ALTERNATIVES MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS - DEVELOPMENT - Development Alternatives
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
DEVELOPMENT
ALTERNATIVES
MAPPING SCOPE OF MGNREGS ON SDGS
Report by : TARA, Development Alternatives Group
B-32, Tara Crescent, Qutub Institutional Area
New Delhi 110016, India
Tel: +91-11-2654-4100, 2654-4200, Fax: +91-11-2685-1158
Email: mail@devalt.org, Website: www.devalt.org
Author(s) : Afreen Faridi, Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University
Anshul Bhamra, Manager, Development Alternatives
Kavya Arora, Deputy Manager, Development Alternatives
Contributor(s) : Gitika Goswami, Programme Director, Development Alternatives
Syed Farhan, Deputy Manager, Development Alternatives
Guide : Zeenat Niazi, Vice President, Development Alternatives
Editor(s) : Parul Goel, Pravara Amreliya, Prerna Sodhi, Development Alternatives
Photo Credits :
Cover photo: 14 December 2013, Rajasthan - Women employed by
MGNREGA in Rajasthan. [Photo: Shashank Jayaprasad/UNDP India]
© 2017 Development Alternatives
About Development Alternatives Group (DA)
Development Alternatives (DA), the world's first social enterprise dedicated to sustainable development, is a research and action
organisation striving to deliver socially equitable, environmentally sound and economically scalable development outcomes. DA's
green technology innovations for habitat, water, energy and waste management, which deliver basic needs and generate sustainable
livelihoods, have reduced poverty and rejuvenated natural ecosystems in the most backward regions of India.
About GIZ
Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH is an international agency for sustainable development. GIZ
India, as mandated by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) has been implementing a bi-
lateral project, ‘Environmental benefits of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)’ in partnership
with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India since 2013. The objective of the project is to augment the
environmental benefits from enhanced natural resource management focus within MGNREGA activities, to help secure the
livelihoods of the rural poor and to protect them against the effects of climate change.
DISCLAIMER
This document is an outcome of a project titled, “NREGS and SDGS”. The Report is intended for use by policy-makers, academics, media, government,
non-government organisations and general public for guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. The opinions
contained in this document are those of the authors only. However, the decision and responsibility to use the information contained in this Policy
Paper lies solely with the reader. The author(s) and the publisher(s) are not liable for any consequences as a result of use or application of this
document. Content may be used/quoted with due acknowledgement to Development Alternatives.
2
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 1 :
About the Study .................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2:
Tracking MGNREGS contribution to SDGs............................................................................. 12
Chapter 3:
Cases in Perspective ............................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 4:
Action Plan for Ministry of Rural Development .................................................................... 28
Annex A:
Goals of MGNREGS and Outcome Indicators ........................................................................ 37
Annex B:
Sustainable Development Goals: Links to MGNREGS ............................................................ 46
3
List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of SDGs indicators to track NREGS ................................................................. 13
Table 2: Report at HLPF on targets and indicators where data is readily available ..................... 31
Table 3: Targets and indicators that can be reported at HLPF following given action ................ 32
Table 4: List of Empirical Studies to be conducted for MGNREGS contribution to SDGs ............. 34
Table 5: List of Data Studies to be conducted for MGNREGS contribution to SDGs .................... 35
Table 6: List of targets where links with MGNREGS can be explored .......................................... 36
Table 7: List of Goals of MGNREGS ............................................................................................... 37
Table 8: Summary of MGNREGS Goals, Indicators and Data Points required and available ....... 40
Table 9: List of Sustainable Development Goals........................................................................... 46
Table 10: Category 1 of SDGs - Targets that are directly linked with MGNREGS ......................... 48
Table 11: Category 2 of SDGs - Targets that are indirectly linked with MGNREGS ...................... 50
Table 12: Category 3 of SDGs - SDGs where linkages with MGNREGS can be explored .............. 57
4List of Abbreviations
BRGF Backward Regions Grant Fund
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GP Gram Panchayat
GS Gram Sabha
ILO International Labour Organization
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Programme
MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gaurantee Act
MoSPI Ministry of Statistics Planning and Programme Implementation
NAP National Afforestation Programme
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
NER Net Enrolment Ratio
NHM National Horticulture Mission
PO Programme Officer
PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SoR Schedule of Rates
TOF Trees Outside Forest
UN-IAEG United Nations – Inter Agency and Expert Group on SDGs Indicators
VNR Voluntary National Review
WHO World Health Organization
WPR Workforce Participation Ratio
5Abstract
In 2015, world leaders from the 193 UN member states came together to adopt a set of 17
Goals and 169 targets aimed to achieve sustainability in development practices. The agenda
looks beyond the Millennium Development Agenda, and sets a post 2015 UN Sustainable
Development Agenda framework. The UN Sustainable Development Agenda provides an
opportunity to renew and integrate efforts in order to meet, to a significant degree, national
and global aspirations for sustainable living in a defined time frame. As signatory to the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, India has committed to participate in the successful
implementation and international review of progress of SDGs on a regular basis, towards which
the Voluntary National Review (VNR) was brought out this year.
The NITI Aayog entrusts the Ministry of Rural Development as the nodal agency for
implementing SDG 1 (No poverty), and mentions MGNREGA as a ‘core of the core’ scheme
integral to achieve the goal, since the MGNREGA features as a flagship scheme for ensuring
social protection in rural India. The Scheme currently reports its contribution to benefit women
(SDG 5), vulnerable and poor sections (SDG 10), and employment benefits (SDG 8).
The study was initiated with the hypothesis that there are many other potential links of
MGNREGS of its contribution in achieving SDGs, given its unique design of creating employment
opportunities, and creating infrastructure and economic utilities for better livelihoods.
The aim of the study is to support the Ministry of Rural Development, India, in implementing,
tracking and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The study maps and tracks the current
potential of MGNREGS and its contribution towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
The study undertakes a comprehensive assessment of the scope of MGNREGS’ contribution in
achieving SDGs, and provides an action plan for the government to make its reporting to VNR
more effective. According to the study, MGNREGS contributes to 13 Goals and 27 targets of
Sustainable Development Goals. There are 32 indicators identified by the study that MGNREGS
should measure in order to track its contribution in achieving SDGs. A phase-wise action plan
for the Ministry of Rural Development is also developed in order to start collecting and tracking
data on all these parameters. The overall objective is to map the holistic impact of MGNREGS
on achieving SDGs.
This study must be interpreted as a foundational study to build a framework for tracking
national flagship programmes on SDGs. There are some identified limitations to the study. It
has currently used publicly available data on MGNREGS. However, there are certain data points
that are understood to be available with the Ministry of Rural Development, but are currently
not identified in the study. The study has identified some targets in potential links category; but
some targets are not assessed completely due to inability to find relevant data or appropriate
methodologies. However, it is suspected that relevant data and methodologies do exist, or can
be developed by those with greater understanding of the sector. It is hoped that further studies
will build on the framework, add more indicators, fill data gaps, and benchmark the indicators
identified in the current study.
6CHAPTER 1
About the Study
Background
India’s Development Context
India’s had a remarkable economic growth rate of 8.7 per cent per annum between 2004-05
and 2009-10. Prospects in terms of the growth rate look promising; the World Bank has
predicted a growth rate of 8 per cent for India by 2017. (Press Trust of India, 2015) The paradox
of India’s story is that the economic growth has not translated into fully solving the most
pertinent problems of the nation and some of the rudimentary needs of its people.
In 2014, a report by the Indian Government Planning Commission estimated that 363 million
Indians, making up 29.5% of the total population, were living below the poverty line in 2011-12
(Katyal, 2015), while one per cent of the Indian populace controlled 50 per cent of the nation’s
total wealth. The concern is that high growth rate had an inadequate impact on job generation.
Financial Times (as cited in Bhaduri, 2008) reported that TATA steel plant in Jamshedpur, from
1991 to 2005, increased its steel production by a factor of five, while the employment dropped
to half. The Economic Survey 2013 has cautioned that by 2020, India could face 16.7 million
‘missing jobs’. (Mathew, 2014) The Indian population has a long way to go to achieve basic
living standards. India had a 20.6 per cent share of the world's poorest in 2011. (Donnan,
2014) India stands low on rank 135 among 187 countries on the Human Development Index,
with 58% of the population lacking means to meet essential needs. The environment has been
exploited massively in the last few decades. According to the Global Footprint Network in 2012,
India’s ecological footprint exceeded its bio-capacity by 160%. With 70 per cent of surface
water polluted, and 60 per cent of ground water sources expected to be in critical state by next
decade, the impending water crisis is at India’s door steps. (Asia Development Bank Institute,
2012)
India is confronted with the challenge of sustaining development amidst the threat of climate
change. India stands 18th in the world on the Climate Risk Index, with a score of 38.50 (Kreft &
Eckstein, 2013), indicating the high level of exposure and vulnerability to extreme events.
Evidence has shown that impacts of climate change will be felt most acutely by the people
whose livelihoods are most dependent on natural systems, estimated around 700 million in
India. (Satapathy, et al., 2011) Furthermore, being the third largest carbon emitter in the world,
India will also have to devise ways to reduce its carbon emissions while choosing its
development options. Achievement of India’s vital development goals related to other systems
such as habitats, health and energy demand, and infrastructure would impact, as well as be
impacted by, climate change. (Planning Commission, 2011)
7India’s Global Commitments
The year 2015 witnessed the adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the world
leaders at the 70th UN Summit. The SDGs, officially known as “Transforming Our World: The
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, are an intergovernmental set of 17 aspirational
Goals with 169 targets, committed by the 193 member states of the United Nations. India is
one of the nations that signed the adoption of post 2015 development agenda, and in principle
aimed to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The post 2015 UN
Sustainable Development Agenda framework provides an opportunity to renew and integrate
efforts in order to meet, to a significant degree, national and global aspirations in a defined
time frame.
The UNFCCC Conference of Parties in December 2015 adopted the Paris Agreement, which
provides a multilateral framework for low-carbon transformation of the world economy. In
order to reach a global climate agreement to reduce emissions, so that the world stays below
the 2 degree target, countries publicly outlined the climate actions they intend to take after
2020, known as their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), at COP21, the
Paris Agreement. At COP 21, India also committed to transition to low carbon economy, with
specific targets on climate mitigation and adaptation.
As signatory to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, India has committed to
participate in the successful implementation and international review of progress of SDGs on a
regular basis, towards which the Voluntary National Review (VNR) was brought out this year.
The VNR has been useful for both general public and institutional bodies - allowing for a
reorientation towards existent policies, especially those requiring stringent implementation and
those which need increased focus. In the High Level Political Forum 2017, India has reported on
its detailed three year action plan/agenda to align with the SDG targets.
At the HLPF 2017, India reported on Goals 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 14 and 17. NITI Aayog, the premier think
tank of the Government of India, has recently released a draft Three-Year Action Agenda
covering years 2017-18 to 2019-20. In parallel, work on a 15-year vision and 7-year strategy
document is in its advanced stages. Reflecting the country’s long-standing federal tradition,
these documents are being prepared with active participation of the sub-national governments.
(Government of India, 2017)
8Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Source: Development Alternatives
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Act, 2005) is a flagship
programme of the Department of Rural Development under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural
Development. The programme was first implemented in February 2006, and aims to strengthen
the livelihood security and resource base of the country’s poor, by guaranteeing hundred days
of wage employment in a financial year to rural households. (Ministry of Rural Development,
2013)
The benefits of MGNREGS are delivered across 685 districts in the country (Ministry of Rural
Development, 2017), and nearly 251 million beneficiaries are enrolled as active workers
(MGNREGS- At a Glance page). The programme has numerous positive implications and tries to
address a wide spectrum of issues, vis-à-vis, mandating inclusion of women as one-third of the
beneficiaries (gender equality); inclusion of SC/ST workers (social equality); implementing
works on agriculture, watershed management and forest fire prevention (natural resource
management and conservation); and construction of houses and sanitation facilities (basic
needs fulfilment).
A study was carried out by Institute of Economic Growth to assess the impact of works under
MGNREGS on sustainable livelihoods. According to the study, income of poor households rose
by 11 per cent, and farm productivity by up to 32 per cent, due to various works carried out
under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). The
income mentioned in the findings of the study is other than the wages given for works carried
out under MGNREGS. (PTI, 2017)
9An indicative document by the NITI Aayog entrusts the Ministry of Rural Development as the
nodal agency for implementing SDG 1 (No Poverty), and mentions MGNREGS as a ‘core of the
core’ scheme integral to achieve the goal. The MGNREGS features as an important social
protection scheme. It is structured to benefit women (SDG 5) and the disadvantaged sections of
the society (SDG 10). Innovations in the use of MGNREGS funds have also holistically
contributed to attributes of SDG 2 (Sustainable Agriculture), SDG 6 and 15 (Conserving Water
Systems), and SDG 13 (Climate Change Adaptation).
MGNREGS has been reported in the Voluntary National Review Report 2017 by the
Government of India, in its contribution for achieving SDG 1, SDG 5, SDG 8 and SDG 10. Under
SDG 1, Ending Poverty in all forms, MGNREGS is seen as an important strategy for achieving this
goal. It focuses on generating meaningful employment by developing agricultural
infrastructure, productive assets and entrepreneurship-based livelihood opportunities.
MGNREGS’s contribution as the world’s largest cash transfer programme is recognised under
SDG 8 which says, “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all”. MGNREGS has generated over 2 billion
person-days of employment during the last year. It has helped reduce extreme poverty, as well
as enhance the infrastructure and purchasing power in rural areas. The benefits have largely
been reaped by women and the disadvantaged sections of the society, thereby contributing to
SDG 5 (Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls) and SDG 10 (Reduce
inequalities within and among countries), respectively. For raising the level of female labour
force participation, a number of initiatives are being implemented, including Stand-up India and
MGNREGS. (Government of India, 2017)
Scope of the study
Objectives
The aim of the study is to support the Ministry of Rural Development, India, in implementing,
tracking and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. MGNREGS is the flagship
programme of the ministry. The study aims to map and track the current and potential
contribution of MGNREGS to the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of the study is to
make a comprehensive assessment of the scope of MGNREGS’s contribution in achieving SDGs.
The two specific objectives of the study are:
To map the scope of MGNREGS in achieving SDGs
The study matches the current activities undertaken under MGNREGS with the actions
required under various SDGs targets. This exercise maps the SDGs related to MGNREGS.
To develop a phase-wise action plan for execution
The study proposes an action plan to the Ministry of Rural Development to implement
tracking of MGNREGS on the identified SDGs, and therefore track the true impact of
MGNREGS, beyond only employment days that are generated. The action plan includes –
10new data, revisions in data points, methodologies of data collection, and phase wise plan to
scale up at the national level.
Approach
The study has taken the following steps for achieving its objectives:
STEP 1: Map goals under MGNREGS and indicators to track the progress of the goals
As a first step, suitable indicators are identified against the goals of MGNREGS. Since the
goals and work categories are not aligned as one-to-one in the scheme, the study has
identified parameters in cognizance, and clubbed them under different goals of MGNREGS.
The source of data for the indicator is also identified. In cases where data is not available for
the indicator, the available set of data is mentioned along with the gap of information in
finding the indicator value.
STEP 2: Map SDG targets & indicators in relation to the goals of MGNREGS
SDG targets are mapped against the links it has with MGNREGS goals. The study has
classified the 169 targets into three categories:
- Targets that are directly linked: These targets will have an impact of the work under
MGNREGS, as per the current design, goals and work categories of the MGNREGS.
- Targets that are indirectly linked: These targets are not in the mandate of MGNREGS,
but have an indirect effect, as corroborated by studies and research.
- Targets that are potentially linked: These targets have unexplored links with MGNREGS,
which may have manifested in some states, as a part of the approach/strategy taken at
the state level.
- Targets that are not considered in the study.
The study maps the first two categories of the targets and their indicators against
MGNREGS goals and indicators, to explore the potential of tracking MGNREGS on various
SDGs, beyond the current scope of mapping it for employment creation and social
protection for the poor. The indicators used for this assessment are based on the most
revised version of UN-IAEG’s green listed indicators and indicators developed by the
Ministry of Statistics of Planning and Implementation.
STEP 3: Indicator Matrix of MGNREGS over SDGs
A matrix is developed that overlays SDG targets and indicators over goals and indicators of
MGNREGS. The matrix classifies indicators on the basis of whether data is available,
whether data can be derived and whether data is currently not tracked.
STEP 4: Phase wise action plan for execution
A phase wise plan for the Ministry of Rural Development will be developed. The purpose is
to move towards a more holistic tracking of MGNREGS by measuring its scope and potential
of achieving the 17 SDGs. This will include – identification of data gaps in MIS data, testing
of data methodologies, pilots of data collection, phase wise scaling up of data derivations
and including it in MIS systems of MGNREGS.
11CHAPTER 2
Tracking MGNREGS’ contribution to SDGs
According to the study, MGNREGS contributes to 13 Goals and 27 Targets of Sustainable
Development Goals. There are 42 Indicators identified by the study that MGNREGS should
measure in order to track its contribution in achieving SDGs. Out of 42 indicators, data for 15
indicators is available, partial data for 17 indicators, and no data for 10 indicators.
The table below summarises the Sustainable Development Goals, targets and indicators that
are relevant to MGNREGS. The table also maps the SDG targets to its possible contribution in
MGNREGS and possible indicators that MGNREGS can track against the given SDG indicator. The
table further identifies data availability of the indicator mapped for tracking MGNREGS on
SDGs.
Following are keys to study the table:
Targets are colour coded in two categories:
Targets that are directly linked to MGNREGS - Targets of the SDGs
Target X that are aligned to overall objective of MGNREGS, as reported to
Voluntary National Reporting by India.
Targets that are indirectly linked to MGNREGS -: These comprise of
Target Y targets that are in the goals of MGNREGS, but currently not tracked
as outcomes or impact by MGNREGS in national reporting by MoRD.
Indicators are classified into three categories:
Indicator A Green indicators identified by UN-IAEG
Indicators that are in the UN-IAEG list and are also found in the list of
Indicator B SDG indicators developed by the Ministry of Statistics, Planning and
Implementation (MoSPI), India
Indicator C Indicators only in the list that MoSPI developed for tracking SDGs
Data is marked available, partially available or not available based on whether data for all
the measures in the indicators are available, some data is available (partial), or no data is
available.Table 1: Summary of SDGs indicators to track MGNREGS
MGNREGS MGNREGS Data Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Observations
Contribution Indicator Source lability
GOAL 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Percent of total Study annual trends in
1.1.1 Proportion of population below the MGNREGS is part annual budget budget allocation at the
1.1 By 2030, eradicate MoRD Yes
international poverty line, by sex, age, of the resources allocated to national level to gauge
extreme poverty for all people and
employment status and geographical location allocated by MGNREGS MGNREGS’s expansion and
everywhere, currently Press
Percentage of resource allocated by the government Percent of total efficiency, and also as
measured as people living on Information
government directly to poverty reduction directly to poverty poverty alleviation proportion of total budget
less than $1.25 a day Bureau Yes
programme reduction budget allocated to for poverty alleviation in
MGNREGS the country
1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the Study annual trends in
Percent of total
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least national poverty line, by sex and age MGNREGS is part budget allocation at the
budget allocated to MoRD Yes
by half the proportion of men, 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of of the resources nNational level to gauge
MGNREGS and
women and children of all all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions allocated by MGNREGS’s expansion and
Press
ages living in poverty in all its according to national definitions government Percent of total efficiency, and also as
Information
dimensions according to Percentage of resource allocated by the directly to poverty poverty alleviation proportion of total budget
Bureau Yes
national definitions government directly to poverty reduction reduction budget allocated to for poverty alleviation in
programme MGNREGS the country
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social
1.3 Implement nationally protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing MGNREGS is a
Population covered Total
appropriate social protection children, unemployed persons, older persons, social protection Categories of individuals in
by MGNREGS Individuals
systems and measures for all, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, new scheme, and all MGNREGS include women,
classified in Employed: Yes
and by 2030 achieve borns, work-injury victims and the poor and the covered under SC/ST and disabled
categories of UN- MGNREGS
substantial coverage of the vulnerable MGNREGS add to workers
IAEG indicator website
poor and the vulnerable Percentage change in ST students under post this indicator
matric scholarship
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in Data on total number of
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all households with access to basic services Bank and accounts opened till date
Number of accounts
men and women, in particular 1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with MGNREGS wages post office is available; there is also
opened for
the poor and the vulnerable, secure tenure rights to land, and who perceive come directly in accounts: Yes data on total wages
MGNREGS wage
have equal rights to economic their rights to land as secure, by sex, type of your bank account MGNREGS disbursed in a year, and
disbursal
resources, as well as access to tenure without any in- Website those disbursed through
basic services, ownership and No of accounts opened under PMJDY by cash payments; bank accounts
control over land and other Rural/Urban this has led to Bank/Post
forms of property, No of a/c’s with zero balance under PMJDY wage employees Aadhaar seeding is also a
Office
inheritance, natural Number of beneficiaries from housing loans opening bank Percent of MGNREGS mandate for ensuring
Accounts
resources, appropriate new Number of beneficiaries for Bank loan for accounts, wage workers financial inclusion and
Opened and
technology, and financial purchasing motor vehicles and other durable contributing to the financially linked to Yes reducing leakage of funds
Amount
services, including micro goods indicator bank/post office to ensure equal rights to
Disbursed
finance Number of enterprises getting loan from banks accounts economic resources for
on NREGA
the poor
PortalMGNREGS MGNREGS Data Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Observations
Contribution Indicator Source lability
GOAL 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and Change in prevalence of
2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment Higher income due Prevalence of
ensure access by all people, in undernourishment in families
2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or to wage undernourishme
particular the poor and people in Not employed under MGNREGS can be
severe food insecurity in the employment can nt in MGNREGS No
vulnerable situations, including collected found by assessing correlation
population, based on the Food translate into better families
infants, to safe, nutritious and between the two (Empirical
Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) dietary choices (households)
sufficient food all year round studies required)
2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for
age +2 orMGNREGS MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Data Source Observations
Contribution Indicator lability
GOAL 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Mortality
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and
rate
ambient air pollution Individual
attributed to
3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe Household
unsafe water,
sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Latrines:
unsafe
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services) MGNREGS
sanitation
3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional website1
and lack of Impact on mortality rates due
poisoning Total rural drinking
hygiene to sanitation works under
Percentage of women aged 15-49 years with a live birth water works: Partial
(exposure to MGNREGS can be found by
in a given time who received antenatal care, four times MGNREGS website
unsafe conducting empirical studies
3.9 By 2030, or more MGNREGS website
Water,
substantially Percentage of children aged 12-23 months who Water and (convergence)
Sanitation
reduce the received the three doses of pentavalent vaccine before sanitation Rural sanitation
and Hygiene
number of their first birthday facilities infrastructure
for All
deaths and Percentage of children under 5 years with suspected constructed MGNREGS website
(WASH)
illnesses from pneumonia in two weeks preceeding the survey who under
services)
hazardous sought care from appropriate health facility or provider MGNREGS
Studies are required to derive
chemicals and Percentage of TB cases successfully treated enable access
Individual data on – percent of
air, water and Percentage of people living with HIV currently receiving to sanitation,
Percentage Household population with access to
soil pollution ART thus impacting
population Latrines: drinking water and sanitation
and Percentage population in malaria-endemic areas who mortality rates
using safely MGNREGS services under MGNREGS;
contamination slept under an ITN the previous night
managed website2 Currently, data available is on
Percentage population using safely managed drinking
drinking Total rural drinking total number of such works
water services and using safely managed sanitation
water water works: Partial completed;
services
services and MGNREGS website For the purpose of scope of
Proportion of population aged 18 years and older who
using safely MGNREGS website MGNREGS in sanitation,
are currently taking antihypertensive medication
managed (convergence) percent of financial
among number of adults 18 years and older
sanitation Rural sanitation contribution of MGNREGS in
Number of outpatient department visit per person per
services infrastructure the total funds utilised by
year and hospital(inpatient) admission per 100
MGNREGS website Swachch Bharat Mission funds
population per year
can be derived
1 This data is available and can be calculated by data points available in the MGNREGS database: HH provided with sanitation facilities; public toilets built.
2 This data is available and can be calculated by data points available in the MGNREGS database: HH provided with sanitation facilities; public toilets built.
15MGNREGS MGNREGS Data Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Observations
Contribution Indicator Source lability
GOAL 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
4.1.1 Proportion of children and young
4.1 By 2030, ensure The possible link between
people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of
that all girls and boys Net Enrolment retention of MGNREGS
primary; and (c) at the end of lower Wage employment
complete free, of children of workers’ children in schools
secondary achieving at least a minimum through MGNREGS
equitable and quality MGNREGS and reduced migration due to
proficiency level in (i)reading and (ii) may allow parents Not available No
primary and secondary workers in decent wage employment
mathematics, by sex to send their
education leading to educational provided by MGNREGS can be
Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) at Primary/ children to school
relevant and effective institutions explored through empirical
Upper-Primary/ Secondary/ Senior
learning outcomes studies
Secondary levels
GOAL 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
MGNREGS’ role in providing
decent work opportunities to
5.1 End all forms of 5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are MGNREGS
% of women women, and change in
discrimination against in place to promote, enforce and monitor mandates 1/3rd of MGNREGS
employed under Yes women participation, as
all women and girls equality and non-discrimination on the the work to be website3
MGNREGS informal labour may be
everywhere basis of sex given to women
explored through empirical
studies.
3 Women person days as percentage of total
16Global/National MGNREGS MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Data Source Observations
Indicators Contribution Indicator lability
GOAL 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
MGNREGS builds
Information on rural drinking
6.1 By 2030, achieve drinking water Convergence:
6.1.1 Proportion of water works (convergence
universal and facilities in Percent of HH/people MGNREGS website4
population using safely schemes and otherwise) is
equitable access to convergence with provided with drinking Total rural drinking Partial
managed drinking water available and number of people
safe and affordable other rural water facilities water works:
services accessing the facilities can be
drinking water for all development schemes MGNREGS website
derived
as a part of its goals
6.2 By 2030, achieve
access to adequate Information on rural sanitation
Individual Household
and equitable works (convergence, individual
6.2.1 Proportion of Toilets: MGNREGS
sanitation and hygiene As a part of work, and overall) is available and
population using safely Percent of HH/people website6
for all and end open MGNREGS builds number of people accessing the
managed sanitation services, provided with Yes
defecation, paying water & sanitation facilities can be derived;
including a hand-washing sanitation facilities5 Rural sanitation
special attention to facilities (Goal 4) this may also be substantiated
facility with soap and water works:
the needs of women qualitatively with case studies
MGNREGS website
and girls and those in and examples
vulnerable situations
6.5.1 Degree of integrated
MGNREGS contributes
water resources
to water resource Percentage financial
6.5 By 2030, management
management, such as contribution of Expenditure on water The contribution by MGNREGS
implement integrated implementation (0–100)
by works under the MGNREGS in water related (harvesting can be derived from total
water resources 6.5.2 Proportion of trans-
Natural Resource management and and conservation, expenditure on water
management at all boundary basin area with an
Management category conservation works (as and traditional water Partial management and conservation
levels, including operational arrangement for
(water harvesting and mentioned in the bodies’ renovation works (resourced directly by
through trans- water cooperation
conservation works; Mission Water works): MGNREGS MGNREGS and in synergy with
boundary cooperation Percentage of River basins
works on renovation Conservation website8 Mission Water Conservation)
as appropriate brought under Integrated
of traditional water framework7)
Water Resource
bodies etc.)
Management
4 The data does not track HH with drinking water facilities, but tracks drinking water structures built.
5
Structures such as soak-pits, trenches and drainage lines, etc.
6 This needs to be derived against total number of households.
7
Mission Water Conservation is an initiative of the Ministry of Rural Development, and looks at synergies between MGNREGS, Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
and Pradhan Mantra Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), with respect to their water resource management and conservation works. We assume that all synergistic water related works
done under MGNREGS after release of the framework feed into Mission Water Conservation. A distinction in the data based on synergies is not clear on the portal.
8
Geo-tagging of water management structures can enable complete data availability for Target 6.5. Convergence data under Mission Water Conservation not available, only budget
allocations have been mentioned in newspaper articles.
17MGNREGS MGNREGS Data Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Observations
Contribution Indicator Source lability
GOAL 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and Wages earned Notification
male employees, by occupation, age and Data is available on state wise wage rates;
by male-female for Revised
persons with disabilities wages earned can be derived from wage
in regular/ Wage Rate Yes
8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age, rates and total individuals employed, for
casual on NREGA
persons with disabilities number of days
employment Portal
8.5 By 2030, Workforce participation Ratio (WPR) of Existence of Page 16 of
achieve full and women, youth, persons with disabilities MGNREGS impact legal protection MGNREGA As per MGNREGA (2005), all workers are
productive Wages earned by male-female in regular / the wage rates in system - equal Operational Yes entitled to the notified wage rate and equal
employment and casual employment the region, pay for equal Guidelines, pay for men and women
decent work for all Existence of legal protection system- equal gender work 2013
women and men, pay for equal work differentiation in
including for young Average income of workers (indicator for wage rates and Employment/ Disabled
As per MGNREGS Operational Guidelines,
people and decent work) access to wages social persons
2013, Section 9.3, Page 78, MGNREGS
persons with Employment/social protection for persons by the most protection for employed Yes
creates special conditions to facilitate
disabilities, and with disabilities vulnerable in the persons with under
inclusion of disabled persons in the scheme
equal pay for work Labour productivity growth (percentage) region. disabilities MGNREGS
of equal value Annual increase in minimum real wages
Share of Number of people employed for the first
Share of unemployed persons in population
unemployed time in MGNREGS can be derived to trace
aged 15-24
persons in Not collected No the impact of MGNREGS in reducing
A measurement of decent work/quality of
population unemployment; need to device data
life of workers (as per Ministry's vision - to
aged 15-24 methodology study
be proposed by the Ministry)
The Operational Guidelines 2013 allow for
8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal Frequency rates
8.8 Protect labour Administrative Expenditure to ensure
occupational injuries, by sex and migrant of fatal, non-
rights and promote As MGNREGS is a worksite facilities for emergency treatment
status fatal
safe and secure mass of minor injuries, medical treatment and
8.8.2 Level of national compliance with occupational Not collected No
working employment hospitalisation in case of fatal injury to
labour rights (freedom of association and injuries, by sex
environments for guarantee workers while working under the scheme;
collective bargaining) based on International and migrant
all workers, scheme, labour micro data can be available on number of
Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources status
including migrant standards under such cases
Proportion of workers covered under ESI Act
workers, in the scheme Rate of growth of employment under
Proportion of workers covered under health Total
particular women contribute to Employment MGNREGS can be studied in proportion to
insurance Individuals
migrants, and achieving the generated the rate of total employment growth in the
Accommodation in working women’s hostel employed on Yes
those in precarious target under country to calculate the contribution of
Number of migrants workers MGNREGS
employment MGNREGA MGNREGS in employment generation in
Employment generated under MGNREGA website
the country, per year
18Global/National MGNREGS MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Data Source Observations
Indicators Contribution Indicator lability
GOAL 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, 9.1.1 Proportion of the
Under Goal 4, There is data on length of roads built
sustainable and resilient rural population who live
Road and Proportion of the rural Length of all-season under MGNREGS; need to derive data on
infrastructure, to support within 2 km of an all-
infrastructure is population who live roads built – Rural increase in population with access to all-
economic development and season road Partial
developed within 2 km of an all- connectivity work season roads built under MGNREGS;
human well-being, with a 9.1.2 Passenger and
under season road under MGNREGS need a study to devise clear
focus on affordable and freight volumes, by mode
MGNREGS methodology
equitable access for all. of transport
GOAL 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
Data for the indicator can be derived by
Increase in income of
Wage data from MIS total wages disbursed to BPL households
population enrolled in
data on MGNREGS Partial under MGNREGS adjusting to average
MGNREGS through
website9 income of BPL; need a study to devise
Wage Employment
clear methodology
MGNREGS Increase in income of The Assets created are grouped into
10.1 By 2030, progressively 10.1.1 Growth rates of MIS data on Assets
wage benefits population enrolled in Assets that improve livelihood in rural
achieve and sustain income household expenditure or Created for
and self- MGNREGS through Partial areas; expected increase in income due
growth of the bottom 40 per income per capita among Vulnerable Section
employment Self-employment after to these assets can only be derived
cent of the population at a the bottom 40 per cent of under MGNREGS
activities the Creation of Assets through empirical studies
rate higher than the national the population and the
contribute in People skilled Data is available on various skills
average total population Increase in income of
HH income through BFT, CFT, programmes and initiatives under
population enrolled in
LIFE programmes10, MGNREGS; however, increase in income
MGNREGS who gained
Skilled for wages, for Partial after skill enhancement will require
regular employment
self-employment and empirical studies to be conducted;
after Skill
for livelihood registered staff of MGNREGS also
Enhancement
upgradation11 contributes to employment by scheme
10.4 Adopt policies, Data is available on total expenditure on
10.4.1 Labour share of MGNREGS is a Labour share of GDP, NREGA Portal for
especially wages & social wages under MGNREGS; using the GDP
GDP, comprising wages social comprising wages and disaggregated data
protection policies, & Yes of the country, this can be computed;
and social protection protection social protection on Labour Budget12
progressively achieve greater need a study to devise clear
transfers transfer. transfers NITI Aayog Statistics
equality methodology
9
The MIS data on MGNREGS website does not disaggregate wages for individuals based on their BPL status. However, as per MGNREGA Operational Guidelines, 2013, the entry of
registration details in MGNREGA Soft includes the BPL status of the household
10
Data is also available on the demand of skilling, sector wise, based on LIFE survey conducted. It also includes survey of those who completed 100 days of employment and are interest
and not interested in livelihoods.
11
There is data available on whether skilling of MGNREGS workers under SRLM and SNSM is being done, perhaps based on Life survey results.
12
Data disaggregated on National, State, District, Block and Panchayat Level
19MGNREGS MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Data Source Observations
Contribution Indicator lability
GOAL 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing Drought The drought-proofing works, flood-control
persons and directly affected persons Climate proofing, flood works and water harvesting and
attributed to disasters per 100,000 resilient control and conservation infrastructure built by
MGNREGS
population infrastructure water MGNREGS have a climate resilience
focuses on Partial
13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt investments conservation purpose and related co-benefits; this link
building resilient
and implement national disaster risk under works: needs to be explored by studies and
13.1 Strengthen infrastructure,
reduction strategies in line with the MGNREGS MGNREGS obtaining work-level data determining the
resilience and adaptive providing secure,
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk website13 type of works/activities
capacity to climate- extra wage
Reduction 2015–2030
related hazards and employment post
13.1.3 Proportion of local governments
natural disasters in all disasters and Investments
that adopt and implement local disaster MGNREGS also contributes to recovery by
countries reconstruction of by MGNREGS Extra wage
risk reduction strategies in line with providing extra wage days in certain
structures during post days:
national disaster risk reduction Partial circumstances; specific data on post-
required post disaster MGNREGS
strategies disaster infrastructure isn’t available in
disasters. recovery website
Number of states with strategies for public domain
phase
enhancing adaptive capacity and dealing
with climate extreme weather events.
13.2.1 Number of countries that have
communicated the establishment or
operationalization of an integrated Identifying climate vulnerabilities and
As per the Goals Number of
policy/strategy/plan which increases stress of an area, and using the same while
and work States that
their ability to adapt to the adverse planning for MGNREGS works can integrate
categories of have
13.2 Integrate climate impacts of climate change, and foster climate action in MGNREGS, thereby
MGNREGS, the integrated
change measures into climate resilience and low greenhouse moving beyond co-benefits to climate from
infrastructure climate Not collected No
national policies, gas emissions development in a manner MGNREGS; in order to track this indicator,
built has to be in change in
strategies and planning that does not threaten food production a frame for climate adaptive planning
line with climate planning of
Pre-2020 action Achievements of pre- under MGNREGS will have to be developed
resilience MGNREGS
2020 goals as per countries' priorities and states will have to be evaluated on the
attributes activities
Achievement of Nationally Determined given basis
Contribution (NDC) goals in post-2020
period.
13 Expenditure on water harvesting and conservation, flood proofing and drought control (relation to climate change) MGNREGS also is used by many states to work for rebuilding and
stressed livelihood support during post disaster recovery phase.
20MGNREGS MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Data Source Observations
Contribution Indicator lability
GOAL 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
13.3.1 Number of countries that have
integrated mitigation, adaptation,
impact reduction and early warning into
primary, secondary and tertiary Number of
13.3 Improve education, MGNREGS has an elaborate
curricula states where
awareness-raising and MGNREGS in their communication and outreach programme;
13.3.2 Number of countries that have MGNREGS
human and institutional outreach integrating climate change vulnerabilities
communicated the strengthening of integrated
capacity on climate programmes and information into the outreach plans
institutional, systemic and individual climate No
change mitigation, acknowledging can contribute to the given indicator; this
capacity-building to implement mitigation
adaptation, impact the impact of CC can be done by assessing the outreach
adaptation, mitigation and technology and adaption
reduction and early in rural areas module of MGNREGS at the state level;
transfer, and development actions in outreach
warning require assessment studies
Number of States that have integrated programmes
climate mitigation and adaption in
education curricula and outreach
programs
GOAL 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
14.2 By 2020, Proportion of
sustainably manage and national
protect marine and exclusive
Collation and aggregation of individual
coastal ecosystems to economic
14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive Managing coastal work-level data on specific works done
avoid significant adverse zones
economic zones managed using ecosystem is one under the master-work category ‘Coastal
impacts, including by managed MGNREGS
ecosystem-based approaches of the work Partial Areas’ to ascertain MGNREGS’ contribution
strengthening their using website14
Percentage change in area under categories under to marine ecosystem conservation; this will
resilience, and take ecosystem-
mangroves MGNREGS also require data methodology studies in
action for their based
order to derive the given indicator
restoration in order to approaches
achieve healthy and under
productive oceans MGNREGS
14 MGNREGS has a category for maintaining coastal areas, and it tracks expenditure on the same category. It is not clear if these are conservation efforts.
21MGNREGS MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators Data Source Observation
Contribution Indicator lability
GOAL 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss
Length of roads lined: Collation and aggregation of
15.1 By 2020, ensure the
MGNREGS website work-level data on specific works
conservation, restoration and 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of Afforestation and
Percentage of done under land development,
sustainable use of terrestrial total land area roadside tree
contribution by Length of road afforestation and plantation
and inland freshwater 15.1.2 Percentage of Tree outside plantations are
MGNREGS to plantations categories; this will also require
ecosystems and their services, forest (TOF) in total forest cover. identified work
trees outside maintained: Partial data methodology studies in
in particular forests, Proportion of important sites for categories for
forest in total MGNREGS website15 order to derive the given
wetlands, mountains and dry terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity achieving one of
forest cover indicator, i.e., conversion of
lands, in line with obligations that are covered by protected areas, the goals of
Total plantation plantation done to equivalent
under international by ecosystem type MGNREGS
related works: proportion of tree cover outside
agreements
MGNREGS website forests
Length of road lined: Collation and aggregation of
15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable
15.2 By 2020, promote the MGNREGS website work-level data on specific works
forest management
implementation of Afforestation and MGNREGS’s done under land development,
Percent change in Forest Area
sustainable management of roadside tree contribution to Length of road afforestation and plantation
coverage
all types of forests, halt plantations are tree cover plantations categories; this will also require
Area covered under afforestation
deforestation, restore identified work achieved maintained: Partial data methodology studies in
scheme
degraded forests and increase categories for outside forest MGNREGS website16 order to derive the given
Tree cover achieved outside forest
afforestation and achieving Goal 3 area indicator, i.e., conversion of
area
reforestation by [x] per cent of MGNREGS Total plantation plantation done to equivalent
Number of Nagar vans and School
globally related works: proportion of tree cover outside
Nurseries created.
MGNREGS website forests
15.3 By 2020, combat Per cent of The indicator can be
15.3.1 Proportion of land that is
desertification, restore Land restoration of substantiated with collation of
degraded over total land area
degraded land and soil, development degraded land data from work-level entries into
% of restoration of degraded area
including land a effected by activities are a under all categories of activities
Increasing Tree cover in degraded MGNREGS website17 Partial
desertification, drought and part of Goal 3 on MGNREGS of permissible under land
area
floods, and strive to achieve a natural resource the total restoration works; this will help
Percentage of net sown area
land- degradation-neutral base degraded land us ascertain the total area of
increased.
world restored land restored by specific works
15 The overall category of work is Afforestation and Plantation related works, but the portal tracks data specifically on roadside lined with trees and managed, and total number of
completed plantation related works. Data on number of trees in the latter could not be found on the portal.
16 The overall category of work is Afforestation and Plantation related works, but the portal tracks data specifically on roadside lined with trees and managed, and total number of
completed plantation related works. Data on number of trees in the latter could not be found on the portal.
17
MGNREGS portal tracks overall expenditure on land development, not specifying works and activities. This data may be available at individual work level and can be collated.
22MGNREGS Avai-
SDGs Global/National Indicators MGNREGS Indicator Data Source Observations
Contribution lability
GOAL 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable
and inclusive institutions at all levels
The data from social audit
currently does not track
Proportion of population
Overall Status satisfaction; need a study to
satisfied with their last
Report for Social No devise clear data points from
experience of public services
Audit the social audit reports and
(Data from social audit)
suggest additions on format
16.6.1 Primary government of social audit, if required
16.6 Develop expenditures as a proportion of MGNREGS is tracked in the
effective, original approved budget, by Degree of Central Public Grievance
accountable and sector (or by budget codes or transparency and Government Redress and Monitoring
Number of Resolved Cases of
transparent similar) accountability of Grievance portal: No system; data on cases filed
Grievances
institutions at all 16.6.2 Proportion of population MGNREGS CPGRAMS and resolved is not available
levels satisfied with their last in public domain, but may be
experience of public services available to MoRD
This is a feature that can be
Updation of information, and highlighted as instrument for
geo-tagging of works transparency, once 100%
GeoMGNREGA Yes
completed and in progress tagging of all works – phase
website and portal
under MGNREGS wise – started, under progress
and completed is done
16.7.1 Proportions of positions Decentralised planning and
(by sex, age, persons with developing of labour budget is
disabilities and population Proportion of population who a part of the Operational
16.7 Ensure groups) in public institutions believe decision-making is Guidelines 2013; the labour
responsive, (national and local legislatures, inclusive and responsive, by budget is planned in
Decentralisation Section 2.1.4 of
inclusive, public service, and judiciary) sex, age, disability and consultation with the
and inclusive nature MGNREGS
participatory and compared to national population group Partial beneficiaries in the Gram
of decision making Operational
representative distributions (Extent of decentralised Panchayat, to follow a
under MGNREGS Guidelines, 2013
decision making at 16.7.2 Proportion of population decision making for planning of systematic and participatory
all levels who believe decision-making is labour budget and works in the planning process
inclusive and responsive, by sex, Gram Panchayat) Extent of decentralisation can
age, disability and population be found through series of
group empirical studies
23You can also read
