ANIMAL HEALTH COMPLETE GUIDANCE FOR GRAZING SUB-HUMID (RUMINANTS)
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ANIMAL HEALTH COMPLETE GUIDANCE FOR GRAZING SUB-HUMID (RUMINANTS) Commercially oriented grazing systems in previously forested areas in semi-arid to humid climates This document provides the complete Animal Health Guidance for Grazing Sub-Humid (Ruminants) Systems as part of the Investing in Sustainable Livestock (ISL) Guide. sustainablelivestockguide.org 1
ANIMAL HEALTH
COMPLETE GUIDANCE FOR
GRAZING SUB-HUMID
(RUMINANTS)
Table of Contents
03 Introduction to the ISL Guide
04 Structure of the ISL Guide
05 Overview of Grazing Sub-Humid (Ruminants)
Description of Typical Situation
Common Animal Health Issues
07 Objective 1: Improve the Productivity of Livestock
11 Objective 2: Improve Market Access and Develop Value Chains
15 Objective 3: Improve Input and Service Delivery
18 Objective 4: Climate Change Resilience and Emergency Response
20 Objective 5: Strengthen Policies, Knowledge and Information
The online ISL Guide (www.sustainablelivestockguide.org) is an information resource and interactive
platform for designing and implementing sustainable livestock development projects. The guide’s
interactive component provides context-specific guidance, suggested activities, and indicators to help
livestock projects contribute to sustainable development outcomes; it also includes references for further
investigation.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 2ANIMAL HEALTH COMPLETE GUIDANCE FOR GRAZING SUB-HUMID (RUMINANTS) Introduction to the ISL Guide The ISL Guide is grounded in tested theory and evidence organized into 12 principles for sustainability in the livestock sector (the Theory Behind the Guide). These principles serve as a framework for assessing the sustainable performance of livestock production systems as well as opportunities for livestock to contribute to sustainability outcomes (see table below). The principles have relevance for project conceptualization (Principle1), technical project design (Principles 2 through 6), and the broader socio-cultural, political, and economic context in which the project will be implemented (Principle 7). The ISL Guide takes into consideration a variety of geographic contexts and tailors its guidance to different project objectives and interventions. So, if you are designing or implementing a project that involves livestock, it has detailed recommendations for you. Since the ISL Guide understands sustainability in a broad sense, it will eventually comprise elements not only relating to the environment and animal health and welfare, but also to equity issues such as gender and inclusion. The World Bank and FAO will expand the guide to integrate these issues in due course. PRINCIPLE 1 Contribute to a Sustainable Food Future ENVIRONMENT GUIDE ANIMAL HEALTH GUIDE PRINCIPLE 2 PRINCIPLE 2 Enhance Carbon Stocks Prevent & Control Animal Diseases PRINCIPLE 3 PRINCIPLE 3 Improve Efficiency at Animal & Herd Levels Ensure the Welfare of Animals PRINCIPLE 4 PRINCIPLE 4 Source Feed Sustainability Healthy Animals for Safer Food PRINCIPLE 5 PRINCIPLE 5 Couple Livestock to Land Reduce Risk of Zoonosis PRINCIPLE 6 PRINCIPLE 6 Minimize Fossil Fuel Use Prudent & Responsible Use of Antimicrobials PRINCIPLE 7 Foster an Enabling Environment sustainablelivestockguide.org 3
Structure of the ISL Guide
OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE:
Improve the productivity of Improve input and services Strengthen policies, knowledge,
livestock delivery and information
INTERVENTIONS: INTERVENTIONS: INTERVENTIONS:
• Feed resources and balance • Develop public and private • Develop and harmonize
• Access to fodder and water extension services livestock
• Animal health and welfare • Improve public and private policies, plans, regulations, and
• Animal genetics animal health services programs
• Strengthen provision of input • Develop livestock information
and services systems.
• Improve capacities at central
and local government levels.
• Establish research grants and
OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE: educational programs
Improve market access and Climate change resilience and • Establish programs to diversify
develop value chains emergency response pastoral livelihoods and
promote alternative livelihoods
INTERVENTIONS: INTERVENTIONS:
• Producer organizations and • Improve manure, nutrients, and
alliances waste management
• Post-farm gate facilities • Ensure resilience of buildings
• Value chain opportunities and equipment to extreme
• Develop livestock fattening weather events
activities • Develop early warning
information
systems and feed budgeting
• Establish emergency reserves
and distribution systems
• Develop risk management
programs and products
The ISL Guide provides technical guidance for improving found in livestock investment projects (see Process).
the sustainability outcomes of livestock projects in the Each objective is tied to a series of interventions.
following 6 contexts, which cover the different livestock Those common objectives are:
farming systems found worldwide:
• Improve the Productivity of Livestock
• Grazing Dry - Pastoral (Ruminants) • Improve Market Access and Develop Value Chains
• Grazing Temperate (Ruminants) • Improve Input and Service Delivery
• Grazing Sub-Humid (Ruminants) • Climate Change Resilience and Emergency Response
• Mixed Crop-Livestock, Dry (Ruminants) • Strengthen Policies, Knowledge and Information
• Mixed Crop-Livestock, Humid (Monogastrics)
• Intensive (Ruminants and Monogastrics) For every combination of objective and intervention,
the ISL Guide provides context-specific guidance
The guidance provided for each of these contexts is for improving the sustainable outcomes, as well
organized according to objectives that are typically as suggested indicators for project monitoring and
evaluation.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 4Overview of Grazing
Sub-Humid (Ruminants)
This context covers commercially oriented systems of producers may keep livestock rather as a way to
established on land that has been converted from store capital and to sell quickly for cash in case of an
natural vegetation (forest) to pasture. The low emergency. Once such smaller-scale farmers sell their
productivity of land and animals often limits productivity. herds, it can be challenging to rebuild them.
DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL SITUATION As an example, in Latin America and the Caribbean,
grazing systems on deforested land are generally
Many global beef production systems and some extensive beef production systems. Such beef systems,
dairy and small ruminant production systems have whether small- or medium-scale, are often market-
been established on rangelands and pastures that oriented. Some grass-based dairy production is found.
were formerly covered with forest. Such deforested While intensification in the fattening stage, i.e., finishing
lands, which have become grazing lands are found of animal in feedlots, is being promoted, only a small
in a wide array of climates across Latin America and proportion of beef comes from such feedlots in this
the Caribbean (Neotropics), in Sub-Saharan Africa context. For animal health issues in industrialized
(RCA, Cameroon), and in Asia (Vietnam, China). In the systems, please see Context 6. While potentially
northern part of South America, Central America, Sub- leading to lower land requirements and reduced direct
Saharan Africa, and Asia, semiarid forests (savannahs) GHG emissions per unit of product, the shift to such
are common, while sub-humid and humid forests are systems requires more concentrate feed. This may, in
widespread across the South American continent — turn, accelerate the conversion of pasture and forest
for instance, in the Amazon region and in the Pacific to cropland, leading, in turn, to higher climate and
flatlands — in sub-Saharan Africa, and in Southeast Asia. biodiversity impacts. In recent years, livestock systems
Deforestation has been considerable and is continuing, are being developed to restore tree cover, improve
although some jurisdictions have been able to curb the grassland productivity, and contribute to carbon capture,
process. Forests may have been cleared for cropland soil health, and biodiversity recovery. Such “silvopastoral”
and later on turned into grazing lands due to economic systems purposively combine fodder plants, such as
reasons or declining soil fertility, though forests may grasses and leguminous herbs, with shrubs and trees for
also have been cleared with the immediate aim to animal nutrition, protection, and complementary uses.
establish rangelands and pasture; alternatively, cattle The trees in the combined system may be fodder trees
may have been introduced on cleared land to secure but can also produce timber or agricultural products,
land ownership. Generally, it is difficult to maintain soil such as fruits or nuts. Such combination of tree and
fertility on deforested land in these climates due to grassland production can be established both in semi-
deficient management and loss of soil carbon after humid and dry tropics as long as the species used are
deforestation. The limited soil fertility causes low adapted to the environmental and soil conditions.
grassland productivity and low forage quality which
subsequently results in low beef and dairy productivity. COMMON ANIMAL HEALTH ISSUES
Rainfall seasonality and extreme climatic events also
constrain productivity by limiting forage yields. Access This context includes a wide range of grazing
to markets is another limiting factor as commercially ecosystems and regional risks that, together with the
oriented grazing system are often found in regions with different realities regarding infrastructure and veterinary
relatively limited population densities. Commercialization services development, will shape the presence of
in local markets is limited, and production, therefore, diseases and disease risks (Principle 1). Thus, in the
tends to target markets located far away and for export. African savannahs and sub-Saharan areas major
Smaller-scale beef and dairy farmers may thus operate transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as lumpy
at a disadvantage and be relatively poor; these types skin disease, foot and mouth disease (FMD) and peste
des petits ruminants (PPR) remain major concerns,
sustainablelivestockguide.org 5ANIMAL HEALTH
COMPLETE GUIDANCE FOR
GRAZING SUB-HUMID
(RUMINANTS)
contributing both to negative economic impacts by Furthermore, zoonoses caused by bovine tuberculosis,
hampering the production and acting as an important brucellosis, and rabies can cause major public
obstacle to access to markets. Political commitment health threats. Grazing animals are exposed to close
supported with adequate budget to implement control- interactions with wild animals, thus there are other
eradication programs are essential to move forward. relevant diseases at the livestock-wildlife-environment
Vaccination, together with strategies based on zoning, interface such as trypanosomiasis, tick-borne diseases,
are the best epidemiological approaches to combat the bat transmitted-rabies which emphasize the need for
TADs in these areas. The threat of FMD is also extended an adequate management plan of the wildlife–livestock
to Asia, a major TAD affecting-affected the region. On coexistence and appropriate biosecurity measures. In
the other hand, most of Central and South America are addition, other diseases appear associated with this
equipped with good veterinary services and free from way of production such as poisoning, bloat and hoof/
major TADs (Principle 2, 7). feet disorders. These negatively affect health, and such
production traits can have a serious impact on animal
Besides the TADs, endemic diseases such as bovine welfare (Principle 3, 5).
tuberculosis, brucellosis, and gastrointestinal parasites
will play a role accordingly to the disease burden,
with relative importance alongside TADs in countries.
REFERENCES:
Arellano-Sota, C., 1988. Vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10, S707–S709.
https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.Supplement_4.S707
FAO, 1998. Livestock on grazing lands [WWW Document]. Livest. Environ. - Meet. Chall.
URL http://www.fao.org/3/x5304e/x5304e00.htm#Contents (accessed 7.1.20).
Fynn, R.W.S., Augustine, D.J., Peel, M.J.S., de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., 2016. REVIEW: Strategic management
of livestock to improve biodiversity conservation in African savannahs: A conceptual basis for wildlife-livestock
coexistence. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12591
Lee, D.N., Papeş, M., van Den Bussche, R.A., 2012. Present and potential future distribution of common Vampire
bats in the Americas and the associated risk to cattle. PLoS One 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042466
Thomson, G.R., 2009. Currently important animal disease management issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Onderstepoort
J. Vet. Res. 76, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v76i1.76
WAHIS-OIE, 2020. WAHIS [WWW Document]. World Anim. Heal. Inf. Database Interface.
URL https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Wahidhome/Home/indexcontent/newlang/en
sustainablelivestockguide.org 6OBJECTIVE 1:
IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY
OF LIVESTOCK
INTERVENTION:
Access to fodder and water
OBJECTIVE 1
ACTIVITIES
Develop integrated land management approaches health and environment. This indicator can also include
to restore and maintain rangeland and pasture initiatives from the private sector.
productivity. è Reported annually using project advancement
OBJECTIVE 2
Promote adaptive grazing based on small land units reports.
in ranches.
Build capacity in natural resource management Livestock production units that have adopted Good
planning at community and local levels. Animal Husbandry Practices (GAHP)— Percentage
Develop water resources and distribution in This indicator measures the percentage of livestock
underexploited rangelands. units that have implemented GAHPs. It should be broken
Establish dedicated migration corridors (short- and down by farm size, species and type of farm, where
OBJECTIVE 3
long-distance), rest areas along corridors, pasture possible.
reserves, and dedicated dry season grazing areas. è Reported annually using project advancement
reports
GUIDANCE
Animal diseases control program— Number
P5 This indicator measures the number of programs
Consider a One Health initiative when developing the developed and funded for the control and eradication
integrated management approach (OIE, 2008) (Gall et al., of pertinent animal diseases. Such programs reflect a
OBJECTIVE 4
2018). shortlist of target diseases at the regional or national
level and are based on analysis of risk and country
P2 priorities.
Promote good biosecurity practices in relation to access è Reported annually using project advancement
to drinking facilities and, where possible, avoid mixing reports.
herds to reduce the risk of disease transmission (OIE-
FAO, 2009). National livestock strategies developed and
OBJECTIVE 5
endorsed— On a scale from 0-2
P2 This indicator measures the creation of a national
All surveillance strategies for transhumant pastoralism livestock strategy. Such a strategy includes protocols
and mixed herds should be risk-based. (FAO, 2006). and standard operating procedures to define national
priorities for animal health and welfare that can
INDICATORS sustainably increase livestock productivity and achieve
diversification, commercialization and competitiveness
Coordination mechanisms under the One Health of the livestock subsector. The indicator reflects whether
approach — Number such a strategy is absent (0) or developed and endorsed
This indicator measures the number of coordination at sub-national level (1) or national level (2).
mechanisms implemented by governments that è Reported annually using project advancement
explicitly include the concept of One Health and which reports
aim to be intersectoral across public health, human
sustainablelivestockguide.org 7OBJECTIVE 1:
IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY
OF LIVESTOCK
Data management and information system developed P2 | P7
— Yes/No or on a scale from 0-4 When culling animals for disease prevention and control,
This indicator measures the ability to generate or incentives for notification and compensation should
compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that be developed to support disease programs (FAO, 2013;
serve to define health strategies, review results or OECD, 2012).
endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully
OBJECTIVE 1
functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or P3 | P6
scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is In order to promote sustainability, farmer awareness
in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled; programs should accompany these activities.
level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are Such programs should cover the animal and public
disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality health impacts and economic consequences of the
control is included. inappropriate use of antimicrobials; the need to record
è Reported annually using project advancement the use of antimicrobials for monitoring purposes; and
reports. the benefits of improving livestock health and welfare
OBJECTIVE 2
(World Bank, 2019; World Bank, 2017; WHO 2016; OIE
INTERVENTION: 2020).
Animal health and welfare INDICATORS
ACTIVITIES Animal diseases control program— Number
This indicator measures the number of programs
OBJECTIVE 3
Undertake vaccination campaigns. developed and funded for the control and eradication
Improve disease early detection, prevention and of pertinent animal diseases. Such programs reflect a
control. shortlist of target diseases at the regional or national
Avoid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). level and are based on analysis of risk and country
Improve livestock welfare. priorities.
è Reported annually using project advancement
GUIDANCE reports.
OBJECTIVE 4
P2 | P5 Data management and information system developed
Disease programs should include plans for emergency — Yes/No or on a scale from 0-4
preparedness, prevention, control and eradication, and This indicator measures the ability to generate or
surveillance, according to risk assessment. compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that
serve to define health strategies, review results or
P2 | P4 | P5 endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully
Vaccination campaigns should promote adequate functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or
OBJECTIVE 5
selection of the vaccine type, pathogen match and scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is
source, and account for chain distribution according in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled;
to the speciation of the product (e.g. food chain) (OIE, level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are
2020). disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality
control is included.
P2 | P4 | P5 è Reported annually using project advancement
Disease programs require an appropriate disease and reports
livestock information system that includes traceability.
Contingency fund for livestock emergencies created
and operational — Yes/No
This indicator measures the creation of a contingency
fund for livestock emergencies related to drought,
disease, and other hazards. Establishing such a
sustainablelivestockguide.org 8OBJECTIVE 1:
IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY
OF LIVESTOCK
fund requires well-documented contingency action enabling destocking, redistribution, or other actions to
plans for specific, high-priority, emergency diseases, avoid the loss of livestock value in the event of a crisis.
together with a series of generic plans for activities
or programs common to these plans (e.g. setting up This indicator can be rated according to the level of
national and local animal disease control centers). These development and implementation. Level I would indicate
also need to have resource and financial plans and that there is a strategy for developing a disease early
OBJECTIVE 1
appropriate legislative backing for all actions. In addition, warning system and an emergency preparedness
contingency plans need to be considered and agreed plan; level II would indicate that the strategy has been
upon in advance by all major stakeholders, including the implemented; and level III would indicate that the
political and bureaucratic arms of government and the strategy has been trialed.
private sector, particularly livestock farmer organizations. è Reported annually using project advancement
Plans should be refined through simulation exercises reports
and personnel should be trained in their individual roles
and responsibilities.
INTERVENTION:
OBJECTIVE 2
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports. Animal genetics
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number ACTIVITIES
This indicator measures the number of farmers/
extension agents/service providers along the supply Select for improved genetics within the existing herd.
chains that have been made aware of and trained on
GUIDANCE
OBJECTIVE 3
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
through the inclusion of animal health issues and
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity P2 | P3 | P1 | P7
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator Choosing genetic diversity and the adequacy of the
should break down the kind of training received, breed, race or strains could better prevent and control
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and animal diseases and adaptation of the animals to the
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in environment, weather and to optimize water and feed
duration), and more robust training based on longer, consumption.
OBJECTIVE 4
more in-depth courses.
è undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at INDICATORS
the start of the project, at medium term, and during
terminal evaluation. Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number
This indicator measures the number of farmers/
extension agents/service providers along the supply
Disease early warning system and emergency chains that have been made aware of and trained on
OBJECTIVE 5
preparedness in place— Yes/No animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
This indicator measures the creation of an early warning through the inclusion of animal health issues and
system that builds on the added value of combining options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
and coordinating cross-sectorial alert mechanisms development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
between relevant government ministries, including should break down the kind of training received,
protocols and a chain of command. It refers to the differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
surveillance system and alert and response strategy to webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in
face emerging diseases, including zoonotic diseases, duration), and more robust training based on longer,
for which a contingency plan should be implemented, more in-depth courses.
widely known across relevant stakeholder, rehearsed, for
example, through simulation exercises. This indicator è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
also measures the improved resilience of pastoralists by the start of the project, at medium term, and during
terminal evaluation.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 9OBJECTIVE 1:
IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY
OF LIVESTOCK
Livestock production units that have adopted an
Animal Welfare management plan — Number/
proportion
This indicator measures the number of livestock units,
slaughterhouses, dairies and other processing units;
animal gathering points; and markets that have received
OBJECTIVE 1
project support and developed and implemented animal
welfare management plans. As a minimum, plans should
address the Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and
thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain,
injury, or disease; freedom to express normal behavior;
and freedom from fear and distress. This indicator
should be broken down by farm size, species and type of
farm, where possible.
OBJECTIVE 2
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
Data management and information system developed
— Yes/No or on a scale from 0-4
This indicator measures the ability to generate or
compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that
OBJECTIVE 3
serve to define health strategies, review results or
endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully
functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or
scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is
in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled;
level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are
disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality
control is included.
OBJECTIVE 4
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
OBJECTIVE 5
sustainablelivestockguide.org 10OBJECTIVE 2:
IMPROVE MARKET ACCESS AND
DEVELOP VALUE CHAINS
INTERVENTION:
Producer organizations
OBJECTIVE 1
and alliances differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in
duration), and more robust training based on longer,
ACTIVITIES more in-depth courses.
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
Establish and/or build the capacity of new/existing the start of the project, at medium term, and during
producer organizations. terminal evaluation
OBJECTIVE 2
Provide financing for subprojects under productive
alliances. Coordination mechanisms under the One Health
approach — Number
GUIDANCE This indicator measures the number of coordination
mechanisms implemented by governments that
P3 | P4 | P6 explicitly include the concept of One Health and which
The opportunity should be taken to raise awareness aim to be intersectoral across public health, human
OBJECTIVE 3
amongst producer organizations about issues related to health and environment. This indicator can also include
livestock systems, including food safety, animal welfare, initiatives from the private sector.
and antimicrobial resistance (FAO, 2016; FAO, 2020). è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
P2 | P7
Training on developing management plans for animal
diseases should be provided to producers and producer
INTERVENTION:
organizations. Post-farm gate facilities
OBJECTIVE 4
P3 | P4 | P5 | P7 ACTIVITIES
Include One Health criteria in project selection activities,
for example, antimicrobial resistance management Construct and/or upgrade roads between
between feed producers and farmers (OIE, 2008; Gall et production, processing, and market areas.
al., 2018; WHO, 2016; OIE, 2020). Improve transport and storage capacity.
Construct and/or upgrade processing plants,
INDICATORS slaughterhouses, dairy processing, and (wet or OBJECTIVE 5
wholesale) markets.
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number
This indicator measures the number of farmers/ GUIDANCE
extension agents/service providers along the supply
chains that have been made aware of and trained on P2
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance, Foster systems for data collection, monitoring and
through the inclusion of animal health issues and traceability, to enable the implementation of checkpoints.
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator P2
should break down the kind of training received, Ensure that proper quarantine facilities are built where
necessary and according to risk assessments. Ideally,
sustainablelivestockguide.org 11OBJECTIVE 2:
IMPROVE MARKET ACCESS AND
DEVELOP VALUE CHAINS
these should be linked to major country livestock duration), and more robust training based on longer,
accesses and in livestock gathering facilities (e.g., more in-depth courses.
markets). è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
the start of the project, at medium term, and during
P2 | P3 terminal evaluation.
Promote the development and distribution of guidelines
OBJECTIVE 1
for livestock health and welfare during transport (OIE, Coordination mechanisms under the One Health
2020; FAO, 2001). approach — Number
This indicator measures the number of coordination
P4 mechanisms implemented by governments that
Consult with food safety specialists to ensure any explicitly include the concept of One Health and which
processing plant, slaughterhouse construction or market aim to be intersectoral across public health, human
to meet the food safety standards. health and environment. This indicator can also include
initiatives from the private sector.
OBJECTIVE 2
P5 è Reported annually using project advancement
Contact should be established with public health and reports
environment agencies to support development of
an integrated information system for the One health
approach (Gall et al., 2018).
INTERVENTION:
Value chain opportunities
INDICATORS
ACTIVITIES
OBJECTIVE 3
Data management and information system developed
— Yes/No or on a scale from 0-4 Raise awareness among consumers of products
This indicator measures the ability to generate or produced under the project.
compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that Establish livestock market information systems
serve to define health strategies, review results or and support livestock trade associations to access
endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully import and export markets.
functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or
OBJECTIVE 4
scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is GUIDANCE
in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled;
level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are P2 | P4
disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality Foster systems for data collection, monitoring and
control is included. traceability.
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports P4 | P5
OBJECTIVE 5
The opportunity should be taken to raise the awareness
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number of farmers about food safety measures, good farming
This indicator measures the number of farmers/ practices, and biosecurity, to reduce the risk of animal
extension agents/service providers along the supply diseases and zoonoses (OIE-FAO, 2009).
chains that have been made aware of and trained on
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance, INDICATORS
through the inclusion of animal health issues and
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity Data management and information system developed
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator — Yes/no or on a scale from 0-4
should break down the kind of training received, This indicator measures the ability to generate or
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in serve to define health strategies, review results or
endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully
sustainablelivestockguide.org 12OBJECTIVE 2:
IMPROVE MARKET ACCESS AND
DEVELOP VALUE CHAINS
functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or Optimize the offtake rate (the proportion of the herd
scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is that is sold or consumed each year).
in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled; Create a market demand for products of fattening
level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are activities.
disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality
control is included. GUIDANCE
OBJECTIVE 1
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports. P2 | P5
Foster systems for data collection, monitoring and
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number traceability.
This indicator measures the number of farmers/
extension agents/service providers along the supply P2 | P3
chains that have been made aware of and trained on Promote the development and distribution of guidelines
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance, for livestock health and welfare during transport (OIE,
OBJECTIVE 2
through the inclusion of animal health issues and 2020; FAO, 2001).
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator INDICATORS
should break down the kind of training received,
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and Data management and information system developed
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in — Yes/No or on a scale from 0-4
duration), and more robust training based on longer, This indicator measures the ability to generate or
OBJECTIVE 3
more in-depth courses. compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at serve to define health strategies, review results or
the start of the project, at medium term, and during endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully
terminal evaluation. functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or
scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is
Livestock production units that have adopted Good in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled;
Animal Husbandry Practices (GAHP)— Percentage level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are
This indicator measures the percentage of livestock disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality
OBJECTIVE 4
units that have implemented GAHPs. It should be broken control is included.
down by farm size, species and type of farm, where è Reported annually using project advancement
possible. reports.
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports. Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number
This indicator measures the number of farmers/
INTERVENTION: extension agents/service providers along the supply
chains that have been made aware of and trained on OBJECTIVE 5
Develop livestock fattening animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
activities through the inclusion of animal health issues and
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
ACTIVITIES should break down the kind of training received,
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
Undertake territorial planning to identify and develop webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in
reproductive regions (drier) and fattening regions duration), and more robust training based on longer,
(wetter). more in-depth courses.
Develop transportation networks to transport è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
livestock to and from fattening areas. the start of the project, at medium term, and during
terminal evaluation.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 13OBJECTIVE 2:
IMPROVE MARKET ACCESS AND
DEVELOP VALUE CHAINS
Livestock production units that have adopted Good
Animal Husbandry Practices (GAHP)— Percentage
This indicator measures the percentage of livestock
units that have implemented GAHPs. It should be broken
down by farm size, species and type of farm, where
possible.
OBJECTIVE 1
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
OBJECTIVE 2
OBJECTIVE 3
OBJECTIVE 4
OBJECTIVE 5
sustainablelivestockguide.org 14OBJECTIVE 3:
IMPROVE INPUT AND
SERVICES DELIVERY
INTERVENTION: INTERVENTION:
Develop public and private Improve public and private
OBJECTIVE 1
extension services animal health services
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
Provide extension agents with training and capacity Provide veterinarians and livestock health workers
building. with training and capacity building.
OBJECTIVE 2
Develop extension manuals and curricula (In Provide/enhance official veterinary services with
coordination and collaboration with university, data system for collection, monitoring, analysis and
vocational school and extension stations). risk assessment
Provide/enhance infrastructure and equipment of
GUIDANCE veterinary services, including quarantine facilities
and port/harbor checking points
P2 | P3 Provide/enhance Laboratory capacity to support VS
OBJECTIVE 3
Put emphasis on the training of extension agents to activities
evaluate and advise herders on disease recognition and Develop simulation exercises for emergency
notification, herd movement, and the Five Freedoms. planning and preparedness
Develop veterinary and livestock health manuals,
INDICATORS SOPs and curricula.
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number GUIDANCE
This indicator measures the number of farmers/
OBJECTIVE 4
extension agents/service providers along the supply P2 | P7
chains that have been made aware of and trained on Where available, use OIE PVS reports, including those
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance, on legislation and gap analysis, to assess the need
through the inclusion of animal health issues and for training, analytical work, capacity building and
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity infrastructure (OIE, 2020; OIE, 2019).
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
should break down the kind of training received, P6
OBJECTIVE 5
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and During training, raise awareness among veterinarians
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in and livestock health workers about antimicrobial
duration), and more robust training based on longer, resistance and animal welfare, and their links to livestock
more in-depth courses. health.
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
the start of the project, at medium term, and during P2 | P4 | P5 | P7
terminal evaluation. Where possible, provide the option of an integrated
health system with the public sector (the One Health
approach) and other relevant government ministries
(e.g., communication, environment, etc.), particularly
during simulation exercises (OIE, 2008; Gall et al., 2018).
sustainablelivestockguide.org 15OBJECTIVE 3:
IMPROVE INPUT AND
SERVICES DELIVERY
P2 Coordination mechanisms under the One Health
Explore the option of integrating private sector approach — Number
databases and information systems with public ones. This indicator measures the number of coordination
mechanisms implemented by governments that
P2 | P5 | P6 explicitly include the concept of One Health and which
Establish bridges to integrate private laboratories into the aim to be intersectoral across public health, human
OBJECTIVE 1
official network by establishing minimum performance health and environment. This indicator can also include
standards and a quality control system (such as a initiatives from the private sector.
proficiency ring laboratory exercise) è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
INDICATORS
New regulations adopted— Number of regulations
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number This indicator measures the number of new regulations
This indicator measures the number of farmers/ adopted or amended to effectively support the activities
OBJECTIVE 2
extension agents/service providers along the supply of relevant fields, such as controlling transboundary
chains that have been made aware of and trained on and emerging zoonotic and animal diseases; ensuring
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance, food safety; and controlling AMR. Tools such as the
through the inclusion of animal health issues and World Organisation for Animal Health’s Performance
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity of Veterinary Services Pathway (known as the OIE
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator PVS Pathway) can be used to define the baseline and
should break down the kind of training received, gaps, particularly the Veterinary Legislation Support
OBJECTIVE 3
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and Programme.
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in è Reported annually using project advancement
duration), and more robust training based on longer, reports.
more in-depth courses.
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
the start of the project, at medium term, and during
INTERVENTION:
terminal evaluation. Strengthen provision of
input and services
OBJECTIVE 4
Veterinarians/paraprofessionals trained on animal
health issues and options in the livestock sector —
Number ACTIVITIES
This indicator measures the number of veterinarian/
paraprofessionals along supply chains that have been Provide private service and input providers with
made aware of and trained on animal health issues in training and seed financing.
the livestock sector, for instance, through the inclusion Foster the development of new services where gaps
OBJECTIVE 5
of animal health issues and options in curriculums, exist.
extension manuals, and capacity development
programs. The indicator should also break down the GUIDANCE
kinds of training received, differentiating between
“light training”, such as talks and webinars, “structural P2 | P7
modules” (e.g. those of a week in duration), and more When available, use OIE PVS Reports, including
robust training based on longer, in-depth courses. Legislation and GAP Analysis, to assess the need for
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at training and financing (OIE, 2020).
the start of the project, at medium term, and during
terminal evaluation. P7
Put emphasis on developing markets for sustainable
inputs, such as sustainably-sourced feed, organic
fertilizers, and organic pesticides.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 16OBJECTIVE 3:
IMPROVE INPUT AND
SERVICES DELIVERY
INDICATORS
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number
This indicator measures the number of farmers/
extension agents/service providers along the supply
chains that have been made aware of and trained on
OBJECTIVE 1
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
through the inclusion of animal health issues and
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
should break down the kind of training received,
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in
duration), and more robust training based on longer,
OBJECTIVE 2
more in-depth courses.
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
the start of the project, at medium term, and during
terminal evaluation.
Livestock production units that have adopted Good
Animal Husbandry Practices (GAHP)— Percentage
OBJECTIVE 3
This indicator measures the percentage of livestock
units that have implemented GAHPs. It should be broken
down by farm size, species and type of farm, where
possible.
è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
OBJECTIVE 4
OBJECTIVE 5
sustainablelivestockguide.org 17OBJECTIVE 4:
CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
INTERVENTION:
Improve manure, nutrients,
OBJECTIVE 1
and waste management production unit per year). Management plans should
include improving hygiene, and improving wastewater
and sludge management in food production, under the
ACTIVITIES One Health approach. National monitoring systems for
antimicrobial use can also be used as indicators, in line
Improve integrated manure management in areas with antimicrobial surveillance and monitoring capacity .
where livestock is concentrated. è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
OBJECTIVE 2
Develop territorial approaches to improving the the start of the project, at medium term, and during
nutrient balance. terminal evaluation,
GUIDANCE Coordination mechanisms under the One Health
approach — Number
P6 This indicator measures the number of coordination
Consider effective treatment of wastes to reduce and mechanisms implemented by governments that
OBJECTIVE 3
eliminate residual antimicrobials and pathogens. explicitly include the concept of One Health and which
aim to be intersectoral across public health, human
INDICATORS health and environment. This indicator can also include
initiatives from the private sector.
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number è Reported annually using project advancement
This indicator measures the number of farmers/ reports.
extension agents/service providers along the supply
chains that have been made aware of and trained on
INTERVENTION:
OBJECTIVE 4
animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
through the inclusion of animal health issues and Develop early warning
options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
information systems and
should break down the kind of training received, feed budgeting
differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in ACTIVITIES
OBJECTIVE 5
duration), and more robust training based on longer,
more in-depth courses. Strengthen early warning systems in remote pastoral
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at areas.
the start of the project, at medium term, and during Develop pastoral crisis response plans.
terminal evaluation. Develop seasonal assessments to forecast potential
crises.
Livestock production units that have adopted an
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) management plan — GUIDANCE
Number/proportion
This indicator measures the number of livestock P2 | P7
production units with AMR management plans that Harmonize early warning information systems with
have the objective of decreasing antimicrobial use information systems on livestock, climate, and weather.
in animals (measured in kilograms per livestock Harness systems to monitor and evaluate animal
sustainablelivestockguide.org 18OBJECTIVE 4:
CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE
AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
disease management in pastoral areas. Harmonizing national and local animal disease control centers). These
livestock, climate, weather, and early warning also need to have resource and financial plans and
information systems can improve the resilience of appropriate legislative backing for all actions. In addition,
pastoralists by enabling destocking, redistribution, or contingency plans need to be considered and agreed
other actions to avoid loss of livestock value in times of upon in advance by all major stakeholders, including the
crisis. political and bureaucratic arms of government and the
OBJECTIVE 1
private sector, particularly livestock farmer organizations.
P7 Plans should be refined through simulation exercises
Include basic animal disease management practices and personnel should be trained in their individual roles
in training and capacity-building programs on pastoral and responsibilities.
crisis management planning (LEGS, 2009). è Reported annually using project advancement
reports.
INDICATORS
Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number
OBJECTIVE 2
Disease early warning system and emergency This indicator measures the number of farmers/
preparedness in place— Yes/No extension agents/service providers along the supply
This indicator measures the creation of an early warning chains that have been made aware of and trained on
system that builds on the added value of combining animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
and coordinating cross-sectorial alert mechanisms through the inclusion of animal health issues and
between relevant government ministries, including options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
protocols and a chain of command. It refers to the development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
OBJECTIVE 3
surveillance system and alert and response strategy to should break down the kind of training received,
face emerging diseases, including zoonotic diseases, differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
for which a contingency plan should be implemented, webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in
widely known across relevant stakeholder, rehearsed, for duration), and more robust training based on longer,
example, through simulation exercises. This indicator more in-depth courses.
also measures the improved resilience of pastoralists by è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
enabling destocking, redistribution, or other actions to the start of the project, at medium term, and during
avoid the loss of livestock value in the event of a crisis. terminal evaluation.
OBJECTIVE 4
This indicator can be rated according to the level of Livestock production units that have adopted Good
development and implementation. Level I would indicate Animal Husbandry Practices (GAHP)— Percentage
that there is a strategy for developing a disease early This indicator measures the percentage of livestock
warning system and an emergency preparedness units that have implemented GAHPs. It should be broken
plan; level II would indicate that the strategy has been down by farm size, species and type of farm, where
implemented; and level III would indicate that the possible.
OBJECTIVE 5
strategy has been trialed. è Reported annually using project advancement
è Reported annually using project advancement reports.
reports.
Contingency fund for livestock emergencies created
and operational — Yes/No
This indicator measures the creation of a contingency
fund for livestock emergencies related to drought,
disease, and other hazards. Establishing such a
fund requires well-documented contingency action
plans for specific, high-priority, emergency diseases,
together with a series of generic plans for activities
or programs common to these plans (e.g. setting up
sustainablelivestockguide.org 19OBJECTIVE 5:
STRENGTHEN POLICIES,
KNOWLEDGE, AND INFORMATION
INTERVENTION:
Develop and harmonize
OBJECTIVE 1
livestock policies, plans, New regulations adopted— Number of regulations
This indicator measures the number of new regulations
regulations, and programs adopted or amended to effectively support the activities
of relevant fields, such as controlling transboundary
and emerging zoonotic and animal diseases; ensuring
ACTIVITIES food safety; and controlling AMR. Tools such as the
World Organisation for Animal Health’s Performance
OBJECTIVE 2
Develop a national livestock master plan. of Veterinary Services Pathway (known as the OIE
Establish regulations for the zoning of livestock PVS Pathway) can be used to define the baseline and
grazing and mobility (transhumance) areas. gaps, particularly the Veterinary Legislation Support
Improve equity of grazing and water use rights Programme.
within pastoralist communities. è Reported annually using project advancement
Pilot programs to enable pastoralists to access reports.
donor and other multinational financing.
OBJECTIVE 3
Pastoralists with ongoing, financed projects —
GUIDANCE Number of projects
This indicator measures the numbers of pilot projects
P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 that enable pastoralists to access donor and other
A national livestock master plan should include activities multinational financing, as well as other financed
to address animal diseases, animal welfare, food safety, projects to improve equity relating to grazing and water-
zoonosis and antimicrobial resistance. use rights within pastoralist communities.
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
OBJECTIVE 4
P7 the start of the project, at medium term, and during
Where available, use the OIE PVS reports, including those terminal evaluation.
relating to legislation and gap analysis to assess relevant
gaps (OIE, 2019).
INTERVENTION:
INDICATORS Develop livestock
National livestock strategies developed and
information systems OBJECTIVE 5
endorsed— On a scale from 0-2
This indicator measures the creation of a national ACTIVITIES
livestock strategy. Such a strategy includes protocols
and standard operating procedures to define national Develop animal identification, traceability and
priorities for animal health and welfare that can performance recording.
sustainably increase livestock productivity and achieve Include livestock data in the agriculture census.
diversification, commercialization and competitiveness
of the livestock subsector. The indicator reflects whether GUIDANCE
such a strategy is absent (0) or developed and endorsed
at sub-national level (1) or national level (2). P3 | P6
è Reported annually using project advancement Include data on the use of antimicrobials, and animal
reports. welfare indicators, in livestock information systems.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 20OBJECTIVE 5:
STRENGTHEN POLICIES,
KNOWLEDGE, AND INFORMATION
P2 | P4 Livestock production units that have adopted an
Include data on animal diseases and treatment, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) management plan —
including for zoonosis. Number/proportion
This indicator measures the number of livestock
P2 | P7 production units with AMR management plans that
Include training and resources for the collection of have the objective of decreasing antimicrobial use
OBJECTIVE 1
data that enable disease risk assessment, including in animals (measured in kilograms per livestock
information on the transport of animals. production unit per year). Management plans should
include improving hygiene, and improving wastewater
P7 and sludge management in food production, under the
Make provisions for training on the use of the One Health approach. National monitoring systems for
information system, including epidemiological antimicrobial use can also be used as indicators, in line
surveillance and risk assessment. with antimicrobial surveillance and monitoring capacity .
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
OBJECTIVE 2
INDICATORS the start of the project, at medium term, and during
terminal evaluation,
Data management and information system developed
— Yes/No or on a scale from 0-4 Farmers/extension agents/service providers— Number
This indicator measures the ability to generate or This indicator measures the number of farmers/
compile, analyze and disseminate data in ways that extension agents/service providers along the supply
serve to define health strategies, review results or chains that have been made aware of and trained on
OBJECTIVE 3
endorse the status of a country. Establishment of fully animal health issues in the livestock sector, for instance,
functional systems can be reported as “Yes/No”, or through the inclusion of animal health issues and
scaled in levels, for example, level 0 if no system is options in curriculums, extension manuals, capacity
in place; level I if data is only collected and compiled; development programs, etc. In addition, the indicator
level II if this data is analysed; level III if outputs are should break down the kind of training received,
disseminated adequately; or level IV if overall quality differentiating between “light training”, such as talks and
control is included. webinars, “structural modules” (e.g. those of a week in
è Reported annually using project advancement duration), and more robust training based on longer,
OBJECTIVE 4
reports. more in-depth courses.
è Undertaken using dedicated surveys annually; or at
Livestock production units that have adopted an the start of the project, at medium term, and during
Animal Welfare management plan — Number/ terminal evaluation.
proportion
This indicator measures the number of livestock units,
slaughterhouses, dairies and other processing units;
INTERVENTION:
animal gathering points; and markets that have received Improve capacities at OBJECTIVE 5
project support and developed and implemented animal
welfare management plans. As a minimum, plans should
central and local
address the Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and government levels
thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain,
injury, or disease; freedom to express normal behavior; ACTIVITIES
and freedom from fear and distress. This indicator
should be broken down by farm size, species and type of Assess and fill capacity gaps in relevant government
farm, where possible. ministries.
è Reported annually using project advancement Develop early warning and decision support systems
reports. and tools.
sustainablelivestockguide.org 21You can also read
