BoxerUpdate - KIDNEY DISEASE - AKC Canine Health Foundation
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Boxer Update
A NESTLÉ PURINA PUBLICATION DEDICATED TO BOXER ENTHUSIASTS VOLUME 16 | SPRING 2018
UNDERSTANDING
KIDNEY
DISEASE
Study Is 1st to Evaluate
U.S. Boxers
SPRING 2018
NEW STUDY TO EXAMINE
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
IN AMERICAN BOXER DOGS
A newly funded study has just begun types of kidney disease follow a
at The Ohio State University to heritable pattern. This study will help
better understand the causes of us determine if there is a pattern
chronic kidney disease in Boxers. of inheritance that might lead to
Among the goals of the researchers the detection of a gene mutation.”
leading the study is to advance A collaboration between Ohio
genetic discovery should the disease State and Texas A&M universities,
prove to have a heritable origin IVRPS provides histologic, ultra-
“This study will help us
traceable through Boxer families.
determine if there is a “We will retrospectively examine
archived medical records and tissue
pattern of inheritance that samples and prospectively examine
tissues submitted to our biopsy
might lead to the detection service to discover the main causes
of a gene mutation.” and prevalence of kidney disease in
Boxers,” says Jessica Hokamp, DVM,
Jessica Hokamp, DVM, PhD, DACVP, PhD, DACVP, assistant professor of
assistant professor of clinical pathology, clinical pathology and lead inves-
The Ohio State University tigator. “We cannot assume every
Boxer has the same kidney disease.”
The two-year study, which is
funded by the AKC Canine Health
Foundation with support from the
American Boxer Charitable Foun-
dation (ABCF), is the first study
to focus on kidney disease in U.S.
Boxers. Dr. Hokamp, along with
fellow lead investigator Rachel structural and immunohistologic
Cianciolo, VMD, PhD, DACVP, examinations of kidneys to assist
clinical assistant professor, will tap veterinarians, especially nephrolo-
into the International Veterinary gists and specialists, in evaluating
Renal Pathology Service (IVRPS) patients for kidney disease. Dr.
housed at Ohio State to character- Cianciolo, co-director of IVRPS,
ize the disease. says about 45 Boxers have been
“We hypothesize that purebred evaluated thus far through the
Boxers in the U.S. may have several database.
causes of kidney disease,” Dr. Hokamp “The most common cause of kidney
says. “Once we identify a predom- disease in those 45 Boxers was
inant cause, we will prospectively immune-mediated glomerulonephri-
analyze samples from families of tis, an inflammatory disease of the
purebred Boxers to see if certain glomeruli, which are small bundles
2
BOXER Update
Histology renal images show, clockwise
from top left: normal kidney from a non-
Boxer dog, Boxer with immune complex
mediated glomerulonephritis, and a Boxer
with renal maldevelopment, a form of
juvenile nephropathy.
Images provided by Dr. Jessica Hokamp/The
Ohio State University
SIGNS OF KIDNEY DISEASE
Boxers are among the breeds
considered predisposed to kidney
disease. If you recognize your
of tiny vessels in the kidneys. The was 5.9 years, with females making
dog having these clinical signs
immune-mediated disease impairs up 45 cases and males 26 cases
of kidney disease, you should
the kidneys from filtering waste from nearly 2,000 dogs.
follow up with your veterinarian.
products and excess water from Put into perspective, the study
• Increased drinking
the bloodstream to make urine,” indicated an incidence rate among
• Increased urination
Dr. Cianciolo says. “The second all breeds of 1.6 percent per 1,000
• Vomiting
most common cause was malde- dogs that lived to age 10. Considered
• Weight loss
velopment of the kidneys.” the first epidemiological study to
• Anorexia
Joyce Campbell, DVM, an ABCF estimate the incidence of kidney
trustee, says, “Reports of renal disease in dogs, the report was
disease in Boxers have been pushing based on an evaluation of insur-
to the forefront for a few years now, ance data from 1995 to 2006 in
so it is wonderful to have the AKC Sweden, where about 77 percent
Canine Health Foundation fund this of dogs are insured.
study. ABCF is proud to support the In the U.K., Steynmere Boxer
research, and we are optimistic that breeder and geneticist Bruce
our Boxer community will benefit Cattanach, PhD, DSc, FRS, says,
from new knowledge that will come “I am confident there are many
from this.” causes of kidney failure that are
not inherited, but there also is an
INCIDENCE & GENETICS IN inherited kidney disease in Boxers.
EUROPEAN BOXERS Our pedigree evidence suggests
Although the prevalence rate of that these so-called different
kidney disease in U.S. Boxers is not inherited causes are most likely
known, a Swedish study published one and the same, as cases of
in Veterinary Record in 2015 rated renal dysplasia can be found in
Boxers as having the third highest the same litters as the more loosely
incidence of kidney disease and described juvenile kidney disease
the fourth highest incidence of or chronic kidney disease.
kidney-related mortality. The median “It runs in families with inbreeding
age of diagnosis in Swedish Boxers and/or known producers of juvenile
3
SPRING 2018
kidney disease on either side of the A CHALLENGING
pedigree, suggesting an autosomal DISEASE TO RECOGNIZE
recessive type of inheritance,” he Kidneys play a vital role in
says. “However, the incidence is canine health. Besides removing
lower than a simple recessive gene waste products and excess fluid
mutation, meaning other factors or from the body through urine, the
a low penetrance could be involved.” kidneys balance the body’s fluids,
The emeritus visiting scientist release hormones that regulate
at the Medical Research Council blood pressure and control the
Harwell in Oxfordshire collaborates production of red blood cells. When
the kidneys do not function prop-
erly, toxins build up in the blood
and a dog can become ill and
possibly even die.
Kidney disease in dogs can be
“We believe we know the challenging to recognize. Unless
chromosome on which the owners are aware of a dog’s pre-
disposition to kidney disease, they
gene for juvenile kidney are likely to miss clinical signs. These
may include increased drinking
disease lies.” and urination, vomiting, weight
loss, and anorexia, which can be
Bruce Cattanach, PhD, DSc, FRS,
mistaken for other health conditions.
Steynmere Boxer breeder and geneticist
“While we are getting better at
recognizing clinical and pathological
changes that occur in the early stages
of kidney disease, in some cases a
large amount of renal function might
be lost before kidney disease is
diagnosed,” Dr. Hokamp says.
A widely used measure for deter-
mining how well the kidneys are work-
ing is measurement of serum cre-
with Professor William Amos, an atinine concentration. Creatinine is
evolutionary geneticist at the a waste product from the normal
University of Cambridge. Together, breakdown of muscle tissue that
they have collected DNA samples filters through the kidneys and is
from 1,000 Boxers and their relatives excreted in urine. When kidney dis-
worldwide. Using microsatellite ease develops and waste filtration
markers, Professor Amos has found is altered, creatinine increases in
two markers on one chromosome the blood.
that partly co-segregate with the “Additional tests to determine
disease, with preliminary analysis kidney function and damage would
suggesting linkage on this chro- be helpful, particularly for early
mosome. detection of renal disease when
“We believe we know the chromo- therapy is most effective,” says Dr.
some on which the gene for juvenile Hokamp. “Serum creatinine can be
kidney disease lies,” Dr. Cattanach a relatively sensitive marker of declin-
says. “Candidate genes located in ing renal function if changes are
this region are being tested one monitored closely within an indi-
by one, however, it will be some vidual patient with stable muscle
time before a peer-reviewed pub- mass, rather than relying on reference
lication will be ready to share.” intervals, but it has its limitations, so
4
BOXER Update
This study concluded that end-
OWNERS OF BOXERS CAN TAKE PART IN KIDNEY stage kidney disease in this small
DISEASE STUDY study of young Boxers closely
resembled reflux nephropathy,
Owners of Boxers diagnosed with kidney disease, as well as their close a condition originally described
relatives, are eligible to participate in a study underway at The Ohio in humans as juvenile malignant
State University to learn more about renal disease in the breed. The nephrosclerosis, and subsequently
two-year study, titled Characterization of Renal Disease in American known as the Ask-Upmark kidney.
Boxer Dogs, is funded by the AKC Canine Health Foundation with sup- In children and adolescent humans,
port from the American Boxer Charitable Foundation. it is characterized by abnormally
If approved to participate in the study, owners should take their small unilateral or bilateral kidneys
Boxers to their primary-care veterinarian or specialty veterinary clinic with so-called segmental hypoplasia
for the collection of blood and urine samples for diagnostic testing and and one or more grooves on the
genetic analysis. The study covers the cost of a renal biopsy, urinalysis, capsular surface of the kidneys.
serum chemistry, urine protein gel electrophoresis, and DNA isolation,
an estimated $850 value. The owner pays for the clinical evaluation,
STUDY’S POTENTIAL FOR
CBC (complete blood count) analysis before biopsy, and the biopsy
FAR-REACHING IMPLICATIONS
procedure to obtain the tissues.
Although little is known about
For information about participating, please contact lead investigator
renal disease in U.S. Boxers, the
Dr. Jessica Hokamp at Ohio State by sending an email to hokamp.1@
Ohio State study offers promise
osu.edu. You also may call the veterinary clinical trials office at 614-247-
8706 or by sending an email to CVM-ClinicalTrials@osu.edu. that more knowledge may soon
be coming. “Better characteriza-
tion of kidney disease in Boxers
other tests to assess kidney function In young dogs, renal disease may be might allow future studies to iso-
and the presence of damage are congenital, inherited and/or acquired. late the responsible mutations and
helpful in the early diagnosis of Canine kidneys normally develop develop a DNA test if a heritable
kidney disease and in monitoring in the womb and during the first pattern of disease is detected,”
of disease progression. weeks of life. In some dogs, the Dr. Hokamp says. “It also will allow
“Commonly used tests in ad- kidneys don’t develop normally, affected dogs in the U.S. to be
dition to serum creatinine and and their underdeveloped kidneys compared to the European dogs.”
SDMA (symmetric dimethylargi- are not able to filter urine normally. Importantly, the study could
nine, a renal biomarker specific They also may suffer from a reflux have far-reaching implications.
to kidney function) include BUN condition in which urine flows back- “The goal of this research as well
(blood urea nitrogen), full serum ward from the bladder into the as related future studies is to try
chemistry analysis, CBC (com- kidneys, introducing infectious and reduce kidney disease in dogs,”
plete blood count), and urinalysis. organisms into the kidney and caus- she adds. “If we determine that
Additionally, researchers continue ing further secondary damage. some causes of kidney disease in
to evaluate other tests to help A retrospective Norwegian Boxers are due to a heritable genetic
diagnose kidney disease earlier study of seven young Boxer dogs mutation, Boxer breeders will be
than currently possible and to with end-stage kidney lesions able to find out if their dogs have
potentially help diagnose difficult published in Veterinary Patholo- the mutation. This will allow them
causes of kidney disease.” gy in 2008 reported that chron- to perform informed and careful
In early-stage disease, a kidney ic kidney failure with end-stage breeding such that the disease is
biopsy might help diagnose the kidney lesions in these juvenile, not perpetuated, ultimately decreas-
inciting cause of disease. By the adolescent and young adult dogs ing the disease in the breed.” n
time a dog is in end-stage kid- is often congenital and often in-
ney failure, the kidneys might be herited. So-called canine juvenile Purina thanks Dr. Joyce Campbell,
too damaged to determine the nephropathies may have many chair of the American Boxer Club
cause. Additionally, biopsy sam- causes, but both the well-defined Health and Research Committee
ples might not contain enough hereditary nephropathies and and a trustee of the American
diagnostic tissue to determine the the less well-understood juvenile Boxer Charitable Foundation,
cause of disease, leading to an nephropathies manifest as small, for helping us to identify this
topic for the Boxer Update.
inconclusive test. underdeveloped kidneys.
5
SPRING 2018
PPCP PROGRAM RAISES MORE THAN $7 MILLION SINCE 2002
A healthy payday is coming to the 193 parent clubs that
participated in the 2017 Purina Parent Club Partnership
(PPCP) program. Purina is disbursing the 2017 PPCP
earnings of $455,085 this spring, with half going directly
to the participating parent clubs and half to the clubs’
fund at the AKC Canine Health Foundation (CHF).
Since it began in 2002, the PPCP program has raised
more than $7 million for canine health research.
The American Boxer Club (ABC) will receive cumu-
lative PPCP earnings of $7,522 based on its members’
participation in PPCP in 2017. Half of the earnings will
go to the parent club, and half will be sent directly to
Ann Viklund of Purina, right, presents the 2017 PPCP
the club’s fund at CHF. A charter member club, ABC earnings to Dr. Charles Garvin, chair, and Dr. Diane Brown,
has earned $146,459 since the program began. CEO, of the AKC Canine Health Foundation. An equal amount
is being distributed directly to the participating parent clubs.
This year, when clubs use their PPCP funds at CHF
to support a CHF research program of their choice, the AKC will match up to $250,000 to CHF research
programs through the CHOICE (Canine Health Opportunity to Impact CarE) matching-gift initiative.
LEARN ABOUT PPCP
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LEARN MORE
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