1 "Non-chemical controlling of Couch grass* from a Norwegian perspective" ProAgria (Finnish extension services) - "Couch grass-webinar" for ...
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ProAgria (Finnish extension services) - “Couch grass-webinar” for organic farmers.
“Non-chemical controlling of Couch grass* from a Norwegian perspective”
(*and some other creeping perennials)
Wednesday 26th January 2022
1
Experimental farm at the University (Ås, Norway): The soil is described as silty clay* loam with poor natural drainage (Bakken et al. 2006) (*clay content 25-35%)
Perennial sow-thistle /
Åkermolke
Couch grass /
Kvickrot
Stachys palustris
/ Knölsyska Creeping thistle/
Åkertistel
Vicia cracca / Tussilago farfara /
Kråkvicker Hästhov
I. Projects / experiments related to ploughing……
The soil is described as silty clay loam
ith poor natural drainage (Bakken et al. 2006)
«Good agronomic practice»…..
(One thing is what you do - something else how it is performed)
The importance of an optimal ploughing
• Plough: In good condition
• Optionals (e.g. skimmers)
• Plough and tractor adapted
After ploughing:
No contact between roots above
and under the ploughing depth
• Appropriate setting
5
Plough with
skimmers
(no: forplog)
Couch grass - biomass (relativ results)
1969 1970 1971 1972 snitt
Plough without skimmers 100 100 100 100 100
Plough with skimmers 94 84 53 63 73.5
(Svensson & Gummesson 1972)
Ploughing depth, deep versus shallow, in spring cereals
(25 cm vs. 15 cm, in spring)
25 cm. vs. 15 cm
Perennial sow-thistle
(S. arvensis)
≈ 50%
reduction
Couch grass
(E. repens)
≈ 80-90% (Brandsæter et al. 2011)
reduction
(!!!) Creeping thistle
(C. arvense)
Spring
Soil structure and weeds
Practical experience suggests that weed problems increase when poor soil structure.
This is probably not because weeds grow better when poor compared to good soil
structure, but that they can withstand such growing conditions better than most crops.
Creeping thistle, DW (g m-2)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Lett
Lighttraktor
tractor Tung
Heavytraktor
tractor
(Brandsæter et al. 2011)
Timing of ploughing (and stubble cultivation / harrowing)
Factor 1: Soil tillage treatments
1. Ploughing 25 cm
2. Stubble-harrowing (discharrow) + ploughing (25 cm)
Factor 2: Timing
‘Väderstad Carrier’
1. Autumn (after crop harvest) Disc-harrow
2. Spring
Two sites: Ås (3 years) and Øsaker (2 years)
Treatments: Couch grass Creeping thistle Perennial sow-thistle All weeds Cereal
DW DW DW DW DW
Ploughing - autumn 100 100 100 100 100
Harrowing and ploughing - autumn 37 90 96 80 120
Ploughing - spring 109 48 44 65 135
Harrowing and ploughing - spring 14 59 41 31 90
(Shoot assessments / DW = shoot dry weight)
vs.
(Brandsæter, Mangerud, Helgheim & Berge 2017)
Spring Autumn
Ploughing……
- A big hammer: The singel non-chemical treatment with
most significant effect on weeds (?)
- The effect of ploughing is highly connected to depth.
- Different weed species respond different to:
- Depth
- Timing (autumn vs. spring)Why this huge effect of ploughing depth on creeping thistle?
Experiments on shooting dynamic from root parts
at different soil depths (Cirsium arvense)
Ås B Perennial sow-thistle
1000
800
Dry weight (g/m2)
‘-’ : Root fragments removed
600 ‘+’: Root fragments laid back
400 Creeping thistle
200
0
0 cm 15 cm - 15 cm + 30 cm - 30 cm +
11 Soil depth, root treatment
(Goul-Thomsen, Brandsæter & Fykse 2013)Creeping thistle (in spring cereals)
Can «root cutting»
replace the need for
(deep) ploughing?
Foto: L.O. Brandsæter
SpringII. Projects / experiments on stubble cultivation / harrowing (in autumn or in spring) Is the effect of stubble harrowing comparable to using glyphosate?
Stubble cultivation (autumn, after harvest)
Relative numbers; Weed biomass
Weed species Year Control Mower Rotovator Shallow ploughing +
harrowing
2005 100 a 77 ab 45 ab 14 b
Couch grass
2006 100 a 37 b 8 b 10 b
Perennial sow- 2005 100 a 29 a 70 a 46 a
thistle 2006 100 a 41 a 93 a 37 a
2005 100 a 99 a 27 a 49 a
Creeping thistle
2006 100 a 112 a 11 b 24 b
Mower Rotovator
(Brandsæter, Thomsen, Wærnhus & Fykse 2012)
AutumnStubble cultivation (e.g. with a disc harrow) in the autumn,
control of different weed species:
- Couch grass ≈50-80% control
- Perennial sow-thistle
≈ 10-50% control (??)
- Creeping thistle
Winter Spring Early summer Mid-summer Autumn WinterKvik-Up / KvickFinn - harrows
Will even more aggressive harrows improve
the control of creeping perennials?Harrowing (before sowing spring cereals):
Good effect against couch grass but delayed sowing commonly
cause decreased yield.
Crop yield: per cent of yield compared to sowing day 0 (first possible day)
Disc-harrow
Number of days after first possible day for crop sowing
(Ekeberg 1987 m. fl.)
KvikUp-harrowing
Spring«Kverneland Prototype – Horizontal root cutter»
So far we may conclude that it is a positive relation between the harrow
aggressiveness and control efficiency of weeds –
Is it then realistic to believe that we can develope new implements that
are less aggressive but control weeds satisfactory?
AutumnKverneland Root cutter: Last version (with a ‘roller’)
Stubble cultivation by
«Kverneland Prototype – Horizontal root cutter»
Couch grass: stubble cultivation
(Preliminary results in Norwegian………)
the number when starting the experiment.
Number of Couch grass in per cent of
Disc harrow
Stubble cultivator
Mower
Root cutter 8-10 cm
Rototiller
Wheat Barley Oat
AutumnIII. Inter-row hoeing
(against perennial weeds)
(Duck-foot shares)
Summer2013 2014 2015
2015:
Perennial weeds biomass (g DM m-2)
Perennial weeds biomass (g DM m-2)
Perennial weeds biomass (g DM m-2)
90 90 90
80 80 80
Hoeing 3x
70
60 2013: Hoeing 2x
70
60 2014: Hoeing 1x 70
60
50 50 50 12 cm
40 40 40
30 30 30 24 cm
20 20 20
10 10 10
0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Nitrogen level (kg ha-1) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1)
(Brandsæter, Mangerud, Andersson, Børresen, Brodal & Melander 2020)
Hoeing 3 times (in one
season) ≈ 50% reduction
of perennial weed
biomass
2013 2014 2015
24 cm
6500 6500 6500
6000 6000 6000
Grain yield (kg ha-1)
Grain yield (kg ha-1)
Grain yield (kg ha-1)
5500 5500 5500
5000 5000 5000
12 cm
4500 4500 4500
4000 4000 4000
3500 3500 3500
3000 3000 3000
2500 2500 2500
2000 2000 2000
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Nitrogen level (kg ha )
-1 Nitrogen level (kg ha-1) Nitrogen level (kg ha-1)Direct non-chemical weed measures used in a cereal crop
Inter-row hoeing
(perennial weeds)
«Cameleon» from Gothia redskap
Sowmachine, hoer, harrow, fertilizer
SummerIV «Strategy experiments»
Photo: 22 September 2020Strategy experiment (3-4 year – same treatment on same plot…)
# Treatments in spring Treatments in the crop Stubble treatment
1 Normal sowing time Weed harrowing Mowing
2 Normal sowing time Hoeing Mowing
3 Delayed sowing Weed harrowing Mowing
«Kvik-Up»
4 Delayed sowing Weed harrowing «Kvik-Up»
«Kvik-Up»
5 Normal sowing time Disc
Hoeing harrow
6 Normal sowing time Weed harrowing Mowing +
+ clover
Winter spring Early summer Mid-summer Autumn WinterResultater
60
Effects on weed species differ with type of operation Sonchus arvensis
1. Normal-12
Spring: cm-
Early sowing
100 Ugrasharves-Nedkuttes
Row distance: 12 cm 50
Elymus repens Autumn: Mowing
90
DW( g m-2) aboveground biomass
Spring: Early cm-
2. Normal-24 sowing 40
80 Row distance: 24 cm*
Radrenses-Nedkuttes
Autumn: Mowing
DW (g m-2) aboveground biomass
70 30
Spring: Kvik-Up
harrow
3. Utsatt(Delayed sowing)1
såing (KvickUP)
60 Row distance: 12 cm
g-12 cm-Ugrasharves-
Autumn:
NedkuttesMowing
20
50
Spring:
4. UtsattKvik-Up harrow 1
såing (KvickUP) 10
40 (Delayed sowing)
g-12 cm-Ugrasharves-
Row distance: 12 cm
KvickUp
Autumn: Kvik-Up harrow
30 0
Bygg Havre Hvete
5. Normal-24
Spring: cm-
Early sowing
20 Radrenses-Skålharves
Row distance: 24 cm*
2014
Barley 2015
Oat 2016
Wheat
Autumn: Disc-harrow 2014 2015 2016
10
(Brandsæter, Mangerud, Andersson, Børresen,
6. Normal-12
Spring: cm-
Early sowing
0 Brodal & Melander 2020)
Row distance:(+kløver)-
Ugrasharves 12 cm
Barley
Bygg Oat
Havre Wheat
Hvete Autumn: Vertical root
Kvekerotskjærer/nedkuttin
2014
2014 2015
2015 2016
2016 gcutter
(*Hoeing) Spring Summer AutumnA running experiment: SusCrop ERA-NET (EU) project: “Applying and Combining
Disturbance and Competition for an agro-ecological management of creeping
perennial weeds” (2019-2022) (Short name: «AC/DC weeds»)
Germany
France
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Main part of the experiment:
1. Factor Subsidiary crop/cover crop (FI & NO: Ryegrass + clover)
2. Factor: Root cutting (10 cm in the autumn + 25 cm in spring)
3. Factor: Ploughing (in spring, 25 cm)
Plus some additionally treatments in Finland and Norway22 September 2020 - Factor 1: Subsidiary crop / Cover crop SusCrop ERA-NET (EU) project: “Applying and Combining Disturbance and Competition for an agro-ecological management of creeping perennial weeds” (2019-2022) (Short name: «AC/DC weeds»)
- Factor 2: Root cutting – Shallow (≈ 10 cm) in autumn (‘stubble treatment’) Deep (20 or 25 cm) in spring SusCrop ERA-NET (EU) project: “Applying and Combining Disturbance and Competition for an agro-ecological management of creeping perennial weeds” (2019-2022) (Short name: «AC/DC weeds»)
Additional treatments in Finland and Norway
‘KvickFinn’
Harrow tines moutned on a rotor driven
by tractor PTO (down to 5-7 cm) throws
soil and plant materials into air.
in the front of the harrow robust goosefoot shears + Norway – a glyphosate treament:
loosening the soil (ca. 15 cm)Subsidiary crop Subsidiary crop
with root cutting without root cutting
SusCrop ERA-NET (EU) project: “Applying and Combining Disturbance and Competition for an
agro-ecological management of creeping perennial weeds” (2019-2022) (Short name: «AC/DC weeds»)2021
Autumn: KvickFinn
Spring: KvickFinn
Autumn: Root cutter
Spring: KvickFinn
(+ cover crop) The ‘not ploughed’
part is moved…..- Weed control in IPM and organic
Crop
Good rotation Site specific
Knowledge agronomic weed control
about weed practice
biology - Weed control efficiency
Timing…. Soil Cover - Yield
structure crops
Herbicides - Economy
- Impact on other biotic
Drainage Competetive
and abiotic factors
Mechanical
cultivars
weed control - Environmental impact
- Social impact
- ………..
Norwegian University of Life Sciences
33Not so easy……
Paradoxes Reduced use of
energy Stubble harrowing cause
erosion and leaching
Future of
glyphosate (?)
Plant cover during Less (no..)
‘Not’ grassland in the whole year ploughing
Less use of the South-East
herbicides
The weeds…..?Thank you for your attentation
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