
Lançamentos a partir do Centro Espacial de Alcântara, firmado em Washington, D.C., em 18 de março de 2019. 2020. Available at:<
Página 2 do Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1, número 26, de 06/02/2020 - Imprensa Nacional>. Accessed on : 01 Jun. 2021.
CARVALHO, Cleide. Base espacial no Maranhão esbarra em disputa histórica. 24 dez 2017. Available at: <
https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/542946/noticia.html?isAllowed=y>. Accessed on : 24 May 2021.
DEFESANET. Programa de Sistemas Espaciais terá foco no lançamento de satélites de uso civil e militar. Available at: <
https://www.defesanet.com.br/space/noticia/30074/Programa-de-Sistemas-Espaciais-tera-foco-no-lancamento-de-satelites-de-uso-civil-
e-militar/>. Accessed on : 31 May 2021.
FAB. Força Aérea Brasileira. Comissão de Coordenação e Implantação de Sistemas Espaciais. 2012. O que é o PESE?. Available at: <
http://www2.fab.mil.br/ccise/index.php/o-que-e-o-pese.> Accessed on: 19 May 2021.
GARCIA, Abílio Neves. Uma Radiografia do Desenvolvimento de Veículos Lançadores de Satélites no Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço
(IAE). Monografia (Curso de Altos Estudos de Política e Estratégia) – Escola Superior de Guerra, Rio de Janeiro, 2019.
HIRASAWA, Paulo Junzo. Programa Espacial Brasileiro: novo alento com a criação do Comitê de Desenvolvimento do Programa Espacial
Brasileiro (CDPEB)? Escola Superior de Guerra. Rio de Janeiro, 2018.
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http://www.cbers.inpe.br/sobre/cameras/cbers04a.php>. Accessed on : 02 Jun 2021.
LUCCA, Eduardo Viegas Dalle. Programa Espacial Brasileiro: estágio de desenvolvimento dos projetos mobilizadores e estruturantes
estabelecidos no Programa Nacional de Atividades Espaciais. Escola Superior de Guerra. Rio de Janeiro, 2016.
MADEIRO, Carlos. Bilhões em jogo: Brasil já negocia para lançamento de microsssatélites em Alcântara. Available at:<
https://www.uol.com.br/tilt/noticias/redacao/2020/01/21/bilhoes-em-jogo-brasil-ja-negocia-para-lancar-microssatelites-em-
alcantara.htm?>. 21 jan 2020. Accessed on : 01 Jun 2021.
MILESKI, André M. SGDC:”Janela de oportunidade se abre para o Brasil”. Available
at:. Accessed on : 31 May 2021.
OTERO, Augusto Luiz de Castro. Cyclone 4: Impactos em Investimento e Prazo para o desenvolvimento e Industrialização de Veículos
Lançadores Nacionais. Monografia (Curso de Altos Estudos de Política e Estratégia) – Escola Superior de Guerra, Rio de Janeiro, 2014.
SALGADO, Maria Cristina Vilela. Estudo sobre Tecnologias Críticas de Veículos Espaciais Aplicados ao Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço.
Tese de Doutorado - Curso de Engenharia Aeronáutica e Mecânica, Área de Produção - Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica. São José dos
Campos, 2016.
SANTANA JUNIOR, Avandelino. PROGRAMA ESPACIAL BRASILEIRO: Importância de desenvolvimento de suas tecnologias para o Brasil.
Escola Superior de Guerra. Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
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SOUZA, Petrônio Noronha de. Histórico do Programa Espacial Brasileiro. Curso Introdutório e Tecnologia de Satélites. Instituto Nacional
de Pesquisas Espaciais. Palestra realizada em nov 2002. São José dos Campos, SP. Available at: http://mtc-
m21c.sid.inpe.br/col/sid.inpe.br/mtc-
m21c/2019/08.22.14.06/doc/140_Historico%20do%20Programa%20Espacial%20Brasileiro_P1.4_v1_2002.pdf. Accessed on 24 May 2021.
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Potential of companies in the aeronautical sector: quality certifications for manufacturing structural
components of the Gripen-BR - Saab Gripen-São Bernardo do Campo-SP case
Author: Edinaldo Célio de Araújo Souza
1. INTRODUCTION
As expected by the Defense aerospace industry, in June 2020, Saab inaugurated, in São Bernardo do
Campo - SP, the aerostructure factory, whose parts will be produced to equip the Gripen-NG fighters of the
Brazilian Air Force (FAB), relying on a specialized workforce trained at its own plant in Sweden, having
delivered, in December 2020, the first tail cone produced in Brazil. (SAAB, 2021)
According to Caiafa (2021), of the 36 (thirty-six) Gripen-NG aircraft of the first batch ordered by FAB, 8
(eight) biplace units and part of the monoplace aircraft will be manufactured in Brazil by Saab Aeronáutica
Montagens (SAM), an agreement that provides for research, technology transfer, theoretical and practical
training, development and production.
According to Linus Narby, Gripen Brazil contract manager, SAM is part of Saab's global supply chain, and
is responsible for manufacturing the tail cone, aerodynamic brakes, forward fuselage for the single-seater
version, rear fuselage, wing box and forward fuselage for the two-seater version, with some parts and
components of the Gripen-NG being produced in the factory itself and by other companies in the Defense
Industrial Base (BID). (CAIAFA, 2021)
Linus Narby also points out that to achieve the quality required to manufacture the components and
aero-structures of a modern fighter like the Gripen-NG, Saab's factory in Brazil has established a Quality
System similar to the production of the aircraft in Linköping, Sweden, the training for which is included in the
technology transfer program as it deals with tight tolerances, highly skilled labor, and adherence to flight safety
and high quality assurance requirements. According to Linus
: “in all airframe manufacturing stations, technicians and engineers work with the MBD (Model Based
Definition Method) (....) means that the 3D model of a product carries all necessary information such as
dimensions, tolerances, manufacturing method, assembly information, materials, eliminating any paperwork
in the production area, concentrating all information in one place with great impact on the development
chain. (....) this facilitates 'concurrent engineering' providing reduced lead times in development projects (....)
improving the quality today in Gripen E production, where all parts fit together extremely well without any
additional machining in assembly” (CAIAFA, 2021).
Malta (2021) attests that the legacy that the technology transfer program tends to leave for the
Brazilian defense industry will be reflected in the capacity building of companies, the development of a fighter
aircraft, and the internalization of the manufacturing processes of structures, assembly, maintenance, and
modifications
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modifications of components and systems.
However, among the national IDB companies selected by Saab to receive the technologies of interest
from the Gripen-BR program and beneficiaries of the compensation agreement, it is noted that few are directly
involved in this process, According to Malta (2021), these are Embraer, Akaer, Atech, Saab Sensores e Serviços
do Brasil (former Atmos), Mectron Comm and AEL Sistemas, and the various institutes of the Department of
Aerospace Science and Technology (DCTA), such as the IFI, IPEV, IAV, IAEv and ITA.
Considering that there was a high perspective that the Gripen aero-structure factory in São Bernardo
do Campo-SP would leverage the national aeronautical industry, the low participation in this venture of
companies in the sector, especially those located in the ABC Paulista region, could also be related to the
technological capacity and Quality Management System aspects of local companies and suppliers to adapt to
the requirements and tolerances demanded by Saab to participate in its global chain. But, after all, what is the
importance of obtaining Quality Management System Certifications for the Aerospace Sector?
2. CERTIFICATIONS FOR THE AERONAUTICAL SECTOR COMPANIES
The aeronautical sector, in particular, contains high technical complexity and follows standardization
rules that go from the project to the operation, aiming at the continuous improvement of products and
increasing the users' confidence, both for civil and military use.
The ISO1 Quality Management Principles (QMPs)2 are used as a foundation to guide the performance
improvement of organizations. This document sets out seven quality management principles which, in
summary, are:
a) costumer focus: the primary focus in quality management3 is to meet costumer requirements4 in
order to exceed their expectations;
b) leadership: leaders at all levels create the conditions for people to get hooked on achieving the
organizations quality objectives;
1ISO: Acronym of the International Organization for Standardization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, which aims to develop
international standards, or norms, to facilitate trade relations between different countries. Brazil is represented in ISO by the Brazilian
Association of Technical Standards (ABNT, 2010).
2The ISO Quality Management Principles (QMPs) is the document that introduces the seven quality management principles. ISO 9000, ISO
9001 and everything related to ISO standard quality management is based on these seven principles. (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR
STANDARDIZATION, 2015).
3Quality: Degree to which a set of inherent characteristics satisfies requirements. (BRAZIL, 2014, p. 14/30).
4Requirements: The term requirement can be used with three related but distinct meanings: a) need or expectation that is expressed, usually,
in an implicit or mandatory way. b) expression in the context of a document defining criteria to be met if compliance with the document is
required and for which no deviation is allowed. c) an identifiable element of a specification that can be validated and against which an
implementation can be verified. (BRAZIL, 2014, p. 14/30).
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c) people commitment: essential to increase creativity and deliver value;
d) process approach: ensures the effective achievement of consistent and predictable results;
e) improvement of the organizations: main internal focus, essential to keep the performance level
current, to react to internal and external changes, and to create opportunities;
f) evidence-based decision making: based on analysis and evolution of data, it produces the desired
results; and
g) relationship management: the relationship with suppliers influences the performance of
organization.
With the organization of the International Aerospace Quality Group5 - Online Aerospace Supply
Information, in the 1990s, the processes of systems integration, subsystems and components of the
aeronautical industry were structured and simplified and, in 1999, it was created the first international
standard for the aeronautical chain called (SAE AS 9100), which used the requirements of the ISO 9000
family, in addition to the specific requirements to the aircraft production, such as configuration
management and verification testing. (CATHARINO, at al, 2006)
In 2004, the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) prepared the NBR 15100 Standard,
equivalent to SAE AS 9100, which was ratified by IAQG, and created conditions for domestic companies to
participate in the global aviation market, contemplating, in addition to those provided in ISO 90016,
Embraer's requirements and demands for companies to remain as its suppliers. (QUADROS, 2009)
Quadros (2009) points out that, in addition to reducing the captive relationship , Embraer's
requirements and demands have reduced the need for additional inspections of items and components
that are the suppliers' responsibility, before their integration into the aircraft systems and subsystems, of
direct inspection (audits) and periodic inspection of partner companies, which are performed from the
stages of the production process until the final delivery of the finished product.
5IAQG: Is a non-profit association under Belgian legal rules, with its registered office in Brussels. IAQG is a cooperative organization within the
aerospace and defense industries system, comprising 3 sectors: (Americas -AAQG; Asia/Pacific - APAQG; and Europe - EAQG). Its purpose is to
establish and maintain dynamic cooperation based on trust between aerospace and defense companies or initiatives to make significant
improvements in quality performance and cost reduction through the dissemination of values. The initial focus is on continuous improvement
in the processes used by the supplier to consistently deliver high quality products. (IAQG, 2015).
6ISO 9001:2015 sets the criteria for QMS and can be used by any organization, large or small, regardless of field or activity. There are over one
million companies in the world, in over 170 countries that are ISO 9001 certified. (ISO 9000. QUALITY MANAGEMENT, 2015).
7 Captive relationship: This occurs when the complexity of the product and the possibility of codifying its specifications, in the form of detailed
instructions, are high, but the capabilities of the suppliers are low. The typical situation is that of small suppliers dependent on large
customers. The customer has to invest in training and monitoring the supplier. This encourages the customer to develop relationships where
the transactional dependency of the supplier on him is high, for example by confining the supplier to a reduced scope of tasks. In this way, the
switching costs of the customer to the vendor are high. Transactional dependence is considered when the customer is responsible for at least
50% of the supplier's sales. (QUADROS at al, 2009, p. 80).
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However, about the need to adopt these standards, Catharino at al (2006) assure that:
“It should be noted that both SAE AS 9100 and NBR 15100 are consensus standards, of voluntary adhesion,
which do not replace the specific regulations adopted for aerospace production. In Brazil, for example, the
purchases made by the Aeronautics Command are subject to the Brazilian Aerospace Quality Regulations
(RBQA) whose objective is to ensure, through requirements and procedures, that the requirements of the
contracts and product conformity are met.” (CATHARINO at al, 2006, p. 3 a 4)
Although these are considered consensus standards, they are the benchmarks of the company's or
supplier's quality management system, as important indicators of compliance with strict tolerances, highly
qualified labor, and adherence to flight safety requirements and guaranteed high product quality, all of which
are required by Saab in its industrial plants.
In addition to Saab AB, Sweden has a vast chain of local suppliers with SAE AS 9100 quality certification,
suitable to meet the demands of the aircraft industry. (ELIASSON, 2010)
And in Brazil, how is this happening? Do aeronautical companies have the appropriate Quality
Management System Certifications to participate in this restricted Gripen-NG market?
3. RESEARCH IN THE AERONAUTICAL COMPANIES OF ABC PAULISTA
In 2017, a field survey was conducted in companies in the aeronautic sector, belonging to the national
IDB, focusing on those located in the ABC Paulista region, with potential to participate in the Gripen-NG
activities, at the São Bernardo do Campo-SP plant. (SOUZA, 2017)
At the time, 350 (three hundred and fifty) national companies, registered at CESAER , were selected
and those that had the Aerospace Quality Management Certification Standards (SAE AS 9100:2009/2016 or
ABNT NBR 15100:2010) were verified, which were compared with the records of the IAQG-OASIS database,
focusing on the 25 (twenty-five) companies in the ABC region of São Paulo
As for the nature and type of activities of the companies in ABC Paulista, the main object of the
research, those classified as: engineering services, industrial goods, industrial processes, and tooling were
selected, as follows:
8 CESAER: Elaborado pelo Instituto de Fomento e Coordenação Industrial (IFI), tem por objetivo fornecer conhecimento do parque industrial
brasileiro no setor aeroespacial a todos os órgãos da Aeronáutica e, também, a outros envolvidos com o setor. Propicia aos usuários aceso
rápido às linhas de produtos e serviços das empresas situadas no território nacional, permitindo assim, não somente saber quais os produtos
e serviços, e sim o seu potencial como fornecedora de materiais para as Forças Armadas. O Catálogo lista 350 empresas cadastradas até o dia
13 de janeiro de 2015. BRASIL (2015)
9 O IAQG-OASIS é uma fonte de consulta aberta, onde estão cadastrados os dados de registros e certificações de fornecedores de todos os
países que operam em conformidade com os requisitos previstas nas Normas, disponível aos fornecedores, mediante cadastramento do
usuário (IAQG-OASIS, 2015)
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a) engineering services: these have the highest turnover, employ a higher percentage of qualified
technical personnel and knowledge-based services, different from the manufacturing profile of the
majority;
b) industrial goods: heterogeneous group in the delivery of added value, i.e.: those that do not
characterize a competitive differential in the market (Ex: spare parts, internal finishing, furniture,
seats, flooring, aircraft floors, etc.); and those that produce composite material for the aeronautical
industry
c) industrial processes: more sophisticated combined services of machining and assembly of parts and
subassemblies and surface treatment, also acting in the automotive sector; and
d) tooling suppliers: competent in device assembly projects (assembly jigs) and tooling manufacturing.
As for the Conformity Assessment Bodies (CAB), certifiers, at the time of the survey, of the companies
in the aeronautical sector under the aegis of Standard AS 9100:2009 and Standard NBR 15100:2010, it can be
stated that:
The national OAC accredited by Inmetro10(2021) that provided the certificate of the Quality
Management System ABNT NBR 15100:2010:
• FCAV - Fundação Carlos Alberto Vanzolini, located in the city and São Paulo- SP, in the district of Lapa.
(Cancelled at the request of the Office on 12/27/217);
• TÜV Nord Brasil Avaliações da Qualidade EIRELI, located in Alphaville, Barueri-SP (Still Active); and
• ABS Group Services do Brasil LTDA, located in the city of São Paulo-SP, in the district of Vila Olímpia.
(Cancelled at the request of the Office on 07/11/2017)
As for the international ones, among those that provide the Quality Management System Certificate
AS 9100:2009 are:
• Det Norsk Veritas Certification, Inc;
• ABS – Quality Evoluations Inc;
• DVN GL Bussines Assurance USA Inc; e
• AFNOR Certification. (IAQG-OASIS, 2015)
10INMETRO: There are currently, in Brazil, registered by Inmetro, 30 certifying organizations for the ABNT ISO 9000 and ABNT ISO 9001
Standards, and only 1 certifying organization for the Standards of the Quality Management System for the Aerospace Sector. (INMETRO, 2021).
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Therefore, once the nature, type of activities, characteristics of the companies, and the Conformity
Assessment Bodies were known, it was possible to enter properly into the field research aspects of the
companies in the ABC region in São Paulo.
3.1 Structure of the Research
The work of Souza (2017) sought to confirme 02 (two) hypotheses:
a) Perspective of ABC Paulista becoming an aeronautical pole in addition to the business complex of
São José dos Campos and of companies participating in the Gripen-NG program. It sought to
identify those companies that met the additional requirements of Quality Assurance Certifications
for the aeronautical sector and the difficulties to participate in strategic partnerships with Saab-
Gripen.
b) Interest in and conditions for adopting the Certification Standards foreseen for the aeronautical
industry. It sought to form a picture of the vision and expectations of companies to integrate Saab's
supply chain.
Finally, a structured questionnaire was sent to the CEOs of the selected companies, containing the
questions of interest to the work and, mainly, relevant data such as government support, competitiveness,
industrial capacity, technological capability, and purchase volumes.
4. RESEARCH RESULTS
Of the 25 (twenty-five) companies in the ABC Paulista region subject of the research, twelve (48%)
belonged exclusively to the aeronautics industry and thirteen (52%) also worked in the automotive sector, two
(8%) being engineering services; nine (36%) industrial processes; nine (36%) tooling suppliers; and five (20%)
industrial goods, as shown in the graph of figure 1.
Figure 1 – Number of companies and line of business
Source: Prepared by the author with data extracted from (BRASIL, 2015) / (IAQG-OASIS, 2015)
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Of the 350 (three hundred and fifty) companies registered with CESAER, only 75 (seventy-five) had
the ABNT NBR 15100:2010/AS 9100/2009 certifications, with records in the IAQG-OASIS, corresponding to
only 21.4%, as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2 – Companies that have the ABNT 15100/S9100 Standards
Source: Prepared by the author with data extracted from IAQG-OASIS
Of the 75 (seventy-five) companies that had the ABNT NBR 15100:2010 Standard or the AS SAE
9100:2009 Standard, only two (2.6%) belonged to the ABC Paulista region. The analysis of the results revealed
that:
a) It was Inbra Aerospace Indústria e Comércio de Compostos Aeronáuticos S.A, located in the city of
Mauá-SP, with qualifications and capabilities to participate in the Gripen-NG program as a Saab
partner company, in the production of aero structures; and
b) the other company was Metalúrgica Guaporé LTDA, located in Santo André-SP, from the automotive
sector and was not part of the aeronautic productive chain of ABC Paulista.
As for the answers to the questionnaires sent to the CEOs, of the 25 (twenty-five) companies located
in the ABC region in São Paulo, only 16 (sixteen) responded, corresponding to 64% of the sample.
5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Once the results were presented, the analysis of Souza's (2017) research evidenced a series of
interesting findings that enabled a very close picture of the reality of the national IDB, with respect to
companies in the aeronautical sector.
The fact that only 21% of the companies registered with CESAER have the Aerospace Quality
Management System
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Management System certifications indicates that there are serious obstacles in adapting to these Standards,
which restricts the productive chain as a whole from enjoying the competitive advantages generated by
Gripen-NG, and that these advantages are restricted to the few companies that participate in the Program.
Of the 25 companies selected for the survey, only two (8%) provided engineering services, i.e.,
activities that employ a higher percentage of qualified technical personnel and knowledge-based services,
with a greater possibility of contributing to Saab in the co-development of systems, which explains the
reduced possibilities for companies in the ABC Paulista region to partner in the Gripen-NG program. Of
the 16 (sixteen) companies that answered the questionnaire: 3 (three) declare not to have any certifications,
corresponding to 18,75% of the research universe; 11 (eleven), therefore 68,75%, had the 9000/9001 family
standards, but were not certified according to the Aerospace Quality Management standards. Finally, 02 (two)
companies declared they no longer work in the aeronautical segment in ABC Paulista, which meant 12% of the
respondents. (Figure 3).
Figure 3 – Companies’ answers regarding the existence of certifications
RESULTADOS DO QUESTIONÁRIO COM RELAÇÃO ÀS NORMAS DE CERTIFICAÇÃO
2 (12%)
3 (19%)
Não possuem quaisquer normas
Possuem somente as normas da
família ISO 9000/9001
Não atuam no segmento
11 (69%) aeronáutico
Fonte: Elaborado pelo autor com dados extraídos do questionário
The fact that only 01 (one) company from ABC Paulista in the aeronautical segment (6%) has the
required certifications for the aeronautical sector points out difficulties for the region to expand in this
segment, taking into account that this is a requirement to participate in partnerships with large aircraft
manufacturers.
Another worrying factor for the expansion of the national IDB in the aeronautical sector was
evidenced by the lack of interest of 69% of the companies consulted in obtaining the certifications in
question, and only (25%) of these have shown willingness to adopt them, as shown in figure 4.
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