2013 Community Profile - TOWN OF LADYSMITH
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TOWN OF LADYSMITH 2013 Community Profile
Table of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................................4
History......................................................................................................................................5
Sustainable Ladysmith...........................................................................................................7
Ladysmith, Leader, Innovator, Frontrunner...........................................................................8
Location & Climate...............................................................................................................10
Transportation...................................................................................................................... 11
Government...........................................................................................................................14
Demographics.......................................................................................................................16
Education............................................................................................................................. 22
Local Economy..................................................................................................................... 25
Community Planning............................................................................................................ 33
Taxation.................................................................................................................................37
Utilities.................................................................................................................................. 39
Quality of Life....................................................................................................................... 42
Table of Contents
Front Cover:
Left photo: New multi-use pathway
Centre photo: Electric Vehicle Charging Station on First Avenue (Heritage Downtown)
Right photo: Heritage Pictorial in full bloom on First Avenue (Heritage Downtown)
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 3
Introduction
Nestled on the scenic shores of eastern Vancouver
Island, the Town of Ladysmith offers a unique blend
of traits that combine to create an exceptional quality
of life for all who choose our town as a place to live,
work or play.
Ladysmith’s natural surroundings are simply stunning.
The mild coastal climate allows year-round enjoyment
of the surrounding hillside forests, picturesque
waterfront and wide array of outdoor recreation
opportunities. Boutiques and unique dining abound
in the historic downtown, where the architecture
and ambiance connect the community to its unique
heritage. Services, amenities and community
events rival much larger communities, and major
transportation networks and larger urban centres are
but a short drive away.
Ladysmith is renowned for its wide-spread commitment
to sustainability and ‘green’ development. Several
recent environmental initiatives have resulted in
provincial and national awards for the Town, and the
Community Sustainability Plan (adopted in 2009) puts
the community on a well-defined path towards its very
ambitious and admirable vision for the future.
Introduction
4 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile
History
Ladysmith’s identity as a charming west coast town in honour of the end of the siege of Ladysmith,
is steeped in its intriguing history and the history of South Africa during the Boer War. He designed the
the original inhabitants of the area, the Stz’uminus community as a company town for miners at his
First Nation. The community’s strong sense of recently opened Extension colliery, twelve miles to
pride in its past is evident in its well maintained the north. The town was incorporated in 1904 and
architecture and streetscapes. Residents place a the new community, fuelled by the strong demand
very high value on preserving Ladysmith’s heritage, for coal, grew quickly. By 1911 its population stood
and the Town is taking measures to ensure those at about 3,300 people.
values are enshrined in all development related
plans, policies and guidelines. The closure of the mines in 1931 -- and the
global economic depression -- hit Ladysmith hard.
The first inhabitants of what is now known as Businesses closed and the population dropped
the Town of Ladysmith were the people of the by more than half. In 1935, however, the Comox
Stz’uminus First Nation. For thousands of years, the Logging and Railway Company purchased a tract
Stz’uminus people used Ladysmith Harbour and of Douglas Fir forests to the west of Ladysmith
its environs as a rich source of fish and shellfish. from the Rockefellers. When logging began the
The Stz’uminus established numerous fishing following year, Ladysmith began the slow process
camps around the harbour, where traditional food of economic recovery. By the late 1940s, Ladysmith
gathering techniques were practiced. The historic was the centre of major logging operations that
lifestyle of the Stz’uminus was threatened by the extended as far as the Nanaimo Lakes region and
arrival of Europeans who usurped much of their employed as many as 700 men.
territory. They now reside within four reserves, two
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of which border Ladysmith Harbour. The two other
reserves are located south of Chemainus. Although
the Harbour is no longer the rich source of marine
life it once was, the Stz’uminus people continue to
practice many aspects of their traditional lifestyle The Vision
and are working with the Town of Ladysmith to Ladysmith is a spirited
restore the Harbour to its original condition.
community that values its
The Stz’uminus are a progressive people who small town quality of life,
are moving towards building an independent where we work together as
nation via economic development, education and stewards of our heritage,
partnerships. environment, and economy.
In 1884, the E & N Railway Grant to James Dunsmuir
History
(owner of the Wellington Colliery Company)
privatized many of the Stz’uminus First Nation
lands and resources. Two decades later, when
James Dunsmuir founded the town, he changed
the name from Oyster Harbour to Ladysmith,
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 5
Since then, logging and lumber milling have continued to play an important role in the town’s economic
development. Even with the ups and downs of its industrial base, the Town of Ladysmith has continued to grow
and diversify.
Over the last half century, the Town’s population has doubled and the strong community spirit is still here,
as witnessed by the many and diverse activities of service clubs and community groups. Projects such as
downtown revitalization, the installation of heritage artifact displays and, more recently, the Town’s emphasis
on sustainability have enhanced Ladysmith’s reputation as a thriving, progressive community.
The Town of Ladysmith has also been forward-looking in developing relationships with the Stz’uminus First
Nation and the Hul’qumi’num Treaty Group. This cooperation will bring even more opportunities to ensure the
continued prosperity and well-being of all people living in this region.
Sources:
Stz’uminus First Nation
John R. Hinde. When Coal Was King: Ladysmith and the Coal-Mining Industry on Vancouver Island. Vancouver: University of British
Columbia Press, 2003.
Brian D. Thom. Coast Salish Senses of Place. Montreal: Doctoral Dissertation, McGill University, 2005.
Ladysmith: 100 Years, 1904-2004. Ladysmith: Take 5 Centennial Committee
History
6 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile
Sustainable Ladysmith
In 2008, the Town of Ladysmith successfully engaged the community in a unique consultation process that
resulted in a sustainability-focused vision and action plan for the community. Very few communities have
such a widely shared and well-articulated vision. Ladysmith is very well positioned to pursue a future that
complements, enhances and improves upon all that makes the community so unique, attractive and desirable.
In 2011 and 2012, the Town continued to enhance the Plan by working collaboratively with the community and
stakeholders to take the Visioning Report to the ‘next level’.
The eight key pillars of sustainability in Ladysmith, as defined by the community, are as follows:
• Reduce greenhouse gas and other air emissions
• Reduce fossil fuel energy consumption and shift to renewable energy
• Reduce potable water usage and manage wastewater efficiently including re-use
• Manage materials use to reduce or eliminate waste
• Protect and enhance the ecosystems and biodiversity locally, regionally, and globally
• Support a more sustainable food system, including increasing local food production,
processing, and consumption
• Provide stable, diverse and prosperous local economic opportunities
• Create healthy communities and individuals
Ladysmith’s Community Sustainability Plan is a vital planning tool that truly reflects the community’s wishes,
desires and preferences for the future of Ladysmith – a future that emphasizes the importance of environmental,
social and economic sustainability, as well as a strong sense of shared values and community identity. This
blueprint for the future is designed to ensure a balance between community growth, the need for sustainability,
and the community’s desire to maintain the charming character of our historic town. We invite you to join us
on this journey!
Sustainable Ladysmith
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 7
Ladysmith: Leader, Innovator, Frontrunner
The Town of Ladysmith is a community that leads through continuous improvement and innovation. The
municipality has received numerous provincial and national awards in recent years, particularly with respect to
its advancements in environmental sustainability.
• Named one of “Canada’s Greenest Employers”, recognizing the Town’s organization-wide commitment to
reducing its environmental footprint, 2012 and 2013
• NAOSH (North American Organizational Health & Safety) Week Award for Local Government, 2012
• Local Government Management Association Professional Award for Leadership for the City Manager, 2012
• BC Small Business Roundtable award for Most Small Business Friendly Community in Vancouver Island/Coast
Region, 2011
• Union of BC Municipalities Community Excellence Award Honorable Mention in the Partnerships Category for
the Ladysmith Community Services Centre, 2011
• Canadian Institute of Planners Award for Planning Excellence (Rural / Small Town Planning) for the Ladysmith
Sustainable Community Visioning Project, 2009
• Heritage BC Award – Certificate of Recognition for the Ladysmith Town Archives (joint award with Ladysmith &
District Historical Society), 2009
• Provincial Green City Awards Finalist, 2007
Ladysmith: Leader, Innovator, Frontrunner
• Guinness Book of World Records for the largest street hockey tournament, 2007
• Federation of Canadian Municipalities Sustainable Communities Award, Solid Waste Category for the Organic
Curb-Side Collection Program, 2007
• Vancouver Island Health Authority “Get Active” Step Challenge Award, 2007
• Union of BC Municipalities Community Excellence Award in the Best Practices Category for the organic waste
collection program, 2006
• Recycling Council of British Columbia Public Sector Recognition Award for outstanding commitment and action
towards demonstrating excellence and leadership in environmental stewardship, 2006
• Communities in Bloom – First place in 5,000 to 10,000 population category, 2003
The following are a sampling of some of Ladysmith’s most notable achievements in environmental sustainability
throughout the past decade:
• Construction begins on the CVRD Zero Waste Recycling Centre in Ladysmith, the largest centre on Vancouver
Island (2013)
• Liquid Waste Management Plan approved by the Province (2013)
• Installed two electric car charging stations on First Avenue for public use (2013)
• Achieved LEED Gold certification for the new community services building at 630 Second Avenue (2012)
• Initiated a collection bin for residential waste cooking oil in partnership with Cowichan Energy Alternatives and
Cowichan Bio-diesel Co-op (2012)
• Constructed the Bayview Multi-Use Pathway, providing an important link in Ladysmith’s bicycle network (2012)
• Received $5.2 million in federal funding, along with grants and loan funding from the Federation of Canadian
Municipalities to build a state-of-the-art secondary waste water treatment system (2012)
• The Town undertook an Integrated Community Sustainability Plan to implement the community’s vision in a
systematic and accountable manner (2011)
• A Sustainable Development Checklist was incorporated into the Development Procedures Bylaw to align the
Community’s Vision with development projects and proposals in Ladysmith (2011)
8 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile
• Bicycle friendly policies were incorporated into the OCP and a bicycle parking option (in place of vehicle
parking) was provided in the Zoning Bylaw for larger development proposals (2011)
• The Building and Plumbing Bylaw was amended to require that new residential buildings constructed in
Ladysmith be made ‘Solar Hot Water Ready’ to facilitate the installation of solar hot water heating equipment
(2011)
• Adopted Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets, actions and strategies (2010)
• Ladysmith is one of 37 communities that have been named a ‘BC Solar Community’ and received funds to
help develop and expand solar power programs (2010)
• Council adopted a Civic Green Building Policy which sets LEED Silver as the standard for all new municipal
buildings over 465 square metres in size (2010)
• Community gardens were installed on High Street to improve local food production opportunities as a joint
project with the Ladysmith Community Garden Society (2010)
• A new water rate structure was implemented to further increase conservation among residential users
(2010)
• BC Hydro Grant received to install energy efficient lighting fixtures in Town buildings (2010)
• The Ladysmith Trolley celebrated its 25,000th car-free trip (2010)
• Completion of the Town’s first artificial turf field that does not require irrigation, pesticides, fertilizer, or
Ladysmith: Leader, Innovator, Frontrunner
mowing (2010)
• The Town repurposed traditional flower gardens for food production, and began an annual donation of 250
to 300 pounds of fruits and vegetables to the Food Bank from Town gardens (2009 and ongoing)
• Adopted the Ladysmith Bicycle Plan and committed to ongoing multi-use pathway development (2009)
• Completed a Community Energy Plan (2008)
• Commenced efforts in consultation with local developers, the Provincial Government and Stz’uminus First
Nation to brand Ladysmith as a ‘destination green’ (2008)
• Established an Environment Commission and Employee Green Team to provide strategic leadership for the
implementation of sustainability initiatives and programs (2008)
• Became the first community in BC to implement a universal organic waste curb-side collection program
(2006)
• Implemented numerous sustainability-related upgrades and improvements at municipal facilities -- low
flow toilets and solar hot water heating at City Hall, conversion of several flower beds to vegetable gardens,
comprehensive energy savings upgrade at the community centre, water from the water/spray park used for
landscape irrigation and park toilets, improvements to water quality and wastewater treatment, conversion
of municipal facilities from oil to natural gas heating
… and many, many more!
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 9
Location & Climate
Ladysmith is located on the 49th Parallel in the Cowichan Valley Regional District on south-central Vancouver
Island. The Town has a total land area of 14.82 square kilometres. The Town boundaries are from Grouhel
Road and just beyond Gladden Road to the north, extending south to the North Cowichan boundary on the west
side of the Island Highway, to Glen Avenue along Chemainus Road, up to the power line corridor in the west and
to the east side of Woods Island in Ladysmith Harbour.
Ladysmith’s location is nothing short of ideal – it offers the many advantages of being close to much larger
urban centres, and yet retains the charm and tranquility of small town living. By highway, Ladysmith is 25 km
south of Nanaimo and 88 km north of Victoria. Vancouver is but a hop, skip and a jump away via BC Ferries,
or multiple air travel options.
Ladysmith enjoys a moderate coastal climate characterized by slight seasonal variations in temperature, and
typically receives over 1900 hours of bright sunshine each year. The average daily temperatures for January
and July are 2.7˚ C and 17.9˚ C respectively. Ladysmith receives on average 1077 mm of rain and 80.9 mm
of snow per year.
Average Monthly Temperature Average Monthly Precipitation
Location: Nanaimo Airport (1971-2000) Location: Nanaimo Airport (1971-2000)
Source: Environment Canada Source: Environment Canada
20 250
18
16 200
Preciptiation (mm)
Temperature (Celsius)
14
12 150
10
8 100
6
4 50
2
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Location & Climate
10 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileTransportation
Highway Air
The Trans Canada Highway (Island Highway) runs The Nanaimo Airport – YCD (www.nanaimoairport.
north-south along the eastern side of Vancouver com) located 7 km north of Ladysmith on the Trans
Island. In 2002, the highway was upgraded as it Canada Highway -- serves Ladysmith and surrounding
curves through Ladysmith with 4 traffic lanes, 3 communities.
controlled intersections, turning lanes and improved
access to neighbourhoods, commercial areas and Between 2006 and 2011, the airport embarked on
the harbour. a significant expansion plan, which included the
completion of a larger terminal, more parking, faster
Ladysmith is strategically located to offer easy access passenger screening, an extension to the airport’s
to the transportation hubs of Nanaimo and Victoria. runways to accommodate commercial jet landings,
and a new instrument landing system to improve the
Distance to: airport’s reliability.
Victoria 88 km (55 miles)
Duncan 28 km (18 miles) The improvements have led to increased passenger
Nanaimo 23 km (14 miles) numbers, and the recent announcement that WestJet
Campbell River 176 km (109 miles) will launch a new non-stop daily service between
Nanaimo and Calgary, beginning in the summer of
Community Transit
2013.
In the fall of 2013, BC Transit will begin serving
Ladysmith as part of the Cowichan Valley Regional Passenger service is also provided by Air Canada,
Transit System. Two 20-passenger community Orca Airways, and Island Express Air. Air Canada
buses will provide 3,000 service hours per year, (www.aircanada.com) offers eight daily flights to
and an additional 1,100 annual service hours will Vancouver International Airport. Island Express Air
be included in the expansion to connect Ladysmith (www.islandexpressair.com) offers two daily flights
with Chemainus and the rest of the Cowichan Valley to Abbotsford International Airport on the Mainland,
Regional Transit System. Working with BC Transit will and two daily flights to Victoria International Airport.
provide Ladysmith residents with fully accessible The Nanaimo Airport also offers private, charter, air
vehicles and transit connections to communities cargo and courier services. Air cargo is offered by Air
south. Canada Cargo (www.aircanada.com/cargo/en) and
Orca Airways Ltd. (www.flyorcaair.com).
The iconic Ladysmith trolley will continue to play a Transportation
role in community celebrations. Harbour Air (www.harbour-air.com), Seair Seaplanes
(www.seairseaplanes.com), Tofino Air (www.tofinoair.
Bus Services ca), Kenmore Air (www.kenmoreair.com) and West
Coast Air (www.westcoastair.com) offer scheduled
Ladysmith is served by Greyhound Canada (www. float plane service from Nanaimo to destinations
greyhound.ca), which offers passenger and freight such as Vancouver, Richmond, Tofino, Sechelt,
service with a stop at the 49th Parallel Grocery Store. Seattle, and the Gulf Islands, in addition to providing
charter services.
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 11Port Facilities
Ladysmith’s harbour is classed as a deep sea port, and is used for both commercial and pleasure boat water
activities. There are three different waterfront access points in Ladysmith.
The Ladysmith Fisherman’s Wharf, located at the foot of Ludlow Road, offers a host of
services for up to 100 commercial and pleasure boaters, including washroom facilities. The
Fisherman’s Wharf is primarily a wintering home to the local commercial fleet and it caters to
pleasure craft in the summer months. (www.ladysmithfishermanswharf.com) The free Rotary
boat launch is located next to the Fisherman’s Wharf.
The Oak Bay Marine Group has completed significant upgrades to its 150 moorage slips at
the Ladysmith Marina offering 50 to 92 foot boathouse opportunities (www.ladysmithmarina.
com). The Ladysmith Marina is also home to the Ladysmith Yacht Club. The Ladysmith Yacht
Club has reciprocal use privileges with more than 50 yacht clubs in Canada and the US, and
recently completed 125 feet of additional dock space for reciprocal yacht club members to
stay in Ladysmith.
The Community Marina (www.ladysmithmaritimesociety.ca) is located off Ludlow Road
between Fisherman’s Wharf and Slack Point. It provides convenient moorage and facilities
for overnight visitors, 900 feet of tourist docks, secure moorage on an annual contract basis,
and seasonal moorage during the off-peak months. Water and power are supplied to the
docks. The facility hosts an award-winning Maritime Museum and offers harbour tours during
the summer months. The Community Marina is also home to the Cowichan Independent
Living disabled sailing program. In 2012, the Ladysmith Maritime Society opened the new
Community Marina Visitor Reception Centre, including amenities for marine visitors such
as showers, washrooms, laundry, meeting space and Wi-Fi access, a new sewage pump-out
station, and improved accessibility. Visitor numbers increased 36% between 2011 and 2012.
In 2011, the Nanaimo Port Authority celebrated the opening of the $22 million Nanaimo Cruise Ship
Terminal. The facility consists of a 1,300 square foot welcoming centre and a floating berth that is capable of
accommodating a 320 metre ship. The Nanaimo Port Authority also operates a commercial deep sea port and
Transportation
is the closest full-service ocean port facility to Ladysmith. It operates four berths – three at the Assembly Wharf
and one at Duke Point Deep Sea Terminal. The Assembly Wharf berths are 182.88 meters long and range in
depth from 10.1 metres to 12.4 metres. The Duke Point Deep Sea Terminal’s berth is 170 metres in length and
has a depth alongside of 13.5 metres. The port is serviced by rail and a customs port of entry is on location.
There is a public warehouse and two bonded warehouses on site.
12 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileFerry
Getting to Vancouver Island from the mainland
is made possible through an extensive ferry
system. The closest passenger and cargo
ferries to Ladysmith are located in Nanaimo –
Duke Point is approximately 15 minutes away,
and Departure Bay is about 25 minutes. Ferry
schedules change depending on the seasons,
but travelers and commercial traffic can expect
on average six to eight daily sailings from both
Duke Point and Departure Bay. BC Ferries
also provides access to nearby Gulf Islands,
including Gabriola Island and Saltspring
Island. Complete details can be found at www.
bcferries.com.
Rail
Commercial freight is available on the
Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway (E&N) which
runs along the Trans Canada Highway through
Ladysmith (www.sryraillink.com). The railway
line is owned by the Island Corridor Foundation
(www.islandrail.ca), a charitable organization
set up to preserve, own and manage the 234
km rail line. Passenger rail service is currently
not available, but is expected to return in 2014.
Transportation
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 13Government
Local Government
The Town of Ladysmith is governed by an elected
Council made up of a Mayor and six Council members. Each division is overseen by a Director, who reports
Municipal elections are held every three years. The to the City Manager. The City Manager reports to
next scheduled election is in November, 2014. Council, and is responsible for ensuring that the
strategic priorities and decisions established by
Town Council
Council are carried out by staff.
Members In office since
Mayor Robert Hutchins 1993 Council also appoints a number of public
Steve Arnett 2008 advisory committees and commissions to make
Jillian Dashwood 2008 recommendations on a broad spectrum of issues
Bill Drysdale 2011 related to Town governance and operations. Current
Gord Horth 2011 commissions and committees include:
Duck (Don) Paterson 1990
Glenda Patterson 2011 • Advisory Design Panel
• Advisory Planning Commission
Government
The internal organizational structure of the Town is • Heritage Revitalization Advisory Commission
divided into three key divisions: • Liquid Waste Management Committee
• Corporate Services • Parks, Recreation and Culture Commission
(Administration, Finance and Human Resources) • Protective Services Committee
• Core Services
(Public Works and Protective Services) More information on the Town’s services can be
• Community Services obtained at www.ladysmith.ca.
(Parks, Recreation and Culture and Development
Services)
14 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileRegional District Stz’uminus First Nation
The Town of Ladysmith appoints one member of John Elliot, Chief Councillor
Council to represent the municipality on the Board In office since: 2009
of Directors for the Cowichan Valley Regional District Administrator: Ronda Jordan
(CVRD). The CVRD Board is made up of 15 members 250.245.7155
representing 4 municipalities and 11 unincorporated www.cfnation.com
areas throughout the region. Together, they consider
issues on a regional basis and administer local Council members of the Stz’uminus First Nation and the
services for unincorporated areas. Mayor Robert Town of Ladysmith jointly signed a Community Accord in
Hutchins currently serves as CVRD Board Director and 2007. In 2012, these commitments were renewed under
Chairperson, and the Alternate Director is Councillor an updated Accord, titled the Naut’sa mawt Community
Duck Paterson. For more information about the CVRD, Accord (“working together” in the Hul’qumi’num
please visit www.cvrd.bc.ca. language), which reaffirms and strengthens the
communities’ commitment to build their relationship
and increased cooperation, and lays out specific steps
Provincial Representative for how to work together on joint initiatives. The purpose
of the Accord is to formally recognize and understand the
Doug Routley, Member of the Legislative Assembly common interests and goals of the two communities so
(MLA) that community leaders may work, in true partnership,
Nanaimo-North Cowichan towards the greater good. The two Councils meet
In office since: 2005 regularly to discuss topics of common concern and
Local Contact: 250.245.9375 interest and a joint Working Committee also meets to
Legislature: 250.387.3655 work on the advancement of joint initiatives.
www.dougroutley.ca
Federal Representative
Jean Crowder, Member of Parliament (MP)
Nanaimo-Cowichan
In office since: 2004
Local Contact: 1.866.609.9998
Parliament Hill: 613.943.2180
crowder.j@parl.gc.ca
{ }
www.jeancrowder.ca Government
“Ladysmith celebrates its rich history,
heritage and small town atmosphere. Our
vibrant downtown, integrated with the
waterfront, is the anchor of the community.
The historic buildings, heritage homes,
cultural and natural landscapes are a
legacy for future generations.”
Ladysmith Heritage Strategic Plan (2008)
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 15Demographics
Population
The 2011 Census provides data for Ladysmith about: population, dwellings, age, sex, families, households and
dwelling characteristics, marital status and language. Highlights are included in the 2013 Community Profile
comparing the past two Census periods, 2006 and 2011. Population estimates and projections available from
BC Stats are also reported.
New for the 2011 Census period is a survey called the National Household Survey (NHS) which replaced the
“long-form” Census 2B. The NHS is a voluntary survey of one in three Canadian households, including Ladysmith.
Data from the NHS released in May 2013 has been included in the 2013 Community Profile including information
about aboriginal peoples, immigration and ethno-cultural diversity. Other data (e.g. education, labour, mobility
and migration, income and housing) from the NHS will be released in June and August 2013 by Statistics Canada.
Ladysmith’s appeal as highly unique and a desirable community for people of all ages has been a major factor
in the town’s ongoing growth. The population has increased consistently over the past couple of decades. The
latest Census showed a 5.1% increase in population between 2006 and 2011. BC Stats Municipal Population
Estimates show an increase of 22.4% between 2002 and 2012, making Ladysmith one of the faster growing
communities in the province. For 2012, the Town’s population estimate is 8,376 (BC Stats).
Currently, most of this growth is a result of relocations within the province. The 2006 Census estimated that
approximately 27.5% (2,075) of the Town’s population relocated to Ladysmith within the five years before the
census; the majority (77.5%) moved from within British Columbia.
Continued growth, albeit at a more moderate pace, is expected for the entire Cowichan Valley Regional District
throughout the next two decades. Population projections suggested that by 2033, the Regional District will have
a population of over 104,000. Ladysmith is anticipated to grow by more than 35% during this time period.
Ten Year Population Growth in Ladysmith
Cowichan Region Population Projections
2002-2012 Source: Regional Population Projections, BC Stats
Source: Municipal Population Estimates, BC Stats
120,000
8,500
8,000 100,000
Population
7,500
Population
80,000
Demographics
7,000
60,000
6,500
40,000
6,000
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
2031
2033
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Notes: The demographic data in the 2013 Community Profile comes from the 2011 Census, 2011 National Household Survey and
BC Stats which provides annual population estimates adjusted for the Census undercount. In the 2011 National Household Survey,
persons residing in hotels, motels and seniors’ residences were not included which is a data limitation for Ladysmith. The Global Non-
Response Rate (GNR) for Ladysmith in the 2011 NHS is 26.9%. Information from the 2006 Census has been reported where reported
where other data has not yet been released. New releases of data will be available at Statistics Canada, www.statcan.gc.ca.
16 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileLong-term population growth is expected to be driven by growth in Canadian and BC population levels, aging of
the population, and proximity to larger markets - drawing in regional commuters in search of lower home prices
and a west-coast lifestyle.
Age
Ladysmith is an increasingly popular retirement destination. Statistics Canada Census data show that Ladysmith’s
median age has increased by over a decade within the last four census periods: from 37.5 years in 1996 to 48.3
years in 2011. Between 2001 and 2011, the Town’s population aged 55 plus grew by 70%. In comparison to
larger municipalities such as Victoria and Vancouver and the province as a whole, Ladysmith has a much higher
median age of population.
The proportion of the Town’s population over 15 years old increased from 80.1% in 2001, to 85.7% in 2011. In
keeping with the aging population trend, the population that witnessed the highest growth in Ladysmith between
2006 and 2011 was over 45 years of age. However, Ladysmith also grew in the 15-24 year old category.
Ladysmith Residents by Age Group
Median Age Comparison Source: Statistics Canada 2006 Census & 2011 Census
Source: Statistics Canada 2011 Census
1810
48.3 65+
50.0 1555
45.0 41.9 41.9
39.7 2535
40.0 45-64
2305
35.0
Years of Age
30.0 1590
25-44
1635
25.0
20.0 855
15-24
15.0 790
10.0
1140
0-14
5.0 1250
0.0
2011 2006
Ladysmith Victoria Vancouver BC
Number of Residents per Age Group
Diversity
Demographics
Ladysmith boasts a diverse population - according to the 2006 Census, some 940 (12%) of its residents are
immigrants, 955 residents are first generation Canadians, and another 1,520 consider themselves to be second
generation Canadians.
The majority of immigrants are from Europe, followed by the United States and Asia, according to the 2011 National
Household Survey. 87% of those surveyed indicated an ethnic origin in the British Isles, followed by Germany, and
France. The survey noted that 7% of the population is of North American Aboriginal origins, including First Nations
(4%) and Metis (3%). 6% of the population identified having Asian origins, primarily East and Southeast Asia.
5.7% of Ladysmith’s population reported a non-official language as their mother tongue. The three most common
mother tongues were German, Dutch, and Tagalog (Filipino).
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 17Marital Status
The Town is home to 2,460 families, representing a change of 5.8% from 2006. Ladysmith’s average number
of person in private households is 2.3, lower than the provincial average of 2.5 persons in private households.
The 2011 Census indicates that 72% of Ladysmith’s population is married, while 13% were common-law
couples, and 14% were lone-parent families. Ladysmith’s proportion of married-couple families is much higher
than the provincial average.
Families in Ladysmith
Marital Status of
Number Proportion
Ladysmith Residents Total number of families 2325 -
Source: Statistics Canada 2011 Census
Married-couple families 1640 71%
Divorced Widowed
Common-law families 300 13%
Separated
Lone-parent families 380 16%
Common
Law Married Source: Statistics Canada 2006 Census
Single
Income
According to the 2006 Census, the median income of Ladysmith residents (persons 15 years and over with
income) in 2005 was $25,498, slightly more than the provincial average of $24,867.
The median household income in Ladysmith in 2005 was $50,053, slightly less than the provincial average
of $52,709. When compared to the rest of the province, a greater proportion of Ladysmith’s total income
is derived from pension than from employment, a reflection of the older median age. Data for 2011 will be
available in August 2013 from the NHS.
Median Household Income (2005) Personal Taxation - Source of Total
Source: Statistics Canada 2006 Census Income (2009)
Source: BC Stats and Canada Revenue Agency
$60,000
Demographics
$51,058 $52,709 70
$50,053
$50,000 60
$38,885 50
$40,000
Percentage
40
$30,000 30
20
$20,000 10
0
$10,000
$0
Ladysmith CVRD Victoria BC
Ladysmith percent of total BC percent of total
18 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileCost of Living
While there is no data available specifically for Ladysmith, the data shown below for neighbouring communities
of Duncan (to the south) and Nanaimo (to the north) provides a glimpse of the estimated household expenditures
for the Ladysmith area.
Estimated Income Comparisons
Duncan Nanaimo Victoria BC
Average Household Income $57,031 $58,953 $66,657 $69,968
Average Family Income $66,110 $68,826 $79,848 $78,470
Per Capita Income $23,238 $24,940 $29,472 $28,388
Disposable Income $42,806 $43,666 $47,903 $51,536
Discretionary Income $11,885 $12,006 $14,421 $15,519
(Source: FP Markets, 2007, www.stats-link-canada.com/Household-Spending.html)
Estimated Household Expenditures
Duncan Nanaimo Victoria BC
Food $6,527 $6,578 $6,814 $7,516
Shelter $11,621 $12,093 $12,842 $13,425
Clothing $2,209 $2,281 $2,522 $2,684
Transportation $7,762 $7,733 $8,169 $8,916
Health & Personal Care $2,541 $2,510 $2,589 $2,816
Recreation, reading &
$4,538 $4,602 $5,244 $5,561
education
Taxes & securities $13,110 $14,322 $17,790 $17,258
Other $8,801 $8,615 $9,015 $9,402
Demographics
Total expenditures $57,109 $58,734 $64,985 $67,578
(Source: FP Markets, 2007, www.stats-link-canada.com/Household-Spending.html)
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 19Housing
“Heritage by the Sea” is not just a marketing tag line in Ladysmith - it describes a large part of the housing
stock in the community. Tucked at the base of rolling hillsides and fronted by a spectacular, active harbour,
“ocean view” is a common real estate term in Ladysmith. Residential housing has seen a boom in the last
decade, significantly adding to the Town’s impressive inventory of heritage homes and character living spaces.
The most recent BC Assessment property count lists 3,673 residential properties (including vacant lots) in
Ladysmith. According to the 2006 Census, 43% of the homes in Ladysmith were constructed between 1986
and 2000. In addition to newer homes, Ladysmith is home to an exceptional number of heritage homes, many
dating back to the turn of the century.
Number of Houses Sold Average Sale Price for Single
& Average Single Family Sale Price Family Homes
Source: Vancouver Island Real Estate Board Source: Vancouver Island Real Estate Board
$450,000
200 $400,000
180 $400,000
$350,000
160 $350,000
$300,000
140 $300,000
120 $250,000
$250,000
100 $200,000
$200,000
80 $150,000
60 $150,000
$100,000
40 $100,000
20 $50,000
$50,000
0 $-
$-
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of Homes sold Average Sale Price Ladysmith Duncan Cowichan
While the average assessed value of a single family home in Ladysmith is $288,500 (BC Assessment, 2012),
the average selling price is $330,035 (MLS, 2012). When compared to the price of homes in Duncan or
Cowichan (at $357,857 and $383,733, respectively), Ladysmith proves itself as an affordable community for
families and other home purchasers. The Multiple Listing Service (MLS) reported that 118 single family homes
sold in Ladysmith in 2012.
Demographics
20 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileLadysmith provides an ample mix of housing types, from small lot and suburban single family homes, to strata
lots, apartments and townhouses. Housing in Ladysmith is comprised of 73% single detached homes, 7%
apartments, 12% row houses, 3% semi-detached homes, and 1% secondary suites.
2011 data about housing will be available from the NHS in August 2013.
The variety of housing options expanded in 2011, when the Town announced that it would permit secondary
suites within single family dwellings. A secondary suite is an additional dwelling unit fully contained within
and subordinate to a single family dwelling. Secondary suites offer affordable housing in the community for
both renters and home-owners who need a mortgage helper. In 2012, further analysis and consultation will
determine whether the Town will also permit secondary suites with detached buildings, such as garden suites
and carriage houses.
Ongoing construction of new homes is enhancing the existing housing stock in Ladysmith. In 2011, 54 new
dwelling units were constructed, with a total of 310 new units constructed within the past 5 years.
The demand for housing in Ladysmith is expected to be affected by baby boomers entering retirement and
semi-retirement, providing a rebound in demand for retirement living on the Island - especially to markets like
Ladysmith. Proximity to larger markets is expected to continue attracting new residents in search of relatively
lower home prices and lifestyle changes.
Housing Types in Ladysmith New Dwelling Unit Construction,
Source: Statistics Canada 2011 Census
2008-2012
Source: Town of Ladysmith
100
Single Family Detached
79
80
Residential Starts
Apartments 65
60 54 52
Row Houses
41
Semi-Detached 40
Secondary Suite 20 Demographics
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 21Education
Public Schools
Ladysmith Intermediate School
Ladysmith’s Public Schools are administered by
Grades 4 to 7
School District 68 Nanaimo - Ladysmith, which
(219 students)
serves over 14,000 students in the communities of
317 French Street
Nanaimo, Ladysmith, Lantzville, Gabriola Island and
250.245.3351
Cedar. (www.sd68.bc.ca)
Principal Cathal Walsh
Ladysmith Primary School
Ladysmith Secondary School
Kindergarten to Grade 3
Grades 8 to 12
(217 students)
(587 students)
510 Sixth Avenue
710 Sixth Avenue
250.245.3912
250.245.3043
Principal Parmjit Parmar
Principal Dave Street
Ecole Davis Road Elementary
Kindergarten to Grade 7 Independent Schools
(231 students) St. Joseph’s Elementary School
444 Parkhill Terrace Kindergarten to 7
250.245.7187 (119 students, plus preschool and daycare)
Principal Doug English 9735 Elm Street, Chemainus
250.246.3191
North Oyster Elementary School Principal Gwen Jahelka
CVRD Area H
Kindergarten to Grade 7
(273 students)
13470 Cedar Road
250.245.3330
Principal Peter Skipper
Average Class Size, 2012-2013 School Year
Kindergarten Grades 1-3 Grades 4-7 Grades 8-12
Ladysmith Primary 21.5 21.8 - -
Davis Road Elementary 20.6 21.2 25.8 -
North Oyster Elementary 18 19.7 22.8 -
Education
Ladysmith Intermediate - - 27.4 -
Ladysmith Secondary - - - 25
Nanaimo-Ladysmith School District
Average 19.5 21.2 26.1 25.5
BC Provincial Average 19 21.1 25.4 23.3
Source: BC Ministry of Education, http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/reports/pdfs/class_size/2012/public.pdf
22 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfilePost-Secondary Education
With five very reputable post-secondary campuses within commuting range, there is certainly no shortage of
educational opportunities for Ladysmith residents.
Vancouver Island University (VIU) has campuses in both Nanaimo and Duncan, both of which are within a short,
30-minute drive of Ladysmith. In 2011, the new Cowichan Campus opened in Duncan, offering a multi-purpose
educational facility, built to LEED® Gold standards. The campus is part of an exciting new development known
as Cowichan Place - a central ‘hub’ of brand new infrastructure offering premium opportunities in education,
recreation and culture. VIU ranked as the tenth largest post-secondary institution in BC based on full-time
students in 2011-2012.
VIU offers a variety of certificate, diploma, and degree programs that range from basic literacy to undergraduate
and graduate university degrees. For detailed information about VIU’s programs, please visit www.viu.ca. Key
program areas include the following:
• Art, Design & Performing Arts • Human Services
• Business Management • Humanities & Social Sciences
• Career & Academic Preparation • Natural Resource Extension Program
• Continuing Education • Online/Distance Courses
• Education • Science & Technology
• First Nations • Tourism
• Health • Trades & Applied Technology
• High School Equivalency (ABE)
Other nearby post-secondary institutions include the University of Victoria (www.uvic.ca), Royal Roads University
(www.royalroads.ca), and Camosun College (www.camosun.ca), all of which are located in the Greater Victoria
area.
Education
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 23Workforce Education
Ladysmith boasts a significant number of educated and skilled individuals, many of whom have sought further
education and training geared towards local work opportunities. According to the 2006 Census, over 60% of the
population aged 25 to 64 have obtained a post-secondary diploma, certificate or degree. Major fields of study
include architecture, engineering and related technologies; business management and public administration,
and, health, parks, recreation and fitness.
In addition, Ladysmith is ideally located within easy commuting range of very reputable post-secondary
campuses, each of which offer an impressive range of educational opportunities, from specialized trades
and technical certificates, to university degrees and professional programs. Local workers are therefore highly
adaptable and able to respond very efficiently to the ever-changing needs of the labour market, as well as local
and global economic conditions. 2011 data about education will be available in June 2013 from the National
Household Survey.
Ladysmith Educational Attainment (25-64 years of age)
Source: Statistics Canada 2006 Census
45.0%
40.0% 38.8%
35.0%
29.6%
30.0%
25.9%
23.5% 23.6% 24.1%
25.0%
18.8% 19.6%
20.0%
14.9%
15.0%
12.0%
10.0%
6.1%
4.2%
5.0%
0.0%
No certificate, High school Trades College, CEGEP University University
Education
diploma or certificate or certificate or or other non- certificate or degree
degree equivalent diploma university diploma below
certificate or bachelor level
diploma
Ladysmith BC
24 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community ProfileLocal Economy
Business Support Services Development Cowichan, “BC Business Counts” was
launched to help existing business to grow and expand
Awarded the 2011 “Most Small Business-Friendly
thereby strengthening the local economy.
Community” in the Vancouver Island/Coast Region,
Ladysmith can provide a wealth of knowledge,
The business sector is represented by the
assistance, and resources for new businesses.
Ladysmith Downtown Business Association (www.
ladysmithdowntown.com), which promotes downtown
Whether relocating an existing company, expanding
businesses and offers downtown activities, and
to Ladysmith or starting a new venture, the Town
the Ladysmith Chamber of Commerce (www.
is here to help. The Town is proud to support a
ladysmithcofc.com). The Chamber recently added
comprehensive business and development portal at
Business Assistance Services (professional
www.ladysmith.ca/business-development/ for easy
accounting, counseling, and legal and human
access to business resources and information.
resources experts) who are able to assist local small
business owners.
Getting all of the paperwork together in order to open
a new business can be confusing. In partnership with
In 2012, the Town, the Chamber of Commerce and the
the Government of Canada and Province of BC, the
Ladysmith Downtown Business Association launched
Town of Ladysmith is pleased to offer a service called
a collaborative process called “A Partnership for
BizPal through the municipal website (www.ladysmith.
an Economically Diverse Community”. Ongoing
ca). This service assists entrepreneurs to determine
joint discussions are focusing on shared economic
which permits and licenses they will require (federally,
development priorities.
provincially and municipally) in order to open their
business.
As well, the membership-based Vancouver Island
Economic Alliance provides a focus on collaboration
Assistance can also be provided for local businesses
and pooling of resources for services and initiatives
regarding available programs and local development
across the Island.
issues. In 2011, in partnership with Economic
Local Economy
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 2510% Shift, a joint initiative of the Town, Chamber One Stop BC Registry:
of Commerce and Ladysmith Downtown Business • www.bcbusinessregistry.ca
Association, asks citizens to “think local first”. It BC Film Commission:
encourages shifting 10% of spending power to support • www.bcfilmcommission.com
local, independently-owned businesses. The Town BC Ministry of Finance:
also works with Economic Development Cowichan and • www.fin.gov.bc.ca
“Climate Smart” to offer training to local businesses Western Economic Diversification:
in order to inventory and reduce their greenhouse gas • www.wd.gc.ca
emissions.
A number of programs, tax credits, and other incentives
Additional services, assistance and advice - are available to businesses through the federal and
particularly for business start-ups - is often available provincial governments. British Columbia Tax Credit
through not-for-profit and government agencies, programs are handled by the Ministry of Small
including the following: Business and Revenue – Income Taxation Branch.
More information is available online at www.sbr.gov.
Community Futures - Cowichan Region bc.ca/business.html, then click on “Tax Credits”.
250.746.1004
www.cfcowichan.ca Federal programs, including grants, loans and
financing available for businesses are available online
Community Futures - Central Island at www.canadabusiness.ca/eng/search/sof.
250.753.6414
www.cfnanaimo.org The town provides multiple incentives to assist
business owners:
Some useful online resources include:
Canada Business Services for Entrepreneurs: Development Cost Charge Downtown Waiver
• www.canadabusiness.ca In 2011, the Town adopted a Development Cost
Service Canada: Charge (DCC) reduction within the downtown core. This
• www.servicecanada.ca initiative provides an incentive to new development
Small Business BC: in the Downtown by waiving the Development Cost
• www.smallbusinessbc.ca Charges for eligible development. The incentive
Women’s Enterprise Centre: applies to multi-family residential development and
• www.womensenterprise.ca commercial development.
Local Economy
26 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile{ }
Revitalization Tax Exemption Program
In 2007, the Town of Ladysmith introduced a “Ladysmith is a business
Revitalization Tax Exemption Program aimed at community that balances
maintaining the heritage character of Ladysmith passion and play, where
and encouraging investment within the downtown
spirited entrepreneurial minds
core without triggering increased taxation. To qualify,
property owners must submit a formal application and
grow roots and sprout wings .”
projects must meet program criteria and objectives. Ladysmith: Make It Happen Here,
Ladysmith Economic Development
Commission, 2008
Economic Revitalization Program
In 2012, an incentive for Economic Revitalization was
introduced by the Town of Ladysmith with the following Ladysmith is a growing community both in its
focus: population as well as its business base. The Town
o To stimulate construction and alteration of supports enhanced economic development efforts
buildings in Ladysmith, and works cooperatively with local industry to grow
o To encourage the construction or alteration of the local economy.
buildings located within the revitalization area
and assessed as major industry, light industry A tremendous amount of effort has been focused
or commercial
on developing a forward-looking strategy that
o To promote a higher standard of urban design
creates a dynamic and supportive environment for
within business areas and employment areas
entrepreneurs, and seeks to create new opportunities
o To reinforce the Town’s commitment to
and encourage continued economic growth.
economic revitalization.
To qualify, the construction value of the eligible project
Economic and environmental sustainability is the
must be at least $200,000. Eligible projects focus on
‘green thread’ that runs through all of Ladysmith’s
major industry, light industry and commercial within a
economic development activities. The Town
defined revitalization area.
encourages investment in businesses that will create
jobs and lead to a ‘greener’ and more resilient
Additional incentive bylaws are being considered by community.
Council. These initiatives could expand the current
programs to include other categories of revitalization The new Sustainable Economic Development Strategy
such as environmental and social. for the Cowichan Valley Regional District will help to Local Economy
increase the area’s competitiveness, while planning a
Business Sectors sustainable future for the region.
Ladysmith’s economy has always depended heavily on Areas of the Town identified for future development are
natural resources – first coal, and then wood. Logging outlined in the Town of Ladysmith Official Community
and lumber mills continue to play an important role. Plan. These areas include commercial development,
More recently, however, the service industry has directed principally to the downtown core and the
expanded, and marine-related manufacturing, green south end (Coronation Mall), with complementary
business, and tourism have become key economic commercial areas provided to serve the mixed-use
pillars. Ladysmith continues to seek out ways to waterfront as well as local neighbourhoods.
diversify the local economy and increase investment
in value-added and service-based industries.
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 27Key Business Sectors
Marine Manufacturing and Services:
Ladysmith’s natural harbour and marina facilities make the community a perfect fit for a variety of marine-
related industries. Local marine-related industry companies have a distinct advantage in terms of location,
expertise and customer base.
Green Industries:
The community’s vision for sustainable leadership includes a focus on green industry. This emerging sector
includes eco-tourism, green and innovative companies, eco-industrial parks, live-work, green building, buy
local and green business leadership. The Town is working with Economic Development Cowichan on its Clean
Technology initiatives.
{ GNB Builders are a family-owned and operated construction company based in
Ladysmith. In 2012, GNB was awarded as BC’s Built Green Builder of the Year for
green, sustainable building excellence in BC’s home building and
renovation community.
}
Retail:
The retail sector, located primarily in the historic Downtown core and at Coronation Mall, is a major source of
economic activity in Ladysmith. There are over 50 retail establishments, and Ladysmith’s historic downtown
boutique shops offer some unique finds.
Forestry and Wood Products Manufacturing:
With a number of mills operating in and near Ladysmith, this is an important activity with a large number of
highly skilled residents employed in the sector. Training and educational opportunities already exist to serve
new and expanding businesses. Value-added wood products manufacturers are also increasingly present in
the community, taking advantage of the proximity to Vancouver Island’s forestry operations.
{ Western Forest Products is BC’s fourth largest forestry company. In 2012, they
announced a $16 million dollar upgrade to the Saltair Mill, located in Ladysmith.
}
Local Economy
The upgrade will increase production by 15% and lower unit costs.
Food Processing:
Primarily shellfish processing (oysters, clams, scallops and more) is a sector with many opportunities. Local
growers and producers enjoy superior market access and growing conditions, thereby minimizing production
costs. Support services are also nearby for the industry, including supplies, workforce and transportation to
markets.
28 Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile{ }
Professional Services: In 2012, Hazelwood Herb Farm in the
Many knowledge-based businesses can Ladysmith area was awarded EconoMusee
compete globally from anywhere, and more status, celebrating craft and agri-business
and more entrepreneurs are choosing quality whose products result of authentic technique
of life over big city living. Ladysmith’s small- or know-how. The farm is one of two locations
town atmosphere, coupled with incredible in BC to be awarded EconoMusee status, along
recreational opportunities and proximity to with Merridale Cidery of Cobble Hill.
major transportation networks and urban
centres makes Ladysmith an ideal location for
professionals.
Length of Stay in 2012
Source: Ladysmith Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Centre
Tourism Infrastructure:
Tourism has emerged as a significant
Same day
economic pillar Tourism has emerged as a
significant economic pillar in Ladysmith due 1 night
primarily to the community’s stunning West 2 nights
Coast location, waterfront recreation, trails
and boutique-style shopping experience. This 3 nights
sector will continue to expand significantly due 4-6 (1 week)
to the development of new marina amenities.
7-13 (2 weeks)
In the first year of the Maritime Welcome
Centre, the Ladysmith Maritime Society 14+
reported a 36% increase of marine tourists,
demonstrating the increased potential of the
waterfront areas to host visitors. According to
the Ladysmith Visitor Centre, nearly one third
of the visitors who accessed the Visitor Centre
in 2012 stayed for at least one night. The vast Visitor Centre - Total Visitors Per Year
Source: Ladysmith Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Centre
majority of visitors were from Vancouver Island
and the rest of BC, followed by Canadians, 10000 Local Economy
Europeans and Americans. The total number 9000
of visitors (as experienced by the Visitor
Number of Visitors
8000
Centre) has witnessed a steady increase in
7000
the past five years, with a growth of more than
55% in total visitors. 6000
5000
For more detailed business sector information, 4000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
please visit the Town’s website. Year
Town of Ladysmith 2013 Community Profile 29You can also read
