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Bioscience Research
Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973
Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network
RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2021 18(3): 2100-2108. OPEN ACCESS
The primary research of biology and seasonal
flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis B. In kiwifruit gardens in
Mazandaran, Iran
Masoud Radmanesh
Department of Agriculture and plant breeding, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Mazandaran, Iran
*Correspondence: Masoud_rad0000000@yahoo.com Received 10-06-2021, Revised: 18-07-2021, Accepted: 20-07-2021 e-
Published: 27-07-2021
Greenhouse thrips including Heliothrips Heamorrhoidalis is a gluttonous pest that, unlike kiwi fruits,
threatens many woodland and fruit trees. During the years 2006-2008, biography and demographic
shifts throughout greenhouse thrips have been examined. The study between two kinds of kiwi
cultivation in the Khoshkdaran plateau and Khorram Abad was carried out in the west of Mazandaran,
due to the growing degree of kiwi planting. In each gardens we have chosen ten plants, each one of
which we took 10 leaves (100 leaves for the collection portion), randomly from 4 edges and the amount
of mature mosquitoes and periods of premature development included the first and second larvae which
were documented in mature larvae (prepupae). Experiments have demonstrated that, throughout the
year and winter like adults, these organisms have between 4 and 5 generations. Larvae rose in
26±0,5oC and 67±3 % RH on the leaves of kiwifruit. The observations found that first and second larvas,
prepupae, pupae and adults were 7.7, 8.2, 1.2, 1 and 12 days old, respectively. The primary and
secondary larvae and adults eat suck the sap from the petiole to leaf connector. The compression of
leaves and shadows of the thrips grew community. Thrip larvae and adults inflict harm to kiwifruit
leafage. The black marks are considered the indications of thrips on the leaf surfaces. On the plant's
leaf, both phases of insect development were detected. The four peaks of the population were identified.
In August, September, October and December, peak populations in Khoshkehdaran were witnessed and
in August, September, October and November in the Khorramabad area. Throughout Khoshkehdaran
the population density was more than Khorramabad. Keywords: Biology, Dynamic, Thrips, Kiwifruit
Keywords: Seasonal fluctuations, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, kiwifruit, Mazandaran
INTRODUCTION (Omrani and Fataei 2018, Gholamin and
Greenhouse thrips, such as Heliothrips Khayatnezhad 2020, Khayatnezhad and
haemorrhoidalis, are from micro-insects and Gholamin 2020). Thrips can trigger decreased
subsets of small bugs with oral segments are from performance and the output volume of the
the slicing and sucking species and from the transmitting agent, particularly viral diseases,
Thripidae genus. Like other thrips of this genus, despite direct harm. The development of the
they inject their spores into the host plant filum. insect from the seed to matured insect was 41.4
Larvae and mature bugs of this type can trigger days in one sample in experimental settings. The
the leaves to shine and kill the cells of the sex proportion for male and female ranged from 1
leaf, thereby resulting to substantial destruction to 6.54, and in the tropical regions the greenhouseMasoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
thrips is inherently hazardous. The plants where they were transported. Eventually,
including the Avokado, coconut, forest trees and binoculars examined the whole leaf surface
greenhouse plantation are the hosts of this (Khayatnezhad and Gholamin, 2021, Sun and
gluttonous pesticide despite the Kiwi fruits Khayatnezhad, 2021, Xu et al. 2021, Yin et al.
(Khayatnezhad 2012, Farhadi, et al. 2020, 2021, Zhang et al. Zhu et al. 2021).
Gholamin and Khayatnezhad 2020). The Throughout this research, we counted the
greenhouse thrips recorded initially from developmental and immature phases, as well as
contaminated kiwi plants of the Khoshkdaran the most complete process in the mature life of
region in Tonekabon in 2001 are one of the latest insects and some tables have been given in the
pests of kiwi in Iran (Javadi, 2001, unpublished). past. This inquiries were registered on a weekly
The pest had gathered throughout the basis. Until the host plant began to leaf on the
following years from other parts of the state of weedy herbs, the collection was completed and
Mazandaran. In the northern part of Mzandaran the downfalls of the host plant have been made
the emergence of greenhouse thrهps throughout on the tree prior to the actual winter of the
forest trees and greenhouse plants are inspector could be decided. Samples of kiwi
responsible for the fast proliferation of the pest on plants were taken from the top as soon as the
kiwi fruit because of its detriment to the economy foliating of the host plant started. During sampling
(Bi et al. 2021, Khayatnezhad and Nasehi, 2021, and experimental assessments the harm to the
Ma et al. 2021, Ren and Khayatnezhad, 2021, pesticide form was calculated and consequently
Sun et al. 2021, Tao et al. 2021). The rise of this the populations of the pest variations were
form of plant is disturbed by growth of insects and established under normal circumstances and the
rapid drying of leaves and their dropping and development stages of apex sites. The aerological
adequate situations in the north of the country for data were gathered and its outline was taken from
certain insects. There is also not sufficient Khoshkdaran, the closest aerological facility
biological knowledge in this report regarding the
population variations of this insect in the north of RESULTS
the nation (Khayatnezhad and Gholamin 2012,
Esmaeilzadeh, Fataei et al. 2020, Gholamin and Biology of greenhouse thrips h.
Khayatnezhad 2020). haemorrhoidalis
The female thrips implant their spores in the
MATERIALS AND METHODS blades of the kiwi-fiber in the springtime. On kiwi
For the means of determining the biology of leaves from the first half of June the initial age
the greenhouse thrips, in two stages the number groups of larvae emerge, initially involved in
of 1 larvae (1 age) was inserted on circular leaf collecting phase. The larva establishment sites
disk to diagonal of 5 cm (which a humid cotton are on and next to the leaves. Upon
was on it for freshness), we inserted a larva in to a initial period the development duration of the larva
Petridish (to the diagonal of 15 cm and the depth is 7,7 and 5,9 at 29 and 26 °C respectively. The
of 2.5 cm) and we visited it in the laboratory every larva of the second period emerges on the surface
day in the summer. This activity had done in 10 of the leaf following removing the larvae of the
stages (Khayatnezhad and Gholamin 2020, initial generation and much more. The two-age
Arjaghi, Alasl et al. 2021). The temperature and larva's lifespan was estimated at 26 °C and 8.2
humidity were measured per day in a research lab days. This process of the thrips existence is
with the use of thermometer and moisture almost feeding on kiwi-fruits following the matured
identifying and amid these numbers, separate bug. That's why the feeding period was before the
phase of development was documented to turn larvaes were 1 year old with a larger volume.
into a matured insect. . They were transferred Such larvaes became prepupae upon peeling.
between the leaf disks each two days. Two The duration of prepupae was 1,2 days at a
garden areas in the Khoshkdaran district and in temperature of 26 °C. The insect was partially
Tonekabon's Khorram Abad zone have been traveling throughout this process, however it
chosen for demographic variations in immature was not feeding. The pupae evolved into pupae
stage and mature additions. We picked and following a peeling. The pupae only traveled very
counted 10 trees in each greenhouse. Then we slowly while a trigger was accessible. The pupae's
took 10 leaves from four edges randomly, and duration was 1 day at both temperatures of 26
placed them in a plastic container into a lab for and 29°C. Within 1 day, the pupae were
scientific plant assessments at Khoshkdaran, converted into a mature bug. The thrips sustained
Bioscience Research, 2021 volume 18(3): 2100-2108 2101Masoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
a great deal of harm throughout this situation. At winter and afterwards stabbed the leaves of the
26oC the lifespan averaging 12 days of mature kiwi and continued their feeding operation from
bugs was reported, which was 7 and 18 for a the leaf to the termination. The reported variability
higher and lower lifespan of mature female bugs of communities in varying phases of jassid
thrips throughout the experimental settings. At the existence demonstrated that the bug has four
temperature of 29oC, 14 and 32 days were descendants on kiwi trees in Iran's north
determined for both minimum and maximum life of environment and we witnessed 4 peak points for
0 mature insects. The bug was nourished by the overall immature phases. The initial peak was
floral honeydew at this phase. Consequently, the established in July 2007, with a median of 59
bug nourished better compared to the other participants per sampling unit in immature phases
phases of this life cycle. (1, 2 tables). (1-2-year-old larvae, pre-pupae, pupae). In August
Table 1: The average of growth stages of 2007, the second peak was organized by 62
greenhouse thrips H. haemorrhoidalis in the participants of each class of sampling at immature
temperature of 29±1 oC and the relative levels, and in September 2007 the third peak was
humidity is 67 ± 3 % attended by many other bugs, with 75
participants from the immature phases of each
The minimum
Period The
The insect category. The community of immature
and maximum stage phases has since diminished and in November
length number
(day) of life 2007 we saw a further rise. We did not detect the
age immature phases after December 2007 with the
4-8 5.9 10
1 larva emergence of mature bugs. Throughout the
age
4-9 6.8 10 Khoshkdaran field there are three peaks for
1 larva
mature bugs. These figures were recorded for
1-2 1.4 10 Pre-pupa
1-1.5 1 10 pupa each survey unit for26, 32 and 28 mature bugs in
14-32 0.22 10 adult July, August and October 2007, respectively. The
overall population of bugs declined in 2007
Table 2: The average of growth stages of following the final peak phase and the
greenhouse thrips H. haemorrhoidalis in the community of mature insects declined in
temperature of 26 ± 0.5 oC and relative December2007, with a reduction in foliage. The
humidity of 67 ± 3 % Korramabad sector, a desert region for all
immature development phases, also reported 4
The minimum Period peak levels in the year 2007 (fig. 1).
The The stage
and maximum length
number of life
( day ) (day)
6-9 7.7 10 Age 1
Larva
7-13 8.2 10 Age 2
Larva
1-2 1.2 10
Prepupa
1 1 10 Pupa
1-18 12 10 adult
The seasonal fluctuations of the greenhouse
thrips population h. Haemorrhoidalis
Figure 1: The season changes curve of the
The collection carried out in 2006 on the
greenhouse thrips H. haemorrhoidalis in
kiwifruit in the Khoshkdaran region reported that
Khorramabad kiwifruit gardens(plain) in 2006.
the kiwifruit leaves are considered to produce
These phases were found in July, August,
jassids from the period of the hazelnut.
September and October 2007. In July, September
This happens with the rise of the mean
and November 2007, the mature
temperate and moisture content by 2006 and the
bugs provided three peak positions in the
fall in population during the development process.
Khoramabade region (Fig. 1). The quantity of bug
In June 2005 the first bugs were identified (Figs.
development periods was due to the desert area
2, 6) .
in the lesser rate. If required, we can use the peak
This was full bugs, who went through the
levels for fighting the Jassid technique. The
Bioscience Research, 2021 volume 18(3): 2100-2108 2102Masoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
reduction and rise of the jassid development July 2009 (1 and 2-year old embryos, prepupae,
phases coincided with the continuum of increases pupae and mature insects) surpassed their
in temperature and respective moisture (Figs. 1, contemporary highest point. As with the mean of
6). Due to the elevated heavy snow throughout 11, 37, 9, 11, 5, 35 quantities in each sampling
the winter of 2007 in medium areas of northern technique on that period, the developmental
Iran, particularly the strong snowfall in western phase for the bugs was obtained. The community
Mazandaran province, which has the most in thrips development phases had a decreasing
cultivated kiwi-fruit ground and pattern after that period. In this graph four more
combined vegetables, the greenhouse peak levels were identified, considering the
complements and the outer flower-growing region decreasing population axis. The total of 1 and 2
have been severely damaged. The observations years old community, pre-pupae, and mature
were unsuccessful in 2008 to assess more bugs was 0, 0, 0, 0.4, 1, 2 per unit of sampling in
improvements in the climate of thrips. In surveyed December 2009. The community of development
kiwifruit farms we did not catch any bugs stages of thrips was zero in December 2009, with
(Khoshkdaran, Abas Abad, Khoramabad and the dropping of the foliage. We can have 5
Tonekabon). The weedy grasslands next to kiwi- generations for thrips in 2009 throughout the
fruit plants, such as raspberry, scrolls, typha Khoshkdaran region. The monitoring of Kotra
leaves and kiwi-fruit, were inspected once a week region was similar to the khoshkdaran region in
from April 2002 to December's ending. None of 2009 and the graph for demographic alterations in
the thrip development processes were detected. mature bugs showed four peak levels in this area.
There was a clear association between snowing in (Fig3).
winter 2007 and Jassid harm to complementary The community of thrips existed nearly
plants, as shown by the data. The samples taken simultaneously in the highest development phase.
from the Khoshkdaran, Nemat Abad in Tonekabon Just mature bugs were found on the flower from
and Abas Abad greenhouses revealed that on the June2009, as a median of four and six bugs were
Anthorium foliage and the Kiwi trees there recorded on the aforementioned occasions. All
were greenhouse thrips during 2007-2009. The development phases on the kiwi leaves have
graph of seasonal fluctuations in the community of been detected since July 2009. In July 2009, the
greenhouse trips in 2009 throughout the initial peaks of adult insects with 27
Khoshkdaran region indicated that the rise in representatives per sampling unit were detected.
temperature enhanced the moisture content Peak periods were recorded on August 2,
among communities and the declining September 3 and November 4, 2009, respectively,
temperature and moisture steadily alleviated the and the overall median quantity of older bugs on
concentration of the development phases (Figs 4, those dates was 27, 2, 4 thrips per sampling
5, 7). device. From this date, the populations of mature
The mature bugs initially emerged from insects were decreasing, as in the dates of
June2009, and then embryonic development 23.12.2008, the average of it was 0.2 mature
phases were found in the last periods of spring. insect and in December 2007, we didn’t observed
The community of thrips was growing steadily and any mature insect.
the complete phase of development for thrips in
80
development
60
mean of
40
stages
20 immature
0 stages
sapling…
13.07.…
17.08.…
14.09.…
11.09.…
8.10.2…
13.11.…
adult
time
Figure 2: The season changes curve of the greenhouse htrips growth stages population, H.
haemorrhoidalis in Khoshkdaran kiwifruit gardens (plain) in 2006.
Bioscience Research, 2021 volume 18(3): 2100-2108 2103Masoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
80
60
mean of development
1st larvae
40
20 2st larvae
0
stages
03.07.20…
24.07.20…
08.08.20…
29.08.20…
19.09.20…
10.10.20…
30.10.20…
21.11.20…
11.12.20…
03.01.20…
prepupae
pupae
adult
time
Figure 3: The season changes curve of the greenhouse thrips growth stages population, H.
haemorrhoidalis in Kotra kiwifruit gardens (foot a mountain) in 2008
40
mean of development
30
20 1st larvae
10 2st larvae
18.09.20…
0
stages
30.06.20…
19.07.20…
28.08.20…
29.10.20…
20.11.20…
10.12.20…
sampling…
8.08.2008
8.10.2008
1.01.2009
prepupae
pupae
adult
time
Figure 4: The season changes curve of the greenhouse thrips growth stages population, H.
haemorrhoidalis in Khoshkdaran kiwifruit gardens(plain) in 2008.
100 khoshkdaran 2006
abundance percent of
50
khorramabad
adults
0
time(mo…
2006
9
6
7
8
1
10
11
12
khoshkdaran 2008
time Kotra 2008
Figure 5: The curve of the mature insects abundance percent of greenhouse thrips, H.
haemorrhoidalis than total growth stages of insect in 2006 and 2008.
150
temprature and
100
humidity
mean of
50
0 temprature
humidity
time(month)
ُFigure 6: The curve of monthly comparative temperature and humidity changes in 2006.
Bioscience Research, 2021 volume 18(3): 2100-2108 2104Masoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
100
mean of temprature
80
60
and humidity
40
20
0 temprature
humidity
time
Figure 7: The curve of monthly comparative temperature and humidity changes in Khoshkdaran
zone in Tonekabon, 2008.
On August, September, and October 2009 the 1 din 2020). This dangerous jassid was seen in the
and 2 years old larves in this region provided greenhouse from the tropical regions (Li, et al.). In
three peak points with a median of 126,53, 32 Europe, America and South Africa, the
larves per sampling unit. The greenhouse thripes greenhouse thrips were known as the jassids. The
in the Kotra area thereby went through the winter dangerous jassid was the fresh leaves
on the face of mature bugs and afterward they needle inserted by the female bugs between the
remained mostly on host foliage. tissue and the keg needle that arise around ten
days (Fataei 2017, Si, Gao et al. 2020). Stages 1
DISCUSSION and 2 of the larvae lasted 2 to 3 weeks to
Greenhouse trips such as H. haemorrhoidalis transform to preparupae, which was hulled and
were brought from the jungle trees in northern Iran became pupae within several hours and
(Gholamin and Khayatnezhad 2012, Jalili 2020, converted into an adult bug after around five days.
Jia, Khayatnezhad et al. 2020). Specimens from In one year, the bug reproduced continuously
kiwi-tree leaves were first taken in Tonekabon (Ghomi Avili and Makaremi 2020, Huang, Wang et
district, and were determined when the al. 2021). Over one year, this jassid developed
specimens were sent to the categorization unit twelve generations. The harm was not abrupt and
of Plant Protection Institute. Between 2008 and reproduced and generated a great deal of
2009, several thrips were harvested from generation under controlled circumstances. A
greenhouses containing kiwis and several winter population growth in an appropriate state imposed
supplements as Antorium in the a serious disservice to the trees from the manner
Khoshkdaran area and then renamed, following the leaf cells were damaged (Gholamin and
detection, by the Plant Classification Department Khayatnezhad 2020). The experiments and the
of the Research Preservation Center, (Fataei, et experiments above-mentioned were based on
al. 2018). The greenhouse trips caused one jassid biological observations. The length of
in kiwi plants and triggered the silver color of kiwis development of larvae and other phases of bug
blades. growth increased the temperature and respective
This plague allows the silver layer of the moisture. Unlike the kiwi plants, the jassid was
herbage to weaken the cells of the leaf and to regarded as a greenhouse plague and a
develop murky smudges. In the biology survey of companion herb throughout the open areas,
greenhouse thrips in the laboratory (the according to assessments conducted by other
temperature of 23.30ºc on the Avokado leaves, investigators. The findings of this analysis were
the total growth time in plant pest was 30.97 days shown by the damaging position of Jassid and the
and the period length of mature insects was 40.6) great number of offspring of generation per year.
(Khayatnezhad and Gholamin 2012). In another In 6 months of activity in greenhouse thrips on the
analysis, greenhouse thrips had a life cycle of 30 host plant (kiwifruit), the 4-5 generation in one
to 70 days in polypodium phegorteers (Mitra and year was accounted for jassid which shows this
Chowdhury 2019, Nokandeh and Khoshmanesh jassid has more than 5 generation on kiwifruits.
2019, karasakal, et al. 2020) .The greenhouse Furthermore the results of this study were
thrips in avocado fruit and coconut trees were validated when diet, temperature and respective
presented in one investigation as essential jassid moisture parameters were appropriate. Thus the
(Karasakal, Khayatnezhad et al. 2020, Muhibbu- goods were manufactured and propagated
Bioscience Research, 2021 volume 18(3): 2100-2108 2105Masoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
consistently throughout the year. The Jassid Heavy Metals of Lead and Cadmium."
community hit zero with kiwifruit foliage dropping Biological Trace Element Research 199(2):
(Arjaghi, l et al. 2021). 763-768.
BI, D., Dan, C., khayatnezhad, M., sayyah
CONCLUSION hashjin, Z., LI, Z. & MA, Y. 2021. Molecular
Greenhouse thrips such as H. identification and genetic diversity in
heamorrhoidalis is a multi-faceted parasite that, Hypericum L.: a high value medicinal plant
despite kiwi fruits, threatens many forest and fruit using rapd markers markers. Genetika, 53,
trees. In the western part of Mazandaran (Iran), 393-405.
the biodiversity and demographic Esmaeilzadeh, H., E. Fataei and H. Saadati
shifts within greenhouse thrips were analyzed (2020). "NH3 Removal from Sour Water by
during 2006-2008. Research findings have shown Clinoptilolite Zeolite: A Case Study of Tabriz
that the species had 4-5 generations each year Refinery." Chemical Methodologies 4(6):
and overwinters like adult ones. The density of the 754-773.
foliage and the shade enhanced the Farhadi, H., E. Fataei and M. Kharrat Sadeghi
thrips community. Larvae and mature thrip periods (2020). "The Relationship Between Nitrate
harm the foliage of kiwi plants. The manifestations Distribution in Groundwater and Agricultural
are as murky dots for the thrips on the leaves.The Landuse (Case study: Ardabil Plain, Iran)."
summit points are defined by four demographic Anthropogenic Pollution Journal 4(1): 50-56.
groups.Khoshkehdaran’s demographic densities Fataei, E. (2017). "Soil carbon, nitrogen and
are greater than those of Khorramabad. phosphorus pools under exotic tree
plantations in the degraded grasslands of
CONFLICT OF INTEREST Iran." Agricultural & Biological Research
The authors declared that present study was 33(2): 113-127.
performed in absence of any conflict of interest. Fataei, E., S. Varamesh and S. T. Seiied Safavian
(2018). "Effects of afforestation on carbon
ACKNOWLEGEMENT stocks in Fandoghloo forest area." Pakistan
This paper was from 1253521 Project, 2020, Journal of Agricultural Sciences 55(3).
Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch. Gholamin, R. and M. Khayatnezhad (2012).
"Effect of different levels of manganese
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS fertilizer and drought stress on yield and
Masoud Radmanesh conducted, planned, agronomic use efficiency of fertilizer in durum
Analyzed the data, wrote manuscript and wheat in Ardabil." Journal of Food,
interpreted the results and involved in manuscript Agriculture & Environment 10 (2 part 3):
preparation. All authors read and approved the 1326-1.328.
final version. Gholamin, R. and M. Khayatnezhad (2020).
"Assessment of the Correlation between
Copyrights: © 2021@ author (s). Chlorophyll Content and Drought Resistance
This is an open access article distributed under the in Corn Cultivars (Zea Mays)." Helix 10(05):
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 93-97.
(CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, Gholamin, R. and M. Khayatnezhad (2020).
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, "Study of Bread Wheat Genotype
provided the original author(s) and source are Physiological and Biochemical Responses to
credited and that the original publication in this Drought Stress." Helix 10(5): 87-92.
journal is cited, in accordance with accepted Gholamin, R. and M. Khayatnezhad (2020). "The
Effect of Dry Season Stretch on Chlorophyll
academic practice. No use, distribution or
Content and RWC of Wheat Genotypes
reproduction is permitted which does not comply
(Triticum Durum L.)." Biosc Biotech Res
with these terms. Comm 13(4): 1829-1833.
Gholamin, R. and M. Khayatnezhad (2020). "The
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Khayatnezhad, M. and R. Gholamin (2012). urban water allocation system in drought
"Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on different conditions. Water Supply.
planting remobilization of dry matter of durum Si, X., L. Gao, Y. Song, M. Khayatnezhad and A.
wheat varieties Seimareh." African Journal of A .Minaeifar (2020). "Understanding
Microbiology Research 6(7): 1534-1539. population differentiation using geographical,
Khayatnezhad, M. and R. Gholamin (2012). "The morphological and genetic characterization in
effect of drought stress on leaf chlorophyll Erodium cicunium." Indian J. Genet 80(4):
content and stress resistance in maize 459-467.
Bioscience Research, 2021 volume 18(3): 2100-2108 2107Masoud Radmanesh Seasonal Flactuations of greenhouse thrips Heliothrips
Sun, Q., Lin, D., Khayatnezhad, M. & Taghavi, M.
2021. Investigation of phosphoric acid fuel
cell, linear Fresnel solar reflector and
Organic Rankine Cycle polygeneration
energy system in different climatic
conditions. Process Safety and
Environmental Protection, 147, 993-1008.
SUN, X. & KHAYATNEZHAD, M. 2021. Fuzzy-
probabilistic modeling the flood
characteristics using bivariate frequency
analysis and α-cut decomposition. Water
Supply.
Tao, Z., CUI, Z., YU, J. & khayatnezhad, M. 2021.
Finite Difference Modelings of Groundwater
Flow for Constructing Artificial Recharge
Structures. Iranian Journal of Science and
Technology, Transactions of Civil
Engineering.
XU, Y.-P., Ouyang, P., XING, S.-M., QI, L.-Y.,
Khayatnezhad, M. & JAFARI, H. 2021.
Optimal structure design of a PV/FC HRES
using amended Water Strider Algorithm.
Energy Reports, 7, 2057-2067.
YIN, J., khayatnezhad, M. & Shakoor, A. 2021.
Evaluation of genetic diversity IN Geranium
(Geraniaceae) using rapd marker. Genetika,
53, 363-378.
Zhang, H., Khayatnezhad, M. & Davarpanah, A.
Experimental investigation on the application
of carbon dioxide adsorption for a shale
reservoir. Energy Science & Engineering,
n/a.
Zhu, P., Saadati, h. & khayatnezhad, M. 2021.
Application of probability decision system
and particle swarm optimization for improving
soil moisture content. Water Supply.
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