HISTORY - City Academy Norwich
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HISTORY
HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: Economic downturn and recovery
1. The Wall Street Crash 5. Roosevelt and the New Deal
• Black Tuesday happened 29 October 1929, when 16.5 million shares were sold. 1. Relief – Helped the millions who were unemployed and homeless.
• By the end of 1929, there were about 2.5 million unemployed in the USA – Black people sacked 2. Recovery – Policies to rebuild the economy.
first. 3. Reform – Legislation and laws to create a fairer society.
• Factories and businesses began to close down. • The Emergency Banking Act closed all banks for 10 days.
• Hoovervilles popped up. • CCC - A department to help people to employ unemployed men between 18 and 25 to work in
• Farmers were unable to sell produce. forests, in special camps.
• Colorado, New Mexico and Kansas were hit by drought - known as the ‘dust bowl.’ • FERA- this gave $500m to the states to spend on food and shelter.
• AAA - encouraged farmers to produce less by paying them not to produce in the hope that prices
2. The effects of the Great Depression on family life would rise.
• Marriages fell from 1.23 million in 1929 to 982,000 in 1932. The birth rate also fell.
• TVA - Built dams to produce hydroelectricity, providing work for thousands of people and
• The suicide rate rose dramatically from 12.6 suicides per 1000 people in 1926 to 17.4 per 1000 at its peak in
1932.
bringing electrical power to the area.
• In some states, schools were closed down for 10 months. 6. Successes of the New Deal
• 1932 about 25% of the population was receiving no income. • Unemployment reduced from 24.9 million in 1933 to 14.3 million in 1937.
3. The Bonus Army / Marchers
• As a result of the AAA, farmers‟ money doubled between 1932 and 1939.
• WW1 veterans who had been promised a bonus, payable in 1945, Marched on the Whitehouse to support a • The TVA improved the lives of 7 million people.
Bill which would allow the bonus to be paid early. • The CCC created work for 2.75 million people
• The government didn't pass the bill as it would have cost $2.3 million. 7. Opposition to the New Deal
• Most of the marchers went home after this, but about 5,000 stayed.
• Dr Francis Townsend argued that Roosevelt had not done enough to help the elderly. He wanted
• Hoover sent in the army to clear them out.
• 2 veterans were killed. a pension of $200 per month for everyone over 60.
• Huey Long claimed that Roosevelt failed to share out the nation’s wealth fairly.
4. Early Republican attempts to deal with the depression (1930s)
• Hoover believed in Laissez-faire and Rugged individualism. • The Republicans hated the New Deal as it went against Laissez-faire and rugged individualism.
• Hoover passed the Hawley – Smoot Tariff Act in 1930. This protected US farmers by increasing import • Other thought the New Deal was a waste of money.
duties on foreign goods. • The Supreme Court opposed the New Deal.
• Hoover set up relief agencies.
• Hoover cut taxes by $130 million.
8. Criticisms of the New Deal
• Hoover’s measures failed. • It was WW2 which ultimately ended the Great Depression.
• The Supreme Court announced that the AAA and NRA were unconstitutional.
Essential Vocabulary Key dates • The AAA paid farmers not to produce food.
Hoovervilles Slum like houses made of tin, wood and cardboard and 1929 Wall Street Crash
• Many argued that Roosevelt's projects were a short-term solution.
had no running water. May/June Bonus March • Many of the Alphabet Agencies discriminated against black Americans and women.
Hobos People who travelled the country looking for work. 1932 • Some felt that the New Deal did not do enough.
Veterans Ex-soldiers – at this times from WW1 Key Individuals
Laissez-faire A government that thought that people should look
Hoover 31st president Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize:
Roosevelt 32nd president
after themselves. https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The economic impact of WWII and post-war developments
The Impact of the Second World War (1940s) The development of the affluent society: Life in suburbia
The Second World War started in 1939 and America was selling goods to other • In 1952 Eisenhower became President. He continued with the New Deal and
countries. In 1941 America joined the war and this brought the Depression to the Fair Deal. He encouraged economic growth and looked after the middle
an end. classes.
• 1941 onwards – Factories and farms focussed on helping America in the war • By the end of the 1950s the USA was producing half the worlds
by producing goods and weapons (some of these were sold abroad too). manufactured goods.
• Industrial production doubled between 1942-45 - America produced 50% of • As many as 19 million Americans moved from the cities to live in the suburbs
the world's weapons by 1944. (outskirts of towns with bigger houses). It was possible for them to do this
• Many found work in the factories – unemployment fell from 9.5 million in because they could buy cars, the standard of roads was better and the
1939 to 670,000 in 1945. interest on mortgages was low.
• Conscription – Around 15 million 18-45 year old men were forced to join the • Between 1945-60 the number of people who had a car rose from 25 million
army. to 62 million. Cars like the Cadillac were popular. By 1960, 25 per cent of the
• People were encouraged to create „victory gardens‟ – to grow their own American people lived in suburbs. These people had a television, a record
vegetables. player, swimming pools and cars.
• Life improved for farmers – there was more demand for their produce and • People bought on credit – this increased 800 per cent between 1945 and
so they were making more money. 1957.
• Huge migration happened in the USA – Around 27 million moved around Essential Vocabulary Key Individuals
between 1941-45. They moved to look for work - to California especially to Poverty When you are poor and cannot afford the Roosevelt 32nd president
basics of life.
find work in armament factories. Truman 33rd president
Plenty/Affluence When you are rich and can afford luxuries
Negative aspects of post WW2 – ‘Poverty in the midst of plenty.’ Eisenhower 34th president
• Black people were still victimised. They served in Jim Crow regiments where Suburbanisation The process of moving families out of the
Key dates
cities and into the countryside in newly build
only black people could be in them. 1941 USA joins WW2
suburbs like Levittown
• Around 112,000 Japanese Americans were imprisoned and many of them Consumerism The desire to buy and have more and more 1945 End of WW2
lost their homes and businesses. Around a 1000 were sent back to Japan. products such as T.V.s, radios, washing
• Women and black factory workers were not always treated the same as the machines
white male employees Conscription Forcing people to join the army.
Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The issue of civil rights, 1941-70 (1)
1. The contribution of black Americans during WW2 4. Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
• Black Americans joined segregated units (Jim Crow Army) and were given • 9 black students tried to go to the all-white high school to prove that
the most dangerous jobs schools were still segregated
• The US air force would not accept black pilots • The governor used the National Guard to stop the Black students
• Black soldiers could only have ‘black blood’ and be treated by black nurses • President Eisenhower had to send 1000 US Paratroopers (Federal troops)
• The Tuskegee airmen won great acclaim acting as fighter escorts for US to protect
bombers • Schools reopened in 1959 after the Supreme Court rules that schools must
2. Progress made by black Americans during WW2 integrate
• General Eisenhower integrated combat units 5. James Meredith case 1962
• By the end of WW2 600 black pilots had been trained and 58 black sailors • Supreme Court forced Mississippi University to accept the black student
had become officers James Meredith
• In 1946 the navy was desegregated and by 1948 all the armed services • Kennedy sent 320 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus
were desegregated • There were riots; 2 people were killed and 210 wounded
• 2 million black Americans were working in industry but were still • Kennedy then sent 2,000 troops to restore order
discrimination • 300 soldiers remained on campus to protect Meredith until he completed
• The Double V campaign - Victory against racism at home and abroad his degree
• NAACP membership rose from 50,000 to 450,000 during the war 6. The Montgomery Bus Boycott December 1955
3. Brown vs Topeka case (Kansas 1954) • Rosa Parks, refused to move seats, was arrested and fined $10
• Linda Brown had to walk 20 blocks to school even though there was a • Black community staged a boycott of the buses for 13 months until the bus
school for white people just two blocks away company gave in
• The NAACP took Topeka Board of Education to court • Martin Luther King showed that violence was not needed and that the
• Court declared that segregated schools was illegal Black community was united
• However there was no date by which schools had to desegregate • Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was illegal
• By 1957, 300,000 black children were attending desegregated schools.
However 2.4 million black children were still in segregated schools Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize:
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The issue of civil rights, 1941-70 (2)
7. Sit ins and the fight for equality 1960-1961 10. Freedom Marches
• CORE and the SNCC organised a series of sit-ins at Woolworth’s lunch- • In 1963 Martin Luther King led a march in Birmingham Alabama to end
counters throughout the South segregation
• The students refused to move until they were served. By August 1961 the • 500 protesters were arrested and water cannons, dogs and baton charges
sit-ins had attracted over 700,000 participants and resulted in over 3,000 on the peaceful protesters
arrests • These events were televised and helped turn public opinion against racists
• March on Washington (1963) In August 1963 over 250,000 people,
8. Freedom Rides (Transport) 1960
including 50,000 white Americans, marched to the Lincoln Memorial in the
• Supreme Court decided that all bus stations and terminals needed to be
capital city, Washington DC, to demand civil rights for all and King made
desegregated – the South didn’t comply
his famous “I have a dream” speech.
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), organised freedom rides from
Washington DC to Jackson in the south but they were attacked 11. The role of Malcolm X
• The Attorney General, Robert Kennedy had to send 500 marshals to protect • Malcolm was much more aggressive in defence of black rights than MLK’s
the freedom riders and believed MLK’s soft approach was not working
• 1961 the Interstate Commerce Commission declared that segregation in • He believed in the idea of “black power‟ and that the black community
bus terminals was illegal should be segregated from the white community and should not beg the
white man for equality - “Black is Beautiful”
9. The role of Martin Luther King • He appealed more to the urban Black people of the Northern cities who
• King believed in the non-violent methods, was a leaders of the SLCC and in could vote and were not segregated, but still were very poor and
1964 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize discriminated against
• He was ASSASSINATED in 1968 on a visit to Memphis Tennessee
• If they had used violence white racists could say that black people were not 12. Civil Rights Legislation
civilized and did not deserve rights • President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act 1964: banned segregation in
• King's methods made the white racists look even worse public places e.g. bus stations
• His peaceful methods won him respect and support from abroad • Voting Rights Act 1965: black people's right to vote was protected
(international support) for rights for black people • 1967: the Supreme Court declared that state laws forbidding interracial
marriages were unconstitutional
Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: • Fair Housing Act 1968: made it illegal to discriminate in jobs, housing
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7 • By 1969 64% of black Americans were registered to voteHISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The issue of civil rights, 1941-70 (3)
13. Race riots in the 1960s
• Riots took place in northern cities about the hardship Black people
Key Individuals/Organisations
suffered. In the North there was no official segregation and black people NAACP
had the vote
• There were riots in Harlem, New York in 1964 and other cities such as Linda Brown
Chicago and Detroit in 1966. In these latter riots people were killed when
black militants set fires and opened fire at police President Eisenhower
• The riot in the Watts district of Los Angeles in which 34 people were killed
1072 people were injured in 6 days of rioting James Meredith
14. The Black Panthers President Eisenhower
• Most violent and secret of the black power groups and were involved in
several bloody battles. Stokely Carmichael became its leader Rosa Parks
• Achievements of the Black Panthers –They established the ‘Free Breakfast
for Children Program’ in parts of California and Chicago. In addition, they Martin Luther King
provided clothing distribution centres, gave guidance on drugs
rehabilitation and assistance to those who had relatives in prison
MIA
15. The Mexico Olympics SNCC & SCLC
• At the 1968 Olympics Tommie Smith and john Carlos in order to show black
unity saluted with their rights hands to indicate Black Power. They were Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor
accused of brining politics in to sport and damaging the Olympic spirit. On
return they received several death threats. An Australian athlete – Peter President Kennedy
Norman also showed his support for the Black Power cause by wearing an
OPHR (Olympic Project for Human Rights) badge. The Australian Olympic
President Johnson
Committee was furious and did not select him for the 1972 Olympics Malcolm X
Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: Stokely Carmichael
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: Political change, 1960-2000
1. The New Frontier (JFK) 4. Domestic Policies of Reagan
• Aim: eliminate poverty, inequality and deprivation • Reaganomics – the idea was to cut taxes so that people had money to spend on goods, which
• Medicare, medical help for the elderly and a Civil Rights Bill; none of these were passed would create jobs
• Appointed first Black federal judge • Economic Recovery Tax Act
• Supported James Meredith • Stock market crash (1987) caused mainly by Regan’s economic policies
• Increased the minimum wage from $1.00 to $1.25 per hour • USA had the largest trading deficit and the economy was beginning to slow down as industry
• Spent $900 million on public works programmes Reagan's space policies (SDI – Strategic Defence initiative)
Opposition to the New Frontier (JFK) • Government was trying to send arms into space to protect America from a nuclear attack
• New Frontier went against the American ideals of rugged individualism • Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI or Star Wars) cost $26 billion
• Many in congress disliked the radical nature of the programme • Failures of the space programme
Reagan's other policies
2. Johnson's Great Society
• Women – Reagan opposed abortion
• The Medical Care Act (1965)
• AIDS –dismissive attitude to the AIDS. By 1989, government was spending $2.3 billion a year on
• He increased the minimum wage from $1.25 to $1.40
research
• 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed
• War on drugs –Reagan declared illegal drugs to be a threat to US national security.
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed
• Opposition to LBJ’s Great Society 5. The Bush Presidency
• Criticised for America's involvement in the Vietnam War • "Read my lips, no new taxes” but he broke his promise and increased taxes
• The standard of living in America was better than it was in Britain • Interest rates and inflation were low, but unemployment had risen to 7.8% the highest since
• Hispanic and black were still poor 1984
3. The Watergate Scandal – 1972 • In 1990, the Government's debt was three time more than it was in 1980
• Nixon set up CREEP which broke into the Democrats room to plant listening devices but they were • The American Disability Act (1990) was passed which protected disabled people from prejudice
caught • The Clean Air Act (1990) focused on reducing pollution
• Nixon denied any involvement in the break-in 6. Bill Clinton (1992-2000)
• Nixon had bugged his own office and was asked to hand over the tapes; he at first refused but • Wanted to reduce the debt and increase spending on social welfare
then handed them over heavily edited • In 1996 he introduced a minimum wage of $4.75 per hour, and in 1997 he increased that to
• On 30th April 1974 Nixon was forced to hand over the tapes, unedited. $5.15
The consequences of Watergate • In 1993 he introduced the Family and Medical Leave Act
• On 8th August 1974 Nixon to resign before he was impeached. • Gay men and women the right to serve in the armed forces
• America lost confidence in the Government and it was a turning point in their trust of the White • The Brady Bill (1993) enforced a five-day delay when purchasing a hand gun
House • Earned Income Tax Credit in order to help workers on low wages
• The scandal also affected America's reputation abroad • Bill Clinton was impeached in December 1998 due to his relationship with Monica Lewinsky
• Election Campaign Act 1974, Privacy Act 1974 and Congressional Budget Act 1974 • Clinton was also linked the Whitewater scandal of 1996
Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize:
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: Social change, 1950-2000
1. Music 6. Youth Culture
• 1950s: Rock and roll music: Music of the teenagers, which parents disliked. 1956 Elvis Presley: • 1950s: Invention of teenagers who want to rebel against everything – radicals known as
parents concerned about sensual style of performing and how it encourage youth to rebel ‘beatniks.’ Wore distinctive clothes and listening to their own music – generation gap
• 1960s: The Beatles and the Rolling Stones took the USA by storm. ‘Hard rock’ grew popular and • These changes occurred due to several factors: Young people had far more money to spend due
protest songs (Bob Dylan), became common. Parents were shocked by their teenagers’ anger and to the country’s increasing affluence. First generation to grow up under the shadow of nuclear
lack of respect for the law war Influenced by the youth films of the 1950s
• 1970s: disco performers: The Bee Gees, The Sunshine Band and The Jacksons became very • Youth counterculture (50s and 60s): Hair grown longer and beards became more common, Blue
popular. Heavy metal: Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple jeans and T-shirts. Use of illegal drugs increased. Contraceptive pill encourage greater sexual
• 1980s onwards: Rap and hip hop music developed and was a product of inner city problem areas freedom and promiscuity
2. Cinema • The hippy movement: Youths that ‘drop out’ of society. Their slogan was ‘Make love, not war.’
• Drive ins (50s & 60s)- open air cinemas enjoyed by young couple but seen as immoral by others and San Francisco was the capital. Behaviour led to clashes with the police. Influenced by rock
• Multiplexes (1963)- designed to encourage more people to go to the cinema groups - Woodstock rock concert at the end of the 1960s
• Anti-heroes/Method Actors - Young people wanted new symbols of rebellion. Hollywood • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS): The largest and most influential radical student
responded to this with the rise of the anti-hero characters organization of the 1960s. The SDS protested against the way Universities were run and the
Vietnam War
3. Television
• 7000 in 1946 to 50 million by 1960. By 1970 96% had TVs 7. Women
• Subscription TV such as cable and satellite became popular in the early 1980s • Impact of WW2: Increase in number working (factories/army) but dropped after WW2, growing
• Americans especially liked game shows, Soap opera, chats shows and Westerns independence. Earned 50-60% less them men and could be dismissed when they married
• What was portrayed on TV came to be accepted as normal • 1950s: Expected to be housewives but with Mod Cons became bored so began to challenge this
4. Developments in IT traditional role. The contraceptive pill gave females much greater choice In 1950, there were
• Personal Computers – Introduced 1990s, Microsoft (1975) and Apple (1976) 721,000 women at university. Once married still expected to be housewives
• The internet – In 1991, the first really user friendly interface to the internet was developed • The growth of the feminist movement (1960s): 95% of company managers were men. Only 7% of
• Gaming – First commercially viable video game was Computer Space in 1971 doctors were women. Only 4% of lawyers were women. In 1966 National Organisation for
• In the 1980s Nintendo introduced the first modern day game console Women (NOW) was established and demanded equal rights for women
• Impact on US society –the rise of near instant communication, social networking on the internet • The Women’s Liberation Movement and Legislature: radical group known as feminists. Wanted
as well as the various game consoles all signs of male supremacy to be removed. Their actions turned people against the cause
• The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required employers to pay women the same as men for the same job
5. Literature • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 stated that sexism were illegal
• The great American novel – The quest to write a novel that defined the meaning of being • The Educational Amendment Act (1972) outlawed sex discrimination in education
‘American.’ E.g. To Kill a Mockingbird and The Catcher in the Rye • 1973 – Abortion Legalised – women could choose whether to have children
• Counterculture – led the way in rebelling against conservative/traditional values • 1978 – The Pregnancy Discrimination Act – banned employment discrimination against pregnant
• Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique (1963) challenged the traditional role of women and Ralph women
Ellison novel, Invisible Man (1952) highlighted racial tension in the North.
Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize:
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: Cold War rivalry
1. Fear of communism & Soviet Expansion in Europe 4. The Cuban Missile crisis (13 days in October 1962)
• USA (capitalist) feared communism which was shown in the Red Scare and • 1954 Castro ousted USA back Batista from Cuba and removed US businesses.
McCarthyism (late 1940s &1950)s US (Kennedy) refused to buy Cuban sugar – USSR (Khrushchev) did instead
• Post WW2 the Red Army controlled Easter Europe and set up closely controlled • April 1961 JFK sent the Bay of Pigs invasion
governments (satellite states e.g. Poland) • 1961 Castro converts to Communism
• Truman was convinced that Stalin wanted to expand in to Western Europe • Khrushchev establishes Soviet bases in Cuba
• 14th October an American U-2 spy plane photographs the USSR missile sites so
2. Yalta Conference – Jan 1945 Kennedy creates a naval blockade
• Divided Germany in to 4 zones. • Letter used to negotiate. USSR to withdraw missiles if USA didn’t invade Cuba
Potsdam Conference – July/August 1945 and withdrew missiles from Turkey
• To demilitarise and divide Germany and Berlin as stated at Yalta • A telephone hotline link established
• To re-establish democracy in Germany
• Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies
• To ban the Nazi Party 5. Vietnam War
• To participate fully in the United Nations organisation. • Reasons for US involvement: Vietnam was in danger of becoming Communist.
US containment policy and Domino Theory meant that USA felt they had in
3. The Berlin Crisis 1948-1949 intervene to prevent the spread. 1963 Diem (US Backed leader in the South)
• Germany was divided into 4 sections. The western zones received Marshall Aid and free
elections to establish democracy was over thrown. August 1964 the US destroyer Maddox was fired on by
• Soviet Eastern Germany didn’t, as Stalin feared that a ‘western’ currency and democracy North Vietnamese
• 1948, the Allies created a West German state so Stalin accused the West of interfering • US methods of warfare in Vietnam: Operation Rolling Thunder, Chemical
• On the 24th June 1948, Stalin cut off road, rail and canal traffic to Berlin from the western zone warfare (Agent Orange and Napalm) and Search and destroy
of Germany in attempt to starve the Allies out of West Berlin. (Berlin Blockade) • Reasons for US defeat: North Vietnamese were fighting of a cause, effective
Events and results of the Berlin crisis
• Allies airlift supplies (food, clothing, oil, building materials) into Berlin - began on 28th June
use of guerrilla tactics, support from USSR, China, and South Vietnamese and
1948 and lasted for 10 months use of tunnels. Inexperienced USA troops, opposition at home, and the Tet
• During this period there were a total of 275,000 flights with an average of 4000 tonnes of Offensive
supplies each day • US withdrawal and peace talks: 36,000 US soldiers killed, peace talks were
• On 12th May 1949 Stalin called off the blockade. The crisis greatly increases East-West rivalry – halting and ineffective. Nixon’s visit to china was the turning point with the
this led to creation of NATO
• Truman saw the outcome of the crisis as a great victory – his policy of containment had worked
ceasefire coming in Jan 1973 – it didn’t last and the communists took over.HISTORY YEAR 11 HALF TERM 3&4: The search for world peace since 1970
1. Détente 4. Gorbachev’s new policies
• Cuban Missile Crisis: USA and USSR were keen on arms limitation talks • Gorbachev reformed in the Communist Party and Soviet system in the USSR – economic reforms,
• Nixon improved trade/technology links and offered to reduce arms to end the Vietnam relaxed censorship, and ended arms race by signing arms treaties and stopped interfering with
War satellite states
• Reagan and Gorbachev’s relations started frosty but quickly improved
• The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 gave rise to the Brezhnev Doctrine
• Economic policies where not very effective and decreased censorship increased criticism of
• SALT I – this agreement imposed limits on the nuclear capability of the USA and USSR communism
• SALT II –a limit on nuclear delivery vehicles; a limit on re-entry vehicle systems; a ban on
5. The end of the arms race
the construction of new ICBM launchers. US refused to ratify it! • Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, 1987 –first treaty to reduce the number of nuclear missiles
• Helsinki Agreements 1975 –develop commercial, economic, scientific, technical and • Moscow summit (1988)– led to the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty
cultural fields – USA, USSR and 33 other nations • George Bush Sr and Gorbachev were able to announce that the Cold War was over in 1989
• Ping pong diplomacy –China helping USA sportsman. First group of US citizens permitted • Washington summit 1990: Bush and Gorbachev discussed START and finally signed the START I in
to visit China since 1949. US lifted trade embargos. 1972, Nixon would become the first 1991.
resident to visit China
6. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the USSR
2. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1978 • November 1991 the East German government opened the border crossings in to West Germany
• People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA – communist) overthrew the government • The people began to dismantle the Wall. West and East Germany were formally reunited in
of Afghanistan October 1990
• Muslims were treated harshly so they created a guerrillas movement to overthrow the • The new Germany joined NATO and in 1991 the Warsaw Pact was dissolved
government
• The USSR saw fundamentalism as a great threat to the Soviet system. 50,000 Soviet 7. Iran 1979
troops were sent to restore order and protect the PDPA • Pahlavi, USA backed leader of Iran, tried to modernise his country but was forced to abdicate
thus unsettling the region
• President Carter adopted a firm approach and created The Carter Doctrine stated that the
• Religious fundamentalist got control which worried the USA (Iran had lots of oil)
USA would use military force if necessary too defend its national interests in the Persian
• The Iranian hostage crisis (4th Nov 1979) the US Embassy in Tehran was taken over by militant
Gulf region Iranian students and hostages were taken. US tried to us force to get them back this failed –
3. Reagan and the ‘Second Cold War’ negotiations took place. 20th January 1981 52 American hostages were released by Iran in to US
• Reagan was tough with USSR and had no interest in détente. He created SDI – Star Wars custody, having spent 444 days in captivity
which the USSR could not compete with 8. Gulf War 1990 – 1991
• 1990 Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait, due to debts, historic land claims, believed
USA backing - Bush did not support it due to oil
Additional information can be found at BBC Bitesize: • The United Nations imposed sanctions on Iraq and then sent forces to Saudi Arabia (Operation
Desert Shield) and then Operation Desert Saber, to free Kuwait
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/z29rbk7 • Saddam withdraw with much of his army intactYou can also read
