Anniversary Brochure Competence Centre - 10 Years 20 Years ifa Research Programme "Culture and Foreign Policy"
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Anniversary
Brochure
Competence
Centre
10 Years
ifa Research Programme “Culture and Foreign Policy”
20 Years
ifa Research Award on Foreign Cultural Policy3 Welcoming Address Does this sound familiar? Sometimes you only become aware of some- The Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) has accompanied Germa-
4 Introduction thing when it is missing. On average, humans breathe 20,000 times a ny’s international cultural policy for ten years with its Research Pro-
8 “Research can contribute to global debate” day. But only when we run out of breath, do we really become aware gramme “Culture and Foreign Policy”. It brings experts and practition-
that we cannot live without breathing. ers from politics, science and culture together. For 20 years, the ifa
10 10 Years Research Programme “Culture and Foreign Policy” Research Award has honoured outstanding dissertations at the inter-
And what applies to the air we breathe, equally applies to freedom. face between culture and foreign policy.
10 About Us Nowadays, most of us take freedom for granted, and we no longer
10 Facts and Figures actively perceive it. But freedom cannot be taken for granted. This is The Research Programme offers the freedom to think outside the box
12 Our Topics what history has shown us. And a look at the world shows us that too. and to leave the beaten track. The Research Award gives junior
14 The Development of the Research Programme We are currently experiencing a worldwide phase of isolationism and a researchers an important voice in topical discourse on foreign cultural
rising wave of nationalism. Free spaces are shrinking, liberties are being and educational policy, thus making an important contribution to the
18 Insights into the Projects and Topics of ifa’s Research Programme
curtailed. Where society is cut off from the air of free speech, social further development of our international cultural work. The world
18 “Migration is presented as a threat”
exchange and creativity are also suffocated. simply is not the same as it was 20 years ago, and foreign cultural and
19 “Cultural exchange is the lifeline of dialogue” educational policy should not be either.
21 Publications in the ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy Foreign cultural and educational policy preserves free spaces and creates
places of liberty. It opens doors and promotes the exchange of ideas and It is clear what is at stake today: the global challenges of the 21st century
25 20 Years ifa Research Award on Foreign Cultural Policy concepts. A supply of oxygen for democracy and human rights. demand exchange, the sharing of knowledge, a cosmopolitan mindset.
Only dialogue, constructive disagreement and the contemplation of
25 About Us
different perspectives can prevent our world from running out of breath.
26 “We promote a young view on foreign cultural policy”
28 Facts and Figures The Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen and Research Programmes
30 Distinguished! Laureate Portraits such as “Culture and Foreign Policy” supply the air we need to breathe.
36 “Trust is the prerequisite for cooperation for equal cooperation” At the moment, it needs it more than ever. So: Congratulations on the
10th anniversary of the Research Programme and the 20th of the
38 Competence Centre “Culture and Foreign Policy” Research Award, and the very best wishes for the next decade.
38 The ifa Library
38 The Academic Council on Culture and Foreign Policy (WIKA)
38 International Cultural Relations Research Alliance (ICRRA)
39 Words of Thanks
40 Imprint
© Jorinde Gersina
Michelle Müntefering,
Minister of State at the German
Federal Foreign Office
Anniversary Brochure
Competence Centre Welcoming Address
2 3“Social integration of the divided society” A precondition for this are further efforts for department‐overlapping ideological baggage and national hubris or they exhibit the potential Instead of communicating the ‘values for which we stand’, an exchange
by Sigrid Weigel measures, which do not pass beyond the realms of possibility, as long as for intercultural perspectives. The necessary interaction between according to the stated principles of mutuality ‘among equals’ requires
they are within the area of competence and responsibility of German domestic and foreign cultural policy means that strengthening civil a dialogue without prejudging the outcomes as it is called for by voices
“As paradoxically as it may sound, foreign cultural policy politics and as long as the political will is given. society abroad must correspond to the complementary support of from outside of Europe. Not least, in the interests of FCEP’s credibility
must start in one’s own country.” domestic projects as knowledge and experience carriers in terms of it is also necessary to incorporate the involvement of German history
(Hans Heinrich von Herwarth, 1965) The study analyses the perspectives of German foreign cultural policy contact with otherness and difference. In addition to the showcase within the history of colonialism and its after‐effects that are still
that go beyond a nation state focus as well as the following necessary projects, wide‐ranging support of local intercultural artistic and musical visible today in the image of European and German culture and in the
“...and it is our intention to proceed from a foreign policy interlinkages of FCEP with other departments and domestic as well as projects is needed. In the field of academia, internationalisation is policy of the cultural heritage as well, i.e., reinforce the perspectives
of nations to a foreign policy of societies.” non‐state actors in partner countries. In the following, the historical and currently increasingly leading to monolingualism (international of postcolonial countries in the policy of restitution. A partner‐like
(Ralf Dahrendorf, 1969) conceptual prerequisites for this question are investigated, the current English) and a tendency for the transfer to be in just one direction. exchange also requires the admission that even for a major part of the
problem situation is outlined and practical suggestions are made. In this regard, FCEP (in cooperation with German science policy) is German/European population the realisation falls short of the declared
After the end of the Cold War, the global victory of democracy needed in order to further institutionally develop the Europeanisation global objectives and the ‘values’ that the FCEP wants to promote.
was assumed in international politics. Since then, there have been A brief journey through the development of Germany’s foreign of the humanities and cultural studies and to work against the existing However, cooperative work on shared problems which are still to be dealt
fundamental changes caused by the growing gap between the winners cultural and educational policy over the past 50 years shows that the asymmetry in “translation politics” in order to internationalise the with domestically (such as social injustice or environmental issues) can
and losers of globalisation (internationally, within Europe as well process of broadening began with a commitment to development policy German‐language humanities and cultural sciences through targeted reduce the asymmetry in the development cooperation to some extent
as domestically), by global waves of migration, crises and conflicts, objectives. Since then, FCEP has found itself in a structural dilemma funding of translations. and respond to the scepticism regarding a new western hegemony
climate change, new autocracies, the shady supremacy of transnational between responsibility for the stated fundamental values and the dressed up as culture. Development cooperation literally means to not
concerns and politics’ loss of control over the financial markets. international competitive interests of Germany. In the course of incorporating national policy in the EU, UN or only work together on developing countries but to also work together
Against this backdrop, national policy concepts tailored to departments If FCEP is not to degenerate into the moral conscience and an other supranational bodies and under the impression that the when it comes to realising public policy objectives in one’s own
reach their limits. New strategies of global governance in transnational instrument to compensate for damage caused by globalisation, then the European nation state has come under pressure in the international country as well as in partner countries.
networks, the interlinking with domestic politics and a greater broadening of the expectations placed on it must correspond to it being political discussion, the current reorientation of the FCEP is primarily
involvement of the civil society are needed. ascribed more political importance. Since every measure of foreign trade debated, amongst other things, under the question of a ‘post nation For the European nation states, the question of a post nation state
or international commercial policy indirectly pursues cultural policy state cultural policy’. Consequently, it is centrally about the questions cultural policy encounters different requirements. This is not just because
That applies particularly in regard to foreign cultural policy. If in in the sense that it impacts the culture of economic activity, the social concerning the future of the nation state and concerning possible of the historical asynchrony, in particular between Western Europe
the past the aim was primarily to communicate a suitable image structure and the way of life in the partner countries, a sustainable transformations of the national culture on Germany’s journey to a and those post‐soviet countries that have only recently gained their
of Germany to other countries, then for decades there has been an FCEP is dependent on being closely connected with cultural policies culturally diverse immigration society. sovereignty and treat cultural politics as a question of national identity
ongoing broadening in progress: by way of commitment to global on a federal and regional level, with development policy and trade as but is also due to the current weakening of state sovereignty due to
regulatory objectives (strengthening international law, supporting well as foreign trade politics. Therefore, the expertise from FCEP must The nation state is one of the key concepts of European history multinational corporations and the loss in acceptance of parliamentary
transformation and democratisation processes, supporting sustainable be firmly and regularly incorporated in other policy departments. that are subjected to radical criticism by postcolonial theory. Whereas democracy. Transferring nation state competencies to supranational
resource‐saving economies, crises prevention etc.). The power the criticism of the Eurocentric view of the Western historiography bodies is problematic as long as it is linked with a loss of democratic
of persuasion of such an ambitious FCEP (foreign cultural and Recently, above all more rhetorical importance has been ascribed and the cultural hegemony of the West over the Orient remains to a processes (as in the case of the EU). Cultural politics do not stay
educational policy) is dependent on the credibility of its measures; and to FCEP using terms such as soft power, cultural diplomacy and broad extent very abstract, the criticism of nation is primarily based untouched by the current pointed controversies on questions of national
it is judged by its practical political work, foreign and domestic. Global competing narratives etc. An examination of the origin of these on the idea of a homogeneous nation, which leads to the exclusion of sovereignty. These directly impact democratic culture (shown in such
governance objectives require a political practice beyond conventional concepts makes it clear that they originate almost entirely from Cold (religious, ethnic or cultural) others; moreover postcolonialism rejects cases as Brexit and Catalonian independence movements). In addition,
bilateral and multilateral foreign policy. Such practice must seek War politics as cultural policy seconds of power political interests. the transferability of the European ways to other regions in the new the history of human rights teaches that they will always remain ideal
its partners among stakeholders who have set themselves the same A serious FCEP does not need such rhetoric. However, its biggest world order. In contrast, the function of nationalism is contentiously and abstract when they are not secured by civil rights and a democratic
objectives; these stakeholders are increasingly NGOs and other local obstacle is German domestic policy’s and EU policy’s loss of credibility. judged, on the one hand as an instance of isolation and exclusion of political culture. Recent developments also show that ‘the people’
and/or transnationally networked civil society actors. Broadening the tasks of FCEP is associated with an expanded concept homogeneous nation states and on the other hand as an instance of answer with nationalistic tendencies and often with calls for strong
of culture. It does not have to come into conflict with the support for integration for countries with great cultural diversity. In this regard, leadership when the state shows weakness or when the rule of law fails.
artistic projects and quality standards. However, the FCEP should be in cooperation with the partner countries which are in the process
aware with which concept of culture it is working. The prerequisites of nation building, the FCEP firstly has the task of developing plural Foreign cultural policy that wants to overcome national borders is
in terms of the history of ideas for individual cultural concepts forms and ways of exiting postcolonial, post‐imperial and post‐soviet dependent on a domestic culture, which actualises the basic principles
illustrate the fact that they are in different ways burdened with conditions. formulated with the German constitution through a lived democratic
culture but is free from nationalistic ideologies and resentments.
Introduction
4 5The dynamic of the current conflicts can be illustrated by a historical‐ An alternative to the normative orientations is found in collaborative Even though this is a department‐overlapping mammoth‐operation it But how can you expect empathy with refugees from those who perceive
structural analysis of the emergence of the various European nation work on memory. The lessons from German history, which have given is now high time to fundamentally examine Germany’s Africa policy. themselves as victims of a, as they see it, cold‐hearted society?
states (formed out of the elements of sovereignty, territoriality and the German constitution its particular character, cannot be the object All the more so because it is currently running the risk of becoming
nation). It shows that a fundamental tension in the relationship of a confession for the younger generations of Germans nor for the subordinate to short‐term strategic interests, which would contradict “The quality of dialogue is an indicator of the state of health of our
between the sovereignty and constitutional aspect on the one hand and migrants. Both of these groups have no direct reference experience with the principle of the sustainability of foreign cultural policy. democracies,” says the Manifesto of the European Year of Citizens 2013.
the nation on the other is inherent in the nation state. The problematic this history. Against the backdrop that the German “culture of memory” In the sense of this benchmark, above all different formats to increase
nature of the nation state is therefore found less so in the nation state is increasingly becoming content‐empty rituals and gestures of pathos, “Multiculturalism”, which was developed as a counter pole to the citizen participation are needed, for instance, the Folkehøring as tried
form of political community but rather in the tension‐filled dynamic of historians are demanding collaborative work on the awareness of history. accelerated assimilation pressure, suffered a similar fate to the concept and tested in Scandinavia for negotiating the most divisive topics. And
its components. For that reason, one can and must include the experiences of the of “transnationalism”. However, it becomes apparent that both it is high time to take seriously the problems which form the serious
migrants, e.g., by having a focus on historical constellations and topics in concepts, that of multiculturalism and that of assimilation, are based core of the demands of populist tendencies, for instance by means of
This problem concerns the modern secular state in particular in regard which German history is linked with the history of the countries of origin. on the idea of a quasi “collective identity”. In the political arena this the reappraisal of the German unification process by a peace commission.
to those prelegal prerequisites that have taken the place of religion: idea leads to mutual isolation and has contributed to the development
as the relative common ground of the convictions that underpin the By following global regulative goals FCEP answers to the of parallel societies. A policy of integration in the form of a socially and What Germany needs is a comprehensive programme for the social
fundamental rights. In this regard, freedom of religion and expression transformation processes caused, or rather accelerated by globalisation. spatially differentiated cultural practice and a societal culture of integration of the divided society within Germany as a prerequisite for
(within the limits of existing laws), even for such minorities in whose These lead to increasingly strong interdependences between domestic recognition must be developed as a counter measure. Germany still lacks the acceptance, credibility and coherence of a successful and forward
own convictions these values are not enshrined, take centre place. and international socio‐cultural processes, e.g., in the connection the comprehensive awareness of an immigration society where there is looking foreign cultural policy. And consequently, just like foreign
This problem, which is posed through the transformation into an open between foreign policy, trade policy, development policy and room for cultural multilingualism. In order to get there, the lessons policy must start domestically (cf. Herwarth 1965), so should the
society of pluralistic ways of life and cultural diversity, is currently migration movements, in regard to the erosion of national and global learned from the existing detailed research on the predominantly failed detailed, experience‐led knowledge that FCEP has of other cultures,
being discussed under the heading non‐negotiables; the solutions are democratic processes domestically and in partner countries, and in the integration of the German Turks must be dealt with: by way of efforts migration, integration, participation and cooperation between public
being sought in various concepts of culture. In this regard, it comes relationship of the prerequisites for a successful integration policy with to overcome the “media ghettoisation”, an overhaul of the German offices and civil society stakeholders be deployed in the domestic
to light that value‐orientated discourses are by their nature basically the development of parallel societies and the upturn in nationalistic policy on Islam, which ultimately led to a strengthening of conservative migration debate and policy.
intolerant. They elevate their own approach to life to be the standard ideologies. Thus, in pursuing its objectives, the FCEP is increasingly Islam and to Turkish national policies having influence in Germany,
and legitimise that with “cultural national roots”. The prerequisites more reliant on the policies of other departments. And due to the a reform of the naturalisation policy and much more. On the other This text is an excerpt from the study “Transnational foreign
are a “national culture” and a “national identity” which historically fact that only those aspects of FCEP can be sustainable which are hand, there are innumerable local initiatives and projects that carry cultural policy – Beyond national culture. Prerequisites and pers
have never existed in this form since these concepts are the product of carried by domestic culture and society, it is reliant on cooperation out very successful integration work. Decentralising the refugee and pectives for the intersection of domestic and foreign policy”,
narratives guided by unity that were brought forth by humanities in partners that advocate a lived democratic society, integration and integration policy would not only avoid many problems that are which was produced within the framework of ifa’s Research
the 19th century. This context also includes the seemingly unsuspicious citizen participation within the country. This is why the study needs to currently being created but would also have greater sustainability. Programme.
concept of a “cultural nation”, which imagined the belated German thematically touch on the discussion of the domestic prerequisites of
nation as the intellectually superior nation of inner values, namely in a “foreign policy of societies” (Dahrendorf); because foreign cultural That requires above all a lived democracy and a relative social peace. Prof. Dr. Sigrid Weigel is an expert in literary studies and cultural
a counter position to the images of a superficial “civilisation” (France) policy begins, as Herwarth already pointed out in 1965, “within one’s Currently, there are numerous factors that are obstacles: the growing science, she has taught in Hamburg, Zurich, Berlin and Princeton among
and a “cold parliamentarism” (England). Due to this ideological own country”. And since then, the connection between foreign and division between rich and poor in Germany, politics’ loss of control others and from 1999 to 2015, she was the director of the Zentrum für
contamination the concept “cultural nation” is less suitable for cultural domestic has become much tighter. and acceptance, the radical structural change in the public and the Literatur- und Kulturforschung (ZfL – Centre for Literary and Cultural
policy – for describing Germany as a cultural nation indirectly implies erupting tension between East and West. Lacking the feeling of belong- Research). She established a programme of intercultural literary studies
the assumption of other nations to whom this attribute cannot be The concept of transnationality initially included the promise of ing and the impression of being a second class citizen, i.e., indicators at the University of Hamburg in the 1970s/1980s, she has worked for
ascribed. overcoming nation state limitations through universal mobility and the of insufficient integration are shared by the majority of the inhabitants many years on the topic of cultural memory, cultural heritage and
development of international arenas for cultural diversity. However, of the East German Länder as well as many migrants and those at risk national culture/culture nation, and at the ZfL, among other things,
the field is currently dominated by multinational concerns and of poverty. she headed up projects on the plural culture of Europe, on dialectic of
transnational criminality. Under these conditions, international policy secularisation and the survival of religious cultures.
is searching for new forms of global governance, e.g., the cooperation
of local stakeholders and transnational civil society networks. There
are encouraging models for collaboration between the market, local
producers, and European consumers. Though development policies
so far, particularly in regard to Africa, did not lead to the removal but
© Hartwig Klappert
rather to an increase in the economic and social asymmetries, which
directly affect the possible actions of FCEP.
6 7Five Voices of Experts from Culture and
Science on the 10th Anniversary of the
© ZAK/Felix Grünschloss
Research Programme and the 20th
Anniversary of the Research Award
“Science can support political practitioners with relevant
interdisciplinary research and networks of associated fields of
“At a time when nationalism, populism, cultural backlash, open politics. It can further develop and explore elementary theoretical
hostilities and hatred are rising, maintaining international conver- foundations of foreign cultural and educational policy, intercultural
sation, understanding, and people-to-people contacts is crucial to and civil-societal dialogue; it can evaluate international cultural
keep cultures, groups, and individuals together. Research lies at relations and develop innovative models for foreign cultural and
“Culture is universal and at the same time local and related to the the heart of international cultural relations as it provides “We are culture bearing animals living in an increasingly connected educational policy. In times of worldwide digital communication,
identity of each people. We also live in a pluralistic world and each evidence for what works and what doesn’t in international world, so research into cultural relations not only adds to the store ofscholarly research should make a contribution to creating more trans-
country is a different melting pot of several nationalities. 21st Century cooperation. Research can contribute to global debate and practice human knowledge, it also helps us understand ourselves better, it can parency in the complex field of subjects, actors and duties of foreign
connections allow us to be in touch with other countries and for this and make the world a better place. ifa’s work stimulates the help us to understand how to better build the conditions for trust and cultural and educational policy. Science can provide thematic
reason creating a network of international cultural relations is exchange amongst cultural actors and researchers by providing a cooperation between peoples, and what works to connect and build impulses, generate knowledge and thus give rise to an improved trans-
a priority and must be cheered. The research in this field is relatively network and platform for connecting knowledge, experiences, and mutual understanding across both difference and distance. fer of knowledge and stronger networks of actors participating in
new and we are glad to be able to be part of it.“ ideas.” Collaborating in research can also be cultural relations in its own foreign cultural policy.
right, as ifa and global partners are demonstrating in starting to con-
Silvia Finguerut, architect and coordinator of culture and urbanism Eva Polonska-Kimunguyi, Research Fellow, LSE Media and vene an international cultural relations research alliance invit- Caroline Y. Robertson-von Trotha, Founding Director of ZAK (Zentrum
projects at the Brazilian think-tank FGV (Fundação Getulio Vargas) Communications Department and Teaching Fellow, LSE Government ing in academics, practitioners, and decision makers.” für Angewandte Kulturwissenschaft and Studium Generale) at the Institut
Department für Technologie in Karlsruhe
Dan Shah, British Council, Head of Research, Director Research and
Policy Insight
“In the year 2020, cultural questions are at the forefront of
national and international policies and it is imperative that
these questions are informed with sound research, analyses, and
data. Prominent institutions such as ifa have led the way in thinking
about salient cultural questions in our midst. These range from long-
term questions dealing with transnational cultural interactions such
as public diplomacy and soft power, to relatively new questions dealing
with the rise of populism, impacts of immigration and refugees, or
relations with great powers such as China.”
J.P. Singh, Professor of International Commerce and Policy, George
Mason University
“Research can contribute
to global debate”
8 976 90
About Us Facts and Figures
Research Programme “Culture and Foreign Policy”
10
In ifa’s Research Programme “Culture and Foreign Policy”,
experts research on current issues of foreign cultural and
educational policy. The Research Programme sets topics and
develops recommendations for the strengthening and further
development of international cultural relations. The research PROJECTS EXPERTS
results are reflected in expert discussions, at international
conferences and in public discussions and published in the
series ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy as well as the
impulse papers ifa-Inputs.
YEARS
90 experts have conducted research on foreign cultural and educational
policy subjects for the Research Programme over the last ten years.
They are scientists or practitioners. In any case, they are experts in their
field and thus support a research-based foreign cultural and educational
policy.
10 Years
102 EVENTS
Research Programme
“Culture and
Foreign Policy”
83
PUBLICATIONS
10 11Over the last 10 years, ifa’s Research
Programme has given impulses in many
different areas – always at the interface of
foreign cultural and educational policy.
Since the Research Programme’s inception, digitisation has been
Many research projects have addressed the subject of the “culture of an important aspect in the world of employment, as well as in
remembrance” at events and in publications, illustrating and discussing international cultural relations: How can better use be made of
different international perspectives on historic events. digitisation for international exchange? What are the risks?
European networking and Europe’s cultural policy form an important
The connection between domestic and foreign policy with regard part of the research on foreign cultural and educational policy.
to culture and cultural policy was another cross-sectional subject. Repeatedly, the Research Programme has examined individual
To which extent should these two issues be interconnected? countries or the role of culture in EU foreign relations.
The role that religion plays in foreign cultural policy is becoming more
and more significant. Therefore, previous projects have taken a closer Furthermore, the issue of human rights regularly comes back into
look at different religious movements, their cultural-political aims and focus: How do culture and human rights belong together? What can
their backgrounds. the cultural sector do to better protect human rights?
CULTURAL EDUCATION AND BRAZIL RELIGION
MEXICO
MENA REGION MYANMAR
SERBIA
UKRAINE DIGITISATION
INDUSTRIES SCIENCE COOPERATION COUNTRY
CREATIVE ASIA CULTURE AND FUNDAMENTAL
BELARUS
STUDIES
RUSSIA
INDUSTRIES
CHINA
QUESTIONS OF FOREIGN
CONFLICT
INDONESIA
IRAN
LATIN AMERICA POLAND CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY
REFUGEES AND
EUROPE INTEGRATION CIVIL SOCIETY
CUBA
Our Topics CULTURAL EDUCATION ESTONIA
12 132010 2011
2010: The Research Programme is founded as a scholarship 2011: The first joint conference with ifa and the EU National 2011: A first cooperation project with Deutsche Welle on the subject
programme for young researchers in the field of foreign cultural Institutes for Culture, EUNIC, takes place in Brussels. of Digital Diplomacy is launched, subsequently developing into the
and educational policy. First publication of the Culture Report “Progress Europe” as a series MedienKulturen published by Steidl-Verlag.
EUNIC yearbook. For the first time, a publication is the subject of a panel discussion at
the Frankfurt Book Fair.
2011: Anticipating the signs of the time, the research project on 2012: A research project on the new EU cultural programme
Cultural Relations in the Mediterranean Region starts, while the first “Creative Europe” starts. The publication appears in three languages.
2011 2012
upheavals in the Arab world become palpable. This leads to the The second large conference “Europe from the Outside” with ifa and
anthology “An der Zeitenwende – Europa, das Mittelmeer und die EUNIC takes place in Brussels.
arabische Welt”, which is produced in cooperation with the foundation
Stiftung Wissensraum Europa – Mittelmeer (WEM).
2013: A research project on the subject “First World War Remem- 2013/2014: ifa’s Research Programme becomes a consortium
brance Culture Worldwide” starts. This is followed by a major partner in the context of the EU project Preparatory Action “Culture
international conference at the German Federal Foreign Office on in EU External Relations”.
2013 2014
the subject and the publication of an anthology to commemorate
the 100th anniversary of the beginning of the First World War.
2014: A research project is implemented in preparation for the 2014: The first study on Cultural Education appears. Further studies
Germany Year in Mexico. Germany Years or theme years are on Cultural Education follow, including a cooperation of ifa and the
repeatedly taken up by the Research Programme, including the Stiftung Mercator on the joint project “Cultural Education: Theory
Humboldt theme season in 2018. and Practice in German-Chinese Exchange”.
2015: In the context of the increasingly acute refugee situation, 2015: German-Chinese cultural relations shift into focus. There is a
a research project on foreign cultural and educational policy in research project as well as the Public Diplomacy Forum together with
refugee camps starts. the Robert Bosch Stiftung in cooperation with the Dutch Clingendael
2015
Institute and the Chinese Charhar Institute.
2016: The first research project on international creative 2016: Three research projects address Europe’s colonial past: one on
2016
industries starts, followed by another one on the creative industries the Humboldt Forum, one on asymmetrical cooperation, and a back-
in sub-Saharan Africa in 2018. ground project on Germany’s colonial history in Namibia.
The Development
of the Research Programme
14 152017
2017: The increasing polarisation of global politics gives rise to 2017: A panel discussion on Intangible Cultural Heritage takes
additional urgent projects. One project addresses the US election, place as part of the European Culture Forum in Milan. In the same
another one Brexit and a third nationalism and its effects on year, there is also a cooperation with the German Archaeological
foreign policy. Institute (DAI) on the subject of cultural heritage, which results in
another study.
2018
2017: “ifa Input” is established, a short paper format which 2018: The Martin Roth Initiative (MRI) for the protection of art and
addresses topical subjects succinctly and concisely. cultural creators is jointly founded by the Goethe Institute and ifa.
Soon, the research programmes of ifa and MRI collaborate, and both
publish in the ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy. The subject
matter is civil society’s scope for action.
2018: The first country study on Indonesia is in the making. 2018: In the age of social media and fluid information opportunities,
Cuba, Brazil and Ukraine are other countries that have been the subject of communication is also becoming increasingly important
examined in such studies. in foreign cultural and educational policy. A research project on
Russia’s strategic communication starts, further studies follow – also
an anthology.
2018-2020: ifa’s Research Programme accompanies the Strategy 2019: Previous research projects on religion and foreign policy
Process Foreign Cultural and Educational Policy 2020 for a new are supplemented with a research project on the peace potential of
approach to foreign cultural and educational policy. evangelical churches in the USA and Latin America.
2019: On ifa’s initiative, a network on international cultural relations 2020: ifa’s Research Programme celebrates its 10th anniversary.
2019 2020
(International Cultural Relations Research Alliance – ICRRA) is In accompaniment to Germany’s Council presidency, a project on the
founded in London in cooperation with the British Council. EU’s approach to culture and the UN’s Sustainable Development
Goals is launched. The results are presented and discussed at a public
event with EUNIC and a pan-European Senior Officials Meeting.
2021
2021: Looking to the f uture
Launch of the ECP Monitor together with the Hertie School of
Governance. The Monitor is an online tool for foreign cultural and
educational policy, which makes the foreign cultural and educational
policy of various countries visible and comparable.
16 17“Migration is presented as a threat” “Cultural exchange is the lifeline of dialogue” By increasingly using targeted sanctions, the U.S., the EU and also the
United Nations are trying to avoid undesirable consequences for the
War refugees, irregular migrants, benefits tourists – in media The media often paints the picture of “uncontrolled rising migration For decades, sanctions have been a much-used instrument in people in the respective country and to support oppositional forces.
coverage on refugees and migration, completely different streams” to Europe. Does that correspond with reality? foreign policy; for example, in cases of human rights violations, How “smart” are these “smart sanctions” really?
concepts are conflated. Where does reporting fail? How could it The media enjoy using the metaphor of the “full boat”. breaches of international law, or the development of weapons The disastrous humanitarian consequences of the full United
be improved? An interview with the communication scientist However, current studies show, for example, that migration in Africa of mass destruction. The aim is to isolate the respective country Nations embargo against Iraq in the 1990s were the basis for this
Anke Fiedler. is more intra- than intercontinental, and far less migrants come to economically and thus to persuade its government to change change of direction.
Europe than suggested to the public. The dimension of internal course. However, such measures also impact on local civil soci While Iraqis suffered under the economic crisis and the collapse of the
Ms Fiedler, why do people decide to leave their home countries? migration which significantly exceeds that of migration to Europe is ety and cultural relations. Christian von Soest, an expert of ifa’s health care system, Iraq’s ruler, Saddam Hussein, continued to consoli-
There are many reasons. Armed conflicts, persecution, war. hardly mentioned in the media. Research Programme “Culture and Foreign Policy”, researches date his power and even increased the oppression of the population.
But also the desire for a better life, the lack of perspective at home, the the influence of sanctions on cultural relations. However, targeted sanctions can have unintended effects; for example,
search for a job or thirst for adventure. But why do we always think of To which extent does media reporting pay tribute to the diverse reasons on cultural exchange. Therefore, instead of calling them “smart” I
refugees and migrants from Africa and the Middle East when we speak for refugee migration? Mr von Soest, neither sanctions nor the research on this subject are new. would explicitly call them targeted sanctions. One criticism of sanctions
of “people who leave their home country”? We Europeans also leave For example, current research in communication sciences by However, little attention is paid to their effects on cultural relations. is that they impede on cultural relations. This is regrettable in view of
our countries and move to Canada, the USA or Australia, for example. Kai Hafez, Carola Richter or Christine Horz shows that migrants are Why is that? human rights violations or breaches of international law, but is it never-
Why do we do that? The reasons are complex. usually portrayed negatively in the media. The reasons motivating the Cultural relations are generally not the aim of sanctions. On theless acceptable? For western states this is indeed a dilemma. They
people are rarely covered, which results in migration being portrayed the contrary: sanctioners such as the European Union often even try cannot leave unaddressed serious human rights violations and threats
For your study “Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe” you less as a complex social phenomenon but rather as a threat. to maintain cultural relations. However, it is important to bear in mind to their security, such as nuclear weapons programs. Sanctions impair
investigated, among other things, the sources that people planning to that most sanctioned states, approximately four out of five, are not the economy and thus often also indirectly the cultural sector of a
migrate use to gain information on routes, transport means and the What can politics do to promote a more differentiated approach to the liberal democracies. In countries such as Belarus or Zimbabwe, those in country, as in Iran, for example. However, the mental impact of sanc-
living conditions at their target destinations. What conclusions have topic? power disadvantage the political opposition, violate human rights, tions on artists and communicators is even more important. Voices
you arrived at? Politics should seriously strive for a change of discourse, which influence the media and manipulate elections. No opposition what critical of the government may perceive the measures as external support.
The study shows that personal contacts are the primary source starts with the language that is used. Currently, threatening scenarios soever is permitted in one-party states such as North Korea or China. However, at the same time, these measures can create a siege mentality
of information, i.e. relatives and acquaintances already living abroad. are being evoked which generate a sense of insecurity among the Cultural politics is often a means of power. In such an environment, and make sure that the citizens feel a sense of solidarity with the govern
Previous studies have also confirmed this. Additionally, social media population and make a differentiated way of dealing with the topic the playing field for critical-creative culture is limited from the begin- ment. This tension cannot be fully resolved. One can only try to soften
is a very widespread communication channel. Most migrants know difficult. That puts wind in the sails of populists and does not do ning, and contacts to the outside world are subject to strict control. its impact through support in the respective areas.
of the risks, and they now have far more realistic notions of the justice to the actual circumstances. The pressure caused by sanctions then additionally increases the mis-
living conditions in the destination country than is often assumed. trust against cultural professionals and external contacts. Are there ways or possibilities to prevent or at least limit these unintended
Nevertheless, not all of them succeed in settling there. Many people An interview by Sophia Schmid and Isabell Scheidt consequences? Which measures are conceivable?
get stuck in a transit country and must eventually return. How can it be explained that sanctions that are actually aimed at eco- Cultural exchange, with its often small, uncontrolled ramifica-
Which experiences do they make when they return to their countries nomic and political elites have a significant effect on cultural relations? tions, is the lifeline of conversation between societies. Given the con-
of origin? Those who were successful abroad are admired. Migration There are sanctions that specifically target certain decision- flicts at the political level, we should thus do all we can to keep this
is viewed as a route to success. But those who return (empty handed) makers, for example by blocking their accounts or banning their entry conversation going or even strengthen it, if possible.
often face difficulties. As “failures” they face the challenge of having into the West. But such an approach contributes to a confrontational At the beginning of each sanction, the decision makers should care-
to reintegrate into their communities. They are seen as losers and are climate. The elites try to justify their own actions through the ‘illegal’ fully deliberate on the measures and review the actual effects on a
exposed to strong social pressure. But, of course, this observation sanctions. Thus, the us-against-them mentality is reinforced, which has regular basis.
cannot be generalised. Experiences are also very diverse in this regard. Prof. Dr. Anke Fiedler is the author of external effects. This makes it easier to prohibit undesired civil-society Sanctions are an expression of deteriorating relations. But they also
the study “Migration from Sub-Saharan and cultural activities and contacts to the outside world. Cooperation drive this deterioration. Thus, the “shrinking space” for the area of
Africa to Europe. Reasons, sources of informa- with foreign cultural professionals, institutions and scientists becomes cultural cooperation and the hardening of positions must always be
tion and perception of German engagement”, less opportune. considered. Of course, sanctions can also be the starting point for
Insights into the Projects
which was written in the context of ifa’s increased social and cultural engagement. This is exemplified by city
Research Programme. partnerships such as the one between Freiburg and Isfahan, or the
and Topics of the
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Research Programme
18 19the one hand and Cuba, Belarus and Russia on the other. They need — Hampel, Annika (2020): Internationale Hochschulkooperationen —H einemann-Grüder, Andreas und Wiggen, Johannes (2020): Sub-
to be strengthened. der Zukunft. Außenwissenschaftspolitik am Beispiel von Transna- version im Cyberraum. Sicherheit, Freiheit und Resilienz gegen
tionalen Bildungsangeboten (TNB). ifa-Edition Kultur und Außen- Angriffe im Netz. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart
How do you wish sanctions to be deployed in the future? Which develop- politik, Stuttgart — S chäfer, Heinrich Wilhelm (2019): Friedenspotenzial von Frei
ments do you fear in the face of multitudinous centres of conflict? — Strachwitz, Rupert Graf (2020): Understanding Civil Society in kirchen in den USA und Lateinamerika. Potenziale und Hin-
The discussion must not cease. Sanctioners must make the Europe. A Foundation for International Cooperation. ifa Edition dernisse für die internationale Zusammenarbeit. ifa-Edition Kultur
following clear: “It is not about who you are, what you are, but about Culture and Foreign Policy, Stuttgart und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart
what you do.” Increased support for cultural and educational relations — Strachwitz, Rupert Graf (2020): Was heißt Zivilgesellschaft in —B ogula, Werner (2019): Digitale Plattformen für internationale
should also be an element of any sanctions package. That would Europa? Grundlage für die internationale Zusammenarbeit. Kulturbeziehungen. Sichere Kommunikation und Kooperation im
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exchange in culture, education and science is indeed possible, even — Seiden, Stanley (2020): The Challenges of Safe Return. Supporting —R obertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (hrsg.) (2019): Diaspora –
if the general attitude is anti-West. But the means are limited. Civil Society Actors After Temporary Relocation. ifa Edition Culture Netzwerke globaler Gemeinschaften. WIKA-Report (Band 3).
I fear that the numerous international conflicts, in which sanctions and Foreign Policy, MRI Publications, Stuttgart ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart
are often applied, will harm cultural and scientific relations even more — van Schagen, Nathalie (2020): Collaboration Between Temporary —M üller, Maik (ed.) (2019): Temporary Shelter and Relocation
in the future, which makes it even more important to support cultural Relocation Initiatives. Potentials, Challenges and Next Steps. Initiatives. Perspectives of Managers and Participants. ifa Edition
exchange. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, MRI Publications, Stuttgart Culture and Foreign Policy, MRI Publications, Stuttgart
— Ivo Franco, Pedro Affonso and Njogu, Kimani (2020): Cultural and —W eigel, Sigrid (2019): Transnational foreign cultural policy –
Interview by Isabell Scheidt Creative Industries Supporting Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Beyond national culture. Prerequisites and perspectives for the
Mapping and Analysis. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, intersection of domestic and foreign policy. ifa Edition Culture
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Außenpolitik, Stuttgart —M eister, Stefan (ed.) (2018): Understanding Russian Communication
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Examining Vulnerabilities in ICH Regimes – Minorities, Indigenous Foreign Policy, Stuttgart
Dr. Christian von Soest is the author of Peoples and Refugees. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, Stuttgart
the study “Nebenwirkungen von Sanktionen.
Kulturelle Beziehungen mit Iran, Kuba,
Russland und Belarus”, about the side effects
Publications in the
that sanctions can have, produced in ifa’s
Research Programme.
ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy
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ble Power China? China's Public Diplomacy for Global Public Nebenwirkungen von Sanktionen. Kulturelle Beziehungen mit tausch. Synergien und Anknüpfungspunkte. ifa-Edition Kultur Programm – auch eine neue Kulturpolitik? ifa-Edition Kultur und
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— Higgott, Richard and Proud, Virginia (2017): Populist-Nationalism politik, Stuttgart — Michalik, Yvonne (2014): European citizens and the media. Does — S oracino, Daniele (2013): Media – conflict – migration.
and Foreign Policy. Cultural Diplomacy, International Interaction — Lang, Markus (2016): Erinnern an 100 Jahre Weimarer Verfassung. communication enhance participation? Conference Report, Berlin, The conflict potential of the media coverage regarding migration
and Resilience. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, Stuttgart Internationale Rezeptionen. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, 7 May 2014. ifa-Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, Stuttgart from the countries of the Arab Spring to Europe; conference report,
— Rousselin, Mathieu (2017): Can Asymmetrical Cooperation be Stuttgart — Lisack, Gaëlle (2014): European external cultural relations. Paving Bonn, 4 December 2012. ifa-Edition Culture and Foreign Policy,
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Cooperation in Higher Education. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Locating World War I. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, — Kaspar, Frank (2014): Radio and Audio Strategies for External —M eier, Eva-Christina (2013): Auswärtige Kunstvermittlung wirk
Policy, Stuttgart Stuttgart Cultural Relations. Conference Report, Berlin, 24.–25. October 2013. samer gestalten. Beispiele innovativer Kunstprojekte in und mit
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musealen Gegenwart? Kuratorische Herausforderungen an der deutsch-kubanischer Beziehungen in Kultur und Bildung. — Berlinghoff, Marcel (2014): Migration, Integration und die Arbeit —M aaß, Kurt-Jürgen (2013): Werbung, Werte, Wettbewerb.
Schnittstelle von ethnologischen Museen und Kunst. ifa-Edition ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart von Kulturinstituten. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart Wohin steuert die auswärtige Kulturpolitik? Abschiedsvorlesung
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Kulturpolitik im Inland. Am Beispiel von Kommunen. ifa-Edition Perspektiven von Public Diplomacy. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außen- — Bohlen, Lou (2014): Identität und Hybridität. Am Beispiel der —L ahr-Kurten, Matthias (2013): La langue du partenaire. Étude sur
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mengen zur Auswärtigen Kulturpolitik. ifa-Edition Kultur und Crossroads. Civic Media and Migration. ifa Edition Culture and Außenpolitik, Stuttgart Extérieure, Stuttgart
Außenpolitik, Stuttgart Foreign Policy, Stuttgart — Berlinghoff, Marcel (2014): Migration and Cultural Integration —L ahr-Kurten, Matthias (2013): Partner Sprache. Förderungsmögli-
— MacDonald, Stuart (2017): The Impact of Brexit on International — Borredà, Joana Duyster (2015): European Commemoration 2014. in Europe. Conference Report, Brussels, 11 December 2013. chkeiten der Partnersprachen Deutsch in Frankreich und Fran
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Potenziale für die Außenpolitik. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außen 2014. Konferenzreport, Berlin, 16.–17. Dezember 2014. ifa-Edition und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart Politik? Die Reaktion der Europäischen Union auf die Migrations-
politik, Stuttgart Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart — Huffschmid, Anne (2014): transcultura_Kulturelle Schnittstellen bewegungen während des „Arabischen Frühlings“ über das Mit-
— Knüpfer, Curd (2017): Nach der US-Wahl. Handlungsspielräume — Keppler, Diana (2015): Mehr als Tweets, Likes und Hashtags? zwischen Mexiko und Deutschland. Eine Sondierung der deutsch- telmeer. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart
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und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart politik. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart politik, Stuttgart Expectations from the outside; conference report, Brussels,
— Gerner, Martin (2017): Safe Haven in Deutschland? Handlungs — Haß, Julia (2015): Culture of Fairness. Sport in Foreign Policy – — Bauer, Gerd Ulrich und Thum, Bernd (hrsg.) (2014): Kulturelle 12 December 2012. ifa-Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, Stutt-
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wortung asiatischer religiöser Akteure am Beispiel des Buddhismus and Opportunities. ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, Stuttgart tional diplomacy into the digital age. ifa-Edition Culture and For- —B auer, Gerd Ulrich und Thum, Bernd (hrsg.) (2012): Internationale
und Hinduismus. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart — Huffschmid, Anne (2015): transcultura_México y Alemania. eign Policy, Stuttgart Bildungsbeziehungen. WIKA Report (Band 1). ifa-Edition Kultur
— Fiedler, Anke (2018): Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Entretejmientos culturales en un mundo globalizado. Edición ifa — Türkan, Anja (2013): Digital diplomacy. Der Wandel der Außen und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart
Europe. Reasons, sources of information and perception of German Cultura y Política Exterior, Stuttgart politik im digitalen Zeitalter. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, — ifa, IAE, Zürcher Hochschule der Künste, Institut für Kunst im
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— Fiedler, Anke (2017): Migration von Subsahara-Afrika nach Kulturelle Verflechtungen in einer globalisierten Welt. ifa-Edition — Bruell, Cornelia (2013): Europe créative 2014–2020. Un nouveau tion in a Migrant Society/Reflections on a Convention – 2011.
Europa. Motive, Informationsquellen und Wahrnehmung deutschen Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart programme pour une nouvelle politique culturelle? Édition ifa ifa-Edition Culture and Foreign Policy, Stuttgart
Engagements. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart — Mousa, Leila (2015): Auswärtige Kultur- und Bildungspolitik Culture et Politique Extérieure, Stuttgart — ifa, IAE, Zürcher Hochschule der Künste, Institut für Kunst im
für Flüchtlingslager? Handlungsfelder und Potenziale in den — Bruell, Cornelia (2013): Creative Europe 2014–2020. A new Kontext der Universität der Künste Berlin (hrsg.) (2012): Kunst
Flüchtlingslagern des Libanon. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außen programme – a new cultural policy as well? ifa-Edition Culture and vermittlung in der Migrationsgesellschaft. Reflexion einer Arbeit-
politik, Stuttgart Foreign Policy, Stuttgart stagung – 2011. ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik, Stuttgart
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