2000-2020 PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE - FIVE YEARS INTO THE SDGs
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PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD
DRINKING WATER,
SANITATION AND HYGIENE
2000-2020 FIVE YEARS
INTO THE SDGs
WHO/UNICEF JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE
Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs
ISBN: TBD
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PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD
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SANITATION AND HYGIENE
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2000-2020
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Table of contents
HIGHLIGHTS 8 01 INTRODUCTION 12 02 DRINKING WATER
SERVICES
28 03 SANITATION SERVICES 48
04 HYGIENE SERVICES 68
05 MENSTRUAL HEALTH 82
Five years into the SDGs 8 Five years into the SDGs 12 Safely managed drinking water 31 Safely managed sanitation services 50 Basic hygiene services 70 Data coverage 84
Drinking water 10 The challenge of assessing progress 14 services 40 Basic sanitation services 59 Leaving no one behind 75 Awareness 85
Sanitation 11 The impact of COVID-19 on WASH 17 Basic drinking water services 40 Leaving no one behind 61 Data coverage and progression 79 Materials 87
Hygiene 12 Fragile contexts and vulnerable 22 Leaving no one behind 42 Data coverage and progression 66 Private place to wash and change 90
Menstrual Health 13 populations Data coverage and progression 47 Participation 92
Leaving no one behind 96
06 ANNEXES 98
1. Methods 98 4. National sanitation estimates 126 8. Regional and global 158
2. Regional groupings 104 5. National hygiene estimates 146 drinking water estimates
3. National drinking water 106 6. National menstrual health data 150 9. Regional and global 160
estimates sanitation estimates
7. Inequalities in basic services 152
10. Regional and global 162
hygiene estimates
4 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
Achieving SDG WASH targets by 2030 will require a quadrupling of current rates of progress
DRINKING WATER SANITATION HYGIENE
100 100 >99 100
1x
2x
98
94 2x
91 4x
88 90 90 4x
80 81 80 4x 80
78 78
74
73 71
70
67
67
60 60 60
Ppopulation (%)
54
47
40 40 40
20 20 20
0 0 0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2015 2020 2025 2030 2015 2020 2025 2030
Highlights Basic Safely managed No open defecation Basic Safely managed Basic
FIGURE 1 Global coverage of WASH services, 2015-2020 (%), and acceleration required to meet targets by 2030
Five years into the SDGs
Five years into the SDGs, the world
The World Health Organization and The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable is not on track to achieve SDG
United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/ Development called for ‘ensuring targets 6.1 and 6.2. Achieving
UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme availability and sustainable management universal coverage by 2030 will
for Water Supply, Sanitation and of water and sanitation for all’ under require a quadrupling of current
Hygiene (JMP) produces internationally SDG6, and established ambitious rates of progress in safely managed
comparable estimates of progress indicators for WASH services under drinking water services, safely
on drinking water, sanitation and targets 6.1 and 6.2. While the number of managed sanitation services, and
hygiene (WASH) and is responsible for countries with estimates available for the basic hygiene services (Figure 1).
global monitoring of the Sustainable new SDG global indicators has increased Least developed countries (LDCs)
Development Goal (SDG) targets related with each JMP progress update, many have the furthest to go and it
to WASH. In 2020, the JMP released still only have a small number of data will be especially challenging to
updated estimates for WASH in schools points making it difficult to assess trends. accelerate progress in fragile
and WASH in health care facilities However we now have enough data contexts1. Many more countries
(2000-2019). This report presents to begin to assess the prospects for are facing challenges in extending
updated national, regional and global achieving the SDG targets. This report services to rural areas and to poor
estimates for WASH in households for extrapolates estimates based on existing and vulnerable populations who are
the period 2000 to 2020 and takes trends to illustrate current trajectories most at risk of being left behind.
stock of progress five years into the and the acceleration required to achieve
SDG period (2015-2020). universal coverage by 2030. 1
As of May 2021, the OECD States of Fragility series
identifies 57 fragile contexts, including 13 which are
classified as extremely fragile. Source:
6 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 HIGHLIGHTS 7
DRINKING WATER SANITATION
One in four people lacked Nearly half the world’s population
From 2015 to 2020 In 2020 From 2015 to 2020 In 2020
safely managed drinking lacked safely managed sanitation
• The proportion of the global population using safely • 2 billion people lacked safely managed services, water services in 2020 • The proportion of the global population using safely • 3.6 billion people lacked safely managed services in 2020
managed services increased from 70% to 74%, urban including 1.2 billion people with basic services, managed services increased from 47% to 54%, rural services, including 1.9 billion people with basic
coverage increased from 85% to 86%, and rural 282 million with limited services, 367 million using coverage increased from 36% to 44%, and urban services, 580 million with limited services, 616 100
coverage increased from 53% to 60%. unimproved sources, and 122 million drinking 100 2 2
Surface water coverage increased from 57% to 62%. million using unimproved facilities, and 494 10 6 Open defecation
6 5
surface water. 4 • The population practising open defecation decreased million practising open defecation. 8 Unimproved
• The number of people without safely managed services 3 Unimproved 10
decreased by 193 million, decreasing by 225 million in • 138 countries and five out of eight SDG regions had Limited by a third, from 739 million people to 494 million. • 120 countries and seven out of eight SDG 80 7 Limited
80 16 7
rural areas but increasing by 32 million in urban areas. estimates for safely managed services, representing 18 85% of this drop occurred in rural areas. regions had estimates for safely managed Basic
Basic
45% of the global population. • The number of countries with estimates available services, representing 81% of the global Safely managed
• The number of countries with estimates available for Safely managed 24
for safely managed services increased from 84 to population. 60 26
SDG 6.1.1 increased from 96 to 138, and the proportion • 84 countries had achieved universal (>99%) access 60
of the global population with data available increased to at least basic services, including 30 countries that 120, and the global population with data available • 62 countries had achieved universal (>99%)
from 34% to 45%. Latin America and the Caribbean had achieved universal access to safely managed increased from 48% to 81%. access to at least basic services, including eight
recorded the biggest increase in data coverage. services. • On average, use of safely managed services increased countries that had achieved universal access to 40
40 safely managed services.
74 by 1.27 percentage points per year (% pts/yr) at the
• On average, use of safely managed services increased • 16 countries are on track to reach universal access 70
national level, 1.48 % pts/yr in rural areas, and 0.84 • 8 countries are on track to reach universal access 47 54
by 0.63 percentage points per year (% pts/yr) at the to safely managed services, and 34 countries are
national level, 0.89 % pts/yr in rural areas and 0.06 % on track to reach universal access to at least basic % pts/yr in urban areas. to safely managed services, and 26 countries are 20
20
pts/yr in urban areas. drinking water between 2020 and 2030. • Achieving universal access to safely managed on track to reach universal access to at least basic
services by 2030 will require a 4x increase in current services between 2020 and 2030.
• Achieving universal access to safely managed services • People living in fragile contexts were twice as likely
rates of progress (15x in least developed countries • Two thirds of people who still lacked even basic 0
by 2030 will require a 4x increase in current rates of to lack safely managed services as those living in 0 2015 2020
progress (10x in least developed countries and 23x in non-fragile contexts. 2015 2020 and 9x in fragile contexts). services lived in rural areas. Nearly half of them
fragile contexts). • At current rates of progress, the world will only lived in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Eight out of ten people who still lacked even basic
• At current rates of progress, the world will only reach services lived in rural areas. Around half of them reach 67% coverage by 2030, leaving 2.8 billion • 92% of the population practising open FIGURE 5
FIGURE 2
81% coverage by 2030, leaving 1.6 billion people lived in least developed countries (LDCs). people without safely managed services. defecation lived in rural areas.
without safely managed services. Global drinking water coverage, Global sanitation coverage,
2015-2020 (%) 2015-2020 (%)
Five SDG regions had estimates for safely managed drinking water services in 2020 Seven SDG regions had estimates for safely managed sanitation services in 2020
0 0
1 1 1 0
100 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
4 2 1 1 4 4 100 2 3 2 0 0 2 2
3 4 5 5 Surface water
10 7 6
4 1 0
5
6 4 6 1 7 8 6 7 5 3
5
4 3
6 4 1 1 8 8 Open defecation
1 6 9
4 23 9 9 6 23 12 3 14 15 16 16 16 13
16 21 22 13
26
16
13 14 13 11 3 3
Unimproved 22 18
4
4
4 3
4 24 20
20 21 Unimproved
17 5 29 21 15 15
13
80 18
29
Limited 80 Limited
15 9 9 7 12
13 31
18 13
13 Basic 31 24 9 9 Basic
12 30 25
35 31
12 17 Safely managed 31 47 11
32 28 Safely managed
60 2 31 55 49 47 46
2 92 94 32 60
95 96 30 58 25 15
32 30 21 14
35 79 100 100 31 29 11
77 83 83 16 10
40 33 40 19
18 78 15 15
75 75 76 76 4 5 12 14
71 12 68 68
62 11
58 57 60 10
55 41 43 12
11 47 49
20 20 42
35 37 34 37 38 35 35
30 33 33 31 31 33
27 28 29
21 24 26
19
0 0
2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Central and
Southern Asia
Europe and
Northern
Oceania
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
Northern
Africa and
Western Asia
America
Eastern and
South-Eastern
Asia
Australia and
New Zealand
Landlocked
Developing
Countries
Least
Developed
Countries
Fragile
contexts
Small Island
Developing
States
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
Northern
Africa and
Western Asia
Central and
Southern Asia
Eastern and
South-Eastern
Asia
Australia and
New Zealand
Northern
Oceania
America
Least
Developed
Countries
Landlocked
Developing
Countries
Fragile
contexts
Small Island
Developing
States
Europe and
FIGURE 3 Regional drinking water coverage, 2015-2020 (%)
FIGURE 6 Regional sanitation coverage, 2015-2020 (%)
In 2020, 138 countries2 had estimates for safely managed drinking water services2 • In 2020, 120 countries had estimates for safely managed sanitation services
2 0-25 0-25
25-50 25-50
50-75 50-75
75-99 75-99
>99 > 99
Insufficient data Insufficient data
Not applicable Not applicable
2
The JMP produces
internationally
comparable estimates
for 234 countries,
areas and territories,
including all United
Nations Member States.
Statistics in this report
refer to countries, areas
and territories.
FIGURE 4 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services, 2020 (%) FIGURE 7 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, 2020 (%)
8 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 HIGHLIGHS 9
HYGIENE MENSTRUAL HEALTH
From 2015 to 2020 In 2020 Emerging data and indicators on menstrual health
• The proportion of the global population with basic handwashing facilities with • 71% of the global population had basic handwashing facilities with • SDG target 6.2 calls for ‘special attention to the needs of women and girls’ and • National data on these menstrual health indicators have been collected
soap and water at home increased from 67% to 71%. soap and water at home. WASH programmes are increasingly monitoring menstrual health related needs. from 42 countries, 29 of which had some information on at least three of
• The number of people lacking basic services decreased from 2.4 billion to 2.3 • 2.3 billion people lacked basic services, including 670 million The JMP has expanded its global database to include emerging national data on the indicators.
billion. people with no handwashing facilities at all. Over half of these menstrual health. • Nearly half (19) of the 42 countries with national data on the menstrual
people (374 million) live in fragile contexts. • New indicators related to menstrual health and associated WASH service needs health indicators are in the sub-Saharan Africa region, and the majority
• The population with basic services increased by an average of 0.69 percentage
have been progressively included in household survey questionnaires for women are either low-income (13) or lower-middle-income countries (18). No
points per year (% pts/yr). The rate of increase was greater in rural areas, at 1.08 • 79 countries and four out of eight SDG regions had estimates for
and girls age 15 to 49, and can be grouped as follows: high-income countries had national data on any of the four menstrual
% pts/yr. There were not enough data to make global estimates for urban areas. basic services, representing 50% of the global population.
› Awareness of menstruation before menarche (first menstruation). health indicators.
• The number of countries with estimates available for basic services increased • 4 countries had already achieved universal (>99%) access to basic
› Use of menstrual materials to capture and contain menstrual blood, such as • Only two countries had national data on awareness of menstruation before
from 70 to 79, and the proportion of the global population with data available services, and 6 countries were on track to reach universal access
pads, cloths, tampons or cups. These can also be grouped into single-use and menarche; 32% and 66% of girls were aware of menstruation before their
increased from 30% to 50%. Central and Southern Asia recorded the biggest between 2020 and 2030.
reusable materials. first period in Bangladesh and Egypt, respectively.
increase in data coverage, followed by Oceania. • Most high-income countries lacked data on the availability of
› Access to a private place to wash and change while at home. • Emerging data show in many countries a significant proportion of women
• Achieving universal access to basic services by 2030 will require a 4x increase handwashing facilities with soap and water at home.
and girls do not have the services they need for menstrual health and
in current rates of progress (7x in least developed countries and 5x in fragile • In 16 countries, the gap in basic hygiene coverage between urban › Participation in activities during menstruation, such as school, work and social
there are often substantial disparities between population sub-groups,
contexts). and rural areas was more than 20% pts and in 12 countries, the activities.
particularly between sub-national regions and for women and girls with
• At current rates of progress, the world will only reach 78% coverage in 2030, gap between highest and lowest subnational region was more than and without disabilities.
leaving 1.9 billion people without basic services. 50 % pts.
In 2020, 42 countries had nationally representative data on at least one menstrual health indicator
Seven out of ten people had Four SDG regions had estimates for basic hygiene services in 2020
1 indicator
basic hygiene services in 2020
2 indicators
3 indicators
100 100 3 3
9 9 No Service 4 6 4 indicators
7
Limited 10 23 21 23 20 Insufficient data
29 27 28 28
21 Basic 35 34 35 36 31
28 Not applicable
80 23 80
31 24 28
60 60 34
36 37 37
29 28 39
40 40 91
40 40 84
67 71
65 69
53 52
48
20 20 43
36 36 37 35 35
32
25 26
0 0
2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020 2015 2020
FIGURE 11 Numbers of indicators of menstrual health, by country, 2020
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Oceania
Central and
Southern Asia
Northern
Africa and
Western Asia
Least
Developed
Countries
Landlocked
Developing
Countries
Fragile
contexts
Small Island
Developing
States Use
FIGURE 8 Figof menstrual
12. materials is high, but some women lack a private place to wash and change
Private place
Global handwashing FIGURE 9 Regional handwashing coverage, 2015-2020 (%) Use of materials Private place
coverage, 2015-2020 (%)
Note: For Northern Africa and Western Asia, limited and no service levels for 2020 were projected based on 2018 estimates. 100 100 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 98
97 98 9897 98 96
98 98 98 98 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 96
95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 94
93 94 93 93 92 93 93
92 91 91 91
89 90 90 89
89
87 87
Proportion of women and girls age 15-49 (%)
83 82 81 81 81
81
80 79 80
80
In 2020, 79 countries had estimates for basic hygiene services 74
60 56
0-25
25-50
50-75 40
75-99
> 99
Insufficient data 20
Not applicable
0
Zimbabwe (2019)
Sao Tome and
Côte d'Ivoire (2018)
Turkmenistan (2019)
Kenya (2016)
Costa Rica (2018)
North Macedonia (2019)
Bangladesh (2019)
Serbia (2019)
Gambia (2018)
Kiribati (2019)
Lesotho (2018)
Ghana (2018)
Cuba (2019)
Tunisia (2018)
Iraq (2018)
Nigeria (2018)
Central African
Republic (2019)
Guinea-Bissau (2019)
Burkina Faso (2019)
Ethiopia (2017)
Lao People's Democratic
Republic (2017)
Samoa (2020)
Sierra Leone (2017)
Montenegro (2019)
Kyrgyzstan (2018)
Togo (2017)
Chad (2019)
Democratic Republic
of Congo (2018)
Algeria (2019)
Nepal (2019)
Madagascar (2018)
Suriname (2018)
Mongolia (2018)
Principe (2019)
Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea (2017)
FIGURE 12 Proportion of women and girls age 15-49 who use menstrual materials, and have a private place to wash and change during menstruation,
FIGURE 10 Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities at home, 2020 (%)
selected countries, 2016-2020
10 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 HIGHLIGHS 11
SDG6 global targets SDG6 global indicators Custodian agencies3
6.1 Drinking water 6.1.1 Safely managed drinking water services WHO, UNICEF
6.2 Sanitation and 6.2.1a Safely managed sanitation services
WHO, UNICEF
hygiene 6.2.1b Basic handwashing services
6.3 Wastewater 6.3.1 Wastewater safely treated WHO, UN-Habitat, UNSD
and water quality 6.3.2 Good ambient water quality UNEP
6.4 Water use and 6.4.1 Water use efficiency FAO
water scarcity 6.4.2 Level of water stress FAO
6.5 Water resources 6.5.1 Integrated water resources management UNEP
management 6.5.2 Transboundary basin area with water cooperation UNECE, UNESCO-IHP
UNEP, Ramsar
6.6 Water ecosystems 6.6.1 Water-related ecosystems
Convention
6.a. Water and sanitation-related official development
6.a Cooperation WHO, OECD
assistance
6.b. Participation of local communities in water and
6.b. Participation WHO, OECD
sanitation management
FIGURE 13 SDG6 global targets and indicators
3
Coordinated by the UN-Water Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG6 (IMI-SDG6), including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-Habitat), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
(UNECE), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health Organization (WHO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
01.
Since 2015, the JMP has expanded and global estimates of progress on documents inequalities in drinking
its global databases to incorporate WASH in households for the period water, sanitation and hygiene (and
Introduction
the latest available national data 2000 to 2020. menstrual health) between and
related to the new SDG indicators. within countries, and highlights the
The JMP produces internationally The report takes stock of progress particular challenges faced by those
comparable estimates for 234 over the first five years of the SDG living in fragile contexts4, which
Five years into the SDGs countries, areas and territories, period. It assesses the status of often have much lower coverage
and has produced estimates WASH services in 2020 and progress and rates of progress on WASH
Transforming our world: The 2030 the UN-Water Integrated Monitoring disaggregated by wealth quintile and made since 2015, and analyses the services and will need to be a major
Agenda for Sustainable Development is Initiative for SDG6 (IMI-SDG6). The sub-national region for over 100 acceleration required to meet the focus of efforts to build back better
a plan of action for people, planet and JMP also contributes to monitoring countries. The JMP published a SDG targets by 2030. It also reviews after the pandemic and accelerate
prosperity, comprising 17 Sustainable WASH indicators related to SDG targets global baseline report on WASH in global trends in the availability of progress towards the 2030 targets.
Development Goals (SDGs) and on poverty (1.4.1), health (3.8.1) and households in 2017, and a progress data for monitoring the SDG WASH
169 global targets. Goal 6 aims to education (4.a.1). update with a special focus on indicators and presents emerging 4
As of May 2021, the OECD States of Fragility series
‘ensure availability and sustainable inequalities in 2019. This report data on new indicators related identifies 57 fragile contexts, including 13 classified as
extremely fragile.
for all’ and includes eight targets that universal access to WASH services by
address drinking water, sanitation and 2030 and establish ambitious indicators
hygiene (WASH) services, wastewater that go beyond the types of facilities
treatment, water quality, water use, people use and introduce additional
water management, transboundary criteria related to the level of service
cooperation, water-related ecosystems, provided (see Chapters 2 to 4). The
official development assistance and 2030 Agenda also seeks to progressively
participation of local communities reduce inequalities between and within
(Figure 13). The WHO/UNICEF Joint countries and specifies that ‘SDG
Monitoring Programme for Water, indicators should be disaggregated
Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) where relevant by income, sex, age,
is responsible for monitoring SDG race, ethnicity, migratory status,
targets 6.1 and 6.2, and collaborates disability and geographic location or
with other custodian agencies through other characteristics’.
3
12 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 INTRODUCTION 13
The challenge of assessing progress Global availability of data on SDG WASH indicators is improving
During the first five years of the SDG sanitation services) has also improved. However, it remains
6.1.1 SAFELY MANAGED DRINKING WATER
period, there has been a steady improved, rising from 84 countries challenging to assess trends and
improvement in the availability to 120 countries (rising from 48% rates of progress for countries National Rural Urban
100 150
of data for monitoring the SDG to 81% of the population). More lacking recent data or having only 138
Number of countries able to report on the indicators
global indicators for WASH. Both countries have gained estimates for a small number of data points
Proportion of global population with data
117
the total number of countries, safely managed sanitation in rural available. If a country has only 80
areas and territories with estimates (45) than in urban (30) areas. By one data point or two data points 96 100
87
and the proportion of the global contrast, there has been a relatively less than five years apart, the JMP 60
56
population for which estimates are small increase in the number of creates estimates using a simple 55
49
available have increased with each countries with data available for average, which is extended for four 40 45 47 65
44
40 55
JMP progress update on WASH in SDG indicator 6.2.1b (basic hygiene years beyond the most recent data 34
38
42
50
households (Figure 14). services), rising from 70 countries point. If there are two or more 34
20
in the 2017 baseline report to 79 data points, covering a span of at 20
The number of countries with countries in this 2021 progress least five years, the JMP applies
national estimates available for SDG update. While population coverage linear regression with extrapolation 0 0
2017 2019 2021 2017 2019 2021 2017 2019 2021
indicator 6.1.1 (safely managed has increased from 30% to 50%, for up to two years forwards and
drinking water services) has this has mainly been driven by the backwards from the last data point,
increased from 96 to 138, resulting addition of estimates for populous and extends estimates for up to four 6.2.1a SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION
in a growth in population coverage countries. more years. This means to generate
from 34% to 45%. There has been estimates for 2020, countries must National Rural Urban
100 150
a three-fold increase in the number While previous JMP updates on have new data points available
Number of countries able to report on the indicators
of countries with rural estimates WASH in households have presented from 2014 onwards, or from 2016 120
Proportion of global population with data
80 98
(from 20 to 65) and a more than estimates up to the current year onwards if only one data point or 81
75
two-fold increase in the number of minus two, this report presents two closely-spaced data points are 94
73
75
100
countries with urban estimates (from estimates up to the current year available5. 60 84
62 77
68
56
55
42 to 87). Data availability for SDG minus one (2020). Therefore, 55 53
5
For further details on the JMP methodology see 48
indicator 6.2.1a (safely managed timeliness has been significantly Annex 1. 40
44 50
32
20
0 0
2017 2019 2021 2017 2019 2021 2017 2019 2021
6.2.1b BASIC HYGIENE
National Rural Urban
100 150
Number of countries able to report on the indicators
Proportion of global population with data
80
67 67
100
60 52 50 76
78 79 77 78 76
70 70 70
39
40 36 37
30 50
24
20
0 0
2017 2019 2021 2017 2019 2021 2017 2019 2021
Proportion of the global Number of countries High-income Upper-middle-income Lower-middle-income Low-income Unclassified
population with data
FIGURE 14 Proportion of population and number of countries with national, rural and urban estimates for SDG WASH indicators in JMP progress
updates, 2017-2021
14 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 INTRODUCTION 15
Despite improvements in data between SDG regions and there America and the Caribbean (93%). Data availability for elements of The impact of COVID-19 Disruption of routine data
availability, many countries6 still are still big gaps, particularly for By contrast, population coverage for safely managed drinking water on WASH collection
lacked estimates for SDG indicators elements of safely managed services. basic hygiene estimates ranged from services varied widely between
6.1.1, 6.2.1a and 6.2.1b in 2020. By 2020, estimates for basic drinking 0% in Australia and New Zealand regions. While data coverage for The COVID-19 pandemic has COVID-19 has posed severe
Table 1 shows that data coverage for water, open defecation, and basic and in Europe and Northern America accessibility was universal (>99%) in plunged the global economy into challenges to the collection and
global WASH indicators varies widely sanitation services were available (no data available) to 92% in Central all SDG regions, data coverage for recession, with an additional 119 production of data at all levels, which
for >95% of the population in and Southern Asia and 93% in sub- availability ranged from just 43% in to 124 million people pushed into will have a long-term impact on
The JMP produces internationally comparable all SDG regions, except for Latin Saharan Africa. Europe and Northern America to national and global monitoring of all
6
estimates for 234 countries, areas and territories, extreme poverty during 20207.
including all United Nations Member States. 84% in Australia and New Zealand, Measures taken by governments to key development indicators. At the
and data coverage for quality contain and mitigate the pandemic same time it has increased demand
ranged from 100% in Europe and have led to widespread disruption for new data on emerging issues
Five years into the SDGs, data coverage for WASH indicators varies widely between regions Northern America to just 17% in the provision and financing of and for ‘real-time’ information to
in Oceania. But the biggest data essential services, including WASH. evaluate the impact of the outbreak
% of population DRINKING WATER SANITATION HYGIENE gaps were observed for elements The global response has had a and the effectiveness of responses.
(# countries,
areas and
of safely managed sanitation strong focus on promoting hand
Available Safely
territories) Basic
Safely Accessible
managed on premises
when
Free from Open
contamination defecation
Basic
Safely
managed
disposed
Emptied
and treated
Wastewater
treated
Basic services. While estimates for hygiene and strengthening infection In May 2020, the United Nations
in 2020 needed of in situ
centralized wastewater treatment prevention and control (IPC), and Statistics Division (UNSD) and the
World (234) 99% (211) 45% (138) 99% (210) 81% (121) 56% (138) 97% (198) 99% (202) 81% (120) 65% (20) 1% (7) 91% (103) 50% (79) were available for >50% of the governments have introduced a World Bank launched a global
relevant population in all regions, range of measures designed to keep survey to assess the impact of
Rural 98% (164) 55% (65) 98% (163) 86% (91) 55% (65) 97% (159) 98% (161) 73% (77) 69% (61) 0% (2) 83% (68) 67% (78)
except for sub-Saharan Africa WASH services running, including COVID-19 on statistical operations
Urban 93% (175) 56% (87) 93% (173) 74% (108) 56% (87) 94% (172) 94% (172) 75% (98) 60% (53) 0% (1) 80% (77) 37% (76) (8%), population coverage for safe emergency financial support to at country level9. It found that the
management of on-site systems utilities and vulnerable households8. pandemic has caused widespread
SDG regions
was much lower. Only three regions While it is clear the pandemic will disruption to routine data collection
Australia and 100% (2) 16% (1) 100% (2) 84% (1) 73% (1) 100% (2) 100% (2) 100% (2) 0% (0) 0% (0) 100% (2) 0% (0)
(Central and Southern Asia, Eastern have far reaching effects on levels and led to delays, interruptions,
New Zealand (2)
and South-Eastern Asia, and sub- of public and private investment in diversion of funding, and, in some
Central and
Southern Asia (14) 100% (14) 30% (11) 100% (14) 92% (10) 73% (11) 96% (13) 100% (14) 78% (5) 82% (0) 0% (0) 70% (5) 92% (10) Saharan Africa) had estimates for WASH services, it remains too early cases, cancellation of planned
safe disposal in situ for >50% of to assess the medium and long-term censuses and household surveys.
Eastern and South- 100% (18) 19% (12) 100% (17) 88% (10) 49% (12) 99% (16) 99% (16) 81% (11) 62% (2) 3% (2) 94% (7) 27% (9)
Eastern Asia (18) the relevant population. Only two impact on progress towards the The final assessment in December
Europe and SDG regions had estimates for the SDG WASH targets. 2020 showed that many National
Northern America 100% (50) 100% (48) 100% (50) 43% (16) 100% (48) 100% (48) 100% (48) 99% (44) 19% (16) 9% (5) 100% (46) 0% (2)
(53) population using on-site systems Statistical Offices (NSOs) have been
7
World Bank, Updated estimates of the impact of
Latin America and
the Caribbean (50) 93% (36) 77% (18) 94% (36) 91% (24) 77% (18) 93% (34) 93% (35) 82% (14) 13% (0) 0% (0) 91% (15) 19% (10) emptied and treated off-site; COVID-19 on global poverty: Looking back at 2020 and forced to close for long periods.
Europe and Northern America had the outlook for 2021 data collection had been partially
8
UNICEF & SIWI 2020 Overview of Water, Sanitation,
population, while data coverage in and Hygiene (WASH) COVID-19 Responses from or fully suspended, and most were
Oceania (21) 99% (20) 11% (11) 99% (20) 84% (10) 17% (11) 97% (16) 98% (17) 3% (3) 10% (1) 0% (0) 58% (2) 76% (5) Governments, Regulators, Utilities and other
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia was Stakeholders in 84 Countries resume. Many NSOs reported
(51)
exploring remote methods of data
Other regional groupings collection to fill data gaps, but
Landlocked
Developing 100% (32) 74% (22) 100% (32) 78% (23) 74% (22) 98% (31) 98% (31) 54% (17) 54% (0) 0% (0) 59% (11) 85% (26)
highlighted the need for further
Countries (32) capacity building in this area.
Least Developed 100% (44) 61% (21) 100% (44) 89% (34) 63% (21) 100% (43) 100% (43) 68% (25) 71% (0) 0% (0) 25% (5) 92% (36)
Countries (46)
Emergence of new data sources
Small Island
Developing States 97% (39) 19% (16) 97% (39) 80% (23) 20% (16) 94% (33) 95% (35) 33% (9) 15% (1) 0% (0) 79% (6) 69% (14)
(53)
During the pandemic, many NSOs
Fragile contexts (57) 100% (54) 71% (28) 100% (54) 87% (43) 74% (28) 94% (52) 100% (54) 54% (26) 57% (0) 0% (0) 38% (13) 85% (39)
have switched from face-to-face
Income groupings surveys to alternative means of data
collection to track responses to
Low-income (29) 99% (28) 59% (14) 99% (28) 87% (23) 56% (14) 97% (27) 99% (28) 56% (14) 57% (0) 0% (0) 22% (2) 84% (23)
COVID-19 and its socio-economic
Lower-middle- impacts, including increased use
100% (48) 37% (26) 100% (48) 94% (36) 69% (26) 100% (48) 100% (48) 80% (26) 78% (0) 0% (0) 74% (20) 94% (34)
income (50)
of phone surveys, and computer-
Upper-middle-
income (55) 98% (50) 30% (30) 98% (50) 85% (36) 50% (30) 94% (45) 97% (46) 80% (28) 51% (1) 0% (0) 93% (27) 19% (21) assisted telephone interviewing
(CATI) and short message service
High-income (82) 100% (71) 93% (58) 100% (70) 47% (24) 93% (58) 100% (65) 100% (66) 98% (52) 37% (19) 28% (7) 99% (54) 0% (1)
(SMS) surveys.
9
UNSD and World Bank, Survey of National Statistics
>50% coverage 0-49% coverage
Offices during COVID-19, World Bank and UNSD,
December 2020
16 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 INTRODUCTION 17
SMS consumer surveys indicate significant disruption to drinking water services due to COVID-19
50
Urban Rural
40
30
20
10
n=363
n=137
n=300
n=200
n=189
n=311
n=318
n=182
n=159
n=391
n=277
n=223
0
Democratic Republic Ghana Kenya Mozambique Rwanda Senegal
of the Congo
FIGURE 15 Proportion of respondents answering ‘Yes’ to the question ‘Has COVID-19 made it more difficult to get your drinking water?’ (%), August-
October, 2020
Source: USAID 2020 Synthesis Report: Assessing the effects of COVID-19 on access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in USAID high priority and strategy-aligned countries .
For example, the World Bank SMS consumer surveys use large Big data is another potential new
Living Standards Measurement mobile subscriber databases to source of data on WASH services.
Study (LSMS) has supported high- generate nationally representative In early 2020, Facebook launched a
frequency phone surveys comprising samples of users who are then series of surveys related to COVID-
monthly interviews over a 12-month asked to complete short surveys 1913. With more than 2 billion
period with a sub-sample of using basic feature phones (non- users in more than 200 countries,
households interviewed during smartphones)12. During 2020, Facebook’s surveys have the
previous household surveys10. The the United States Agency for potential to reach large segments
Between April and July 2020, the reporting period. The data countries, but in most cases it did
UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster International Development (USAID) of the global population. Each
respondents were asked how often suggest a gradual improvement not change significantly during the
Surveys (MICS) programme has commissioned cross-sectional day, a new sample of Facebook
they had washed their hands after in Uzbekistan, although big gaps reporting period (Figure 17). In
also started conducting follow SMS surveys on the effects of users in each country are invited
being in public in the past seven remain between urban and rural, Australia and New Zealand, more
up telephone interviews with a COVID-19 on WASH services for to participate in surveys about
days (‘all of the time’, ‘most of the whereas in Albania the gap between than nine out of ten people reported
sub-sample of respondents to more than 3,000 randomly selected symptoms, beliefs and behaviours
time’, ‘about half of the time’, ‘some urban and rural has been gradually washing their hands at least three
accumulate longitudinal data on individuals in six African countries. related to COVID-19. Daily,
of the time’ or ‘none of the time’). reduced. In Australia, New Zealand times per day throughout the
responses to crises (MICS Plus)11. Respondents indicated significant weekly and monthly data are
Compliance with recommended and the Netherlands, there is has assessment period. But in Viet Nam,
These phone surveys often include disruption to WASH services, with then aggregated for public health
hand hygiene measures varied been a gradual deterioration in Yemen, Haiti and Tanzania, around
a small number of questions around one in four people reporting researchers and decision makers,
widely between countries but was hand hygiene behaviour during the one in five people reported washing
on WASH services and whether that COVID-19 had made it more using analytic weights to adjust for
generally higher in urban than rural reporting period. their hands fewer than three times
households had sufficient water to difficult to access drinking water, non-response and coverage biases.
areas (Figure 16). Less than half per day. Yemen had the largest
drink or soap to wash hands with in while in most of the countries there
the population in Brazil, Pakistan, Between July 2020 and May proportion reporting washing their
the last week or month. are more pandemic-related water 13
The World Symptoms Survey was developed in
collaboration with University of Maryland and Carnegie the United Republic of Tanzania, 2021, users were asked about the hands ‘zero times’ (20%) and the
access problems reported in rural
https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/brief/
Mellon University and the COVID-19 Preventive Health
Thailand, Tunisia, Viet Nam and frequency of handwashing with soap smallest proportion washing their
than urban areas (Figure 15). Survey and the COVID-19 Beliefs, Behaviors & Norms
10
lsms-launches-high-frequency-phone-surveys-on-
covid-19
Survey were developed in collaboration with the Yemen reported washing their hands and water or hand sanitizer over hands ‘7+ times’ (17%).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Johns
11
https://mics.unicef.org/mics-plus/methodology-and-use 12
While cell phone coverage is growing rapidly, cell phone Hopkins University (JHU), with advice from the WHO ‘all of the time’ and no country the last 24 hours. The frequency
ownership and the technical ability to complete surveys are and the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
potential sources of bias in SMS survey samples. (GOARN) . achieved >75% compliance during of handwashing varied between
18 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 INTRODUCTION 19Population (%) Population (%) Population (%) Population (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
20
2020-w17 2020-w17 2020-w17 2020-w17
2020-w18 2020-w18 2020-w18 2020-w18
FIGURE 16
2020-w19 2020-w19 2020-w19 2020-w19
2020-w20 2020-w20 2020-w20 2020-w20
2020-w21 2020-w21 2020-w21 2020-w21
Tunisia
2020-w22 2020-w22 2020-w22 2020-w22
Albania
Thailand
Australia
2020-w23 2020-w23 2020-w23 2020-w23
WHO | UNICEF JMP
2020-w24 2020-w24 2020-w24 2020-w24
2020-w25 2020-w25 2020-w25 2020-w25
2020-w26 2020-w26 2020-w26 2020-w26
2020-w17 2020-w17 2020-w17 2020-w17
2020-w18 2020-w18 2020-w18 2020-w18
2020-w19 2020-w19 2020-w19 2020-w19
Australia and New Zealand
2020-w20 2020-w20 2020-w20 2020-w20
Europe and Northern America
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Northern Africa and Western Asia
2020-w21 2020-w21 2020-w21 2020-w21
2020-w22 2020-w22 2020-w22 2020-w22
Yemen
Viet Nam
Netherlands
New Zealand
2020-w23 2020-w23 2020-w23 2020-w23
2020-w24 2020-w24 2020-w24 2020-w24
2020-w25 2020-w25 2020-w25 2020-w25
2020-w26 2020-w26 2020-w26 2020-w26
Population (%) Population (%) Population (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2020-w17 2020-w17 2020-w17
2020-w18 2020-w18 2020-w18
Rural
Urban
2020-w19 2020-w19 2020-w19
National
2020-w20 2020-w20 2020-w20
2020-w21 2020-w21 2020-w21
Brazil
2020-w22 2020-w22 2020-w22
Pakistan
Madagascar
2020-w23 2020-w23 2020-w23
2020-w24 2020-w24 2020-w24
2020-w25 2020-w25 2020-w25
2020-w26 2020-w26 2020-w26
2020-w17 2020-w17 2020-w17
2020-w18 2020-w18 2020-w18
Big data show wide variations in adoption of hand hygiene measures in response to COVID-19
Sub-Saharan Africa
2020-w19 2020-w19 2020-w19
Central and Southern Asia
2020-w20 2020-w20 2020-w20
Latin America and the Caribbean
2020-w21 2020-w21 2020-w21
Haiti
2020-w22 2020-w22 2020-w22
Uzbekistan
Proportion of population reporting washing hands ‘all of the time’ after being in public in the last seven days, selected countries (%)
2020-w23 2020-w23 2020-w23
2020-w24 2020-w24 2020-w24
2020-w25 2020-w25 2020-w25
United Republic of Tanzania
2020-w26 2020-w26 2020-w26
PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020
Cumulated coverage (%) Cumulated coverage (%) Cumulated coverage (%) Cumulated coverage (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2020-m7 2020-m7 2020-m7 2020-m7
2020-m8 2020-m8 2020-m8 2020-m8
FIGURE 17
2020-m9 2020-m9 2020-m9 2020-m9
INTRODUCTION
2020-m10 2020-m10 2020-m10 2020-m10
2020-m11 2020-m11 2020-m11 2020-m11
2020-m12 2020-m12 2020-m12 2020-m12
Tunisia
Albania
Thailand
Australia
2021-m1 2021-m1 2021-m1 2021-m1
2021-m2 2021-m2 2021-m2 2021-m2
2021-m3 2021-m3 2021-m3 2021-m3
2021-m4 2021-m4 2021-m4 2021-m4
2020-m7 2020-m7 2020-m7 2020-m7
2020-m8 2020-m8 2020-m8 2020-m8
2020-m9 2020-m9 2020-m9 2020-m9
Australia and New Zealand
2020-m10 2020-m10 2020-m10 2020-m10
Europe and Northern America
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Northern Africa and Western Asia
2020-m11 2020-m11 2020-m11 2020-m11
2020-m12 2020-m12 2020-m12 2020-m12
Yemen
Viet Nam
2021-m1 2021-m1 2021-m1 2021-m1
Netherlands
New Zealand
2021-m2 2021-m2 2021-m2 2021-m2
2021-m3 2021-m3 2021-m3 2021-m3
2021-m4 2021-m4 2021-m4 2021-m4
Cumulated coverage (%) Cumulated coverage (%) Cumulated coverage (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2020-m7 2020-m7 2020-m7
2020-m8 2020-m8 2020-m8
2020-m9 2020-m9 2020-m9
0 times
7+ times
3-6 times
1-2 times
2020-m10 2020-m10 2020-m10
2020-m11 2020-m11 2020-m11
2020-m12 2020-m12 2020-m12
Brazil
Frequency of handwashing with soap and water or use of hand sanitizer in the last 24 hours
Pakistan
Madagascar
2021-m1 2021-m1 2021-m1
2021-m2 2021-m2 2021-m2
2021-m3 2021-m3 2021-m3
2021-m4 2021-m4 2021-m4
2020-m7 2020-m7 2020-m7
2020-m8 2020-m8 2020-m8
Big data confirm that daily frequency of handwashing varies widely across countries and over time
Sub-Saharan Africa
2020-m9 2020-m9 2020-m9
Central and Southern Asia
2020-m10 2020-m10 2020-m10
Latin America and the Caribbean
2020-m11 2020-m11 2020-m11
Haiti
2020-m12 2020-m12 2020-m12
Uzbekistan
2021-m1 2021-m1 2021-m1
2021-m2 2021-m2 2021-m2
2021-m3 2021-m3 2021-m3
United Republic of Tanzania
21
2021-m4 2021-m4 2021-m4Fragile contexts and vulnerable populations have safely managed drinking water disparities between fragile and services, compared with one third in
(43% vs 82%) and safely managed non-fragile contexts in each SDG non-fragile contexts. Latin America
Fragility poses a major threat to Over the first five years of the to at least basic sanitation will sanitation services (33% vs 60%) region. In Oceania, there was a and the Caribbean has the biggest
the achievement of the SDGs. SDG period, basic drinking water require a 7x increase, and achieving (Figure 19). They were five times 47 % pt gap in coverage of basic coverage gaps for safely managed
Fragile contexts were home to coverage in fragile contexts has universal access to safely managed as likely to lack even basic drinking drinking water and a 66 % pt gap drinking water (32 % pts) and
23% of the world’s population (1.8 increased from 71% in 2015 to services will require a 9x increase. water (26% vs 5%), four times as in basic sanitation coverage. While Eastern and South-Eastern Asia has
billion people) and more than three 74% in 2020. However, achieving Coverage of basic hygiene services likely to lack basic sanitation (52% there was no difference in Central the biggest disparities in coverage
quarters of those living in extreme universal access to at least basic has increased from 43% in 2015 to vs 13%) and three times as likely and Southern Asia, in sub-Saharan of safely managed sanitation
poverty in 2020. This report drinking water will require a 48% in 2020, but at current rates of to practise open defecation (13% Africa only a quarter of those in services (19% pts).
highlights the challenges faced by 4x increase in current rates of progress only 58% of the population vs 4%). There were also significant fragile contexts used basic hygiene
including separate estimates for progress, while achieving universal living in fragile contexts will have
this group of countries in many access to safely managed drinking access by 2030. Achieving the SDG
of the figures and in the statistical water will require a 23x increase target for hygiene in fragile contexts
annexes. People living in fragile (Figure 18). Open defecation in will require a 5x increase in current People living in fragile contexts have much lower service levels in all regions
contexts often have much lower fragile contexts has been reduced rates of progress.
WASH service levels and will need from 16% in 2015 to 13% in 2020,
BASIC DRINKING WATER BASIC SANITATION BASIC HYGIENE
to be a major focus of efforts to but rates of progress will need to In 2020, people living in fragile
accelerate progress towards the double to achieve elimination by contexts were half as likely as those
2030 SDG targets. 2030. Achieving universal access living in non-fragile contexts to 48 48
WORLD 74 95 87
*
Latin America and
the Caribbean 89 98 76 91
Achieving SDG targets in fragile contexts will require a dramatic acceleration in current rates of progress
Northern Africa 78 97 69 91
and Western Asia
96 *
Eastern and
DRINKING WATER SANITATION HYGIENE South-eastern Asia 68 95 76 92 76 *
100 100 100 Oceania 47 94 20 86 30 *
2x 94 Central and
Southern Asia 92 91 67 73 69 69
4x
87
84 Sub-Saharan Africa 61 84 29 53 25 31
80 78 80 80
7x 5x
74 23x 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
71 9x
Fragile
SAFELY MANAGED DRINKING WATER SAFELY MANAGED SANITATION
60 60 60 Non-fragile
58
Population (%)
55
* Insufficient data
WORLD 43 82 33 60
48 48
45 45
43
43
40 41 40 40 40
Latin America and
the Caribbean 48 80 15 36
33
31 Northern Africa
and Western Asia 58 79 31 50
Eastern Asia and
20 20 20 55 * 43 60
South-eastern Asia
Oceania * 71
* *
Central Asia and
Southern Asia 53 * 48 47
0 0 0
Sub-Saharan Africa 25 54 21 *
2015 2020 2025 2030 2015 2020 2025 2030 2015 2020 2025 2030
Basic Safely managed No open defecation Basic Safely managed Basic 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
FIGURE 18 Progress on WASH in fragile contexts, 2015-2020 (%), and acceleration required to achieve universal coverage by 2030 FIGURE 19 Proportion of population with at least basic and safely managed services in fragile and non-fragile contexts, 2020 (%)
22 WHO | UNICEF JMP PROGRESS ON HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 2000-2020 INTRODUCTION 23People living in fragile contexts are services alongside MSNA sub- vulnerable populations, refugees Displaced populations in fragile contexts are least likely to have basic sanitation services
more likely to suffer from political, national estimates for vulnerable (32%) were least likely to use basic
economic and environmental populations in Afghanistan. In sanitation services.
Global Regions Fragile contexts (n=57) Urban/Rural Vulnerable population
crises and national systems for 2020, global coverage of basic
monitoring WASH services in sanitation services was 78% but Similar surveys in Burkina Faso and 100 >99 Iraq
such contexts are often weak. The it was far lower among the 44 the Central African Republic showed
REACH-supported Multi-Sector countries listed as fragile (49%) that displaced populations were also
Needs Assessments (MSNAs)14 aim and the 13 countries listed as far less likely to have basic water
to inform humanitarian planning by extremely fragile (42%) by OECD. and sanitation services than the rest
80
providing comparable data across National coverage among these 57 of the population (Figure 21). The 78 World
all relevant sectors on disaster fragile contexts varied widely, from JMP estimates 47% of the population
and crisis-affected areas and universal (>99%) in Iraq to just 9% of Burkina Faso had basic drinking 67 Urban
vulnerable populations. MSNAs in Ethiopia, with most countries water services by 2020, but coverage
60
were conducted in 12 countries (35) havingYou can also read
