22 Food and Consumer Staples Retailing
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This table shows a list of topics identified as relevant by different stakeholder groups. They can be considered as stakeholders’ suggestions or requests
for topics to be monitored or disclosed by organizations.
Additional information about the project can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-
Research/Pages/default.aspx
22 – Food and Consumer Staples Retailing
18 Topics
Distributors of food products to other companies and not directly to the consumer. Owners and operators of primarily food retail stores. Owners
and operators of hypermarkets and super centers selling food and a wide-range of consumer staple products. Owners and operators of primarily
drug retail stores and pharmacies.
Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Economic Socio-economic Impact The scientifically accurate measurement, in a globally 195 Financial
benefits assessment at comparable manner, of sustainability effects and impacts Markets &
community and at the farm and community level. Information
farm level Users
specific indicators of social, environmental and economic
metrics that clearly demonstrate scientifically sound
capture and analysis as well as consensus on the type of
indicator that adequately reflects on of these topics
improves management practices
permits smarter investment or policy
avoids greenwashing
facilitates consumer faith
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 1 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Environmental Materials Products from Deforestation and forest degradation, which account for 106, 194 Civil Society
sourcing responsibly 10-15% of global carbon emissions, are primarily driven Organization
managed land by 4 commodities: timber, palm oil, soy and cattle
to avoid products. Companies who produce or buy these products
deforestation may be contributing to deforestation and need to have
and forest policies in place to manage potential risks and
degradation opportunities.
Risk assessment of whether the company buys or
produces any of these commodities, directly or through
their supply chains.
Company policies (if any) on sourcing or production of
the commodities, eg only buying certified products,
being able to trace back to source.
Targets for production/procurement of certified
commodities - quantity/percentage and year of target.
Deforestation accounts for almost the same carbon
emissions as the entire world's transport sector and is a
major driver of biodiversity loss. There is also evidence
that it contributes to fluctuations in rainfall patterns.
Given increasing population and change in diets towards
meat, the problems of environmental damage and food
security are likely to increase sharply over the coming
years.
Land use change from forests and peatlands to
agriculture results in significant carbon emissions and
other environmental damage as well as often causing
social problems around free, prior and informed consent
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 2 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
and livelihoods for forest-dependent communities. Over
1 billion of the world's poorest people depend on forests
for their survival but the financial rewards from replacing
forests with agriculture are driving rapid deforestation in
areas such as Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia. There are
opportunities for companies to improve their agricultural
efficiency through certification and 'smart' agriculture
while reducing environmental impacts of their
businesses.
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a 131 Business
forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter
converted to a non-forest use
Increased demand for non-timber products such as palm
oil, soy and even beef can also contribute to
deforestation if sourced unsustainably. Retailers are
driving zero deforestation initiatives. Importers,
wholesalers and retailers increasingly promote
sustainable sourcing throughout the supply chain. Given
strong consumer concerns, and their own commitment
to corporate responsibility, increasingly retailers and
other traders require their suppliers to meet quality
standards beyond legal requirements.
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 3 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Sourcing Use of chemical inputs in agricultural production (i.e. 442, 492 Mediating
standards for fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc) Institution
chemical
fertilizer, * Amount of chemical inputs used yearly per hectare
herbicide and -Doses and techniques used to apply them (applied using
pesticide use in labor or machinery?)
agricultural -Public or private organism that regulated the use of
production these inputs in the local area
Degradation of soil, pollution of water and air are all
closely linked with overuse of pesticides and the kind.
The misuse/overuse of chemical inputs in all forms has
not only environmental impact but also financial impact
because of increasing costs of these products.
Agricultural production needs to start accounting for
long term loses of natural capital and human health in
order to balance the misuse promoted by certain
chemical companies selling this kind of products.
Sourcing Use of machinery in agricultural production 119, 554 Mediating
standards for Institution
environmental -Number, brand and year of manufacturing of each
impacts from machine
use of -Number of hours per hectare and number of times it is
machinery in required.
agricultural -Agricultural tasks done with aforementioned machinery
production
Use of machinery is intrinsically linked with energy
efficiency, Co2 emissions and social impact of machines
replacing labor.
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 4 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Sourcing Use of hybrid and GM seeds in agricultural production 153, 233 Mediating
standards for Institution
hybrid and * Reason for adopting these sort of seeds in the
genetically production
modified (GM) -Amount of hybrid and GM seeds used in production
seeds -Name of providers of these sort of seeds
-Expected impact of these sort of seeds on the
environment
-Expected impact of these sort of seeds on human health
The sort of seeds used in agricultural production is the
first step that adds an impact of humans and natural
resources. The effect of hybrid and GM seeds is
reportedly to be adversed, however companies are still
willing to spread their use despite the environmental and
social costs in long term.
Wood-based Sourcing of wood based products (paper, furniture, etc) 185, 569 Civil Society
products from from responsibly managed forests. Organization
responsibly
managed forests The following sections of the GRI reporting guidelines
may be used by a reporter to mention FSC related
activities, those are:
- Profile - Commitments to External Initiatives: 4.12
externally developed economic, environmental, and
social charters, principles, or other initiatives to which
the organization subscribes or endorses.
- Environmental Impact: EN 26: Initiatives to mitigate
environmental impacts of products and services, and
extent of impact mitigation.
- Product: PR3: Type of product and service information
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 5 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
required by procedures and percentage of significant
products and services subject to such information
requirements.
The above indicators are mostly not quantitative and a
reporter may find difficult to integrate FSC related
information.
Ideally there would be a quantitative indicator related to
certification scheme or initiative regarding the supply
and the final product within the GRI guideline.
In order to ease the reporting of FSC related activities,
we propose to include two indicators related to supply
and final product content. The wording could follow the
Food Processing Supplement and worded as follows:
“Percentage of purchased material by volume and
weight which is verified as being in accordance with
credible, internationally recognized responsible
production standards, broken down by standard”.
This topic reflects significant impacts, risks and
opportunities for an organization itself and its
stakeholders as well as requires active management or
engagement by the organization.
By buying FSC certified products, companies provide
incentives for responsible forestry and can enjoy their
purchases knowing it has not contributed to the
destruction of the world’s forest or even come from
companies involved in human rights abuses. Almost
everything made from wood and other forest products
are available with the FSC label. Finding FSC products
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FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 6 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
becomes easier everyday. Literally every day, more FSC
products become available.
This topic is relevant for all 52 business/industry activity
groups.
These simple steps can be followed by companies to find
and buy FSC products:
1. Check the FSC marketplace at marketplace.fsc.org (in
January 2013, the marketplace is still a beta version)
Please note this database will currently only search for
manufacturers and distributors, not retailers. There are
only a few exceptions where retailers are also certified.
To find products carried by your local retailer, please
contact them directly. We are working on including other
search options to this database in the future.
2. Ask your retailer
Chances are, they will carry FSC certified products. If not,
let them know you would be interested in certified
products. Not all certification systems are equal and only
FSC guarantees that the product has been made from
environmentally and responsibly managed forests.
By asking for FSC certified products, you show that there
is a demand. This is an important and simple way how
you can help FSC to make a difference.
Packaging Plastics use and Plastic, a valuable material, can generate significant 353, 367 Civil Society
management positive, or negative, impacts on economy, environment Organization
and society. Plastic should be treated as a resource and
managed judiciously.
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
A disclosure on management approach for plastics,
including governance, strategy, risks, opportunities,
considering: opportunities for product redesign,
increasing recycled content, implementing reclaim
and/or reuse which could attract economies, brand
loyalty, investment, employee goodwill, and; risks to the
business, stakeholder health, environment and society
(including reputational/social license to operate,
regulatory, investor, insurer, and liability risks) for
plastics that are directly harmful to stakeholders, or
indirectly through plastics being wasted/littered.
Performance indicators regarding the types and volumes
of plastics being used, collected and/or distributed
downstream; the portion that is made of post-consumer-
recycled, bio-based, biodegradable, compostable, and/or
oxobiodegradable material; the ratio of expected life-
span of plastic products in contrast to the duration of
their intended use; these volumes broken down by end
of life disposition.
Most of this disclosure can be captured through the
existing GRI framework (e.g. GRI G3 EC9, EN1, EN2,
EN22), but commentary is needed to ensure disclosers
appreciate the materiality of plastic; other questions can
be added to the framework. Refer to the Plastic
Disclosure Project (www.plasticdisclosure.org) for more
details on the suggested questions. PDP will align its
questions to GRI G4 to assist disclosers.
Plastic can have significant positive, or negative, impacts
on the economy, environment and society:
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Economics: There are significant cost savings available to
organisations that treat plastic as a resource (e.g.
through redesign, use of recycled content, reclaiming,
etc.) and risks of increased direct costs (regulation,
liability, cost of capital, insurance) to organisations that
do not lead in this area as well as indirect economic costs
to impacted industries (e.g. food production, tourism)
Environment: Plastics that are wasted or littered
become extremely harmful to the environment, which
will have a material effect on biodiversity and the global
food chain, both nearby and far outside the local area of
operations
Society: Some plastics are harmful to stakeholders
during manufacture, use and/or disposal (e.g. due to
phthalates, BPA), impact the wellbeing of society (e.g.
effect of litter on community spirit and their interest in
sustainability).
While a valuable invention, which benefits society in
many ways, the negative impacts associated with
society's growing use of plastic are not fully recognised.
Roughly 85% of plastic used in products and packaging is
not recycled, and most plastic produced in the last 60
years still remains in the environment today.
Approximately 70% of discarded plastic is from single-use
food and beverage containers. Discarded plastics persist
in the environment for dozens or hundreds of years,
accumulating across the globe, often out of sight of the
producers and users. The direct physical impacts of
plastic are significant to the organisation in increased
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
costs or missed opportunities, and related economies
(e.g. over $1.2bn in annual damages to ocean-related
industries in Asia-Pacific), the environment through
harming habitats and species, and to stakeholders health
when exposed to the chemical ingredients; and are
magnified if fragmentation of the plastic occurs, making
it available for ingestion to additional species, who
adsorb the chemical ingredients and/or the toxins carried
on the plastic. These negative impacts could be avoided
and turned into positive impacts, if plastic was treated as
a resource to be managed judiciously (e.g. the US
economy lost $8.3bn worth of plastic packaging in 2010)
- "It is not good business practice to throw away valuable
resources".
Emissions to air Refrigeration Refrigeration is the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., 131 Business
technology food) for preservative purposes
systems
Most common refrigeration technology uses HFCs (hydro
fluorocarbons) which were introduced in the 1990s to
replace the ozone-depleting CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
and HCFCs (hydro chlorofluorocarbons). Currently, gases
such as HFCs make up about 2% of greenhouse gases,
but this could rise to 19% worldwide by 2050 as
refrigeration becomes more widely used.
Percentage of refrigerant refillings in relation to total 153 Financial
refrigerants contained in cooling systems Markets &
Information
Users
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 10 of 22Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Emissions to air Dairy supply Greenhouse gas emissions in the dairy supply chain, from 59, 503 Business
- GHG emissions chain, ‘from cow cow feed production to consumer use.
feed production
to consumer For dairy farming: 1) manure management, 2) enteric
use’ emissions 3) fertilizer use 4) energy use during growing
of crops, processing of milk, and general operations of
the dairy farm.
For dairy processing: energy use during processing of
dairy products and transportation, packaging
Retailer: energy use in store
Consumer: food waste
GHG emissions on the farm are responsible for around
70% of the GHG footprint in the dairy supply chain life
cycle. Overall, the US dairy industry is around 2% of total
GHG emissions in the US. Retailers and dairy customers
have set targets for GHG reduction, and consumers are
interested in this information. Opportunity for farmers
and processors to save costs and identify production
efficiencies since energy, fuel and fertilizers are
expensive.
See response to question 3.
Food waste Minimization and management of food waste. 386 Business
management
Total amount of food waste generated and breakdown of
disposal (i.e. donation to feed hungry people, animal
feed, waste-to-energy, compost/land application, or
landfill)
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Food waste is an issue that has earned global attention,
with nearly 40 percent of all food never being consumed.
It has social implications (global hunger, child hunger)
and environmental implications (organic wastes creating
GHGs in landfills).
Food waste is food loss occurring during the retail and 130 Business
final consumption stages due to the behavior of retailers
and consumers [9] – that is, the throwing away of food.
Food wastage (that is healthy and edible food wasted) is
a growing problem in the EU, reaching 179 kg per capita
per annum. This is a significant sustainability and food
security issue. Food waste occurs across the entire food
supply chain from the agricultural production stage to
distribution, management and consumption.
Social Persons’ with ACCESSIBILITY OF ENVIRONMENTS, GOODS AND 96, 522 Civil Society
special needs SERVICES Organization
access to
products, . Actions carried out and plan to improve accessibility to
services and offices and reasonable adjustments to workplaces
facilities . Accessibility criteria applied when building, purchasing
or renting new facilities.
. Action’s carried out and plans to improve accessibility
of ICT infrastructure (particularly web sites)
. “Design for all” and universal accessibility principles
included in products and/or services
. Products or services specifically targeted at people with
disabilities
. Accessibility labels or certificates obtained
. Progress made and future commitments on the above
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
points
Fundación ONCE works to ensure that people with
disabilities have equal access to the environments, goods
and services, in order to foster their equal participation
and inclusion in society. Involving all relevant actors like
businesses, industry, public authorities, accessibility
experts and people with disabilities is essential for the
success of the actions.
Today, there is still clear demand for accessible products
and services and an opportunity to create new
innovative accessible mainstream products that benefits
not only people with disabilities but also other potential
customers (each time higher associated to an ageing
population).
Accessibility of environment, goods and services should
be considered as a material topic to be reported not only
by organizations of the NGO sector but also of by
organizations of different public and private sectors for
the following reasons:
. Organizations that sell and market products or services
directly to consumers may cause negative impacts on
people with disabilities' rights; especially when
accessibility and universal design are not considered
relevant as means of avoiding their social exclusion
(including the overcoming of the digital divide).
. Accessibility is not only a human right challenge but also
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
a business opportunity for different sector companies.
People with disabilities are a growing potential market
giving the demographic shift in the developed countries
and the correlation between disability and ageing.
. Accessibility standards facilitate compliance with legal
obligations like the UNCRPD or current national
legislation, as well as help to avoid higher adaptation
costs once an infrastructure is built, or a product or
service is launched.
Consumer Breast milk Adherence to the WHO code of Marketing of Breast-milk 594 Mediating
product safety substitutes substitutes (see Institution
information and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Mar
communications keting_of_Breast-milk_Substitutes)
Company policies and management systems related to
the code.
Breach of the code leads to violation of the following
human rights:
Universal declaration of human rights : article 3
Convention on the rights of the child: articles 3 and 6
Other Business Demographic A material sustainability topic is the demographic 370 Business
strategy changes change, a global phenomenon that sees an ageing and
affecting declining population. The trend impacts on the local
business communities and on the workforce of an organization.
Qualitative information: actions implemented by an
organization to face with the topic.
The demographic change influences the business of the
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
insurance industry. Longer life expectancy, growing
wealth, urbanization, different lifestyles, technological
development create opportunities for insurers, such as
innovative products and services to anticipate/meet
evolving requirements of customers.
Demographic change may be material for all the
organizations, regardless industry, since it affects their
workforce. Longer life expectancy means longer
retirement age, thus creating challenges for
organizations e.g. associated with alternative career
paths, adapting working environments and conditions,
and transfer of skill and competencies.
Corporate Gender GOVERNANCE / EUROPE: boardroom lady boom: is it 389 Financial
governance participation on possible without quotas? Markets &
governance On 22 June, the CapitalCom agency published its 2011 Information
bodies survey into the boardroom gender mix of CAC 40 Users
companies, with fairly encouraging results: the
proportion of women on the board has doubled in recent
years, from 10.5% in 2009 to 20.8% in 2011.
In January, the French parliament adopted legislation
imposing quotas for the proportion of women on the
board of major companies. Under the measures, the
development of female board membership is mandatory
and gradual: 20% for listed groups, public companies of
an administrative, industrial and commercial nature by
January 2014, rising to 40% by January 2017. The law
also stipulates that companies with no women present
on their board must appoint at least one within six
months of it being on the statute books (voted on 13
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
January 2011). In France, some 2,000 companies are
affected (the 650 largest listed firms and companies with
more than 500 employees and those generating sales in
excess of €50bn). In terms of sanctions for
noncompliance, appointments that run counter to the
parity principles are to be declared null and void and
attendance fees are to be temporarily suspended.
At the European level and at the instigation of the Vice-
president of the European Commission, Viviane Reding,
the European parliament will decide in March 2012 on
whether to adopt common legislation on this matter (a
mandatory proportion of women in decision-making
positions of 30% in 2015 and 40% in 2020). This will
depend on the level of improvement seen based on the
selfregulation of European companies, in accordance
with the equality initiative adopted by the European
Commission in December 2010 and the European
parliament resolution of 17 January 2008 calling for the
Commission and member states to promote a balance
between women and men on company boards,
particularly where member states are shareholders.
Europe as a whole illustrates the degree of hesitation
between a soft-law approach and conventional
legislation (quotas in this instance), but it is clear from
the experience at national level that the second method
tends to get much better results.
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Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Refrigeration Safety and Safety and environmental requirements for refrigerating 318 Mediating
systems and environmental systems Institution
refrigerants requirements
ISO 5149 is intended to minimize possible hazards to
persons, property and environment from refrigerating
systems and refrigerants. These hazards are essentially
associated with the physical and chemical characteristics
of refrigerants as well as the pressures and temperatures
occurring in the refrigeration cycles (see Annex A).
Attention is drawn to hazards common to all
compression systems, such as high temperature at
discharge, liquid slugging, erroneous operation or
reduction in mechanical strength caused by corrosion,
erosion, thermal stress, fatigue stresses, liquid hammer
or vibration. Corrosion, however, should have special
consideration as conditions specific to refrigerating
systems arise because of the alternate frosting and
defrosting or the covering of equipment by insulation.
Commonly used refrigerants except ammonia (R-717) are
heavier than air. Care should be taken to avoid stagnant
pockets of heavy refrigerant vapours by proper location
of ventilation inlet and exhaust openings. All machinery
rooms are required to have mechanical ventilation
controlled by oxygen deficiency alarms or refrigerant
vapour alarms. Example of hazards are: the direct effects
of extreme temperature (brittleness of materials at low
temperatures, changes of volumes due to temperature
changes, touchable hot surfaces), the direct effects of
the liquid phase (excessive refrigerant charge or
refrigerant flooding of equipment, liquid hammering in
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Category
(if available)
piping), escape of refrigerants (fire, explosion, toxicity,
environmental issues such as depletion of the ozone
layer and global warming).
Supplier Child labor in Child labour is prevalent in fruit and vegetable 560 Civil Society
screening fresh fruit and production in many countries, Organization
vegetable (FFV)
supply chains The availability of fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV) from
developing countries on the shelves of Dutch
supermarkets is increasing. Two thirds of all fruit imports
and one fifth of all vegetable imports to the Netherlands
currently originate in developing countries and these
shares continue to grow. There is ample evidence in the
literature that working conditions in the export oriented
FFV sector of developing countries are generally
problematic. This in turn raises questions about how
supermarkets, who are effectively the gatekeepers of
this FFV supply for consumers are coping with this
increase and whether they are a force for good or for
bad in positively addressing conditions for FFV labourers,
the largest group of people working in this sector.
Health risks of Health risks caused by long working hours; strenuous 560 Civil Society
workers in fresh physical work; exposure to toxic chemicals; the generally Organization
fruit and low levels of worker voice and bargaining power.
vegetable (FFV)
supply chains The availability of fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV) from
developing countries on the shelves of Dutch
supermarkets is increasing. Two thirds of all fruit imports
and one fifth of all vegetable imports to the Netherlands
currently originate in developing countries and these
shares continue to grow. There is ample evidence in the
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Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
literature that working conditions in the export oriented
FFV sector of developing countries are generally
problematic. This in turn raises questions about how
supermarkets, who are effectively the gatekeepers of
this FFV supply for consumers are coping with this
increase and whether they are a force for good or for
bad in positively addressing conditions for FFV labourers,
the largest group of people working in this sector.
Seasonal wages In many countries fruits and vegetables are often only 560 Civil Society
of workers in harvested, processed and exported during a few months Organization
fresh fruit and of the year. Seasonal wage work within agriculture
vegetable (FFV) generally pays very low wages. This peak harvest is often
supply chains filled with migrant workers The labour rights of migrants
are often not respected by producing companies.
The availability of fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV) from
developing countries on the shelves of Dutch
supermarkets is increasing. Two thirds of all fruit imports
and one fifth of all vegetable imports to the Netherlands
currently originate in developing countries and these
shares continue to grow. There is ample evidence in the
literature that working conditions in the export oriented
FFV sector of developing countries are generally
problematic. This in turn raises questions about how
supermarkets, who are effectively the gatekeepers of
this FFV supply for consumers are coping with this
increase and whether they are a force for good or for
bad in positively addressing conditions for FFV labourers,
the largest group of people working in this sector.
1
All references can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-Research/Pages/default.aspx
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
FOOD AND CONSUMER STAPLES RETAILING Page 19 of 22References
All references can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-Research/Pages/default.aspx
Brush, A., Masanet, E. & Worrell, E., 2011. Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Dairy Processing Industry,
59
Washington, DC: Energy Star.
96 CSR+D, 'CSR and disability Indicators', 2011.
DeFries, R. S., Rudel, T., Uriarte, M. & Hansen, M., 2010. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-
106°
first century. Nature Geoscience, 3(3), pp. 178-181.
Edwards-Jones, G. et al., 2008. Testing the assertion that ‘local food is best’: the challenges of an evidence-based approach. Trends in Food
119°
Science and Technology, 19(5), pp. 265-274.
130 Eurocommerce, 2012. Industry Briefing - Food Waste, Brussels: Eurocommerce.
131 Eurocommerce, 2012. Industry Briefing - Refrigeration, Brussels: Eurocommerce.
European Federation of Financial Analysts Societies (EFFAS) and Society of Investment Professionals in Germany (DVFA), 2010. KPIs for ESG - A
153
Guideline for the Integration of ESG into Financial Analysis and Corporate Valuation, Frankfurt am Main: EFFAS.
Forest Ethics, n.d. Model Forest Resources Policy. [Online]
185 Available at: http://www.forestethics.org/model-forest-resources-policy
[Accessed 27 March 2013].
Gibbs, H.K., Ruesch, A.S., Achard, F., Clayton, M.K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., 2010. Tropical Forests Were the Primary Source of
194 New Agricultural Land in the 1980s and 1990s, San Francisco: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
(PNAS).
Giovannucci, D., Scherr, S., Nierenberg, D., Hebebrand, C., Shapiro, J., Milder, J., & Wheeler, K., 2012. Food and Agriculture: The Future of
195
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