2021 2026 Northern Territory Electric Vehicle Strategy and Implementation Plan - DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE, PLANNING AND LOGISTICS
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Northern Territory Electric Vehicle Strategy and Implementation Plan 2021 - 2026 DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE, PLANNING AND LOGISTICS
Contents Executive Summary 01 Strategy Scope 02 What are the benefits of electric vehicles? 03 Developing an Electric Vehicle Strategy for the Northern Territory 04 What is the potential for electric vehicle uptake in the Northern Territory? 06 Priority Areas 08 Electric Vehicle Implementation Plan 12 References 18 EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Executive Summary Globally, transport systems are With the introduction of present unique challenges for rapidly transforming and electric lower cost EVs into Australia the introduction of EVs. vehicles (EVs) are a major part of this there will be increased use of Supporting the uptake of EVs will transformation. Although the uptake EVs and greater demand for generate jobs and economic benefits of EVs has been slower in Australia supporting infrastructure. for the Northern Territory. EVs will than in many other countries, it is EVs provide a number of benefits bring new skills and new business expected that the number of EVs compared to conventional vehicles opportunities and open up potential in Australia will accelerate rapidly including lower greenhouse gas for EV research and innovation. in the next five to ten years. emissions and reduced operational Increasing the number of EVs will There was a 200 per cent jump in costs. The Northern Territory support local power generation, Australian EV sales in 2019. A total Government has explored options the local solar industry and there of 6 718 EVs were sold in Australia to support the uptake of EVs will be increased demand for the in 2019, up from 2 216 in 2018. in the Northern Territory. installation of EV charging facilities. In the same period, combustion Government support is needed to Most Australian States and engine vehicle sales dropped ensure that the Northern Territory Territories are implementing by 7.8 per cent. In the Northern is not left behind as Australia policies and programs to encourage Territory, there were 12 electric transitions to electric mobility. the uptake of EVs. In addition, at cars in March 2019 and 38 in the national level, jurisdictions This Electric Vehicle Strategy December 2020. However, EVs still are collaborating through a and Implementation Plan has only represent 0.6 per cent of all Low and Zero Emission Vehicles been developed to support the vehicle sales in Australia compared working group to manage the increased uptake of EVs in the to 3.8 per cent of sales in Europe introduction of EVs and other Northern Territory. Following and 4.7 per cent of sales in China1. vehicles in Australia. However, the industry and community feedback Several new, lower cost EV models Northern Territory’s characteristics on the 2019 NT EV Discussion are arriving, or are scheduled including long distances, a small Paper, four priority areas for for release in Australia. and widely dispersed population action have been identified: and extreme climatic conditions • Vehicle costs and availability, • Vehicle charging, • Knowledge, skills and innovation, and • Consumer information. Actions for the Northern Territory Government to implement have been identified for each of these priority areas in the EV Implementation Plan. The EV Implementation Plan will be reviewed annually to monitor progress and actions will be updated where required to respond to changing policy and technology developments. EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 1
Strategy Scope This Strategy focusses on battery is required regarding the role and short term, hydrogen fuel cell EVs (BEVs) which are powered potential of e-scooters and other vehicles are likely to be restricted by an electric motor and plug-in PMDs and potential legislative to more densely populated areas hybrid EVs (PHEVs) which also reform in the Northern Territory. in large cities or commercial heavy include a conventional engine. vehicle and bus fleets, which Unlike PHEVs, Hybrid EVs cannot BEVs and PHEVs are likely to return regularly to refuelling hubs. be plugged in to recharge. represent the most significant Additionally, the potential for fuel Consequently Hybrid EVs are change in Australia’s vehicle fleet cell vehicles is being considered excluded from the Strategy scope as in the short to medium term. at the national level through they do not represent a significant the National Hydrogen Strategy Community feedback on the 2019 shift from conventional vehicles and locally through a Northern NT EV Discussion Paper highlighted and don’t have the potential to Territory Hydrogen Strategy. that a broad range of EVs should be operate as zero emission vehicles. included in this Strategy including Hybrid EVs are also lower cost and e-motorbikes, e-bikes, e-scooters a greater number of hybrids are and other electric personal mobility available in the second hand market devices (PMDs) as these produce and so are already more accessible. even less emissions than electric While hydrogen fuel cell EVs cars. Although the City of Darwin operate as zero emission vehicles, is currently trialling the use of refuelling infrastructure and shared e-bikes and e-scooters in hydrogen supply are very limited Darwin, an exemption applies to the at present in Australia, particularly e-scooter trial and privately owned in the Northern Territory and e-scooters (with a power output fuel cell vehicle technology is at greater than 200W) cannot legally an earlier stage of development be used in the Northern Territory than plug-in EVs. In at least the at present. Further investigation EV Charging station at Darwin Waterfront 2 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
What are the benefits of EVs? Lower Operational Costs Running costs of EVs are around 60 per cent to 90 per cent cheaper than fuel costs for a conventional vehicle and with fewer moving parts, maintenance and servicing costs are lower2. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions Transport is responsible for 19 per cent of Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions and eight per cent of the Northern Territory’s emissions3. Supporting the Northern Territory’s 50% by 2030 renewable energy target and managing electricity demand Managing electricity demand by charging vehicles at peak solar energy production during the day and lower energy demand periods during the middle of the day and at night. Improved fuel security Reduced reliance on imported liquid fuels. Improving urban amenity The main benefit [of EVs] to the NT is Reduced road traffic noise the fuel is local, made locally and locally and improved air quality. owned instead of foreign imported oil. Feedback to the 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper. Potential economic benefits New jobs in mining and manufacture related to EV supply chains and in the renewable energy sector. EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 3
Developing an EV Stategy for the Northern Territory At the national level, the Australian In 2019 the Northern Territory setting a target for the Northern Government is developing a Future Government released an EV Territory Government vehicle fleet Fuels Strategy and most States and Discussion Paper to assist in (82 per cent of respondents). Territories are implementing a range developing this EV Strategy and Feedback received through of policies to support the uptake Implementation Plan. A wide consultation has been incorporated of EVs. The Northern Territory range of comments were received in the development of this Strategy Government is collaborating with from industry, businesses and the and Implementation Plan. other jurisdictions through a Low community. A total of 195 surveys and Zero Emission Vehicles (LZEVs) were completed and over 200 working group to address the comments and submissions were barriers and challenges affecting received. Submissions highlighted the uptake of LZEVs in Australia. key barriers to EV uptake including cost of vehicles, range This Strategy aligns with other anxiety, charging infrastructure relevant Northern Territory and battery life. Key benefits Government policies and programs, identified were environmental both existing and in development, benefits, lower transport costs including the Roadmap to and vehicle performance. Renewables and the Northern Territory’s renewable energy target There was significant support for of 50% renewable by 2030, the the Northern Territory Government Climate Change Response and encouraging the use of EVs (79 the Digital Territory Strategy. per cent of respondents) and At the moment, the purchase price of an EV is the biggest barrier to me purchasing one. Feedback to the 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper. 4 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Would you consider buying an EV in the next 5 years? 22% Yes No 78% Response to 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper Survey Feedback received through the 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper Survey Position Agree Disagree Neutral The Northern Territory Government should 79% 11% 10% encourage EV use in the NT Now is the right time to 77% 12% 11% encourage EV use The Northern Territory Government should invest 78% 14% 8% in public charging infrastructure The Northern Territory Government should provide 69% 19% 12% grants for home and workplace EV charging The Northern Territory Government should encourage EV use 76% 17% 7% by subsidising reduced stamp duty and registration costs Private industry should invest in public charging 80% 6% 14% infrastructure The Northern Territory Government should set 82% 13% 5% an EV target for its own vehicle fleet The Northern Territory Government should encourage EV 71% 12% 17% tourism through public infrastructure and other initiatives EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 5
What is the potential for EV uptake in the Northern Territory? The Northern Territory covers a 2025. While several Territorians currently available in Australia large land area and has a small, responding to consultation indicated (around 300 km) is more than widely dispersed population, that the limited range and towing sufficient for average daily trips. with many remote and very capacity of EVs would not suit By investing in EV charging remote communities. In addition, their transport needs and lifestyle, infrastructure and supporting EV the Northern Territory’s major many people commented that uptake now, the Northern Territory urban centres are geographically the urban areas of the Northern Government can ensure that the isolated from the rest of Australia Territory were ideal for EV use. Northern Territory is prepared for and experience extreme climatic In 2019 there were 146 000 the transition to EVs and is well conditions. These unique light vehicles registered in the placed to harness the potential characteristics will present Northern Territory and of these, benefits which EVs can provide. challenges for the increasing use of approximately a quarter are smaller, EVs across the Northern Territory. When charged with grid power in light vehicles (with an engine size Darwin a Nissan Leaf EV produces As is occurring elsewhere in less than 2000 cc). around 40 per cent less gCO2/ Australia, the number of EVs in the These 36 000 smaller light vehicles km than a conventional Toyota Northern Territory is expected to could potentially be replaced Corolla⁴. If charged with renewable increase, potentially quite rapidly, by lower priced EVs which are energy, EV driving is emission free. particularly as price parity with currently available in Australia. With conventional vehicles is expected Territorians driving on average to occur in Australia around 36 km per day, the range of BEVs Due to distances involved, (EV) technology isn’t there yet for many living and working remote, but no reason why 70 per cent of metro users can’t have at least one (electric) vehicle per family. Feedback to the 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper. EV Charging point EV Charging station at Katherine at Darwin Airport 6 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Top: EV Charging point at Dunmarra; above: EV Charging point at Emerald Springs Bottom left: EV Charging point at Alice Springs; middle left: EV Charging station at State Square Car Park Darwin; bottom right: Charles Darwin University EV Charging Station EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 7
Priority Areas Four key priority areas for The Northern Territory Government for the increased uptake of EVs. Northern Territory Government fleet currently includes four Feedback during consultation action to support EV uptake have leased PHEVs. By including EVs highlighted that the high cost of been identified. The Northern in the vehicle fleet and setting a EVs is likely to be prohibitive for Territory Government will fleet target for EVs, the Northern many in the Northern Territory work with local government, Territory Government can show and the equity of government industry and the community in leadership and assist in providing support for EVs was questioned. the delivery of these actions. certainty for investment in charging Early EV uptake has been restricted infrastructure and services. With to Territorians who have been in Vehicle costs and low numbers of EVs in the Northern a position to buy a new vehicle. Territory, there is a very limited availability second hand market. Increasing However, the introduction of EVs into the Northern Territory The high upfront cost of EVs is the number of EVs in the Northern through new vehicle sales and driven by the battery cost (up Territory Government Fleet will imported vehicles through the to one-third of the total cost also increase the number of second Commonwealth scheme, will in turn, of manufacturing an EV) and hand EVs in the Northern Territory. increase the availability of EVs in the smaller manufacturing volumes2, Implementation of the local second hand market, increasing however, prices are decreasing. A Commonwealth Road Vehicles EV affordability for others. total of 28 models of EVs are now Standard Act 2018 in mid-2021 and available in Australia and some are Supporting early adopters of existing transitional arrangements priced under $50 0001. Research EVs is similar to the government allow for the importation of certain in Australia has found that people support provided to early adopters vehicles meeting environmental would be willing to pay more of solar panels in Australia. Even criteria. This allows for the for an EV than a petrol or diesel with government support, early importation of new or used EVs not vehicle, however only if there is adopters paid a much higher price otherwise available in Australia and more support and incentives5. for solar panels and prices have provides an alternative pathway subsequently dropped significantly. EV Charging station at Darwin Waterfront 8 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
As a result of this initial support To address vehicle costs and There is a need to plan ahead for from governments and investment availability key actions include: charging infrastructure in residential in solar panels by early adopters, and commercial buildings and public • Reducing vehicle registration the broader community is now facilities. Government has a role stamp duty costs to benefiting from significantly lower in developing relevant charging encourage EV uptake, cost solar panels and lower power standards and guidance at both costs. A similar pattern of uptake • Setting targets to increase the national and local level and is anticipated for EVs, with the EVs in the Northern Territory also increasing the availability broader community benefitting Government fleet of EV charging locations. over time from government support and the actions of early adopters. Vehicle charging Although EVs provide fuel savings Consumer concern regarding the for consumers, there will be revenue range of EV batteries, often referred implications for governments. to as ‘range anxiety’ and the Increased EV uptake will reduce availability of charging infrastructure Commonwealth fuel excise and is a significant barrier to EV adoption options for how EVs will be charged in Australia and convenient charging fairly for their use of the road infrastructure will be essential to network will need to be developed. encouraging EV uptake5. Charging This issue is being progressed at options are needed including the national level and the Northern home charging, public charging Territory Government will be and fast charging and there is a considering options for EV road user role for government in supporting charging in the Northern Territory. the development of charging networks, particularly where there may be a marginal commercial case for private investment in charging infrastructure. Left: EV Charging point at Devils Marbles; right: EV Charging point, Alice Springs EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 9
Priority Areas (continued) Increased demand for electricity as V2G technology increases, EVs in the service and repair of EVs and a result of vehicle charging will need could potentially provide an option charging infrastructure is likely to be to be carefully managed. Power and for integration with renewable required and the Northern Territory Water Corporation is developing energy supply and management Government will liaise with industry network strategies in response to in remote communities. and other jurisdictions regarding developments in grid-connected skill development. There is potential If managed appropiately, a technology, power use, dynamic for innovation and development of significant number of EVs could charging and other emerging specialised skills in relation to EVs assist with managing the reduction technologies to accommodate and renewable recharging. With of demand during the middle of future energy demand. EV and the Northern Territory’s climatic the day and act on a ‘solar sponge’. grid interaction is likely to be extremes there is potential to As EVs are effectively a ‘battery dynamic, so policies will need to position the Northern Territory on wheels’ they have significant be flexible to allow for changing as a specialised test environment potential to provide grid stability circumstances. Contingencies for EVs and related technology. services throughout V2G technology. will be required for significant Although knowledge and power outages due to cyclones To address vehicle charging experience of EVs and associated and other unexpected events. key actions include: infrastructure is expanding, there Abundant day-time solar power in • Collaboration with other is a need for further investigation the Northern Territory presents jurisdictions on charging of new technologies and systems. an enormous opportunity to standards and principles, Participating in technology trials reduce transport emissions. To • Developing guidelines for EV and research projects will support maximise the use of renewable charging infrastructure, and the successful introduction of EVs energy for EV charging during in the Northern Territory. A key high solar generation times, • Increasing EV charging stations. area for investigation and potential daytime EV charging will need to innovation is battery disposal, reuse be encouraged. EV charging at Knowledge, skills and recycling. In order to reduce EV peak times should be discouraged and innovation life-cycle environmental impacts, to reduce the impact on the grid battery recycling can be considered and the impacts of EV charging EV maintenance and installation as an alternative to battery disposal. from non-renewable energy. of charging infrastructure will Once an EV battery is no longer require specialised servicing and functional for EV use, the battery There is potential to use EVs to maintenance skills. Although some still retains 75 per cent of its original manage energy demand and supply servicing requirements may be capacity to store energy6. Batteries through vehicle to grid (V2G) undertaken remotely, there are can be reused for energy storage technology and dynamic charging opportunities for local providers to or recycled and there is a need infrastructure (where this capability service and maintain EVs and install to investigate battery recycling is not managed by the vehicle) and and maintain EV recharging facilities. options. EV batteries are included Power and Water is keen to explore in the scope of the national product options for the Northern Territory. Feedback on the 2019 NT EV stewardship scheme for batteries Currently the Nissan Leaf is the only Discussion Paper highlighted that due to commerce in mid 2021. EV available in Australia with V2G EV servicing and repair is likely to capacity, however capacity for V2G require a more complex range of Feedback from consultation is likely to increase with the arrival skill sets than traditional mechanical highlighted the ongoing potential of a wider range of EV models in skills, including an increased level for the Northern Territory to Australia. As the availability of of IT and technology skills. Training leverage the international expertise 10 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
I have a Hyundai Ioniq EV. I find never having to stop at a petrol station convenient. Charging at home is easy. I never need to charge elsewhere. I am able to run out to Howard Springs or Darwin River and back easily without range anxiety. I only need to charge twice a week. Feedback to the 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper. associated with the biennial World Consumer information and hydrogen fuelled vehicles) Solar Car Challenge. Solar cars are and the Northern Territory effectively EVs, however, their Limited availability of convenient intends to implement national batteries are powered primarily and accessible information model legislation. EV labelling will by solar power rather than mains regarding EVs and EV charging increase awareness of EVs and also electricity. The World Solar Car infrastructure is frequently raised assist emergency responders in Challenge traverses Australia from by consumers5. Responses to the identifying EVs and implementing Darwin to Adelaide and attracts 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper survey appropriate safety procedures. global expertise in solar and highlighted the need for information Feedback from consultation EV technology to the Northern on the benefits of EVs and the highlighted the potential to Territory. In recent years, the practicality of using EVs in the support and attract EV tourism in Challenge has evolved from purely Northern Territory. The Northern the Northern Territory. Promoting experimental vehicles to include Territory Government will work with EV routes such as Darwin, Jabiru a cruising class which encourages other jurisdictions and industry to and Katherine, and Alice Springs solar cars designed for practicality provide easily available, consistent and Uluru were highlighted as and aims to change consumer and reliable information on EVs and potential options. Supporting perceptions regarding vehicles associated technologies. There is activities may include installation and fuels. There is potential for also potential to develop guidance of charging infrastructure and the Northern Territory to further and support for organisations engaging with key stakeholders engage with this major international and businesses considering the to increase availability of EVs. event and foster local skills and provision of EV charging services. expertise in EV technology. Key actions to increase Range anxiety was frequently raised consumer information include: Key actions to develop as an issue during consultation, knowledge and skills and however, many daily trips in the • Providing practical foster innovation include: Northern Territory’s urban centres information to consumers, are well within the range of EVs. • Planning for power supply, • Promoting information on The compact size of Darwin and EV charging facilities, and • Supporting local innovation Alice Springs make them particularly in EV technology and suitable for EV use. Providing • Promoting EV tourism battery recycling information to consumers regarding opportunities. range and recharging times will • Skills development for EV assist in reducing range anxiety. and charging infrastructure servicing and repair, and There is national agreement on a requirement for number plate • Continuing to support the labelling of EVs (and also hybrid World Solar Car Challenge. EV Charging point at Timber Creek EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 11
EV Implementation Plan EV uptake in Australia has lagged • Relevance to the behind the rest of the world, Northern Territory, however EVs are coming. The rate • Actions within Northern of EV uptake is expected to soar as Territory Government control, the price difference between EVs and conventional vehicles narrows. • Time limited (as the Strategy covers a five year period), As a small jurisdiction, with a low and widely dispersed population, the • Impact, Northern Territory is unlikely to have • Equity, and a lead role in supporting EV uptake in Australia. Any policies or programs • Level of community and implemented by the Northern industry support. Territory Government to encourage The EV Implementation Plan the uptake of EVs are likely to have will be reviewed annually to limited impact nationally. However, monitor progress and vehicle now is the time to position the uptake and actions will be Northern Territory in relation to the updated, where required, to introduction of EVs. The Northern respond to changing policy and Territory needs to be prepared for technology developments. the transition to EVs and harness the benefits which EVs can provide. For each of the priority areas EV’s are the way of the future, by not supporting the outlined in this strategy, actions industry and adapting with this change the NT would have been identified and costed only be giving itself and its people a disadvantage. for implementation over five Darwin itself also has a unique layout where the years 2021 – 2026. Potential ‘in-town’ driving habits of people are usually within actions were assessed against the metro area and for fairly short trips - perfect the following criteria: for EV use. With any technological infrastructure upgrade, it brings technical minds and bright people to the area which can only be a good thing as well. Feedback to the 2019 NT EV Discussion Paper. 12 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
EV Charging station at Alice Springs airport EV Charging point at Mataranka EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 13
EV Implementation Plan (cont.) Priority 1: Vehicle cost and availability Action Timing 1.1 Remove the registration component of registration fees for July 2022 EVs in the NT for five years to encourage EV uptake. 1.2 Reduce stamp duty for first time registration of new and second hand EVs July 2022 in the Northern Territory by $1 500 for five years (effectively removing stamp duty for EVs up to a purchase cost of $50 000) to encourage EV uptake. 1.3 Increase the number of EVs in the Northern Territory Government Fleet 2021 to 2030 by 20 per year over 10 years, totalling 200 vehicles by 2030. 1.4 Modify the Northern Territory Government Vehicle Policy Framework 2021 to require agency pool vehicles to be EVs where fit for purpose. 1.5 Investigate adjustment of contribution rates for 2021 Northern Territory Government Fleet EVs to incentivise uptake through lower rates. 1.6 Investigate the potential for including EVs in Northern Territory 2021 to 2026 Government contract arrangements for rental vehicles. 1.7 Participate in national forums investigating road user charging for 2021 to 2026 EVs and consider future options for the Northern Territory. Note: ‘EV’ includes BEV and PHEV. Priority 2: Vehicle charging Action Timing 2.1 Work with other jurisdictions and industry to coordinate EV charging standards and ongoing principles, including the development of charging guidelines (for businesses and major developments including car parks, workplaces, shopping centres and residential apartments.) 2.2 Investigate amendments to the Northern Territory Planning Scheme 2022 to encourage provision of EV charging in new developments. 2.3 Install EV charging infrastructure in suitable government capital works projects in ongoing major urban areas and regional centres, such as car parks and park and ride facilities. 2.4 Include a requirement for EV charging facilities in Northern Territory ongoing Government standard lease agreements where appropriate. 2.5 Implement a grant program to encourage provision of recharging infrastructure. 2021 to 2026 2.6 Install charging infrastructure on site at NT Fleet. 2021 2.7 Progress negotiations with building owners of NT Government leased buildings to install priority 2022 EV charging points. 2.8 Install a minimum of 400 charging points at identified priority ongoing Northern Territory Government buildings. 14 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
EV Implementation Plan (cont.) Priority 3: Knowledge, skills and innovation Action Timing 3.1 Plan for power supply implications of increased EV uptake including V2G technology, renewable 2021 to 2026 charging, dynamic charging electricity pricing and incentives to maximise day time EV recharging. 3.2 Investigate the feasibility of trialling low and zero emission 2021 to 2026 buses in the Northern Territory urban fleet. 3.3 Investigate the need for developing guidelines on electrical 2022 safety issues associated with EV charging installations. 3.4 Partnering with industry, tertiary institutions and training providers, investigate 2022 the need for skills development in servicing EVs and EV charging infrastructure. 3.5 Foster innovation in solar EV technology through ongoing ongoing support of the World Solar Car Challenge. 3.6 Implement changes to vehicle registration classes to allow for separate 2022 registration of BEVs, Hybrid, PHEVs and Hydrogen vehicles. Priority 4: Consumer information Action Timing 4.1 Provide information to consumers on benefits of EVs and information on the 2021 to 2026 costs of EVs, range, length of charging times, life of an EV and servicing. 4.2 Promote information on EV recharging locations. 2021 to 2026 4.3 Implement number plate labelling for EV, 2022 Hybrid and Hydrogen vehicles. 4.4 Evaluate the emission reduction potential of EVs in the Northern Territory 2022 through the Climate Change Response 3 year Action Plan EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN I 15
References 1. Electric Vehicle Council 2020, State of Electric Vehicles, Electric Vehicle Council, Sydney 2. Queensland Government 2017, The Future is Electric: Queensland’s Electric Vehicle Strategy, Queensland Government, Brisbane 3. Australian Government, 2018, State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Australian Government, Canberra 4. Australian Government 2021, Future Fuels Strategy Discussion Paper, Australian Government, Canberra 5. Climate Works Australia 2019, The State of Electric Vehicles in Australia 2018 , Climate Works Australia, Melbourne 6. Electric Vehicle Council – NRMA 2018, Recharging the economy – accelerating electric vehicle adoption, Sydney, NSW 16 I EV STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
DISCUSSION PAPER 2019 I 17
Published by the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics © Northern Territory Government 2020 T: +61 8 8924 7965 This work is available for your use under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 International Licence, with the exception of the Northern Territory Government logo and images. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, communicate and adapt this work provided that you attribute the work to the Northern Territory Government (Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics) and abide by the other licence terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The material contained in this document is made available for your use, but the Northern Territory Government and its employees do not guarantee that the document is without flaw of any kind and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence that may arise from your use. The document is made available on the understanding that the Northern Territory Government is not providing professional advice, and that users exercise their own skill and care with respect to its use, and seek independent advice as necessary. 18 I PREPARING THE NORTHERN TERRITORY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
You can also read