Albania Conserve through sustainable use for current and future generations - FAO
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THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Albania
Conserve through sustainable use
for current and future generations
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Give greater attention to development of programmes and projects for identification,
characterization, management and sustainable use of AnGR.
• Develop activities for conservation (in situ, in vitro and ex situ in vivo) of native and local breeds and
establish a national database for AnGR.
• Strengthen capacities for implementing cross-border and regional projects for transboundary breeds.
• Promote technology transfer for the management the AnGR and support the market for traditional
products.
• Develop the legal framework for AnGR in accordance with EU legislation.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
Characterization studies of native breeds are being implemented along
with genetic distancing studies at country and regional levels. Since the
Interlaken Conference (2007) we have identified 3 local cattle breeds,
3 native pig breeds, 2 types of local dog, 1 local turkey breed, several local
duck populations and 4 types of Albanian donkeys. We are updating the
© A.ÇILI
Catalogue of Albanian Farm Animal Genetic Resources.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
Capacity-building to support traditional processing and marketing of local
animal products is being strengthened by promoting collaboration among
farmers and setting up the “Local Network of Farmers”.
© K. KUME
CONSERVATION
Capacity for in situ conservation is being strengthened. The national ex situ
in vivo programme and the Somatic Cells Gene Bank are being built up.
Since the Interlaken Conference (2007), in situ conservation programmes
have been implemented for local pig breeds, Ilyrian Dwarf cattle breeds –
© K. KUME
Busha type, Shkodra sheep and Dukati goats.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
In 2008, the government approved a legal framework for subsidies for
local sheep and goat breeds at risk of extinction. The National Action Plan
© F. TAHIRI
for Conservation and Development of AnGR is being updated within the
framework of the Sectoral Strategy for Rural Sustainable Development.
Promotional booklets on local AnGR have been published and distributed
and national symposiums have been held on aspects of AnGR management.
THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Austria
We create and safeguard the basis
for high quality of life in Austria
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
Austria’s agricultural policy aims to achieve a comprehensive ecological orientation. Our
commitment focuses on:
• treating the environment carefully;
• preserving the diversity of life and of cultivated landscapes;
• sustainable use of natural resources;
• avoiding waste; and
• minimizing dangerous climatic disturbances.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• Comprehensive inventories of national AnGR are maintained in EFABIS
and in national data bases; individual animals are registered according to
© ANGELIKA EDELSBACHER
European Union legislation.
• Monitoring of populations is enabled by integrating population genetics
formulas into the central databases for cattle, small ruminants and pigs.
• For endangered populations, a census is taken and trends are monitored
annually.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
• The main objective is to maintain regional character, biodiversity and
traditional food trades.
• The aim is to offer a wide variety of traditional and new local products,
© THOMAS SENDLHOFER
ensuring sustainable use of endangered breeds.
• Foodstuffs that have regional labeling are becoming increasingly popular.
This calls for the development of endangered breeds by moderate
selection, as appropriate.
CONSERVATION
The main objectives are:
• to maintain endangered AnGR in situ – on farm and in traditional use;
© FRANZ FISCHERLEITNER
• to preserve traditional knowledge of AnGR and their use and products;
• to complete the collection in the Austrian Gene Bank for AnGR; and
• to strengthen the Austrian Association for Rare Endangered Breeds
(ÖNGENE) as National Focal Point for AnGR.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• The Action Program for Organic Farming of the Ministry of Life is a
concrete political declaration of intent to promote organic farming and its
products.
© FRANZ FISCHERLEITNER
• Awareness-raising activities convey to society the importance of
sustainable agricultural policy and precautionary environmental policy.
• Well-targeted promotion of research and education supports innovative
farm-based agriculture.
THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Azerbaijan
Preservation and rational use of AnGR is a
guarantee for the next generation’s food security
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Develop a national strategy and legislation on AnGR.
• Inventory AnGR developed by livestock keepers.
• Create a database of indigenous AnGR.
• Establish a genebank for indigenous AnGR at the Republic Artificial Insemination Centre.
• Strengthen educational facilities and training on AnGR.
• Develop projects on zebu cattle, buffalo and sheep husbandry and identify donors for implementing
these projects.
• Improve productivity traits of local AnGR.
• Develop national policies and legal frameworks for utilization of local AnGR.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
Surveys and research on AnGR are carried out by the Genetic Resources
Institute of the National Academy of Science (ANAS) and the Ministry of
© MAMMADOV A.M.
Agriculture’s Livestock Research Institute. The Zoology Institute of ANAS
has also been involved. Between 2005 and 2010, most local breeds have
been registered. Some of their characteristic features have been studied and
reports on their population status have been prepared.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
Projects on improving the utilization of animal products and management
of pastures for AnGR are being implemented. Next steps in this work should
be to collect information on local knowledge and AnGR management
practices, traditional systems of animal agriculture and AnGR development.
© EMINOV F.O.
All actions aim to improve livestock production and sustainable utilization of
indigenous genetic resources.
CONSERVATION
Characterization and conservation of AnGR is coordinated among research
institutes. There is capacity for cryoconservation of semen at the Republic
Artificial Insemination Centre, which needs to be used for conservation of
indigenous AnGR. Some farms are conserving and using indigenous AnGR:
© EMINOV F.O.
for example, Bayram Lala, Haji Jamalkhan, Yavar Bini Oglu and Dashuz.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
The National Strategy and Action Plan on Preservation and Sustainable
Use of Biodiversity (2006); and laws on Horse Breeding (2007); Pedigree
Breeding (2008); Apiculture (2008), etc. have made AnGR management
© MAMMADOV A.T.
one of the main priorities of the country. National legislation on AnGR still
needs to be developed along with strengthening staff training and creating
a database of indigenous AnGR.
PLAN D’
ACTION MONDIAL POUR LES RESSOURCES ZOOGÉNÉTIQUES
Belgique
Préserver la diversité génétique,
base d’une sélection animale durable
LES PRIORITÉS NATIONALES
• Améliorer la connaissance des effectifs de toutes les races et mettre à disposition cette information via
les bases de données internationales.
• Promouvoir la conservation des races autochtones par leur valorisation au travers du contrôle des
performances et d’une stratégie d’amélioration.
• Poursuivre la mise en place d’une cryobanque en visant à élargir son champ d’application, tout en
soutenant les programmes de conservation in situ.
• Intégrer le maintien de la diversité génétique et la sauvegarde des races menacées dans la
réglementation agricole régionale.
CARACTÉRISATION, INVENTAIRE ET SURVEILLANCE DES TENDANCES ET
© BELEIDSDOMEIN LANDBOUW EN VISSERIJ,
DES RISQUES ASSOCIÉS
La connaissance des effectifs des races animales présentes sur le territoire
doit être améliorée, quant à sa précision et à la régularité de sa mise à
jour. Outre les interactions avec les associations d’éleveurs, une méthode
VLAAMSE OVERHEID
originale d’investigation sera appliquée, qui a été développée et mise en
œuvre pour étudier plusieurs races ovines, avec des résultats inédits en
Ardennais tacheté
termes d’inventaire notamment.
UTILISATION DURABLE ET MISE EN VALEUR
La valorisation économique reste un élément souvent déterminant dans
le choix d’une race par un éleveur. L’utilisation durable d’une de nos races
indigènes passera dès lors par la démonstration de sa valeur, non seulement
© FRÉDÉRIC COLINET
culturelle et patrimoniale, mais également économique, en s’appuyant sur
le contrôle des performances et le développement d’un schéma de sélection
Blanc-Bleu Mixte
adapté.
CONSERVATION
Conservations in situ et ex situ doivent être développées de façon
complémentaire. La mise en place d’une cryobanque régionale, initiée en
© JEAN-FRANÇOIS DUMASY
2010, sera poursuivie et étendue en élargissant son champ d’application
à d’autres espèces et aux populations non inscrites dans les livres
généalogiques. Les programmes de conservation in situ ne seront pas pour
Cryobanque autant délaissés, ils seront maintenus ou même étendus.
POLITIQUES, INSTITUTIONS ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS
Le maintien de la diversité génétique et la sauvegarde des races menacées
doivent être des éléments de notre politique d’élevage. Cet objectif sera pris
© JEAN-FRANÇOIS DUMASY
en compte dans le cadre de l’élaboration de notre législation zootechnique.
Sur le plan institutionnel, le développement de la cryobanque prévoit la mise
en place d’un Conseil scientifique et technique, chargé de l’orientation de
Mouton Laitier Belge
ses activités.
THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Bhutan
Sustainable management of
domestic animal diversity for food and agriculture
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Establish an animal gene bank for preservation of germplasm from livestock breeds for
sustainable use.
• Document all livestock breeds with respect to their distribution, utility, characteristics and
population status.
• Coordinate and promote in situ conservation.
• Disseminate information and promote education on the importance of animal genetic
resources.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• There is a decline in the population sizes of indigenous breeds across all
species: particularly in sheep, Nublang and Golang cattle, pigs and horses.
© SONAM TAMANG
Indigenous breeds have been diluted by cross-breeding with exotic breeds
for economic production and higher rural income.
• Priorities include review and collation of existing information on animal
genetic resources and building a national database of these resources.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
• Promoting coordinated involvement of stakeholder in situ conservation.
• Improving knowledge of breeds and their production environments.
• Developing enabling policies that support farmers’ conservation initiatives
© SONAM TAMANG
for native breeds.
CONSERVATION
• Establishment of an animal gene bank.
• Identification and prioritization of threatened breeds for targeted interventions.
• Strengthening in situ conservation through technical and technological
© SONAM TAMANG
support and educating farmers on the importance of conservation.
• Initiating farmer groups, a nucleus-herd farm at government level and
multiplier farms at field level.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• An agrobiodiversity policy is currently being developed.
• National capacity is being strengthened in line with the Tenth Five Year
Plan.
© SONAM TAMANG
• Consultations and biodiversity fairs and exhibitions are held to increase
awareness of agrobiodiversity conservation activities.
THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Brazil
Conservation of animal genetic resources:
preserving the past, anticipating the future
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Maintain conservation nuclei of naturalized breeds and form new ones when necessary.
• Increase the stock of genetic material of breeds at risk stored in the Brazilian Animal Gene Bank.
• Genetic characterization.
• Re-introduce naturalized breeds in sustainable production systems.
• Identify economic niches for naturalized breeds, showing breeders that when well used these breeds
can provide economic returns.
• Stimulate the creation of additional breeders’ associations.
• Increase the awareness of society about the importance of AnGR.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
The study of molecular markers in locally adapted Brazilian livestock started
after the creation of a DNA bank in 1998. Today, this bank has more
than 14 000 DNA and tissue samples from livestock breeds and native
© ARTHUR MARIANTE
species with economic potential. Goals for the future are to improve the
management of the herds being conserved and the selection of germplasm
Moxotó goats
donors for the Brazilian Animal Gene Bank.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
One of the most effective ways of increasing interest in threatened
naturalized breeds has been the creation of breeders’ associations. Many
associations have been successfully established, but further work is needed.
© EDISON MARTINS
Traits of economic value need to be identified in specific breeds in order to
convince breeders to continue raisng them.
Criollo Lageano cow
CONSERVATION
The establishment of a network for the conservation of livestock breeds
at risk was essential to prevent their impending disappearance. Embrapa
(Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation ) led these efforts and
now maintains in situ and ex situ conservation programmes for breeds
© RUI FAQUINI
considered at risk. The Brazilian Animal Gene Bank stores around 60 000
semen doses and 500 embryos from various livestock species.
Criollo Lanado ewe
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
The University of Brasilia and Embrapa have cooperated closely in a
capacity-building effort that involves two main lines of research at MSc
and PhD levels: one with emphasis on characterization and conservation of
© VILSON DE JESUSE
AnGR and the other on animal reproduction strategies. This collaboration
has been fundamental to the education of students specializing in AnGR
management.
Pantaneiro bull
PLAN D’
ACTION MONDIAL POUR LES RESSOURCES ZOOGÉNÉTIQUES
Burundi
Augmentons le potentiel génétique des
bovins tout en conservant la race Ankolé
PRIORITÉ NATIONALE
La priorité nationale est d’augmenter les productions animales en passant par le repeuplement du
cheptel national qui a été décimé par la guerre qui a éclaté au Burundi en 1993. Chaque ménage
devrait avoir un élevage qui a un double rôle de restaurer la fertilité des sols et de rendre disponible
les protéines d’origine animale afin d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire des populations et d’augmenter les
revenus de la population et dans le but global de lutter contrer la pauvreté.
CARACTÉRISATION, INVENTAIRE ET SURVEILLANCE DES TENDANCES ET
DES RISQUES ASSOCIÉS
Un projet de recensement général de l’agriculture a été élaboré par le
Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’élevage pour disposer des statistiques
fiables. Dans le domaine de l’Elevage, un recensement du bétail financé par
© M. BLEICH
le Fonds International pour le Développement de l’Agriculture « FIDA » est
en cours dans 7 provinces sur 16 que compte le pays.
UTILISATION DURABLE ET MISE EN VALEUR
Le pays ayant perdu par le passé des animaux d’élevage, une politique
de repeuplement du cheptel est en cours. Les bovins de race frisonne,
les chèvres de race boer ou alpine sont achetés dans les pays de la
Communauté Est Africaine.
© M. BLEICH
CONSERVATION
Dans le rapport national sur l’état des ressources génétiques, il a été noté
que la race Ankolé est considérée comme une race en danger du fait des
© FAO/GIULIO NAPOLITANO
programmes de croisement incontrôlés. Les décideurs sont déjà sensibilisés
sur le problème et l’idée d’un projet de conservation de la race a été
acceptée.
POLITIQUES, INSTITUTIONS ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS
Le Burundi s’est doté d’une stratégie nationale en matière des productions
animales et celle-ci devrait servir de base pour l’orientation en matière de
© FAO/GIULIO NAPOLITANO
gestion des ressources génétiques. Mais dans l’entretemps un système
d’enregistrement des géniteurs performants est en cours d’installation au
niveau de la Direction Générale de l’Elevage.
THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Canada
Promoting genetic diversity in livestock,
environmentally friendly animal production
and food security
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
Priorities of the Canadian Animal Genetic Resources Program (CAGR) are to:
• acquire, maintain and distribute animal genetic resources;
• characterize, evaluate and analyse livestock genetic diversity;
• develop indicators of change in livestock genetic diversity; and
• conduct research on biology of gametes and embryos and develop new techniques for conservation
of animal genetic resources.
CAGR is a joint initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the University of Saskatchewan.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
A CAGR Genetic Resources Information Network database is being
developed for phenotypic and genotypic data linked to the collection of
characterized germplasm. Descriptions of production environments will be
included. It will assist in monitoring population trends and will be connected
© C. LESSARD
to an international AnGR database including links to breed registries,
industry representatives, producer groups and conservation initiatives.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
CAGR promotes animal genetic resource conservation within Canada and
© CANADIAN ANGUS ASSOCIATION
integrates Canadian conservation activities with those at the global level.
Research efforts focus on developing capacity and strategy for conservation
of animal genetic resources. CAGR also works to improve commercial
methods and develop new techniques for the conservation of all livestock
species.
CONSERVATION
Canada cryoconserves semen, ova, embryos to:
• enhance our ability to respond to biosecurity, environmental and food
safety risks; and
• promote economic opportunities and the competitiveness of our livestock
industry through characterizing livestock genetic diversity.
© C. LESSARD
Donations come from the livestock industry, veterinarians, animal breeders
and producers, universities and conservation agencies.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Education and training of young Canadian scientists are central to the
CAGR Program, and students and visiting scientists are welcome. CAGR
seeks successful collaborations at national and international levels. These
© JACKI PRYSTUPA
will target the collection of germplasm for the Canadian gene bank and
research initiatives in the areas of population genetics, the biology of
reproduction and cryobiology.
PLAN D’
ACTION MONDIAL POUR LES RESSOURCES ZOOGÉNÉTIQUES
Tchad
Utilisation de ressources zoogénéntique
pour le développement durable
LES PRIORITÉS NATIONALES
• Recensement des effectifs au plan national.
• Etablissement d’une stratégie nationale et d’un plan d’action spécifique pour la gestion durable des
ressources zoogénétiques.
• Création d’un centre national des biotechnologies animales.
• Déterminer les besoins à moyen et long terme du pays en produits d’origine animale.
• Mieux connaître les filières dans la perspective de leur développement ultérieur.
• Mettre en place un système de crédit pastoral pour la valorisation des produits animaux.
• Favoriser et contrôler le commerce des animaux sur pieds et de la viande dans la sous région.
• Améliorer et intensifier les aménagements pastoraux pour l’élevage transhumant.
CARACTÉRISATION, INVENTAIRE ET SURVEILLANCE DES TENDANCES ET
DES RISQUES ASSOCIÉS
Depuis la fin des années quatre vingt le Tchad a mis en place un programme
d’inventaire des animaux domestiques: Bourzat et al. (1993), Lauvergne et al.
(1993), Zeuh et al. (1997) pour les petits ruminants; Souvenir Zafindrajaona et
Zeuh (1998), Zafindrajaona et al. (1999) pour le bovin; Kouri et Zeuh (2000) pour
les ruminants domestiques du Tchad. Le dernier recensement exhaustif date de
© V. ZEUH
1976 et depuis 2008 un recensement général des ressources zoogénétiques est
en cours. Aucune banque de gènes (sperme, ovocytes, embryons, etc.) n’est
disponible sur place.
UTILISATION DURABLE ET MISE EN VALEUR
Elaboration et adoption du Plan National de Développement de l’Elevage en 2008
et cinq projets à savoir:
• appui au développement de l’industrie des cuirs et peaux;
• appui au développement de l’industrie laitière;
• appui à la filière bovine;
© IUSTA
• appui au développement de l’industrie avicole (fermes de poules et pondeuses);
• création d’un Laboratoire de Contrôle de Qualité des Aliments;
sont en projets ou en cours d’exécution.
CONSERVATION
Le Gouvernement du Tchad a mis en place depuis 2003 avec l’appui du
Laboratoire de Recherches vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha un centre de
sauvegarde de la race bovine Kouri au Lac Tchad. Il s’agissait en fait de la création
d’un centre de conservation avec les objectifs suivants:
• la sélection amélioratrice de la race Kouri et la diffusion progressive de taureaux de race pure
© V. ZEUH
après sélection;
• la création de groupements d’intérêt pastoraux et de groupements féminins autour de la race;
• la mise en œuvre d’un programme de santé animale adapté au développement de la race;
• la mise en place de matériels et d’infrastructures d’appui au centre et au secteur élevage.
POLITIQUES, INSTITUTIONS ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS
Le cadre de la formation dans le domaine de ressources zoogénétiques est
régi par un décret en date du 05 novembre 2009. La formation initiale des
techniciens d’élevage est assurée par une école (ENATE). La formation supérieure
est les instituts publics et privés (IUSTA, ESTAF, ACFA, CFAP) mais aussi par des
instituions régionales (EISMV, ESVM, etc.). La formation continue des éleveurs se
© I. USTA
fait par les centres spécialisés (CFPR, CFPA, CFPM et ONGs).
THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Croatia
Animal Genetic Resources –
national and global heritage for the future
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Completing inventory and characterization of animal genetic resources and continuously monitoring
trends and risks.
• Developing a programme for economic utilization of animal genetic resources.
• Protecting traditional knowledge, processing methods and traditional products.
• Improving in situ models for the conservation of animal genetic resources.
• Preparing action plans for breeds at risk.
• Improving human and technical capacity for the ex situ in vitro programme (gene bank).
• Fully implementing the National Animal Genetic Resources Programme.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• Harmonizing operational and strategic guidelines for characterization and
monitoring of animal genetic resources.
• Continuous monitoring of trends and risks.
© ANTE IVANKOVIC
• Characterizing exterior, production and genetic characteristics,
adaptability and specific characteristics relevant to traditional and organic
production.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
• Developing a programme for economic utilization of animal genetic
resources.
• Supporting programmes for sustainable use of autochthonous breeds
through development of traditional processing methods, standardization
© ANTE IVANKOVIC
of traditional products, and improvements to marketing and sales of
characteristic food products (“Pag sheep cheese”, “Beef of Istrian cattle”
and “Kulin”).
CONSERVATION
• Developing or improving models for in situ conservation of animal genetic
resources and action plans for the conservation of breeds at risk.
• Initiating ex situ in vitro programmes (gene bank).
© ANTE IVANKOVIC
• Providing support to breeders’ associations, and relevant experts and
institutions (subsidies, capacity-building, infrastructure development).
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
In March 2010 the government accepted the “National Programme for
Preservation of Autochthonous and Protected Breeds of Domestic Animals
in Croatia”. In July 2010, the National Coordinating System for Animal
© ANTE IVANKOVIC
Genetic Resources monitoring was established. Legislative frameworks
related to the protection of autochthonous breeds were harmonized.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Finland
Action plan for self-sustaining native breeds
and collaborating with breeding industry
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• pedigree registers for on-farm conservation maintained by breeding organizations
• cryoconservation in collaboration with artificial insemination industry
• supporting gene bank herds at college and prison farms
• research on biometric and genomic tools to understand, utilize and maintain genetic variation
• promotion of breed-specific features and products
• collaboration with Nordic and Baltic countries
• active participation in European Regional Focal Point work and EU-funded research and development
projects
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS
AND ASSOCIATED RISKS
Native breeds include 3 cattle, 3 sheep, 1 goat, 1 horse and a dozen
chicken breeds. Assessment of genetic variation with pedigree data
are performed for Finnsheep (Ne = 119) and native cattle breeds
(Ne = 30–90). Genomic variation is analysed in sheep and cattle
breeds jointly with neighbouring countries. Inventories have not been
established for dog and bee breeds.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
There are national breeding programmes for dairy and beef cattle,
pigs, sheep, horses and fur animals. A multi-trait approach (including
© MTT / ULLA JAUHIAINEN
random regression, animal model and genomic breeding values) is
used in genetic ranking and much attention is given to non-production
traits. Dairy cattle and pig breeding rely on Nordic collaboration.
CONSERVATION
There is an in situ scheme for Eastern and Northern Finncattle and
landrace chickens. The mating recommendations for cattle are based
© MTT / ASKO MAKI-TANILA
on minimizing coancestry. Work on semen cryoconservation is ongoing
in cattle and sheep breeds. On-farm conservation is included in the
subsidy policies of the agri-environmental programme.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Finland’s national action plan was launched in 2004 and is coordinated
by MTT Agrifood Research Finland. Work is planned and monitored
© MTT / ASKO MAKI-TANILA
jointly with the Advisory Board on Genetic Resources (Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry). Activities are publicised via media interviews,
seminars and leaflets. University and college education includes courses
on genetic resources.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Germany
Animal Genetic Resources in Germany
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Promote long-term in situ and ex situ conservation in scientifically sound and cost-
effective breeding programmes.
• Enhance attractiveness of animal genetic resources for sustainable animal
production systems.
• Support the utilization of animal genetic resources in nature and landscape
protection areas.
• Support the conservation of animal genetic resources.
• Promote cooperation at national, European and international levels and exploit the
resulting synergies.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
© BLE
In 1997, the Central Documentation for Animal Genetic Resources in
Germany (TGRDEU) was established. Since then, all breeders’ organizations,
their breeds and the numbers of breeding horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats,
rabbits, chickens, geese and ducks listed in herd books are documented.
TGRDEU functions as the national inventory and provides the basis for
categorizing breeds according to their risk status.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
Support measures for endangered indigenous farm animal breeds are
implemented under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development
(EU Council Regulation 1698/2005). Responsibility for their formulation and
© BLE, FRANK GÄRTNER
implementation within this framework lies with the “Laender”. Currently
10 “Laender” offer 90 measures for 54 different horse, cattle, pig, sheep,
Weiße Gehörnte Heidschnucke
goat and poulty breeds.
CONSERVATION
Ex situ conservation of animal genetic resources through cryoconservation,
in particular of semen, embryos and cell cultures, is implemented to
© BLE, DOMINIK MENZLER
complement in situ conservation measures. Currently, preparations are
being made to establish the German Genebank for Domestic Animals.
Artificial Insemination
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
6c^bVaTHE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Hungary
The base of our future is
the protection of our heritage
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Maintaining the basis of animal production for a healthy and
sustainable world.
• Protecting indigenous breeds as national heritage.
• Research and raising awareness of animal genetic resources.
• Building up an in vitro gene bank.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• The animal breeding authority maintains and runs the central animal
breeding database.
• The breeding authority and breeding organizations collect data
continuously.
© ZSUZSA BOROVKA
• The permanent link between the breeding authority and the breeding
organizations allows trends to be followed, threats to be recognized and
timely interventions.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
Marketing the products of indigenous breeds is seen is one of the most
important means in maintaining these breeds. Hungarian Grey cattle and
© TAMÁS SZOBOLEVSZKI
Mangalica pig products are becoming ever more popular in Hungary and
abroad.
CONSERVATION
• The breeding programmes for indigenous breeds meet the requirements
© RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL
of conservation.
• The Indigenous Farm Animal Genetic Resource Committee was
BREEDING AND NUTRITION
established in 2007.
• A new financial subsidy for in situ conservation of genetic resources was
introduced in 2010. It is cofinanced by the European Agricultural Fund for
Rural Development.
• Indigenous breeds are continuously being researched.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• Revising and renewing of the Animal Breeding Act is in progress. The
new act will deal in more detail with the protection of animal genetic
resources.
© PÉTER SZABÓ
• Hungary actively takes part in the work of the European Regional Focal
Point for Animal Genetic Resources.
• The head office of Danubian Countries Alliance for Conservation of Genes
in Animal Species has been in Hungary since its establishment in 1989.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Malaysia
Safeguarding the future with today’s
animal genetic resources
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Human-resource development to enhance the competency of AnGR professionals
in all aspects of AnGR conservation and sustainable development.
• Implementation of sustainable programmes to utilize selected AnGR.
• Effective in situ and ex situ conservation programmes for AnGR identified as being
at risk.
• Development of the National Focal Point (National Institute of Veterinary
Biodiversity – NIVB) as a reference centre for AnGR conservation and utilization.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS
AND ASSOCIATED RISKS
High priority is given to inventory and characterization of AnGR, monitoring
© AZIZOL MD. SHARUN
trends and risks, and establishing country-based early warning and
response mechanisms. Work focuses on obtaining breed morphological and
performance information in current production environments. Information is
obtained by direct research and through collaboration with private farms.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
The major priority is establishing national species and breed development
strategies and programmes. A committee has been set up to oversee the
© ADRIEN KUMAR RAYMOND
formulation of a comprehensive Livestock Breeding Policy for Malaysia. The
agro-ecosystems approach is being integrated into all livestock policies.
Indigenous production systems and sustainable use and management of
AnGR are being promoted.
CONSERVATION
The major priority is to establish or strengthen in situ conservation
programmes for several breeds of livestock. National Strategies and Action
Plans for Agricultural Biodiversity are being drafted. Ex situ conservation
programmes are being established and strengthened – a semen bank at
© ZULKIFLI ISHAK
the National Institute of Veterinary Biodiversity and an embryo bank at the
National Embryo Centre.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
The major priority is to strengthen national institutions for AnGR
© ADRIEN KUMAR RAYMOND
management and development (NIVB and Malaysian Agricultural Research
and Development Institute). Institutional links with the Natural Resource
and Environment Ministry (biodiversity focal point), regional organizations
and FAO are being strengthened. Efforts are made to mobilize resources for
conservation, sustainable use and development of AnGR.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Mongolia
Livestock is Mongolia’s national wealth
and subject to state protection
(Article 6 of the Constitution of Mongolia)
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Improve the performance of hardy livestock through creating pedigree farms for specific types and
breeds that will be the focus of scientifically based genetic improvement activities.
• Protect the gene pool of livestock, while introducing advanced biotechnologies as a means to increase
animal productivity.
• Strengthen capacity-building to improve the results of breeding activities and accessibility to services.
• Set up a national database and network for a livestock pedigree, performance and traceability
recording system.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
© MACHTELD VAN DIERENDONCK
Since 1961, Mongolia has conducted a livestock census every December.
At the end of 2009, a total of 44 million head of livestock were counted.
At the end of the first half of 2010, 54 %, or 10.2 million head, of female
breeding stock had given birth; 71 % of total births, or 7.2 million head of
young animals, survived; 9.7 million adult animals had been lost because of
the harsh winter disaster (Zud).
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
The National Animal Breeding Strategic Plan for 2009–2021 has been
developed, approved and publicized. A well-functioning dairy cattle pedigree
and performance scheme has been established within the framework of a TCP
implemented by the Government of Mongolia and FAO (2008–2010). Data
© H. URANGOO
entry and data analysis are undertaken regularly. There is consensus that genetic
improvement is a must for dairy development.
CONSERVATION
Seventeen pedigree farms for specific types and breeds of livestock
have been established: 13 based on state property and other 4 on local
properties.
© H. URANGOO
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Within the framework of the national programme “Mongol Livestock”,
which was approved by resolution of the State Great Hural of Mongolia on
20 May 2010, 329 veterinary and animal breeding units will be established
by the end of 2010 under the responsibility of provincial government
© H. URANGOO
offices. The Government of Mongolia is going to spend 9.5 billion MNT to
strengthen the capacity of these units.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Montenegro
Conservation and sustainable use
of animal genetic resources
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Establishing in situ and ex situ conservation schemes for all autochthonous breeds of livestock with
emphasis on the most endangered breeds.
• Integrating the concept of sustainable use and development of animal genetic resources within the
sustainable development of national agriculture.
• Promoting means of valorizing autochthonous breeds as parts of cultural and historical heritage and as
elements in the sustainable management of pastoral areas and the environment.
• Capacity-building and raising public awareness about the importance of animal genetic resources.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
Identification and inventory work has been conducted on the Busha
autochthonous brachyceros cattle breed and some sheep breeds (Zetska
© BOZIDARKA MARKOVIC
zuja, Pivska pramenka, Sora). These activities have included morphological
characterization, identification of geographical distribution, population size
(according to number of pure-bred male and female animals) and some
genetic characterization.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
There are good opportunities for promoting sustainable use of some
breeds, such as Pivska pramenka and Sora sheep and Balkan goats, due to
© BOZIDARKA MARKOVIC
the high prices that can be obtained for their various dairy products, lamb
and kid meat, which are becoming increasingly popular with consumers.
Other breeds, such as Zetska zuja sheep and Busha cattle, are currently not
economically attractive – primarily because of their low productivity.
CONSERVATION
An in situ conservation programme for animal genetic resources has been
operating for three years. The programme includes the following breeds:
© BOZIDARKA MARKOVIC
• Busha cattle (40 animals);
• Zetska zuja sheep: typical zuja (35 animals); so-called Piperska zuja (63 animals);
• two flocks of Sora sheep (230 animals); and
• three flocks of Pivska pramenka sheep (285 animals).
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• The government adopted the Action Plan for Conservation and
Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources in 2008.
• National Coordinator for the Management of AnGR was appointed in 2008.
© BOZIDARKA MARKOVIC
• A law on livestock breeding that provides a legal framework for animal
genetic resources management was adopted in 2010.
• Good cooperation with the European Regional Focal Point, FAO and
NGOs has been established.
• The national breed database in EFABIS/DAD-IS has been established.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
The Netherlands
Securing heritage breeds and
allelic diversity both in situ and ex situ
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Extending the national gene bank: additional species, breeds and donor animals; new
types of genetic material; and targeted cryopreservation research.
• Supporting breeds in situ: keeping populations healthy (low inbreeding levels and
strengthened breeding efforts); and promoting and marketing local breeds.
• Development of knowledge of conservation genetics, breeding, reproduction and
cryobiology.
• Creating a national platform for breeding and conservation.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• PhD studies are being undertaken on:
- characterization of local breeds for their milk quality; and
- use of high-density marker information for conservation decisions.
• European projects are being implemented on:
- local cattle breeds in Europe (EURECA);
- heritage sheep breeds; and
- breed and cryobank databases (EFABISnet and CRYOweb).
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
• Technical advice is provided to breed associations on how to implement
programmes that strengthen breeding efforts and minimize rates of
inbreeding.
• A national day for living heritage (nationale dag van het levend erfgoed)
is organized by the Dutch Rare Breed Society (SZH). On this day, many
© SZH
Dutch heritage breeds are shown to the general public.
CONSERVATION
Semen of several species and breeds is stored in the gene bank of the
Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (as of Sept. 2010):
- cattle (9 breeds) - dogs (2 breeds)
- goats (2 breeds) - horses (5 breeds)
- pigs (16 breeds) - poultry (20 breeds)
© SZH/CGN
- sheep (7 breeds)
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• National thematic workshops for breed societies have been organized as
platforms for learning and networking.
• International training courses have been organized on gene banking and
cryopreservation.
• A national platform for breeding and conservation (Ministry of Agriculture,
© CGN
Product Board, Rare Breed Society, Centre for Genetic Resources, breeding
companies and breed associations, etc.) is being established.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Norway
Conservation of animal production diversity
and sustainable breeding
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Sustainable breeding for all native breeds.
• Animal production based on Norwegian AnGR.
• Increased population sizes in endangered breeds.
• Develop indicators on status and trends for native AnGR.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
© NORWEGIAN GENETIC RESOURCES
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• Pedigree recording systems should be available for all native breeds.
• All breeding plans for native breeds should document sustainability by
describing genetic change for functional traits and/or effective population size.
CENTRE
• Gene banks for all native breeds should be maintained and further
developed.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
© NORWEGIAN GENETIC RESOURCES
• Ensure that all native breeds have plans for sustainable breeding.
• Promote policies and means to achieve sustainable use of a diverse range
of native breeds.
• Increase the population size of all native and endangered breeds.
CENTRE
CONSERVATION
© NORWEGIAN GENETIC RESOURCES
• Strengthen the framework for farming systems based on endangered
native breeds.
• Establish pedigree recording systems for all native and endangered breeds.
• Secure native and endangered breeds by in situ conservation.
CENTRE
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
© NORWEGIAN GENETIC RESOURCES CENTRE
• Implement the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources.
• Maintain and develop national, Nordic and international AnGR networks.
• Promote information about the value of AnGR.
• Strengthen research on native AnGR.
• Develop national networks and competence on the principals for patenting,
protection and access to AnGR.PLAN DE
ACCIÓN MUNDIAL SOBRE LOS RECURSOS ZOOGENÉTICOS
Perú
¡Conservando los recursos zoogenéticos
por la seguridad alimentaria del Perú!
PRIORIDAD O META NACIONAL DE LA INSTITUCIÓN:
Establecimiento de un Plan Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Genéticos
Animales dirigido a desarrollar estrategias para la valorización de los recursos zoogenéticos,
armonizando su uso racional, así como para la generación de beneficios y su distribución justa y
equitativa. Las principales actividades involucradas se traducen en ejecutar estudios de monitoreo y
caracterización, sistematizar la información productiva, genealógica y genética; y crear o fortalecer
centros biotecnológicos especializados con investigadores altamente capacitados que ejecuten
actividades de investigación para el desarrollo del sector agropecuario y por ende la mejora de la calidad
de vida de las poblaciones dedicadas a la producción pecuaria.
CARACTERIZACIÓN, INVENTARIO Y SEGUIMIENTO DE LOS RIESGOS
ASOCIADOS Y LAS TENDENCIAS
Identificar acciones para la investigación, caracterización e inventarios
de los recursos zoogenéticos destinados al desarrollo del sector pecuario
realizando a su vez actividades de monitoreo genético y productivo que
© EUDOSIO VELI
permitan reconocer el potencial biológico e índices de valoración económica
específicamente de razas de animales domésticos criollos como camélidos,
Caracterización morfométrica del bovino criollo - Puno.
bovinos, ovinos, caprinos y cuyes.
UTILIZACIÓN SOSTENIBLE Y DESARROLLO
Definir estrategias para el fortalecimiento de sistemas de producción
coherentes con el uso racional de los recursos zoogenéticos, optimizando
el manejo del Banco de Germoplasma in vivo de Camélidos Sudamericanos
y el desarrollo del Bancos Criobiológicos de camélidos y bovinos criollos,
© EUDOSIO VELI
propiciando la formación de asociaciones de criadores, asistiéndolos en el
Uso de llamas para transporte de alimento en las zonas altas
mejoramiento genético de sus hatos/rebaños de forma sustentable.
del Perú.
CONSERVACIÓN
Establecimiento de Bancos de Germoplasma in situ y ex situ de razas
domésticas criollas y nativas de Camélidos Sudamericanos, patos, cuyes,
bovinos, ovinos, caprinos y porcinos, manteniendo material genético
© ROCÍO SILVESTRE
promisorio para actividades de mejoramiento genético y desarrollo de las
cadenas productivas, e implementación de sistemas de monitoreo y alarma
Rebaño de alpacas de color del Banco de Germoplasma de
temprana para evitar el riesgo de extinción de razas y especies.
Camélidos “Quimsachata” - INIA – Puno.
POLÍTICAS, INSTITUCIONES Y CREACIÓN DE CAPACIDAD
Desarrollo y ejecución del Plan Nacional de Conservación y Uso Sostenible
de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología del Instituto Nacional de Innovación
Agraria-INIA. Se iniciará la implementación de centros especializados en
biotecnología aplicada a los recursos zoogenéticos (incluídas técnicas
de genómica y proteómica) que promuevan la competitividad del sector
© INIA
Sede central – INIA.
pecuario.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Poland
Conservation of animal genetic resources:
through breeders and for breeders
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Establishment of a national ex situ genebank for animal genetic resources in the National Research
Institute of Animal Production; development of genebank facilities in Balice and preparation of
protocols for germplasm collection.
• Preparation of the National Strategy and Action Plan for Animal Genetic Resources. Establishment of
national priorities based on Poland’s Country Report (2002) and the 23 global priorities of the Global
Plan of Action.
• Enhancement of cooperation with breeders participating in conservation programmes, breeders’
societies and non-governmental organizations.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• All livestock populations under conservation programmes are monitored
and their current status reported on an annual basis.
• In 2008, on-farm selection of individuals was introduced into the restoration
© JACEK SIKORA
programme of the old type of Polish Merino and Podhale Zackel sheep.
• Polish EFABIS database has been updated for cattle and poultry breeds.
• Molecular characterization of two horse breeds has been initiated.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
• Results of performance evaluation have been analysed and published: first for
pig, sheep and poultry breeds and then for cattle breeds and Hucul horses.
• Continuous efforts are made to develop products from native breeds –
© GRAZYNA POLAK
e.g. the conference “Native breeds – how to promote regional products?”
• New initiatives, in collaboration with NGOs, aim to develop and
popularize innovative approaches for utilizing cold blooded horses.
CONSERVATION
• Significant enhancement of in situ activities: increased number of conserved
populations and increased number of females within conserved breeds
• 98 AnGR populations are conserved: cattle (4), horse (7), pig (3),
© ELZBIETA MARTYNIUK
sheep (13), goat (1), chicken (19) goose, (14), duck (10), rabbit (1),
fox (2), polecat (1), nutria (8), chinchilla (1), bee (4), trout (2), carp (8).
• Conservation programmes have been revised for a number of breeds.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• The Global Plan of Action and State of the World’s AnGR – in brief have
been translated into Polish.
• The Institute cooperates with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development in implementing the agri-environmental programme.
© GRAZYNA POLAK
• Development of a multi-year programme of work for the Institute, which
includes preparation of the National Strategy and Action Plan.
• Cooperation with breeders is enhanced through breed-specific workshops.
• Native breeds are exhibited at the National Animal Show.PLAN D’
ACTION MONDIAL POUR LES RESSOURCES ZOOGÉNÉTIQUES
Rwanda
Intensification de l’élevage pour
une productivité durable
LES PRIORITÉS NATIONALES
• Croisement en grand nombre des races animales locales pour augmenter la
productivité.
• Conservation d’une lignée de race Ankole (la vache Inyambo).
CARACTÉRISATION, INVENTAIRE ET SURVEILLANCE DES TENDANCES ET
DES RISQUES ASSOCIÉS
• Des études de caractérisation physique ont été entreprises à l’Institut des
© MUHINDA OTTO VIANNEY
Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR).
• Le «Rwanda Animal Resources Development Authority» (RARDA) a créé
deux fermes pour conserver la race et continuer la caractérisation.
UTILISATION DURABLE ET MISE EN VALEUR
• Le pays pense consulter des études faites aux USA sur la qualité de la
viande (faible taux de cholestérol) et mettre à profit ce caractère.
© MUHINDA OTTO VIANNEY
• Exportation de la semence et des embryons.
CONSERVATION
In vivo: Des fermes de conservation de la race sont en place.
In vitro: Mise en place d’une banque de semences/embryons.
© G. DIANA
POLITIQUES, INSTITUTIONS ET RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS
• Mise en place d’une Direction Générale des ressources animales au sein
du Ministère de l’Agriculture et des ressources animales.
• Mise en place d’une Direction des ressources animales au sein du
«Rwanda Agriculture Board» pour le suivi de l’état de ces ressources.
© G. DIANA
• Politique nationale de conservation des ressources naturelles.
• Politique nationale de transformation de l’Agriculture.THE GLOBAL PLAN OF
ACTION FOR ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
Serbia
Sustainable use of animal genetic resources
NATIONAL PRIORITIES
• Preserve AnGR and cultural heritage through increasing the number of breeding animals of
autochthonous breeds.
• Support autochthonous breeds that are well adapted to harsh conditions and have potential
to play significant roles in maintaining traditional grazing systems in mountainous and hilly
regions.
• Build institutional capacities and acquire practical experience in implementing support schemes
for autochthonous breeds according to European Union standards.
CHARACTERIZATION, INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF TRENDS AND
ASSOCIATED RISKS
• Complete inventory of the location, population status and characteristics
of AnGR.
• Establish institutional responsibilities for monitoring of AnGR.
© SRDJAN STOJANOVIC
• Share information with EFABIS/DAD-IS.
• Improve cooperation with neighbouring countries and sharing of
information about transboundary breeds.
• Characterize breeds at genetic level.
SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT
• Support consolidation of the national database of autochthonous breeds.
• Support farmers in establishing new herds of autochthonous breeds in
marginal areas.
© SRDJAN STOJANOVIC
• Support farmers in reconstructing and adapting their farms.
• Support the promotion of autochthonous breeds at fairs.
• Support stakeholders in developing agritourism based on local breeds.
• Support research of carcass traits and meat and milk products.
CONSERVATION
• Define conservation priorities and goals.
• Improve breeding programmes for endangered breeds.
• Use both in situ and ex situ measures for breed conservation.
© SRDJAN STOJANOVIC
• Support production systems in areas of importance to breeds at risk.
• Support the conservation efforts of breeding and non-governmental
organizations.
• Support stakeholders who keep endangered breeds with subsidies.
• Strengthen facilities for ex situ conservation.
POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• Develop national programmes and action plans for conservation and
sustainable use of AnGR.
• Develop a measure supporting biodiversity and the environment within
© SRDJAN STOJANOVIC
the National Rural Development Programme.
• Develop the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy.
• Translate the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources into Serbian.
• Develop agri-environment policy and programmes for sustainable
agriculture and rural development.You can also read
