AMERICA'S MASS SHOOTING EPIDEMIC
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AMERICA’S MASS SHOOTING
EPIDEMIC
By Dina Kobeissi
INTRODUCTION
Mass shootings have become an epidemic in the United
States in recent decades. Attending school, going to service at a
church, jamming out at a concert, catching a movie, and shopping at
Mass Shooting – the grocery store are all normal activities of everyday life. However,
typically defined as these public spaces and many more have become sites of violence and
incidents in which horror. Since 2009, America has seen 278 mass shootings, resulting
four or more people in 1,569 people shot and killed, and 1,000 people shot and wounded
are shot and killed (Everytown Research and Policy, 2022). Other developed countries
excluding the shooter are not seeing such high numbers: the United States accounts for
73% of mass shootings that occurred in developed countries between
1998 to 2019 (International Journal of Comparative and Applied
Criminal Justice, 2021).
Most mass shootings in recent years have been carried out by
men and with legally purchased semi-automatic weapons (National
Institute of Justice, 2022). The rise in mass shootings has prompted
debates surrounding restrictions on guns and their accessibility.
The United States Although mass shootings make up a small portion of gun violence
sees the most deaths, they gravely impact communities and receive intense media
school shootings in attention. While some believe stricter gun laws are the answer, others
say more access to guns will help in better protecting against those
the world. who use them for harm. In this briefing, you will find further
explanation of the longstanding gun control debate, discussion of
past and ongoing congressional and other political action, and
proposed policies for you, as congresspeople, to consider enacting to
combat America’s mass shooting epidemic.
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EXPLANATION OF THE ISSUE
Historical Development
America has a long history with guns which can be traced back
to the time of the country’s founding. The Second Amendment of the
Constitution states that “a well-regulated Militia, being necessary to
the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
Arms, shall not be infringed.” However, the Second Amendment has
been interpreted in different ways with the main difference of
opinion surrounding whether “the people” means individuals or the
collective. The latter suggests that the amendment ensures a state’s
right to raise a militia, not the right for civilians to own and use guns.
Despite the controversy surrounding guns today, gun control
There are more was not always so contentious. In the early 1900s, 43 states limited
or banned firearms in public places (Spitzer, 2017). Into the mid
civilian-owned 1900s, the Supreme Court also primarily ruled that the Second
guns than people in Amendment did not mean that states or the federal government
the United States. could not establish regulations on the sale and use of firearms. Gun
control became divisive following the assassinations of major public
figures like President Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and
the passage of the Federal Gun Control Act of 1968 Act. The law
began limiting interstate sales of firearms.
However, the culture of crime was changing in America and
by the late 1990s, fear was a selling point for the growth of firearm
sales. More and more people were feeling like they needed guns as a
means of self-defense. By 2013, all 50 states allowed some civilians
to carry hidden handguns (John Hopkins, 2017). More and more,
gun ownership was becoming part of American culture and seen as a
“lifestyle choice.” The National Rifle Association (NRA) became
more active in its pursuit of defending the right to own and use guns
following the passing of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.
On May 24, 2022, Expiring in 2004, the law prohibited the manufacture, transfer, or
19 students and 2 possession of semiautomatic assault weapons which have been the
teachers were primary weapons used in recent mass shootings.
fatally shot at Robb In recent years, the branches of government have been
Elementary School somewhat divided on gun control. The view of the Supreme Court on
in Uvalde, Texas. guns has leaned toward weakened gun restrictions. In June 2022, the
The Guardian Supreme Court ruled on New York State Rifle and Pistol Association
Inc. v. Bruen, Superintendent of New York State Police. The case
tackled the constitutionality of a New York gun law which required
that applicants for unrestricted concealed-carry licenses had to
demonstrate a special need for self-defense. The Supreme Court
found that New York’s proper-cause requirement violates the
Fourteenth Amendment by preventing law-abiding citizens with
ordinary self-defense needs from exercising their Second
Amendment right to bear arms for self-defense (Supreme Court,
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2022). Not long from the decision, the country was shaken by two
major shootings: an elementary school in Uvalde, and a grocery store
in Buffalo, New York. Despite the Supreme Court’s move towards
eased gun control, the Senate has finally moved to pass a bipartisan
Background
gun safety legislation for the first time in three decades. The country,
Check- verifies the
and its branches of government, continue to be divided on gun rights
buyer does not have
and a solution to mass shootings which has ravaged the country.
a criminal record or
isn't otherwise Scope of the Problem
ineligible to
purchase or own a There are many policy issues to consider when it comes to
firearm tackling mass shootings mainly related to who has access to guns,
technology that modifies weapons to be more deadly, mental health
issues in the country, and inadequate preparation of law
enforcement for mass shooting response.
Gun Access
One of the biggest issues when it comes to mass shootings is
how and why the shooter was able to access the weapon or weapons
used in the shooting. Apart from younger shooters who steal guns
from family members, the majority of mass shooters legally obtained
the firearms they used in carrying out mass shootings. From 1966
through 2019, 77% of the perpetrators in mass shootings bought
guns legally (National Institute of Justice, 2022). Many shooters also
passed background checks which are intended to screen buyers
for eligibility before purchasing a firearm. For example, the shooter
who entered a grocery store and killed 10 people in Buffalo, New York
passed a background check because he did not have a disqualifying
criminal or psychiatric record. Furthermore, federal law currently
requires background checks for all gun sales by licensed gun dealers,
but it does not require background checks for guns sold by
The bump unlicensed sellers, like non-dealers who sell guns online or at gun
stock (pictured in shows. This provides a loophole for those with prohibiting histories
black) allows the allowing them to buy guns.
shooter a cycle of
discharge and Bump Stocks
recoiling of bullets. Semi-automatic weapons have been the primary weapon used
The New Yorker in mass shootings. Semi-automatic weapons fire one bullet every
time the trigger is pulled. However, many mass shooters have altered
their semi-automatics with the addition of high-capacity magazines
and ‘bump stock’ technology (GRID, 2022). These additions allow
weapons to function like more deadly, fully-automatic weapons
which fire continually until the trigger is released. Continued access
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to bump stocks make it so that these deadly modifications can
continue to be made.
Mental Health
Trauma has been found to be a common element of the
backgrounds of those committing mass shootings. Nearly all persons
who engage in mass shootings were in a state of crisis in the days or
weeks preceding the shooting (National Institute of Justice, 2022).
Despite one in five Americans having some type of mental health
A Uvalde mother condition (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), access to care
confronted the can be prohibitively expensive. Although the 2008 Mental Health
assembled police for Parity and Addiction Equity Act improved access and coverage for
not going into the mental health and substance abuse treatments, more than 112
building, and said million Americans live in areas where mental health providers are
she was handcuffed scarce (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services).
for several minutes
Law Enforcement Response
before rescuing her
sons The inability of police to quickly enter the classroom in
The Independent Uvalde, Texas and in other mass shootings has raised questions
about the effectiveness of law enforcement response in mass
shootings. Police officers shoot or physically subdue the shooter in
less than a third of attacks (The New York Times, 2022). In addition
to taking time for officers to reach the scene, assessing the situation
and working to stop the shooting has proven to be complex.
Following the Columbine school shooting in 1999, a program known
as ALERRT was founded to train officers from across the nation on
how to deal with mass shooters. Active-shooter training is also part
of officer core curriculum and basic training, but there is no agreed-
upon standard or state requirement for how regularly an officer
should train for an active shooter and many report freezing up at the
scene. Police officials and law enforcement experts agree that
“there’s no guarantee that officers will follow their training and
confront a shooter at the crucial moment” (The Texas Tribune).
Congressional Action
Congress has seen multiple attempts at legislation concerning
gun control, but a bipartisan consensus has been hard to achieve
especially when many accept money from the NRA, which seeks to
limit gun control in America. In January 2021, Rep. Sheila Jackson
Lee (D-TX) introduced H.R.127, a bill that establishes a process for
the licensing and registration of firearms. It also prohibits the
possession of certain ammunition and large capacity ammunition
feeding devices. Another bill, the Protect Our Kids Act, was
introduced by Representative Jerrold Nadler (D-NY). The Act seeks
to provide for an increased age limit on the purchase of certain
firearms, prevent gun trafficking, modernize the prohibition on
untraceable firearms, and encourage the safe storage of firearms.
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However, following the Uvalde and Buffalo shootings, S.2938, the
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act received immense support and
passed through the Senate, the House, and the president becoming
Concealed – not in law. The Act enhances background checks for gun buyers under 21
plain sight, hidden years of age and provides billions of dollars for mental health services
and to harden schools.
Other Policy Action
On June 23, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the
carrying of firearms in public, striking down New York’s law limiting
the carrying of concealed handguns outside the home. The six-
three decision asserted an individual’s right to carry a handgun for
self-defense outside the home, but maintained that states can
continue to prohibit guns in some locations like schools and
government buildings.
IDEOLOGICAL VIEWPOINTS
Conservative View
Conservatives largely support gun ownership and believe the
Second Amendment guarantees individuals the right to bear arms
and defend themselves. However, Republicans are not against
regulation altogether. Only about half of Republicans believe current
gun laws are about right. About 85% believe that restricting gun
access for those with mental illnesses would be a step in the right
direction, and Republicans largely oppose allowing people to carry
In June 2022, tens concealed firearms without a permit (Pew Research Center, 2021).
of thousands of Conservatives are keen on protecting gun ownership rights and are
protesters rallied strongly opposed to limiting gun access for ordinary citizens. Most
across the US to call conservatives also believe that more guns and arming more
for stricter gun laws responsible individuals can help aid in limiting mass shootings by
BBC
providing a route of defense. Despite this, conservatives do tend to
support some reform propositions such as stricter background
checks.
Liberal View
Liberals overwhelmingly see gun violence as a major problem.
They believe in stricter gun control and see it as a strong solution to
combat mass shootings. While not all liberals are in favor of banning
guns completely, many support the total or partial ban of individual
ownership of semi-automatic weapons and accessories which can
boost weapons to mimic automatic capacity. Liberals that may
support maintaining the right to own guns still tend to urge for
stronger background checks and maintaining gun-free zones.
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AREAS OF DEBATE
Despite urgent need for reform, debate surrounding gun
control has deterred progress and halted the implementation of
policies to help combat mass shootings. There are a variety of
different potential solutions to be considered, such as the
implementation of stricter background checks, raising the age limit
for purchasing a gun, arming more responsible individuals,
expanding access to mental health resources, or banning certain
firearms completely. This section will discuss these different
potential solutions and their plausibility.
Stricter Background Checks and Raising the Age Limit
Background checks have been generally supported by
individuals on different sides of the gun control debate, but the
ability of background checks to limit access to guns for dangerous
individuals has been acknowledged as needing reform. Stricter
According to the FBI, background checks can look a few different ways. First, background
background checks checks could be made “universal” and thus create a requirement for
rarely provide false- all gun sales including sales from unlicensed gun dealers. If
positive results. unlicensed sellers meet their buyers at a gun dealer, the gun dealer
can run a background check in the same way as for sales directly from
the dealer’s store. Since 99% of Americans live within 10 miles of a
gun dealer, the process is not overbearing and maintains background
checks for all guns in the country (Everytown, 2021).
Some believe that the bigger issue with background checks is
their ineffectiveness since they fail to limit gun access to dangerous
individuals. Some even claim they produce “false positives” and
prevent gun access for those who do not pose a real risk, although
this is not widely argued. Background checks can be enhanced, and
this idea has been proposed especially for vetting those under 21
years old. Checking juvenile and mental health records through local
law enforcement or state databases can be used to determine
whether a prospective gun buyer under 21 has a possibly
disqualifying juvenile record.
Political Perspectives on this Solution
Liberals argue that the age for purchasing a firearm should be
raised from 18 to 21 citing that other rights such as purchasing
alcohol are held to a higher standard than weapons that can hurt
others. However, this proposition is less popular with many
conservatives who view gun ownership as an right and thus largely
advocate and believe that the age requirement should remain at 18.
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Training and Arming More Individuals
Response to mass shootings by law enforcement has not
always been the most rapid or effective in stopping the shooter. Many
believe that better and more frequent training needs to take place,
and that arming more people at schools like teachers in addition to
stationing police in certain public places permanently can help in
stopping the shooter more quickly. However, gun enthusiasts also
advocate for wider gun access to everyday citizens who can, if trained
on how to use a gun, bring down mass shooters themselves. In 2013,
a potential mass shooting was stopped by an armed citizen who shot
and killed the man making threats to shoot up a party (Phoenix New
Times, 2013). Just this past July, a shooting in an Indianapolis-area
mall was brought to a hault by a person who was lawfully armed—
identified as a 22-year-old man from Bartholomew County—who
shot and killed the gunman (ABC News, 2022). Many gun
enthusiasts have used these instances to push for a stop to making
schools and other public areas “gun-free zones” since it prevents
everyday citizens and responsible adults from being able to respond
in an emergency involving a firearm in the wrong hands.
Political Perspectives on this Solution
The idea of arming teachers is supported by a majority of
Republicans but is very unpopular with Democrats who say that the
burden should not fall on teachers and everyday people who might
not be comfortable operating a firearm even with training,
considering the stressful nature of mass shootings. Many
conservatives vouch for an increase in gun access for “the good guys”
in the country in general so that, in a case where there is a “bad guy
with a gun” there is a “good guy with a gun” to stop them. On the
other hand, liberals tend to strongly disagree with this notion, rather
supporting making schools gun-free zones and believing that
limiting the number of firearms at people’s disposal in society will
ultimately limit the chances of mass shootings.
Expanding Mental Health Screening and Resources
Most people suffering from a mental illness are not
dangerous. However, the majority of mass shooters have mental
illnesses. Many believe in identifying those with mental illnesses,
suicidal thoughts, or feelings of desperation and limiting their gun
access to help in protecting themselves and others. While prohibiting
guns for those in high-risk groups is widely supported, not all in need
of mental health support reach out for it or have access to it. Even if
they do, it has been shown that lying through a mental health
screening has been possible. Thus, many advocate for improving
mental-health monitoring and treatment. Especially when it comes
to preventing young mass shooters, the answer may lie in “threat
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assessments” by teachers, parents, counselors, and other individuals
close to the student. Red flag laws have also been a method to
combat firearms in the hands of potentially unfit individuals with
investigation and court measures involved. Essentially, police
petition a state court to temporarily remove firearms from a person
Red Flag Law – a who they believe may present a danger to others or themselves.
gun control law that Political Perspectives on this Solution
permits police to
petition a state court Republicans and Democrats generally agree on the
to order the importance of expanding mental health resources, but Republicans
temporary removal of are much more confident that this strategy will reduce mass
firearms from a shootings significantly while Democrats feel it is only a piece of the
person who they puzzle and that it must work in conjunction with other gun control
believe may present a regulations to limit mass shootings. There is also worry that pursuing
danger to others or harsh mental health assessments and associating all mental health
themselves issues with violence can lead to stigma around mental health and
dissuade people from seeking the help they need.
Bans on Certain Firearms and Accessories
Most mass shootings are carried out with semi-automatic
weapons. Especially following a mass shooting, discussion
surrounding the complete ban of semi-automatic weapons emerges.
Many mass shooters purchase their weapons legally, and many
people do not see the need for regular citizens to carry such deadly
weapons. Thus, the ban may limit the amount of mass shootings in
America by limiting access to the weapons in the country. However,
this solution is complicated considering the Second Amendment and
intense lobbying by groups like the NRA which believe in the right
for citizens to own a variety of weapons. More realistic is the banning
of accessories which are added to semi-automatic weapons to make
them function as automatic, such as bump stocks. The banning of
accessories has seen more bipartisan support.
Political Perspectives on this Solution
Liberals primarily vouch for the complete or partial ban of
semi-automatic weapons and other potentially other guns while
conservatives tend to strongly oppose such measures. Many
Republicans feel as though the ban of any firearms is a direct attack
on rights ensured by the Second Amendment while Democrats argue
that discussing the right to a small handgun for protection differs
from open access to more sophisticated and deadly weapons. Most
Democrats view semi-automatic weapons as unnecessary and
dangerous in the hands of regular citizens and that the right to bear
arms does not extend to weapons that carry such a level of potential
destruction; lines must be drawn when it comes to the types of guns
that can be sold, carried, and used. However, there is more bipartisan
support for the banning of accessories like bump stocks which allow
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for semi-automatic weapons to fire faster and thus have the potential
to be very deadly in the wrong hands.
BUDGETARY CONSIDERATIONS
Depending on the policy implemented, solutions to the mass
shooting epidemic will require a range of different budgets, You as
US delegates, have the freedom to generate policies with large
financial costs. Consider the costs of funding for programs
established to strengthen background checks, allocate funds for gun
access and training for individuals in public spaces like schools. Keep
in mind that funding can be allocated for programs like the Center of
Disease Control and Prevention or other groups and non-profits with
various missions that may not work directly with the government but
may contribute to your proposed solutions.
CONCLUSION
Mass shootings have plagued the United States for decades.
Each incoming administration has been tasked with navigating this
issue, but finding bipartisan common ground has left gun control
measures at a stalemate for far too long. Now more than ever there
is engagement, especially from Congress, in an effort to combat
America’s mass shooting epidemic. You, as delegates, have a wide
variety of viewpoints to consider. Whether its intensifying
background checks, increasing mental health resources, arming less
people or arming more, or even trying to ban certain weapons, focus
on what you believe are reasonable and achievable goals. Do not be
afraid to be creative with your solutions, combine ideas or come up
with new ones. It is now your job to adapt the strategies of the past
or form new ideas that may just be the solution to an ongoing and
pressing issue.
GUIDE TO FURTHER RESEARCH
Use the sources listed below to conduct your own research
ahead of the conference. Stay up to date with ongoing legislation in
response to recent mass shootings such as stricter gun control laws.
The more you read about the issue, the better prepared you will be to
debate and discuss it. No individual article can give you the whole
picture, so make sure you are looking at a range of credible sources.
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GLOSSARY
Mass Shooting – although there is no clear consensus, mass
shootings are typically defined as incidents in which four or more
people are shot and killed excluding the shooter
Background Check – verifies the buyer does not have a criminal
record or isn't otherwise ineligible to purchase or own a firearm
Concealed – not in plain sight, hidden
Red Flag Law – a gun control law that permits police to petition a
state court to order the temporary removal of firearms from a
person who they believe may present a danger to others or
themselves
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