A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901-1996) and his relationship to National Socialism - DZZ International
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE 131
Dominik Groß
A complex case: Ewald Harndt
(1901–1996) and his relationship
to National Socialism
Introduction: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) has shaped modern German den-
tistry like hardly any other scientist: The leading national professional society
(DGZMK) elected him its president (1957–1965), the Free University of Berlin
appointed him its rector (1967–1969), and the German Dental Association
(BZÄK) awarded him the Fritz-Linnert Badge of Honour (1991). He received
similar awards and honours throughout the world.
Discussion: While Harndt‘s professional and academic achievements are un-
disputed, there is still a lack of clarity regarding his role in the Third Reich:
On the one hand, he was dismissed in 1945 due to his membership in the
Nazi Party (NSDAP), on the other hand, more recent articles point out that
Harndt was considered a political suspect in the Nazi state and thus place him
close to an opponent or even victim of the Nazi regime. Against this back-
ground, the present paper aims to illuminate Harndt’s relationship to National
Socialism. The methodological basis is a comprehensive analysis of the avail-
able archival sources and contemporary printed material and a systematic re-
evaluation of the secondary literature on Ewald Harndt.
Results: It can be shown that Harndt made a number of inconsistent, false or
euphemistic statements, particularly in the denazification process. The source
analysis leads to the conclusion that Harndt cannot be classified as a victim
but as a political follower. He was undoubtedly not a “fervent” National So-
cialist, but he served the regime as a member of various Nazi organizations
and networks, as well as by endorsing Nazi “health policy” and using Nazi
terms – notably in the fields of eugenics (“vererbt geistig minderwertige
Kinder”, “Unfruchtbarmachung”, “Blutsverwandtschaft”) and religion
(“deutschreligiös”).
Keywords: Third Reich; History of Dentistry; Eugenics
PRWTH Aachen University, Medical School, Aachen: Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dominik Groß
Citation: Groß D: A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z Int 2020; 2: 131–141
Peer-reviewed article: submitted: 18.02.2020, revised version accepted: 17.03.2020
DOI.org/10.3238/dzz-int.2020.0131–141
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)
GROSS:
132 A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism
Introduction the life and work of Ewald Harndt bilitation on the subject of “Rho-
The scientific and professional im- and his professional environment danide in Saliva” was completed, and
portance of Ewald Harndt is beyond was carried out – with a specific focus in April 1938 he was appointed as a
doubt: There is hardly any important on the issues outlined above. “Privatdozent” (private lecturer, com-
position within the university hier- parable to associate professor) – also
archy and hardly any honour in the Results in Berlin. One year later, he became a
field of dentistry that he did not “Dozent neuer Ordnung” (lecturer of
archive or receive. Even after his Ewald Harndt – a brief outline the new order) – which was a better
death he remained in the collective of his life and work financial position –, and in 1944 he
memory of the profession, as shown Ewald Albert Heinrich Harndt was became a “außerplanmäßiger Profes-
by the “Ewald Harndt Medal” last born on January 22, 1901 in Berlin sor” (titular professor).
awarded in 2018. (Fig. 1, [49]). His curriculum vitae is After the end of the Second World
However, Harndt’s role in the very well documented [2, 16, 17, 20, War, Harndt was released from uni-
Third Reich is much less contoured: 53, 62–64, 66, 68, 71, 74, 75]. He was versity service by registered mail from
On the one hand, it is known that he the son of the Berlin merchant Adolf the occupying authorities (Fig. 2,
belonged to the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Harndt and his wife Emma, née [60]). In 1946, however, things went
and on the other hand, more recent Peege [2]. Harndt grew up in Berlin, uphill again: He then became (ini-
essays claim that Harndt had been where he attended elementary tially provisional) head of the De-
classified as a political suspect in the school (1907–11), secondary school partment of Dental Conservation at
National Socialist state and had suf- (1911–16) and subsequently the “Kö- the Dental Institute of the University
fered repression. nigstädter Oberrealschule”. There he of Berlin. In 1948, he was promoted
But what are the historical facts? passed his Abitur in 1920 [60]. In the to the position of regular extraordi-
What really distinguished his per- same year he began studying medi- nary professor and director of the De-
sonality, what was his role in the cine and dentistry in Berlin. In 1924 partment for tooth conservation at
Third Reich and how did his career he passed the dental examination – the Dental Institute of the former
develop – before 1945, but also in the also in Berlin – and obtained his Friedrich Wilhelm University in East-
post-war period? Was Harndt a perpe- license to practice dentistry. There he ern Berlin (since 1949: “Humboldt
trator or a victim, or does he evade received his doctorate (Dr. med. University of Berlin”). In May 1950
such dichotomous categorization? dent.) in 1925 with a “histological- he became full professor (“Ordina-
These are the core questions of this bacteriological study on periodontitis rius”) and director of the Dental Insti-
paper. The first step is to trace the life chronica granulomatosa”. In 1926 he tute. Then Harndt decided to take a
and work of Ewald Harndt. In the fol- passed the medical examination and momentous step: In November 1950
lowing, the focus will be on the years obtained his license as physician. he gave up his professorship in the
1933 to 1945 to examine Harndt‘s A year earlier, in 1925, he had East and moved to West Berlin, where
relationship to National Socialism. already founded a dental practice in he initially worked as a dentist in a
Subsequently, it will be clarified how a working-class district of Berlin, private practice. But already in 1951
Harndt‘s role in the Third Reich was which, however, “had only little he was offered a position at the newly
perceived and evaluated after 1945 – popularity” [64], so that he looked founded Free University (Freie Uni-
starting with the denazification pro- for alternatives. In 1926 he became a versität, FU) in West Berlin. Here he
ceedings, through the laudations and volunteer at the Surgical Clinic of the started as a lecturer, became an hon-
obituaries up to other more recent Friedrich Wilhelms University Berlin orary professor in 1954 and then full
publications that deal with his bi- with August Bier and at the Medical professor (“Ordinarius”) for dentistry,
ography. In the end, concise con- Clinic with Friedrich Kraus. In 1927 oral and maxillofacial surgery and
clusions are drawn. he moved to the Dental Institute of head of the (newly established) poly-
the University of Berlin as an assis- clinic of the same name in 1956. He
Material and Methods tant, where he worked with the re- held these positions until his retire-
The study is based on several archival nowned professors Wilhelm Dieck, ment in 1970. Several years of work
source collections from the Federal Fritz Williger and Hermann in his own dental practice followed.
Archives in Berlin and the Berlin Schroeder. There he gained a foot- Ewald Harndt died on October
State Archives, some of which have hold: In 1929, he obtained his sec- 11, 1996 in Bad Pyrmont – at the
been evaluated for the first time. ond doctorate (Dr. med.) on the blessed age of almost 96 years.
Among them is also the denazifi- “Amalgam-Mercury Question”. In the At the end of his life Harndt could
cation file of Ewald Harndt. year preceding the doctorate he had look back on a brilliant career with
In addition, Harndt‘s publications married Frieda Gertrud Koepnik in many awards and outstanding offices,
and reviews from 1933 to 1945, vari- Berlin who bore him 2 sons – Rai- which can only be addressed here in
ous directories of dentists and the mund (1930–2010) and Thomas extracts: In early 1937 Harndt receiv-
“Reichsarztregister” (German medical (*1932) [2]. In 1935 he became senior ed the Miller Prize of the “Deutsche
register) were analyzed. Moreover, a assistant and closest collaborator of Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und
systematic re-analysis of the relevant Dieck‘s successor Eugen Wannen- Kieferheilkunde” (German Associ-
international research literature on macher. In June 1936, Harndt‘s ha- ation for Dental, Oral and Maxillofa-
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)
GROSS:
A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism 133
Figure 1 Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) Figure 2 Dismissal of Harndt from university (1945)
cial Medicine, DGZMK) – then as of the FU Berlin and in 1968 he be- Harndt, who would have turned 100
now the most important scientific came Rector of the university – this this very year. On this occasion, the
prize in German dentistry. From 1947 step undoubtedly marked the height ”Zahnärztekammer Berlin“ (Berlin
to 1968 he was an elected board of his career. After Oskar Römer Dental Council) established the
member of the German “ARPA” (1928), Johannes Reinmöller (1933) “Ewald Harndt Medal” [16, 63].
(today: German Society for Periodon- and Heinrich Hammer (1958), Harndt‘s main areas of work and
tology, DGParo) and from 1949 to Harndt was only the fourth German research were tooth preservation and
1969 a board member of the DGZMK, professor of dentistry to be elected endodontics, in particular pulpitis
including 8 years (1957 to 1965) as rector. diagnostics and systematics as well as
president. Harndt also was a success- This was followed in 1968 by the the principles of gangrene treatment.
ful editor in the post-war period: as “Elmer S. Best Memorial Award” of In the German-speaking world he be-
early as 1947 he was active in this the Pierre Fauchard Academy, in came the eponym of the “Harndts
function for the DZZ (German Dental 1969 by the honorary membership of Pulpitis Schema” (Harndt‘s Pulpitis
Journal – for the Berlin section, until the German ARPA and in 1972 by Scheme) [14]. In addition, he estab-
1964). In the same year he also be- that of the Association of University lished a system of gangrene treat-
came editor-in-chief of the “Forum Lecturers in Dentistry, Oral and ment, whereby he considered the
Parodontologicum”, and from 1955 Maxillofacial Medicine. In 1974 latter – contrary to the common
to 1976 he published the popular Harndt received the “Goldene Ehren- opinion of his time – also promising
“Deutscher Zahnärzte-Kalender” (Ger- nadel” (Gold Badge of Honor) of the for molars. Besides, he dealt with cast
man Dentist Calendar). DGZMK, in 1985 the “Goldene fillings, the questionable toxicity of
In 1954 he received the “Jahres- Ehrennadel” of the “Deutsche silver and copper amalgams, the (pro-
bestpreis” (Annual Best Price) of the Zahnärzteschaft” (German Dental tective) role of saliva in cariology,
DGZMK for his scientific work, in Association), in 1987 a further hon- gingival and periodontal diseases and
1957 the medal of the Association orary membership of the “Deutsche oral histobacteriology and patho-
Générale des Dentistes de Belgique Gesellschaft für Zahnerhaltung” (Ger- physiology. Harndt was also very
and in 1959 the honorary member- man Society for Tooth Preservation, much in favour of retaining high-
ship of both the Italian Stomatolo- DGZ). quality amalgams in dentistry. Fur-
gical Society and the Fédération While a jubilee publication had thermore, his animal experiments
National Française. Honorary mem- been published for Harndt‘s 80th were widely recognized: Harndt fed
berships in the Association of Aus- birthday [53], a ceremony was held at beagles with sugar in order to investi-
trian Dentists (1961), ARPA Inter- the Charité in 1991 in honour of his gate possible tooth damage caused by
nationale (1963), American College 90th birthday. Now, Harndt was sugar intake (“sugar dogs”). His ha-
of Dentists (1964) and DGZMK awarded the “Fritz-Linnert-Ehren- bilitation study on “salivary rho-
(1967) followed. zeichen” (Fritz-Linnert Medal of danide” also attracted a great deal of
He also rose to the highest uni- Honor) of the German Dental Associ- attention – it was precisely this work
versity positions: In 1961 he was ation. Finally, in 2001 a festive sym- that earned him the Miller Prize
elected Dean of the Medical Faculty posium followed in memory of mentioned above [53].
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)
GROSS:
134 A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism
Figure 3 Allegation of disadvantages due to political unreliability Figure 4 Harndt‘s statement concerning NSDAP-membership
Harndt was regarded as an ex- well-known university professor and were immediately dismissed from
tremely powerful and influential per- professional politicians. In his private their university positions, robbed of
sonality and thus occasionally re- life Ewald Harndt was interested in their career prospects and – in many
ceived criticism. In his autobi- philosophy, theatre, art and litera- cases – forced into emigration [34,
ography, Carl-Heinz Fischer stressed ture. 58, 70].
that Harndt, as chairman of the Harndt was able to develop a re- Harndt, however, who was striv-
DGZMK, “could not part with his markable posthumous fame that con- ing for an academic career and was
presidency” [17] and that Harndt tinues to the present day: As men- able to provide the necessary proof of
had managed to be made the suc- tioned, the “Ewald-Harndt Medal” “Aryan” descent, found favourable
cessor to the emeritus Carl Ulrich was established in 2001. It was conditions in Berlin: On the one
Fehr in Berlin in the mid-1950s – awarded over a period of 18 years – hand, the Berlin Dental Institute was
against the explicit wish of the latter up to and including 2018 [21]. the most prestigious of its kind in the
[17]. In addition, Fischer ambigu- Harndt has published more than German Reich, and on the other
ously remarked that Harndt‘s rector- 130 papers in total. Especially worth hand, Harndt’s superior and mentor
ate had attracted a lot of attention mentioning are: his 2 doctoral theses Eugen Wannenmacher was consider-
[17]. In fact, his rectorate (1967 to on chronic periodontitis and the ed to be loyal to the line and politi-
1969) was in the public eye – es- amalgam issue [36, 37], his habili- cally influential. Born in 1897, Wan-
pecially because it coincided exactly tation thesis [38], his monograph nenmacher had studied medicine
with the time of the (West Berlin) “The Cast Filling” (Die Gußfüllung) and dentistry, completed a double
student unrest. Harndt was subjected [41], which has been published sev- doctorate and qualified as a professor
to strong personal criticism from the eral times since 1941, and his con- of dentistry at the University of Tü-
general student committee, includ- tributions to endodontics [42, 43, 45, bingen in 1925. In 1929 he was ap-
ing a polemical leaflet entitled “Stu- 48] and periodontology [44, 46, 47]. pointed extraordinary professor at
dentenreform und Karies” (Student His most successful publication the Dental Institute in Tübingen, and
Reform and Caries) [1]. On the other was, however, not related to dentistry: in 1934 he accepted a position as
hand, the fact that Harndt, in coop- his book “Französisch im Berliner Jar- extraordinary professor at the much
eration with the Technical University gon” (French in Berlin Slang), pub- larger and more prestigious Dental
of Berlin, initiated the “founding of lished in 1977, became a bestseller Institute of the University of Berlin.
an interdisciplinary ,Institute for and is still available in bookshops In April 1933 – just before the party
Caries Research e.V.‘” (1964) was today [50]. ban on further membership was im-
widely acknowledged [54]. posed – he had joined the NSDAP
It is also worth mentioning that Ewald Harndt‘s relationship and initially became the training
Harndt was highly appreciated by to National Socialism leader of the Nazi local group in Tü-
many of his academic students [53]. (1933–1945) bingen [9, 13, 35]. He also joined the
Among Harndt‘s habilitation candi- When Hitler came to political power “NS-Dozentenbund” (NS Lecturers‘
dates were Werner Hielscher (habili- in 1933, Harndt was just 32 years old Association), the “NS-Ärztebund” (NS
tation 1960), Karl Eichner (1961), and thus belonged to the group of Medical Association), the “NS-Volks-
Gerhard Haim (1962) and Gerhard young dental scientists. The con- wohlfahrt” (NS People‘s Welfare As-
Frenkel (1963). His son, Raimund sequences of the change of power sociation), the “Reichsbund der Deut-
Harndt (1930–2010), also habilitated were dramatic for Jewish and politi- schen Beamten Reich” (Association
1965 also in dentistry and became a cally oppositional colleagues: They of German Civil Servants), the “NS-
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism 135
senior Nazi physician in the Third
Reich and the appointment also repre-
sented a political vote of confidence.
In his much-cited encyclopaedia of
persons in the Third Reich (“Das Per-
sonenlexikon zum Dritten Reich”),
Ernst Klee counted Wannenmacher
among the “leading dentists of the
Nazi era”, probably against the back-
Figure 5 Proof and date of NSDAP membership including party number ground of his various Nazi-specific
functions and offices [56].
Wannenmacher acted as Harndt‘s
mentor in Berlin and accompanied
his habilitation project, which was
extremely successful: Harndt was ad-
mitted to the habilitation in 1936
and was able to complete the pro-
cedure without difficulty. Shortly
thereafter he was awarded the pres-
tigious Miller Prize by the DGZMK –
explicitly for his habilitation study.
Both successes are also particu-
larly noteworthy because after 1945
Harndt stated in the archival docu-
mented denazification proceedings
that he had suffered disadvantages in
the Third Reich “because of political
unreliability” [60]. As central evi-
dence of this, he stated in a docu-
ment entitled “Annex 2” that he
was not appointed as a lecturer until
1939 (Fig. 3, [60]). He also claimed in
a “Berufungsregistrierungsformular”
Figure 6 Revised statement regarding NS memberships (appointment registration form) that
his entry into the NSDAP had been
forced (“unter Zwang”) [60]. On the
official “Fragebogen” (Questionnaire)
Lehrerbund” (NS Teachers‘ Asso- had been founded as an ideological of the military government, he
ciation) and the “Reichsluft- “training castle” of the NS Medical further noticed (1) that he had only
schutzbund” (Reich Air Defence As- Association and opened on June 1, been a party candidate (“Anwärter”),
sociation) [4, 10]. Moreover, he be- 1935 [9, 11]. not a member, (2) that he applied for
came a member of the SS (Schutzstaf- How much Wannenmacher admission to the party in 1938, (3)
fel, No. 460.838), where he rose to shifted to the Nazi ideology is also that he had left the NSDAP in 1941
“SS Sturmbannführer” (storm ban shown by the fact that he left the and (4) that no party number had
leader) in mid-September 1943. Wan- Catholic Church in 1936 and con- been assigned to him (Fig. 4, [60]).
nenmacher also held an important fessed to being “gottgläubig” (believer To start with the information pro-
position within the politically cen- in god) [9] – his wife did the same vided in the questionnaire: none of
tralized dental profession: In 1933 he [10]. “Gottgläubig” was a self-desig- the four allegations was really cor-
was appointed press officer of the nation of National Socialists who rect; according to the sources con-
DGZMK, which had also been cen- were not atheists, but who had sulted, he was not merely a candidate
tralized. As such, he was also editor of turned away from the church for but a member of the party (Fig. 5,
the specialist journals “Deutsche political reasons. The term was con- [12, 60]. Nor had he applied for
Zahn- Mund- und Kieferheilkunde” sidered a sign of a special ideological membership in 1938, but had already
(German Dental, Oral and Maxillo- closeness to National Socialism. In joined the party in 1937. Besides, it
facial Medicine) and “Deutsche 1944, Wannenmacher was appointed would not have been possible earlier:
Zahnärztliche Wochenschrift” (Ger- to the “Beirat des Bevollmächtigten It was not until early summer 1937
man Dental Weekly). In addition, he für das Gesundheitswesen Karl that the membership ban imposed in
was a lecturer at the Leader School Brandt” (Advisory Board of Karl May 1933 to prevent political oppor-
(Führer Schule) of the German medi- Brandt, Plenipotentiary for Health tunists from joining the party was re-
cal profession in Alt Rhese, which Care) – Karl Brandt was the most laxed. Harndt actually submitted the
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
136 A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism
application on July 27, 1937 and was a Privatdozent. Some very positive as- promoted to (better paid) “Dozent
admitted retroactively as of May 1, sessments of Harndt were joined by der neuen Ordnung” and in 1944 to
1937 – the earliest possible date [12]. criticism from the student and lec- titular professor. A short time later,
This chronological sequence – turer leadership, according to which due to an illness of Wannenmacher,
namely the prompt backdating car- Harndt (1) showed a “certain flippan- he was appointed provisional head of
ried out by the party – also shows cy” “towards students and patients”, the department [66].
that his admission to the party appar- which would not correspond to the Remarkably, a curriculum vitae
ently took place without reservations. (supposedly high) demands made on written by Harndt himself around
However, precisely this would have a university teacher in the Third 1944 is documented, in which no
been to be expected from a politically Reich, and (2) that he had a “well- mention is made of the later claimed
unreliable applicant. The sources also functioning private practice”, which “political unpopularity” or discrimi-
repeatedly document that Harndt – would or should not be allowed to as- nation. Rather, it states succinctly:
contrary to his assertion – indeed was sistants and why he should not be “In May 1936, the medical faculty of
given a party number: It was appointed as Privatdozent [3]. How- the Berlin University pronounced my
4,360,633 (Fig. 5). The statement that ever, these 2 arguments were contra- habilitation. In 1937 I attended the
he had resigned from the party in dicted in several other statements – Lecturers‘ Academy in Kiel-Kietzeberg
1941 was also incorrect. Harndt tried among others by Eugen Wannen- for 3 weeks, whereupon I was ap-
to “save” it by means of a later expla- macher himself, who emphasised pointed lecturer in dentistry on
nation which stated that he had not that Harndt had “proven himself per- 19.4.1938” [3]. He thus documented
paid membership fees since 1941 (“In fectly”. Earlier, Professor Hermann with his own hand that there were
1941 I stopped paying my member- Schröder had already pointed out not more than 3 but less than 2 years
ship fees”) – which, if true, was quite that Harndt was “politically abso- between the habilitation and the ap-
different from declaring one‘s with- lutely reliable”. It was also stressed pointment as Privatdozent.
drawal from the party. In the NSDAP that the admissibility of a private On an undated questionnaire
membership file there is indeed no practice in question was irrelevant to from around 1938, Harndt was asked
mention of a party resignation – the assessment of Harndt‘s personal about a possible “political activity”.
neither for the year 1941 nor for a suitability [3]. He did not negate the question,
later date [12]. In other words: By Such disparate statements in but noted the following activities:
means of four incorrect statements matters of promotion or appoint- “Sturmarzt i. NSKK, Arzt i. Hauptamt
Harndt tried to reinterpret an 8-year ment were the order of the day in the f. Volksgesundheit, NSDAP” (Storm
party membership (1937–1945) into Nazi polycracy – as well as internal doctor at NSKK, doctor at the General
a 3-year candidacy (1938–1941). party power struggles and personal Office of Public Health, NSDAP) [3].
It is true that Harndt‘s appoint- profiling attempts at the expense of Harndt did not take too much
ment as a Privatdozent was made others. Prominent cases from the care with other statements in the
with a noticeable delay. However, field of dentistry include professors denazification proceedings either:
here too, he came up with half- such as Guido Fischer [25] or Fried- While he stated in 1946 that he had
truths: In fact, it was not a period of rich Proell [18] or the dentist Fried- only entered into a NSDAP candidacy
“more than 3 years” as Harndt rich Krohn [67], all of whom were and an NSKK supporting member-
claimed in the denazification pro- convinced National Socialists, but be- ship, he revised this statement one
ceedings (Fig. 3, [60]), but less than came involved in internal party dis- year later in an addendum that he
two years: The habilitation was putes and were discredited – never- submitted to the “Denazification
awarded on June 10, 1936 with the theless, they were no political oppo- Commission” on April 3, 1947 (Fig.
conferral of the Dr. med. habil., the nents, but representatives of Nazi 6, [60]): He now declared that he
appointment as Privatdozent on April ideology. In most cases, such differ- might also have “got into” the mem-
19, 1938 – Harndt himself provided ences of opinion ultimately had bership lists of the NS Medical Associ-
this information about his person be- no consequences – as in the case ation (NS-Ärztebund) and the NS Lec-
fore 1945 in writing in a file card [2]. of Harndt: from 1936 onwards, he turers‘ Association (NS-Dozenten-
Moreover, the reasons for the de- passed through a whole series of ca- bund). In the first case, he argued
layed appointment were far less seri- reer stages that would not have been that there might have been an auto-
ous and far less fundamental than possible for politically suspicious per- matic inclusion in the course of the
Harndt later insinuated: Harndt was sons. Not only was he admitted to political centralization, in the second
by no means per se considered politi- the habilitation procedure, as men- case, he conceded that he “possibly
cally unreliable or suspect. The Nazi tioned above, and chosen as a Miller responded to a request” [to become a
system had a polycratic structure, i.e. Prize winner by the politically cen- member]. In both cases, however, he
it was characterized by a multitude of tralized professional society (1936 re- stated that he was not quite sure [12,
responsible, often competitive per- spectively 1937), but he was also ac- 60].
sons and centres of power. This poly- cepted as a member of the NSDAP These “gaps in memory” are not
cracy was also evident in the Harndt (1937) and subsequently – albeit be- plausible for the simple reason that
case: As usual, various statements latedly – appointed as a Privatdozent Harndt himself filled out a university
were obtained before appointment as (1938). In the following year, he was teachers‘ card in the Third Reich, in
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism 137
Figure 7 Harndt‘s review of the publication by A. Frenzel (1937)
which he gave complete details in membership in view of his intended Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Medi-
the pre-printed column “Membership university career or that he himself cine) alone there are 10 reviews by
in national associations”. There he realized that membership could be Harndt – “mainly from the category
listed: “NSDAP, NSKK, N.S. Ärzte- helpful. There is no doubt that in of eugenics” [73]. Why Harndt found
bund, N.S. Dozentenbund, Hauptamt many cases, party membership fa- himself willing to review such deli-
für Öffentliche Gesundheit, Luft- vored careers. It is not without reason cate writings at all, and thus to take a
schutzbund” [2]. that around 60 % of dental lecturers political position, is not evident from
The half-truths, corrections and became NSDAP members in the the files. What is certain, however, is
dramatizations mentioned above Third Reich – but that also meant that he did not in the least distance
fundamentally undermine the credi- that 4 out of 10 university lecturers himself from the research approach
bility of Harndt‘s statements in the did not join the party [32]. Besides, or content of the reviewed works. It is
denazification proceedings. The latter the latter group also included repre- also conspicuous that he made com-
also applies to his notice that his ap- sentatives who were well-esteemed in pletely uncritical use of NS terminol-
plication for admission to the NSDAP the Third Reich, such as the profes- ogy. An example is Harndt‘s review of
had been “forced” [60]. The member- sors Otto Loos [28] and Paul Adloff A. Frenzel‘s publication on the caries
ship ban imposed from 1933 to 1937 [52] or the up-and-coming lecturers incidence in “infantile idiocy” (Die
rather points to the opposite: the Karl Schuchardt and Richard Trauner. Kariesbereitschaft beim kindlichen
party wanted to protect itself es- Concerning Trauner, no less than Schwachsinn) [19]. Harndt writes
pecially against members who did 4 expert opinions by leading profes- about this literally (Fig. 7, [39]):
not join out of inner conviction. In sors of the Third Reich are docu- “After first describing the diagnostic
fact, there are several examples of ap- mented, who gave him a positive re- picture of the hereditary sick school
plications for membership that were port around 1943/44 – despite his child, the work brings social-statis-
rejected because the candidates were lack of party membership – and as- tical figures about the caries suscepti-
considered politically suspect, such as sessed him as suitable for a chair [8]. bility of about one hundred biologi-
the dentist Hans Hermann Rebel, di- In addition, there are other facts cally inferior children (biologisch min-
rector of the Dental Institute of the that were not even mentioned in derwertigen Hilfsschülern).” He also
University of Göttingen since 1925 Harndt‘s denazification proceedings, uses the Nazi phrases “geistig-seelisch
[7], or Ferdinand Lehm, who was at but which raise all the more doubts minderwertige Kinder” and “vererbt
times chairman of the Prussian Den- about Harndt‘s self-staging as a politi- geistig minderwertige Kinder” [39].
tal Association and was to become cally unpopular, disadvantaged lec- A second example is the review of
head of the social welfare organi- turer: During the Third Reich Harndt a contribution by H. Eckhardt on the
zation of the “Verband der Deut- repeatedly reviewed publications de- possible forced sterilization of pa-
schen Zahnärztlichen Berufsvertre- voted to Nazi ideology and especially tients with cleft lip and palate ([15].
tungen” (Association of German to eugenics and so-called hereditary Harndt wrote his review in 1940, by
Dental Professional Associations) in diseases. In the “Zentralblatt für die which time leading professors such as
1952 [6]. It is very likely, however, gesamte Zahn-, Mund- und Kiefer- Georg Axhausen, Wolfgang Rosen-
that Harndt was advised to apply for heilkunde” (Central Gazette for all thal and Franz Ernst had long since
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
138 A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism
(Fig. 1–8: D. Groß)
Figure 8 Harndt‘s review of the publication by H. Eckhardt (1940)
revealed a protective attitude towards Harndt was evaluated by 3 dental sidered anti-Semitic and politically
their “cleft patients” and criticized university lecturers with regard to his permissive [65]. At this point, it
forced sterilization as the wrong ap- ordinability – his suitability for ap- should not go unmentioned that the
proach, while Martin Waßmund and pointment to a chair: Erwin Reichen- „denazification procedures“ were
Reinhold Ritter, for example, took bach, Otto Hofer and Eugen Wan- handled very differently in the 4 oc-
opposing positions [24, 26, 30, 33, nenmacher, all of them loyal NSDAP cupation zones. Overall, the hardest
72]. Harndt could therefore have members, unanimously classified action was in the “Soviet-occupied
simply referred to the arguments of him as suitable [5]. Obviously Harndt zone” (SBZ), the later GDR including
Axhausen et al. In Harndt‘s review, continued to have the support of in- West Berlin: Here thousands were im-
however, there is nothing to be fluential dental professors. This ex- prisoned (partly in former concen-
found of that criticism or of the en- plains why, as mentioned above, he tration camps) or sent to labour
tire professional dispute about forced was appointed a titular professor in camps. However, the procedure in
sterilization. He refers to the content 1944 and shortly afterwards as the the SBZ was also the most inconsis-
of the publication without question- provisional head of the department. tent and least transparent: Often it
ing the approach. Finally, he sums up was not only the entanglement in
uncritically (Fig. 8, [40]): “Sterili- After 1945: Public perception the Nazi era that decided the verdicts,
zation (Unfruchtbarmachung) for these and reception of Harndt‘s role but also factors such as “class affili-
diseases will therefore depend on the in the Third Reich ation” or the potential benefit of the
respective proof of heredity, i.e. the As mentioned, after 1945 Harndt person under review for the planned
repeated occurrence of malforma- tried to emphasize his distance to the “construction of socialism”. In fact,
tion (Mißbildung) in severe, mild or Nazi system, his political unreliability denazification ended mostly as a
mildest form within the consanguin- and his political discrimination. As “farce” in the West and as “self-con-
ity (Blutsverwandtschaft)” [40]. was customary in denazification pro- gratulation” in the East [23, 65].
Harndt‘s recourse to typical NS ceedings, he provided several char- Harndt‘s Hamburg colleague
terms (“vererbt geistig minderwertige acter references that outlined him as Heinrich Fabian – an extraordinary
Kinder”, “Unfruchtbarmachung”, anti-national socialist and as pro-Jew- Professor and a fervent National
“Mißbildung”, “Blutsverwandschaft”) ish and confirmed that he was con- Socialist – provides an impressive case
is not only found in his reviews. sidered politically suspect and there- for such developments: At that time
On an undated questionnaire from fore had been disadvantaged. Affida- Hamburg was located in the British
around 1938, for example, Harndt de- vits of that kind can be found in occupation zone, where politically in-
scribed himself as “deutschreligiös” – countless denazification proceedings. active party members were sometimes
this is, similar to the word “gottgläu- Such “Persil Certificates” ultimately exempted from punishment at an
big”, a typical Nazi term to express had the effect that the overwhelming early stage. In 1949, the first Impu-
the distance to the churches and the majority of the defendants were able nity Act also brought an amnesty for
proximity to the (church-critical) to conclude their proceedings more most of those previously sentenced
Nazi ideology [2]. or less unscathed [55]. This course of by the denazification authorities.
Even for the last years of the events was particularly pronounced Fabian also profited from this devel-
Third Reich, the available sources do in Bavaria. This was also due to the opment: After the war, the respon-
not reveal any evidence that Harndt person of George S. Patton, who was sible denazification committee of the
was in a political outsider role. On the first American military governor Hamburg University had initially as-
the contrary: In the years 1943/44, after the end of the war and was con- sessed him as “no longer acceptable”
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism 139
as a doctor, which meant he was ship: “‘Political unreliability‘ had were also to be found in Harndt‘s im-
banned from his profession. One year caused this delay” [66]. mediate professional environment:
later, the responsible authorities at This assertion was hardly ques- Konrad Cohn, Konrad Lipschütz [57]
least allowed him to work in a medi- tioned, on the contrary. How power- and Hans-Jacques Mamlok [61] were
cal practice, while he was still banned ful this dictum was became apparent Berlin colleagues – they did fell out of
from teaching. However, Fabian was in 1991 – i.e. another 30 years later – favour with the National Socialists
not yet satisfied and reacted with re- on the occasion of Harndt‘s 90th and lost their professional and ulti-
quests for revision (appeals), which birthday. Here it was said with regard mately their life perspective.
aimed at further rehabilitation. His to Harndt‘s party membership: “We Harndt is neither a Nazi perpetra-
persistence brought the desired suc- know [...] that making compromises tor nor a victim. Rather, he shows the
cess: while one appeal in May 1948 with the politically powerful is a characteristics of a classic follower:
still failed, another one was accepted question of existence” [64]. In the He made use of the professional net-
in May 1949. The new examination same context, Harndt was described works – which, in addition to Wan-
now suddenly revealed that Fabian as a political suspect and thus nenmacher, also included experts
had “put up strong resistance” to the brought close to being a Nazi victim. such as Hofer and Reichenbach – and
Nazi regime. It was therefore decided There it was said in abbreviation of he served the Nazi system by joining
in the end to “classify him in cat- the real facts: “Clear expressions of Nazi organizations, by agreeing to
egory V with the lifting of all profes- mistrust also affected the then senior write uncritical reviews of morally
sional restrictions”. Thus Fabian was assistant Harndt [...] a teacher who questionable writings propagating
considered to be completely “exon- was not welcome in the NS state” Nazi eugenics, and by using Nazi ter-
erated” and was able to continue his [64]. A similar comment can be minology in various contexts. Never-
work as a professor [29]. found for 1993 [62]. theless, after 1945, he succeeded in
Thanks to the system of “Persil In contrast, Künzel offered a more embellishing his role in the Third
Certificates”, even ardent National realistic commentary: In 2018 he Reich – not least by stating numerous
Socialists overcame the supposed criticized the attempts of the afore- half-truths and by deliberate
hurdles of denazification, and the mentioned authors to ascribe a politi- omissions. He thus achieved a far-
ruling chambers became true “fol- cal “victim role” to Harndt. Künzel reaching political “cleansing”, which
lower factories” (Mitläuferfabriken) calls the aforementioned “expressions in turn sustainably facilitated his im-
[65] at the latest in the appeal pro- of mistrust”, which Harndt had ex- pressive post-war career.
ceedings. Even blatant Nazi perpetra- perienced in 1936 after his habili- However, not only Harndt, but
tors such as Hugo Blaschke, SS Gen- tation, merely “a temporary mishap also his former mentor Eugen Wan-
eral and Hitler‘s personal dentist, or which he was able to clear up shortly nenmacher found his way back to
Karl Pieper, “Reichsdozentenführer” afterwards by joining the NSDAP” success in post-war Germany. Like
(Leader of the Reich Lecturers) of the [59] – an overall assessment that is Harndt, he was first dismissed from
dental profession and holder of the much better in line with the sources. service by the Allies in 1945 – at that
Blood Order, were denazified as mere time in the position of an extraordi-
“followers”. The same applies to Paul Conclusions nary professor. Wannenmacher ini-
Reutter, who, as “leading dentist”, Harndt was certainly not a “fervent”, tially had to set up his own practice.
was responsible for all dental matters ideologically convinced National So- However, the time factor was also
in the concentration camps until cialist. Unlike his mentor Wannen- helpful here: In 1955 the University
1943 [23]. In the end, only about macher, he did not seek political of- of Münster appointed him full pro-
1.4 % of those affected in the dena- fices and functions. But he did not fessor of dental, oral and maxillo-
zification proceedings were classified distance himself from the Nazi re- facial surgery and director of the uni-
as (significantly) burdened [65]. gime, he was by no means – apart versity clinic of the same name –
Harndt, too, took this hurdle un- from individual voices – perceived as which meant that Wannenmacher
scathed: Although his denazification politically unreliable or suspect. ultimately succeeded in further devel-
dragged on until January 1948, it Therefore, it does not seem justified oping his career compared to the
ended with the discontinuation of to place him in the vicinity of Nazi Nazi era. [51]. In 1971 he even be-
the proceedings [60]. Harndt‘s dic- victims. Such a reading would do in- came an honorary member of the
tum in the denazification proceed- justice to those who actually became DGZMK – exactly 4 years after his
ings that he had been politically sus- victims: by being dismissed from uni- former protégé Ewald Harndt [31].
pect to those in power in the Third versity service, prevented from com-
Reich and had therefore suffered re- pleting their habilitation, excluded
pression, proved to be extremely per- from professional networks, driven
sistent. For example, Erwin Reichen- into emigration or fearing for their Conflicts of interest
bach – also a former party and SA lives. Such professors and lecturers The author declares that there is no
member [69] – noted in a laudation also existed in dentistry at many uni- conflict of interest within the
on the occasion of Harndt‘s 60th versities – Alfred Kantorowicz [27] meaning of the guidelines of the
birthday (1961) that the latter had to and Hans Moral [22] are certainly the International Committee of Medical
wait longer than usual for his lecture- most prominent examples. But they Journal Editors.
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
140 A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism
References 24. Groß D: Georg Axhausen – Erst- 38. Harndt E: Das Speichelrhodanid in
beschreiber der „aseptischen Knochen- physiologischer und pathologischer Be-
1. Allgemeiner Studentenausschuss:
nekrose“. Zahnärztl Mitt 2018; 108: ziehung unter besonderer Berücksich-
Studentenreform und Karies. Datiert:
46–48 tigung der Mundhöhle. Habil Med Berlin
30.10.1968, Berlin 1968
1936/37
25. Groß D: Guido Fischer – Pionier der
2. BArch (=Bundesarchiv)
Lokalanästhesie. Zahnärztl Mitt 2018; 39. Harndt E: Rezension zu Frenzel, A.
R 4901/13265
108: 100f. (Berlin): Die Kariesbereitschaft beim kind-
3. BArch R 4901/24731 lichen Schwachsinn. Zbl Zahn Mund Kie-
26. Groß D: Wolfgang Rosenthal – Der ferhkd 1937; 2: 254
4. BArch R 9361-I/3804 Prominenteste aller Kieferchirurgen.
Zahnärztl Mitt 2018; 108: 50f. 40. Harndt E: Rezension zu Eckhardt, H
5. BArch R 9361-II/366616
(Berlin): Die Beurteilung der Lippen-
6. BArch R-9361/II-624071 27. Groß D: Alfred Kantorowicz – Weg- Kiefer-Gaumenspalten im Hinblick auf
bereiter der Jugendzahnpflege. Zahnärztl das Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken
7. BArch R 9361-II/1046383 Mitt 2018; 108: 102f. Nachwuchses. Zbl. Zahn Mund Kieferhkd
8. BArch R 9361-II/1142807 28. Groß D: Otto Loos – „Reichsdozen- 1940; 5: 320
9. BArch R 9361-III/217954 tenführer“. Zahnärztl Mitt 2020; 110: 41. Harndt E: Die Gußfüllung: Ihre prak-
26–28 tische Durchführung zur Prophylaxe der
10. BArch R 9361-III/562130
Zahnkaries und der paradentalen Erkran-
29. Groß D: Heinrich Fabian – ein glü-
11. BArch R 9361-VI/1011 kungen. Barth, Leipzig 1941
hender Nationalsozialist macht in der
12. BArch R 9361-IX/13580798 BRD Karriere. Zahnärztl Mitt 2020; 110: 42. Harndt E: Histologische und bakte-
72–74 riologische Grundlagen für die Behand-
13. BArch R 9361-IX/46921659
lung gangränöser Wurzelkanäle. Dtsch
30. Groß D: Personenlexikon der
14. Blankenstein F: 110 Jahre Zahnärztl Z 1948; 3: 81–104
Zahnärzte im „Dritten Reich“ und im
Zahnärztliches Institut Berlin: 43. Harndt E: Klinische Diagnostik der in-
Nachkriegsdeutschland. Täter, Mitläufer,
1884–1994. Festschrift. Quintessenz, fizierten Pulpa. Schweiz Monatschr Zahn-
Entlastete, Oppositionelle, Verfolgte.
Berlin 1994, 7 heilkd 1950; 60: 1132f.
Bd. 1. Steiner, Stuttgart 2020
15. Eckhardt H: Die Beurteilung der 44. Harndt E: Paradentitis und Paraden-
31. Groß D, Schäfer G: Geschichte der
Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten im Hinblick tose: Leitfaden der Zahnbetterkran-
DGZMK 1859–2009. Quintessenz, Berlin
auf das Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken kungen. Hanser, München 1950
2009, 274
Nachwuchses. Dtsch Zahn Mund Kiefer-
heilkd 1938; 5(4): 260 32. Groß D, Westemeier J, Bitterich L: 45. Harndt E: Milchzahnstudien. III. Die
Dossier 1: Der Anteil der NSDAP- apikale Milchzahnparadentitis. Dtsch
16. Ewald-Harndt-Symposium: Ewald- Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd 1952; 16: 8–27
Harndt-Symposium – Zahnmedizin Mitglieder unter den zahnärztlichen
damals und heute. Zahnärztl Mitt 2001; Hochschullehrern. Unpublished 2019, 46. Harndt E: Die Erfolgsaussichten der
91: 30f. www.kzbv.de/zahnmedizin-und-zahn subgingivalen Curettage paradentaler
aerzte-im-nationalsozialismus. Taschen. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1953; 8:
17. Fischer C: Lebenserinnerungen von 1328.de.html (accessed: 06.03.2020) 899–908
C.-H. Fischer. Archiv der Poliklinik für
Zahnerhaltungskunde der MZK-Klinik 33. Groß D, Westemeier J, Schmidt M: 47. Harndt E: Die Prinzipien konservativer
des Universitätsklinikums Heidelberg. „Die Grundfarbe der Geschichte ist und chirurgischer Behandlungsmethoden
Unpublished 1985, 322 f, 468, 484, 502 grau“. Reinhold Ritter (1903–1987) und der marginalen progressiven Paradentitis.
seine Rezeption vor und nach 1945. In: Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1953; 8: 221–236
18. Forsbach R: Die Medizinische Fakultät Groß D, Schmidt M, Westemeier J (eds.):
der Universität Bonn im „Dritten Reich“. 48. Harndt E: Ungewöhnliche Genese
Zahnheilkunde und Zahnärzteschaft im
Oldenbourg, München 2006, 303–313 einer akuten Pulpitis. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z
Nationalsozialismus. Eine Bestandsauf-
1955; 10: 30–33
19. Frenzel A: Die Kariesbereitschaft beim nahme (= Medizin und Nationalsozialis-
kindlichen Schwachsinn. Dtsch Zahn mus, 6). LIT, Berlin und Münster 2018, 49. „Harndt, E“ gedruckt in Dtsch
Mund Kieferheilkd 1936; 3: 493 285–321 Zahnärztl Z 1967; 22: 1301
20. Friederich W: Die deutschen 34. Groß D, Westemeier J, Schmidt M, 50. Harndt E: Französisch im Berliner
zahnärztlichen Hochschulgelehrten der Halling T, Krischel M (eds.): Zahnärzte Jargon. 4. Aufl. Jaron, Berlin 2017
Geburtsjahrgänge 1840–1909. Untersu- und Zahnheilkunde im „Dritten Reich“ – 51. Haunfelder D: In memoriam Eugen
chungen über beruflichen Werdegang, Eine Bestandsaufnahme (= Medizin und Wannenmacher. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1974;
Lebenserwartung und private Neigungen Nationalsozialismus, 6). LIT, Berlin, 29: 573f.
in den verschiedenen Altersgruppen. Münster 2018
52. Heinrich E: Dem Andenken Professor
Diss. med. Fak. Berlin 1968, 38, 70f. 35. GSTA PK (= Geheimes Staatsarchiv Adloffs! Zahnärztl Rundsch 1944; 53: Sp.
21. Gerber U: ZÄK Berlin: Einladung Preußischer Kulturbesitz) I. HA Rep. 76 553f.
zur Verleihung des Philipp-Pfaff-Preises Va Sekt. 3 Tit. IV Nr. 39, Bd. 16
53. Hoefig W, Harndt E: Aspekte des wis-
am Samstag, 07. Dezember 2019,
36. Harndt E: Histologisch-bakteriolo- senschaftlichen Werkes. Festschrift zum
http://iuzb.de/?p=28626 (accessed:
gische Studie bei Periodontitis chronica 80. Geburtstag des Professor Dr. med.
06.03.2020)
granulomatosa (zugleich Diss. 1925). dent. Dr. med. Ewald Harndt am
22. Groß D: Hans Moral – Miterfinder Corresp Bl. Zahnärzte 1926; 9: 330ff., 22. Januar 1981. Quintessenz, Berlin
der Lokalanästhesie. Zahnärztl Mitt 2017; 365ff., 399ff., 426ff. 1981, 7–11
107: 56–58
37. Harndt E: Ergebnisse klinischer Unter- 54. Jung F: 1. Arbeitstagung des Karies-
23. Groß D: Zahnärzte als Täter. Zwi- suchungen zur Lösung der Amalgam- Forschungs-Institutes an der Johannes-
schenergebnisse zur Rolle der Zahnärzte Quecksilberfrage (zugleich Diss. 1929). Gutenberg-Universität Mainz am
im „Dritten Reich“. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z Dtsch Zahnärztl Wochenschr 1930; 33: 18. Januar 1956. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z
2018; 73: 164–178 108ff. 1956; 11: 343–344
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)GROSS:
A complex case: Ewald Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship to National Socialism 141
55. Klee E: Persilscheine und falsche 65. Niethammer L: Die Mitläuferfabrik: 73. Vigna M: Rassenhygienische Inhalte
Pässe. Wie die Kirchen den Nazis halfen. Die Entnazifizierung am Beispiel Bayerns. im „Zentralblatt für die gesamte
6. Aufl. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011 Dietz, Berlin, Bonn 1982 Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde“
(1936–1945) (= Studien des Aachener
56. Klee E: Das Personenlexikon zum 66. Reichenbach E: Ewald Harndt zum
Kompetenzzentrums für Wisssenschafts-
Dritten Reich. 4. Aufl. Fischer, Frankfurt 60. Geburtstag am 22. Januar 1961.
geschichte, 19). Kassel University Press,
am Main 2013, 655 Dtsch Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd 1961;
Kassel 2017, 52
35: 96
57. Köhn M: Zahnärzte 1933–1945:
67. Reinecke K, Westemeier J, Groß D: 74. Wannenmacher E: Ewald Harndt zum
Berufsverbot, Emigration, Verfolgung
Der „Zahnarzt“ aus „Mein Kampf“ – Die 60. Geburtstag. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1961;
(= Reihe Deutsche Vergangenheit, 113).
biografischen Selbstdeutungen des Starn- 16: 98–100
Hentrich, Berlin 1994, 107f.
berger Dentisten Friedrich Krohn 75. Zuhrt R, Merz I, Rau D: Beiträge der
58. Krischel M, Schwanke E, Halling T, (1897–1967). In: Groß D, Schmidt M, Berliner Stomatologie zur Wissenschafts-
Westemeier J, Groß D: Zum Stand der Westemeier J (eds.): Zahnheilkunde und entwicklung in der Konservierenden
Aufarbeitung der Geschichte der Zahnärzteschaft im Nationalsozialismus. Stomatologie. In: Zuhrt R, Bernau R:
Zahnmedizin im Nationalsozialismus. Eine Bestandsaufnahme (= Medizin und 100 Jahre Stomatologie an der Berliner
Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 2017; 72: 477–480 Nationalsozialismus, 6) LIT, Berlin und Universität (= Beiträge zur Geschichte
59. Künzel W: University Dentistry in East Münster 2018, 65–89 der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14).
Germany. Erlebtes und Erlittenes. Unpub- 68. Sauerwein E: Prof. Dr. Dr. Ewald Humboldt-Univ. Berlin 1986, 67–74,
lished typescript, Erfurt 2018, 35f. Harndt zum 65. Geburtstag. Dtsch insb. 70f. u. 73
Zahnärztl Z 1966; 21: 254–246
60. LA (= Landesarchiv) Berlin C Rep.
375–01–13 Nr. 3441 A 10 69. Schwanke E: Das Leben des „dop-
pelten Genossen“ Erwin Reichenbach
61. Mahler K: Jüdische Zahnärzte in Ber- (1897–1973). Professionspolitische Kon-
lin: Das Leben und Werk des Berliner tinuitäten in der universitären Zahnme-
Zahnarztes Hans-Jacques Mamlok dizin vom Nationalsozialismus bis zur
(Photo: University Hospital Aachen)
(1875–1940). Diss. Berlin 2001 DDR. LIT, Berlin 2018
62. Marz I: Zielstellung nationalsozialis- 70. Schwanke E, Krischel M, Gross D:
tischer Personalpolitik am Zahnärztlichen Zahnärzte und Dentisten im Nationalso-
Institut der Berliner Universität. In: Grau zialismus: Forschungsstand und aktuelle
G, Schneck P (eds.): Akademische Kar- Forschungsfragen. Medhist J 2016; 51:
rieren im „Dritten Reich“: Beiträge zur 2–39
Personal- und Berufspolitik an Medizi-
nischen Fakultäten. Inst. für Geschichte 71. Steinhardt G: Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr.
der Medizin, Berlin 1993, 77–81 Ewald Harndt zum 65. Geburtstag.
Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1966; 21: 253f.
63. Marz I: Begleitheft zur Ewald-Harndt- UNIV.-PROF. DR. MED. DR. MED.
72. Thieme V: Gedemütigt, entwürdigt,
Medaille, herausgegeben von der
verstümmelt – die „rassenhygienische DENT. DR. PHIL. D. GROSS
Zahnärztekammer Berlin, o. O. 2001
Ausmerze“ der Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen- RWTH Aachen University
64. Marz I, Wandelt S, Zuhrt R: Prof. Dr. Spalten im Dritten Reich. Studie zur Situ- Medical School,
med. dent. Dr. med. Ewald Harndt 90 ation der Betroffenen und zur Position MTI II, Wendlingweg 2,
Jahre. Charité Ann – Neue Folge 1991; der Ärzte im Dritten Reich. Teil II. MKG- D-52074 Aachen
11: 41–46 Chirurg 2012; 5: 62–72 dgross@ukaachen.de
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2020; 2 (4)You can also read
